Kaloko–Honokohau National Historical Park (KAHO) is one of three National Park lands along the leeward, west, or Kona, coast of the island of Hawaii, USA. The park includes 596 acres (2.4 km2) of submerged lands and marine resources within its official boundaries. The offshore region of KAHO, part of the insular shelf of the island of Hawaii, comprises a volcanic embayment that extends nearly 3.5 km alongshore and varies in width between 120 and 875 m from the shoreline to the 40 m isobath, the limit of the high-resolution bathymetry. Multiple Holocene volcanic flows coalesce within Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park (KAHO) on the island of Hawaii to create a complex offshore morphology. The volcanic-dominated morphology includes flat to gently sloping volcanic benches, boulder fields, cliffs and ledges, pinnacles, ridges, arches, and steep shelf escarpments. Each of these environments provide distinct habitat zones for coral species, ranging from isolated heads of Porites lobata and Pocillopora meandrina to dense thickets of Porites compressa. In contrast to coral habitat elsewhere in the Hawaiian Islands, where coral typically populates relict carbonate platforms, coral cover in KAHO is typically only a thin veneer of live coral and rubble on exposed volcanic pavement. In only a few locations does coral or accreted carbonate reef obscure the underlying volcanic surface.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Seafloor geomorphology as benthic habitat; GeoHab atlas of seafloor geomorphic features and benthic habitats","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-385140-6.00028-1","usgsCitation":"Gibbs, A.E., and Cochran, S., 2011, Seafloor morphology and coral habitat variability in a volcanic environment: Kaloko-Honokohau National Park, Hawaii, USA, chap. of Seafloor geomorphology as benthic habitat; GeoHab atlas of seafloor geomorphic features and benthic habitats, p. 409-423, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385140-6.00028-1.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"409","endPage":"423","ipdsId":"IP-022743","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354599,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b156c33e4b092d9651e1dc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibbs, Ann E. 0000-0002-0883-3774 agibbs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0883-3774","contributorId":2644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbs","given":"Ann","email":"agibbs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":736840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cochran, Susan A. 0000-0002-2442-8787 scochran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2442-8787","contributorId":2062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochran","given":"Susan A.","email":"scochran@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":736841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70003815,"text":"70003815 - 2011 - Key science issues in the central and eastern United States for the next version of the USGS National Seismic Hazard Maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-14T14:35:53","indexId":"70003815","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":18,"text":"Abstract or summary"},"title":"Key science issues in the central and eastern United States for the next version of the USGS National Seismic Hazard Maps","docAbstract":"The USGS National Seismic Hazard Maps are updated about every six years by incorporating newly vetted science on earthquakes and ground motions. The 2008 hazard maps for the central and eastern United States region (CEUS) were updated by using revised New Madrid and Charleston source models, an updated seismicity catalog and an estimate of magnitude uncertainties, a distribution of maximum magnitudes, and several new ground-motion prediction equations. The new models resulted in significant ground-motion changes at 5 Hz and 1 Hz spectral acceleration with 5% damping compared to the 2002 version of the hazard maps. The 2008 maps have now been incorporated into the 2009 NEHRP Recommended Provisions, the 2010 ASCE-7 Standard, and the 2012 International Building Code. The USGS is now planning the next update of the seismic hazard maps, which will be provided to the code committees in December 2013. Science issues that will be considered for introduction into the CEUS maps include: 1) updated recurrence models for New Madrid sources, including new geodetic models and magnitude estimates; 2) new earthquake sources and techniques considered in the 2010 model developed by the nuclear industry; 3) new NGA-East ground-motion models (currently under development); and 4) updated earthquake catalogs. We will hold a regional workshop in late 2011 or early 2012 to discuss these and other issues that will affect the seismic hazard evaluation in the CEUS.","largerWorkTitle":"Seismological Society of America, 2011 Annual Meeting","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","usgsCitation":"Peterson, M., and Mueller, C., 2011, Key science issues in the central and eastern United States for the next version of the USGS National Seismic Hazard Maps, in Seismological Society of America, 2011 Annual Meeting.","ipdsId":"IP-026828","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":267418,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"511e158de4b071e86a19a45f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, M.D.","contributorId":90614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, C.S.","contributorId":45310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70004674,"text":"70004674 - 2011 - Meteorites at Meridiani Planum provide evidence for significant amounts of surface and near-surface water on early Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T15:45:37","indexId":"70004674","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2715,"text":"Meteoritics and Planetary Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Meteorites at Meridiani Planum provide evidence for significant amounts of surface and near-surface water on early Mars","docAbstract":"Six large iron meteorites have been discovered in the Meridiani Planum region of Mars by the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity in a nearly 25 km-long traverse. Herein, we review and synthesize the available data to propose that the discovery and characteristics of the six meteorites could be explained as the result of their impact into a soft and wet surface, sometime during the Noachian or the Hesperian, subsequently to be exposed at the Martian surface through differential erosion. As recorded by its sediments and chemical deposits, Meridiani has been interpreted to have undergone a watery past, including a shallow sea, a playa, an environment of fluctuating ground water, and/or an icy landscape. Meteorites could have been encased upon impact and/or subsequently buried, and kept underground for a long time, shielded from the atmosphere. The meteorites apparently underwent significant chemical weathering due to aqueous alteration, as indicated by cavernous features that suggest differential acidic corrosion removing less resistant material and softer inclusions. During the Amazonian, the almost complete disappearance of surface water and desiccation of the landscape, followed by induration of the sediments and subsequent differential erosion and degradation of Meridiani sediments, including at least 10–80 m of deflation in the last 3–3.5 Gy, would have exposed the buried meteorites. We conclude that the iron meteorites support the hypothesis that Mars once had a denser atmosphere and considerable amounts of water and/or water ice at and/or near the surface.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Meteoritics and Planetary Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/j.1945-5100.2011.01297.x","usgsCitation":"Fairen, A.G., Dohm, J.M., Baker, V., Thompson, S.D., Mahaney, W.C., Herkenhoff, K.E., Rodriguez, J.A., Davila, A.F., Schulze-Makuch, D., El Maarry, M.R., Uceda, E.R., Amils, R., Miyamoto, H., Kim, K., Anderson, R.C., and McKay, C.P., 2011, Meteorites at Meridiani Planum provide evidence for significant amounts of surface and near-surface water on early Mars: Meteoritics and Planetary Science, v. 46, no. 12, p. 1832-1841, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2011.01297.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1832","endPage":"1841","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474816,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2011.01297.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":257175,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars;Meridiani Planum","volume":"46","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-11-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5515e4b0c8380cd6d10e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fairen, Alberto G.","contributorId":13499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairen","given":"Alberto","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dohm, James M.","contributorId":83610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dohm","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baker, Victor R.","contributorId":6931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Victor R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thompson, Shane D.","contributorId":22079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Shane","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mahaney, William C.","contributorId":21036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahaney","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rodriguez, J. Alexis P.","contributorId":84181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Alexis P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Davila, Alfonso F.","contributorId":16282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davila","given":"Alfonso","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Schulze-Makuch, Dirk","contributorId":67372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulze-Makuch","given":"Dirk","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"El Maarry, M. Ramy","contributorId":97367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"El Maarry","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ramy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Uceda, Esther R.","contributorId":40869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uceda","given":"Esther","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Amils, Ricardo","contributorId":58155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amils","given":"Ricardo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Miyamoto, Hirdy","contributorId":77811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miyamoto","given":"Hirdy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Kim, Kyeong J.","contributorId":76196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"Kyeong J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Anderson, Robert C.","contributorId":97899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"McKay, Christopher P.","contributorId":58156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKay","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":70003708,"text":"70003708 - 2011 - Book review: Birds of Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-11T11:44:21","indexId":"70003708","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3111,"text":"Prairie Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Book review: Birds of Wyoming","docAbstract":"\"Wyoming may very well be one of the least birded states in the U.S.\" So begins this book, underscoring the challenges in summarizing existing knowledge for a state that falls next to last in human population density. Despite the relative dearth of \"binoculars on the ground,\" especially in more remote areas of the state, the book offers a thorough compilation of relevant details. Much of this information is not readily accessible from other sources, and this book dispenses essential information in a very usable format.
\nReview info: Birds of Wyoming. By Douglas W. Faulkner, 2010. ISBN: 978-1936221028, vii, 432 pp.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Prairie Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"South Dakota State University","publisherLocation":"Brookings, SD","usgsCitation":"Carr, N., 2011, Book review: Birds of Wyoming: Prairie Naturalist, v. 43, no. 1/2, p. 66-67.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"66","endPage":"67","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257865,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312163,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.sdstate.edu/nrm/organizations/gpnss/tpn/2011-archive.cfm"}],"volume":"43","issue":"1/2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1c0e4b0c8380cd4adea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, N.B.","contributorId":56763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"N.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70042248,"text":"sir201151205 - 2011 - Coastal processes of the Elwha River delta: Chapter 5 in Coastal habitats of the Elwha River, Washington--biological and physical patterns and processes prior to dam removal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-29T20:11:21","indexId":"sir201151205","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5120-5","title":"Coastal processes of the Elwha River delta: Chapter 5 in Coastal habitats of the Elwha River, Washington--biological and physical patterns and processes prior to dam removal","docAbstract":"To understand the effects of increased sediment supply from dam removal on marine habitats around the Elwha River delta, a basic understanding of the region’s coastal processes is necessary. This chapter provides a summary of the physical setting of the coast near the Elwha River delta, for the purpose of synthesizing the processes that move and disperse sediment discharged by the river. One fundamental property of this coastal setting is the difference between currents in the surfzone with those in the coastal waters offshore of the surfzone. Surfzone currents are largely dictated by the direction and size of waves, and the waves that attack the Elwha River delta predominantly come from Pacific Ocean swell from the west. This establishes surfzone currents and littoral sediment transport that are eastward along much of the delta. Offshore of the surfzone the currents are largely influenced by tidal circulation and the physical constraint to flow provided by the delta’s headland. During both ebbing and flooding tides, the flow separates from the coast at the tip of the delta’s headland, and this produces eddies on the downstream side of the headland. Immediately offshore of the Elwha River mouth, this creates a situation in which the coastal currents are directed toward the east much more frequently than toward the west. This suggests that Elwha River sediment will be more likely to move toward the east in the coastal system.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal habitats of the Elwha River, Washington--biological and physical patterns and processes prior to dam removal (SIR 2011-5120)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir201151205","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 5 in in Coastal habitats of the Elwha River, Washington--biological and physical patterns and processes prior to dam removal. For more information, see: Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5120","usgsCitation":"Warrick, J., Stevens, A., Miller, I.M., and Gelfenbaum, G., 2011, Coastal processes of the Elwha River delta: Chapter 5 in Coastal habitats of the Elwha River, Washington--biological and physical patterns and processes prior to dam removal: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5120-5, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir201151205.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"130","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264927,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264926,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5120/pdf/sir20115120_ch5.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Elwha River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.5832,46.794 ], [ -123.5832,47.9652 ], [ -123.448,47.9652 ], [ -123.448,46.794 ], [ -123.5832,46.794 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e5d0fce4b0a4aa5bb0b0bd","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Duda, Jeffrey J.","contributorId":68854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"Jeffrey J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509133,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warrick, Jonathan A. 0000-0002-0205-3814","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0205-3814","contributorId":48255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warrick","given":"Jonathan A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509132,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Magirl, Christopher S. 0000-0002-9922-6549 magirl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9922-6549","contributorId":1822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magirl","given":"Christopher","email":"magirl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509131,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Warrick, Jonathan A. 0000-0002-0205-3814","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0205-3814","contributorId":48255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warrick","given":"Jonathan A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stevens, Andrew W.","contributorId":89093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Andrew W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Ian M. 0000-0002-3289-6337","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3289-6337","contributorId":41951,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Ian","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gelfenbaum, Guy","contributorId":79844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"Guy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70041633,"text":"70041633 - 2011 - Decomposition of heterogeneous organic matterand its long-term stabilization in soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-09T23:07:36","indexId":"70041633","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1459,"text":"Ecological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decomposition of heterogeneous organic matterand its long-term stabilization in soils","docAbstract":"Soil organic matter is a complex mixture of material with heterogeneous biological, physical, and chemical properties. Decomposition models represent this heterogeneity either as a set of discrete pools with different residence times or as a continuum of qualities. It is unclear though, whether these two different approaches yield comparable predictions of organic matter dynamics. Here, we compare predictions from these two different approaches and propose an intermediate approach to study organic matter decomposition based on concepts from continuous models implemented numerically. We found that the disagreement between discrete and continuous approaches can be considerable depending on the degree of nonlinearity of the model and simulation time. The two approaches can diverge substantially for predicting long-term processes in soils. Based on our alternative approach, which is a modification of the continuous quality theory, we explored the temporal patterns that emerge by treating substrate heterogeneity explicitly. The analysis suggests that the pattern of carbon mineralization over time is highly dependent on the degree and form of nonlinearity in the model, mostly expressed as differences in microbial growth and efficiency for different substrates. Moreover, short-term stabilization and destabilization mechanisms operating simultaneously result in long-term accumulation of carbon characterized by low decomposition rates, independent of the characteristics of the incoming litter. We show that representation of heterogeneity in the decomposition process can lead to substantial improvements in our understanding of carbon mineralization and its long-term stability in soils.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Monographs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ESA","publisherLocation":"Ithaca, NY","doi":"10.1890/11-0811.1","usgsCitation":"Sierra, C., Harmon, M.E., and Perakis, S., 2011, Decomposition of heterogeneous organic matterand its long-term stabilization in soils: Ecological Monographs, v. 81, no. 4, p. 619-634, https://doi.org/10.1890/11-0811.1.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"619","endPage":"634","ipdsId":"IP-024512","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263894,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263893,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/11-0811.1"}],"volume":"81","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c5c112e4b0bb9e8683ff1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sierra, Carlos A.","contributorId":30521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sierra","given":"Carlos A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harmon, Mark E.","contributorId":96961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmon","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perakis, Steven S. 0000-0003-0703-9314","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0703-9314","contributorId":16797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perakis","given":"Steven S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70041632,"text":"70041632 - 2011 - Elk Monitoring Protocol for Lewis and Clark National Historical Park, Version 1.0","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-23T09:33:14","indexId":"70041632","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":273,"text":"Natural Resource Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"NPS/NCCN/NRR—2011/455","title":"Elk Monitoring Protocol for Lewis and Clark National Historical Park, Version 1.0","docAbstract":"Maintaining elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) herds that frequent Lewis and Clark National Historical Park (NHP) is central to the park’s purpose of preserving the historic, cultural, scenic, and natural resources. Elk were critical to sustaining the members of the Lewis and Clark expedition by providing food and clothing over the winter of 1805-1806. Today, elk viewing opportunities in the park and surrounding region generate broad appeal with the visiting public, which number over 250,000 per year at the Fort Clatsop visitor center. This protocol describes procedures for monitoring trends in the use of the Fort Clatsop area by Roosevelt elk. Specific objectives of elk monitoring in Lewis and Clark NHP are to measure the relative use and proportion of area used by elk during winter in the Fort Clatsop Unit of the park, and the rate at which elk are sighted from roads in and around the park. Relative use and the proportion of area used by elk are determined from elk fecal pellet surveys conducted every other year in the Fort Clatsop park unit. Pairs of observers visit a systematic array of permanent plots in the fall to clear them of elk fecal pellets, and return to the plots in late winter to count elk fecal pellets that have accumulated during winter. Half of the subplots are counted by two independent observers, which allows for the estimation of relative use and proportion of area occupied by elk with analyses of detection biases that account for unseen elk pellet groups. Standardized road surveys are conducted in and near the Fort Clatsop park unit three or four times monthly during alternate months. Data from road surveys are used to quantify the rate that park visitors would be expected to see elk, when driving the selected set of routes. The monitoring protocol is based on three field seasons of development and testing. The protocol narrative describes the background, rationale, sampling design, field methods, analytical methods, data management, reporting, personnel requirements, and operational requirements for elk monitoring in Lewis and Clark NHP. The sampling design reflects tradeoffs between statistical and ecological considerations, safety, and current budget considerations. The protocol provides adequate power to detect a doubling or halving of elk use in the Fort Clatsop unit and surrounding areas within 15 years. Step-by-step guidance for planning and completing the monitoring tasks are in the attached standard operating procedures (SOPs). Information on the status and trends of elk use in Lewis and Clark NHP will allow park managers to assess the effects on elk of restoration programs within the park, build community partnerships, and identify potential linkages between regional land use changes and elk use of the Park. Lewis and Clark NHP has an active ecological restoration program that aims to recreate, where possible, ecological conditions that Lewis and Clark encountered. The restoration program includes an extensive exotic plant removal program, wetland restoration, and silvicultural treatments that will hasten development of late-seral conditions in recently acquired forest lands of the Fort Clatsop park unit. In the future, monitoring results can be used to test for spatial associations between ecological restoration treatments and relative use by elk. The park also plans to feature results from elk monitoring prominently in its educational outreach activities to help interpret the historical and current ecological context of the Lewis and Clark story, and engender public support for the park mission and management activities. Although NPS does not manage non-park lands, information about trends in the distribution of elk use will be valuable in public outreach and discussions with other partnering agencies and regional private landowners.","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","publisherLocation":"Tacoma, WA","usgsCitation":"Jenkins, K.J., Griffin, P., Boetsch, J.R., and Cole, C., 2011, Elk Monitoring Protocol for Lewis and Clark National Historical Park, Version 1.0: Natural Resource Report NPS/NCCN/NRR—2011/455, xv, 225 p.","productDescription":"xv, 225 p.","ipdsId":"IP-031884","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268004,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268003,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://irma.nps.gov/gueststs/users/issue.aspx?wa=wsignin1.0&wtrealm=https%3a%2f%2firma.nps.gov%2fApp%2f&wctx=rm%3d0%26id%3dpassive%26ru%3d%252fApp%252fReference%252fDownloadDigitalFile%253fcode%253d436657%2526file%253dNCCN_LEWI_ElkMonitoringProtocol_20111019.pdf&wct=2013-02-23T15%3a27%3a44Z"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5129f31de4b04edf7e93f892","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jenkins, Kurt J. 0000-0003-1415-6607 kurt_jenkins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1415-6607","contributorId":3415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"Kurt","email":"kurt_jenkins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffin, Paul C. pgriffin@usgs.gov","contributorId":3402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Paul C.","email":"pgriffin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":470021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boetsch, John R.","contributorId":36236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boetsch","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cole, Carla","contributorId":44809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Carla","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70042252,"text":"sir201151209 - 2011 - Summary and anticipated responses to Elwha River dam removal: Chapter 9 in Coastal habitats of the Elwha River, Washington--biological and physical patterns and processes prior to dam removal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-29T21:14:51","indexId":"sir201151209","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5120-9","title":"Summary and anticipated responses to Elwha River dam removal: Chapter 9 in Coastal habitats of the Elwha River, Washington--biological and physical patterns and processes prior to dam removal","docAbstract":"Starting in September 2011, the removal of two large dams on the Elwha River will begin an unprecedented river restoration project because of the size of the dams, the volume of sediment released, the pristine watershed upstream of the dam sites, and the potential for renewing salmon populations. Ecosystem studies of the Elwha watershed indicate that the effects of almost 100 years of damming are measurable and of consequence. These effects include smaller spawning salmon populations, massive sediment retention behind the dams, coarsening of the riverbed downstream of the dams, low nutrient concentrations in the river waters, and coastal erosion that has accelerated markedly with time. During\nand after the removal of these dams, the Elwha River and its ecosystems will be altered by a renewal of sediment discharge downstream of the dams and a reintroduction of salmon spawning upstream of the dams. This chapter summarizes the pre-dam and current state of the river and its coastal ecosystems, and describes the likely outcomes of river restoration on the Elwha River ecosystems.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal habitats of the Elwha River, Washington--biological and physical patterns and processes prior to dam removal (SIR 2011-5120)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir201151209","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 9 in Coastal habitats of the Elwha River, Washington--biological and physical patterns and processes prior to dam removal. For more information, see: Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5120","usgsCitation":"Gelfenbaum, G., Duda, J., and Warrick, J., 2011, Summary and anticipated responses to Elwha River dam removal: Chapter 9 in Coastal habitats of the Elwha River, Washington--biological and physical patterns and processes prior to dam removal: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5120-9, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir201151209.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"249","endPage":"266","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264935,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264934,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5120/pdf/sir20115120_ch9.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Elwha River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.5832,47.794 ], [ -123.5832,47.9652 ], [ -123.448,47.9652 ], [ -123.448,47.794 ], [ -123.5832,47.794 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4e128e4b0e8fec6ce4ce3","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Duda, Jeffrey J.","contributorId":68854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"Jeffrey J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509145,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warrick, Jonathan A. 0000-0002-0205-3814","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0205-3814","contributorId":48255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warrick","given":"Jonathan A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509144,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Magirl, Christopher S. 0000-0002-9922-6549 magirl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9922-6549","contributorId":1822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magirl","given":"Christopher","email":"magirl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509143,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Gelfenbaum, Guy","contributorId":79844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"Guy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duda, Jeffrey J.","contributorId":68854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"Jeffrey J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warrick, Jonathan A. 0000-0002-0205-3814","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0205-3814","contributorId":48255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warrick","given":"Jonathan A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70042243,"text":"sir201151203 - 2011 - Geomorphology of the Elwha River and its Delta: Chapter 3 in Coastal habitats of the Elwha River, Washington--biological and physical patterns and processes prior to dam removal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-19T16:45:15.56238","indexId":"sir201151203","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5120-3","title":"Geomorphology of the Elwha River and its Delta: Chapter 3 in Coastal habitats of the Elwha River, Washington--biological and physical patterns and processes prior to dam removal","docAbstract":"The removal of two dams on the Elwha River will introduce massive volumes of sediment to the river, and this increase in sediment supply in the river will likely modify the shapes and forms of the river and coastal landscape downstream of the dams. This chapter provides the geologic and geomorphologic background of the Olympic Peninsula and the Elwha River with emphasis on the present river and shoreline. The Elwha River watershed was formed through the uplift of the Olympic Mountains, erosion and movement of sediment throughout the watershed from glaciers, and downslope movement of sediment from gravitational and hydrologic forces. Recent alterations to the river morphology and sediment movement through the river include the two large dams slated to be removed in 2011, but also include repeated bulldozing of channel boundaries, construction and maintenance of flood plain levees, a weir and diversion channel for water supply purposes, and engineered log jams to help enhance river habitat for salmon. The shoreline of the Elwha River delta has changed in location by several kilometers during the past 14,000 years, in response to variations in the local sea-level of approximately 150 meters. Erosion of the shoreline has accelerated during the past 80 years, resulting in landward movement of the beach by more than 200 meters near the river mouth, net reduction in the area of coastal wetlands, and the development of an armored low-tide terrace of the beach consisting primarily of cobble. Changes to the river and coastal morphology during and following dam removal may be substantial, and consistent, long-term monitoring of these systems will be needed to characterize the effects of the dam removal project.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal habitats of the Elwha River, Washington--biological and physical patterns and processes prior to dam removal (SIR 2011-5120)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir201151203","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 3 in Coastal habitats of the Elwha River, Washington--biological and physical patterns and processes prior to dam removal. For more information, see: Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5120","usgsCitation":"Warrick, J., Draut, A.E., McHenry, M.L., Miller, I.M., Magirl, C.S., Beirne, M., Stevens, A., and Logan, J., 2011, Geomorphology of the Elwha River and its Delta: Chapter 3 in Coastal habitats of the Elwha River, Washington--biological and physical patterns and processes prior to dam removal: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5120-3, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir201151203.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"47","endPage":"74","ipdsId":"IP-030637","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264919,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264918,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5120/pdf/sir20115120_ch3.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Elwha River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.5832,47.794 ], [ -123.5832,47.9652 ], [ -123.448,47.9652 ], [ -123.448,47.794 ], [ -123.5832,47.794 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e5d133e4b0a4aa5bb0b1bc","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Duda, Jeffrey J.","contributorId":68854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"Jeffrey J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509124,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warrick, Jonathan A. 0000-0002-0205-3814","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0205-3814","contributorId":48255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warrick","given":"Jonathan A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509123,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Magirl, Christopher S. 0000-0002-9922-6549 magirl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9922-6549","contributorId":1822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magirl","given":"Christopher","email":"magirl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509122,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Warrick, Jonathan A. 0000-0002-0205-3814","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0205-3814","contributorId":48255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warrick","given":"Jonathan A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Draut, Amy E.","contributorId":92215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Draut","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McHenry, Michael L.","contributorId":39672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McHenry","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, Ian M. 0000-0002-3289-6337","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3289-6337","contributorId":41951,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Ian","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Magirl, Christopher S. 0000-0002-9922-6549 magirl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9922-6549","contributorId":1822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magirl","given":"Christopher","email":"magirl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Beirne, Matthew M.","contributorId":66984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beirne","given":"Matthew M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stevens, Andrew W.","contributorId":97399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Andrew W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Logan, Joshua B.","contributorId":34470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Logan","given":"Joshua B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70042245,"text":"sir201151201 - 2011 - Coastal and lower Elwha River, Washington, prior to dam removal--history, status, and defining characteristics: Chapter 1 in Coastal habitats of the Elwha River, Washington--biological and physical patterns and processes prior to dam removal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-28T22:55:40","indexId":"sir201151201","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5120-1","title":"Coastal and lower Elwha River, Washington, prior to dam removal--history, status, and defining characteristics: Chapter 1 in Coastal habitats of the Elwha River, Washington--biological and physical patterns and processes prior to dam removal","docAbstract":"Characterizing the physical and biological characteristics of the lower Elwha River, its estuary, and adjacent nearshore habitats prior to dam removal is essential to monitor changes to these areas during and following the historic dam-removal project set to begin in September 2011. Based on the size of the two hydroelectric projects and the amount of sediment that will be released, the Elwha River in Washington State will be home to the largest river restoration through dam removal attempted in the United States. Built in 1912 and 1927, respectively, the Elwha and Glines Canyon Dams have altered key physical and biological characteristics of the Elwha River. Once abundant salmon populations, consisting of all five species of Pacific salmon, are restricted to the lower 7.8 river kilometers downstream of Elwha Dam and are currently in low numbers. Dam removal will reopen access to more than 140 km of mainstem, flood plain, and tributary habitat, most of which is protected within Olympic National Park. The high capture rate of river-borne sediments by the two reservoirs has changed the geomorphology of the riverbed downstream of the dams. Mobilization and downstream transport of these accumulated reservoir sediments during and following dam removal will significantly change downstream river reaches, the estuary complex, and the nearshore environment. To introduce the more detailed studies that follow in this report, we summarize many of the key aspects of the Elwha River ecosystem including a regional and historical context for this unprecedented project.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal habitats of the Elwha River, Washington--biological and physical patterns and processes prior to dam removal (SIR 2011-5120)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir201151201","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 1 in Coastal habitats of the Elwha River, Washington--biological and physical patterns and processes prior to dam removal. For more information, see: Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5120","usgsCitation":"Duda, J., Warrick, J., and Magirl, C.S., 2011, Coastal and lower Elwha River, Washington, prior to dam removal--history, status, and defining characteristics: Chapter 1 in Coastal habitats of the Elwha River, Washington--biological and physical patterns and processes prior to dam removal: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5120-1, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir201151201.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"26","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264921,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264920,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5120/pdf/sir20115120_ch1.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Elwha River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.5832,47.794 ], [ -123.5832,47.9652 ], [ -123.448,47.9652 ], [ -123.448,47.794 ], [ -123.5832,47.794 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e5d0fbe4b0a4aa5bb0b0b9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Duda, Jeffrey J.","contributorId":68854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"Jeffrey J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509127,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warrick, Jonathan A. 0000-0002-0205-3814","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0205-3814","contributorId":48255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warrick","given":"Jonathan A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509126,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Magirl, Christopher S. 0000-0002-9922-6549 magirl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9922-6549","contributorId":1822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magirl","given":"Christopher","email":"magirl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509125,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Duda, Jeffrey J.","contributorId":68854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"Jeffrey J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warrick, Jonathan A. 0000-0002-0205-3814","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0205-3814","contributorId":48255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warrick","given":"Jonathan A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Magirl, Christopher S. 0000-0002-9922-6549 magirl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9922-6549","contributorId":1822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magirl","given":"Christopher","email":"magirl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70154900,"text":"70154900 - 2011 - Persistence of the longnose darter (P. nasuta) in Lee Creek, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-16T09:40:05","indexId":"70154900","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3894,"text":"Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Persistence of the longnose darter (P. nasuta) in Lee Creek, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"The longnose darter Percina nasuta (Bailey) is one of Oklahoma’s rarest fish species (1) and is listed by the state as endangered. Throughout the rest of its range, which includes Missouri, Arkansas and the far eastern portion of Oklahoma, the longnose darter is classified as “rare” or “threatened” (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1). This species inhabits both slow- and fast-water habitats with cobble and gravel substrates in medium to large streams (7, 8, 1). Oklahoma populations of longnose darter are known to occur only in the Poteau River and Lee Creek drainages in Le Flore and Sequoyah counties, respectively (9, 10). Cross and Moore (9) collected longnose darters from the Poteau River in 1947. The species was not collected in a subsequent survey of the Poteau River in 1974 (11), possibly because of the effects from the Wister Dam, which was completed in 1949. Darters are especially susceptible to flow alterations from dams (2, 12). This, together with the 1992 completion of Lee Creek Reservoir in Arkansas, has raised concern for the Lee Creek population of longnose darters (13).
\nLee Creek is one of Oklahoma’s six rivers designated as \"scenic\" by the Oklahoma Legislature. Lee Creek is located on the Oklahoma-Arkansas border in far eastern Oklahoma. The headwaters originate in northwestern Arkansas and flow south towards the Arkansas River. While the majority of the stream is in Arkansas, a portion flows into Oklahoma northwest of Uniontown, AR and continues for 28.2 river-km before crossing back into Arkansas near Van Buren, AR. The hydrology of lower Lee Creek has been altered by Lee Creek Reservoir near Van Buren, AR. It was believed that pre-impounded Lee Creek had the largest existing population of longnose darters (8). However, the most recent fish surveys in Lee Creek were conducted approximately twenty years ago. Robinson (8) surveyed Lee Creek in Arkansas, upstream of the Oklahoma border, and found longnose darters upstream of Natural Dam, AR. Wagner et al. (10) were the last to document longnose darter presence in the Oklahoma segment of Lee Creek. No efforts to collect this species in Oklahoma have occurred since the completion of Lee Creek Reservoir. Our objective was to determine whether the species persist in this segment of its historic range since impoundment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oklahoma Academy of Science","publisherLocation":"Weatherford, OK","usgsCitation":"Gatlin, M.R., and Long, J.M., 2011, Persistence of the longnose darter (P. nasuta) in Lee Creek, Oklahoma: Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science, v. 91, p. 11-14.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-026882","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308156,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":308155,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://digital.library.okstate.edu/OAS/oas_htm_files/v91/index.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Lee Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.0078125,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -94.54833984375,\n 37.03763967977139\n ],\n [\n -94.5703125,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n -94.41650390625,\n 35.496456056584165\n ],\n [\n -94.46044921875,\n 33.578014746143985\n ],\n [\n -95.16357421875,\n 33.8521697014074\n ],\n [\n -95.44921875,\n 33.779147331286474\n ],\n [\n -95.6689453125,\n 33.88865750124075\n ],\n [\n -96.43798828125,\n 33.54139466898275\n ],\n [\n -96.8115234375,\n 33.76088200086917\n ],\n [\n -97.2509765625,\n 33.65120829920497\n ],\n [\n -98.2177734375,\n 33.97980872872457\n ],\n [\n -99.20654296875,\n 34.161818161230386\n ],\n [\n -99.42626953125,\n 34.32529192442733\n ],\n [\n -99.68994140625,\n 34.21634468843465\n ],\n [\n -100.01953125,\n 34.615126683462194\n ],\n [\n -100.04150390625,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n -103.0517578125,\n 36.491973470593685\n ],\n [\n -103.0078125,\n 37.00255267215955\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"91","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55fa92c7e4b05d6c4e501ab5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gatlin, Michael R.","contributorId":141324,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gatlin","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Long, James M. 0000-0002-8658-9949 jmlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8658-9949","contributorId":3453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"James","email":"jmlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70039643,"text":"70039643 - 2011 - Detection of coastal and submarine discharge on the Florida Gulf Coast with an airborne thermal-infrared mapping system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-17T16:06:07","indexId":"70039643","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3192,"text":"Professional Geologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detection of coastal and submarine discharge on the Florida Gulf Coast with an airborne thermal-infrared mapping system","docAbstract":"Along the Gulf Coast of Florida north of Tampa Bay lies a region characterized by an open marsh coast, low topographic gradient, water-bearing limestone, and scattered springs. The Floridan aquifer system is at or near land surface in this region, discharging water at a consistent 70-72°F. The thermal contrast between ambient water and aquifer discharge during winter months can be distinguished using airborne thermal-infrared imagery. An airborne thermal-infrared mapping system was used to collect imagery along 126 miles of the Gulf Coast from Jefferson to Levy County, FL, in March 2009. The imagery depicts a large number of discharge locations and associated warm-water plumes in ponds, creeks, rivers, and nearshore waters. A thermal contrast of 6°F or more was set as a conservative threshold for identifying sites, statistically significant at the 99% confidence interval. Almost 900 such coastal and submarine-discharge locations were detected, averaging seven to nine per mile along this section of coast. This represents approximately one hundred times the number of previously known discharge sites in the same area. Several known coastal springs in Taylor and Levy Counties were positively identified with the imagery and were used to estimate regional discharge equivalent to one 1st-order spring, discharging 100 cubic feet per second or more, for every two miles of coastline. The number of identified discharge sites is a conservative estimate and may represent two-thirds of existing features due to low groundwater levels at time of overflight. The role of aquifer discharge in coastal and estuarine health is indisputable; however, mapping and quantifying discharge in a complex karst environment can be an elusive goal. The results of this effort illustrate the effectiveness of the instrument and underscore the influence of coastal springs along this stretch of the Florida coast.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Professional Geologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"AIPG","publisherLocation":"Thornton, CO","usgsCitation":"Raabe, E., Stonehouse, D., Ebersol, K., Holland, K., and Robbins, L., 2011, Detection of coastal and submarine discharge on the Florida Gulf Coast with an airborne thermal-infrared mapping system: Professional Geologist, v. 48, no. September/October, p. 42-49.","productDescription":"8 p.; maps (col.)","startPage":"42","endPage":"49","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259765,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":259764,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://64.207.34.58/StaticContent/3/TPGs/2011_TPGSeptOct.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Gulf Coast","volume":"48","issue":"September/October","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff71e4b0c8380cd4f1bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raabe, Ellen","contributorId":98402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raabe","given":"Ellen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stonehouse, David","contributorId":96950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonehouse","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ebersol, Kristin","contributorId":27736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebersol","given":"Kristin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holland, Kathryn","contributorId":23008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland","given":"Kathryn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Robbins, Lisa","contributorId":87643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"Lisa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70041993,"text":"70041993 - 2011 - Evaluation of offshore stocking of Lake Trout in Lake Ontario","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-27T13:52:32","indexId":"70041993","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of offshore stocking of Lake Trout in Lake Ontario","docAbstract":"Restoration stocking of hatchery-reared lake trout Salvelinus namaycush has occurred in Lake Ontario since 1973. In U.S. waters, fish stocked through 1990 survived well and built a large adult population. Survival of yearlings stocked from shore declined during 1990–1995, and adult numbers fell during 1998–2005. Offshore stocking of lake trout was initiated in the late 1990s in response to its successful mitigation of predation losses to double-crested cormorants Phalacrocorax auritus and the results of earlier studies that suggested it would enhance survival in some cases. The current study was designed to test the relative effectiveness of three stocking methods at a time when poststocking survival for lake trout was quite low and losses due to fish predators was a suspected factor. The stocking methods tested during 2000–2002 included May offshore, May onshore, and June onshore. Visual observations during nearshore stockings and hydroacoustic observations of offshore stockings indicated that release methods were not a direct cause of fish mortality. Experimental stockings were replicated for 3 years at one site in the southwest and for 2 years at one site in the southeast. Offshore releases used a landing craft to transport hatchery trucks from 3 to 6 km offshore out to 55–60-m-deep water. For the southwest site, offshore stocking significantly enhanced poststocking survival. Among the three methods, survival ratios were 1.74 : 1.00 : 1.02 (May offshore : May onshore : June onshore). Although not statistically significant owing to the small samples, the trends were similar for the southeast site, with survival ratios of 1.67 : 1.00 : 0.72. Consistent trends across years and sites indicated that offshore stocking of yearling lake trout during 2000–2002 provided nearly a twofold enhancement in survival; however, this increase does not appear to be great enough to achieve the 12-fold enhancement necessary to return population abundance to restoration targets.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1080/02755947.2011.608613","usgsCitation":"Lantry, B., O'Gorman, R., Strang, T., Lantry, J., Connerton, M., and Schanger, T., 2011, Evaluation of offshore stocking of Lake Trout in Lake Ontario: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 31, no. 4, p. 671-682, https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2011.608613.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"671","endPage":"682","ipdsId":"IP-025776","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264833,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264832,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2011.608613"}],"otherGeospatial":"Lake Ontario","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.9363,43.1696 ], [ -79.9363,44.3608 ], [ -76.0002,44.3608 ], [ -76.0002,43.1696 ], [ -79.9363,43.1696 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-08-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e5d121e4b0a4aa5bb0b15a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lantry, B.F.","contributorId":19105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lantry","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O'Gorman, R.","contributorId":48896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Gorman","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Strang, T.G.","contributorId":57743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strang","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lantry, J.R.","contributorId":20972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lantry","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Connerton, M.J.","contributorId":71084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connerton","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schanger, T.","contributorId":70268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schanger","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70041708,"text":"70041708 - 2011 - The influence of current speed and vegetation density on flow structure in two macrotidal eelgrass canopies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-22T13:35:52","indexId":"70041708","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2621,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography: Fluids and Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The influence of current speed and vegetation density on flow structure in two macrotidal eelgrass canopies","docAbstract":"The influence of eelgrass (Zostera marina) on near-bed currents, turbulence, and drag was investigated at three sites in two eelgrass canopies of differing density and at one unvegetated site in the San Juan archipelago of Puget Sound, Washington, USA. Eelgrass blade length exceeded 1 m. Velocity profiles up to 1.5 m above the sea floor were collected over a spring-neap tidal cycle with a downward-looking pulse-coherent acoustic Doppler profiler above the canopies and two acoustic Doppler velocimeters within the canopies. The eelgrass attenuated currents by a minimum of 40%, and by more than 70% at the most densely vegetated site. Attenuation decreased with increasing current speed. The data were compared to the shear-layer model of vegetated flows and the displaced logarithmic model. Velocity profiles outside the meadows were logarithmic. Within the canopies, most profiles were consistent with the shear-layer model, with a logarithmic layer above the canopy. However, at the less-dense sites, when currents were strong, shear at the sea floor and above the canopy was significant relative to shear at the top of the canopy, and the velocity profiles more closely resembled those in a rough-wall boundary layer. Turbulence was strong at the canopy top and decreased with height. Friction velocity at the canopy top was 1.5–2 times greater than at the unvegetated, sandy site. The coefficient of drag CD on the overlying flow derived from the logarithmic velocity profile above the canopy, was 3–8 times greater than at the unvegetated site (0.01–0.023 vs. 2.9 × 10−3).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Limnology and Oceanography: Fluids and Environments","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Limnology and Oceanography","publisherLocation":"Waco, TX","doi":"10.1215/21573698-1152489","usgsCitation":"Lacy, J.R., and Wyllie-Echeverria, S., 2011, The influence of current speed and vegetation density on flow structure in two macrotidal eelgrass canopies: Limnology and Oceanography: Fluids and Environments, v. 1, no. 2011, p. 38-55, https://doi.org/10.1215/21573698-1152489.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"38","endPage":"55","ipdsId":"IP-021828","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263964,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263963,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1215/21573698-1152489"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Puget Sound","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.7513,47.7495 ], [ -122.7513,48.2117 ], [ -122.3315,48.2117 ], [ -122.3315,47.7495 ], [ -122.7513,47.7495 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"1","issue":"2011","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-02-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c86462e4b03bc63bd67a1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lacy, Jessica R. 0000-0002-2797-6172 jlacy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2797-6172","contributorId":3158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacy","given":"Jessica","email":"jlacy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wyllie-Echeverria, Sandy","contributorId":24874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wyllie-Echeverria","given":"Sandy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70040702,"text":"70040702 - 2011 - Nine endangered taxa, one recovering ecosystem: Identifying common ground for recovery on Santa Cruz Island, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-13T16:54:57","indexId":"70040702","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Nine endangered taxa, one recovering ecosystem: Identifying common ground for recovery on Santa Cruz Island, California","docAbstract":"It is not uncommon to have several rare and listed taxa occupying habitats in one landscape or management area where conservation amounts to defense against the possibility of further loss. It is uncommon and extremely exciting, however, to have several listed taxa occupying one island that is managed cooperatively for conservation and recovery. On Santa Cruz Island, the largest of the northern California island group in the Santa Barbara Channel, we have a golden opportunity to marry ecological knowledge and institutional \"good will\" in a field test of holistic rare plant conservation. Here, the last feral livestock have been removed, active weed control is underway, and management is focused on understanding and demonstrating system response to conservation management. Yet funding limitations still exist and we need to plan the most fiscally conservative and marketable approach to rare plant restoration. We still experience the tension between desirable quick results and the ecological pace of system recovery. Therefore, our research has focused on identifying fundamental constraints on species recovery at individual, demographic, habitat, and ecosystem levels, and then developing suites of actions that might be taken across taxa and landscapes. At the same time, we seek a performance middle ground that balances an institutional need for quick demonstration of hands-on positive results with a contrasting approach that allows ecosystem recovery to facilitate species recovery in the long term. We find that constraints vary across breeding systems, life-histories, and island locations. We take a hybrid approach in which we identify several actions that we can take now to enhance population size or habitat occupancy for some taxa by active restoration, while allowing others to recover at the pace of ecosystem change. We make our recommendations on the basis of data we have collected over the last decade, so that management is firmly grounded in ecological observation.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the CNPS Conservation Conference, 17-19 Jan 2009","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"California Native Plant Society","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA","usgsCitation":"McEachern, A.K., and Wilken, D.H., 2011, Nine endangered taxa, one recovering ecosystem: Identifying common ground for recovery on Santa Cruz Island, California, in Proceedings of the CNPS Conservation Conference, 17-19 Jan 2009, p. 162-167.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"162","endPage":"167","ipdsId":"IP-015609","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263122,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263121,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.werc.usgs.gov/fileHandler.ashx?File=/Lists/Products/Attachments/4068/McEachernWilken_nine%20endangered%20taxa.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Cruz Island","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.926178,33.960812 ], [ -119.926178,34.080765 ], [ -119.521523,34.080765 ], [ -119.521523,33.960812 ], [ -119.926178,33.960812 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50a3ba7ae4b0855e233c0758","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McEachern, A. Kathryn","contributorId":30165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEachern","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kathryn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilken, Dieter H.","contributorId":59688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilken","given":"Dieter","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70041006,"text":"70041006 - 2011 - Detection of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus by Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction from Two Fish Species at Two Sites in Lake Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-28T12:14:29","indexId":"70041006","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detection of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus by Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction from Two Fish Species at Two Sites in Lake Superior","docAbstract":"Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) was first detected in the Laurentian Great Lakes in 2005 during a mortality event in the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario. Subsequent analysis of archived samples determined that the first known isolation of VHSV in the Laurentian Great Lakes was from a muskellunge Esox masquinongy collected in Lake St. Clair in 2003. By the end of 2008, mortality events and viral isolations had occurred in all of the Laurentian Great Lakes except Lake Superior. In 2009, a focused disease surveillance program was designed to determine whether VHSV was also present in Lake Superior. In this survey, 874 fish from 7 sites along the U.S. shoreline of Lake Superior were collected during June 2009. Collections were focused on nearshore species known to be susceptible to VHSV. All fish were dissected individually by using aseptic techniques and were tested for the presence of VHSV genetic material by use of a quantitative reverse transcription (qRT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the viral nucleoprotein gene. Seventeen fish from two host species at two different sites tested positive at low levels for VHSV. All attempts to isolate virus in cell culture were unsuccessful. However, the presence of viral RNA was confirmed independently in five fish by using a nested PCR that targeted the glycoprotein (G) gene. Partial G gene sequences obtained from three fish were identical to the corresponding sequence from the original 2003 VHSV isolate (MI03) from muskellunge. These detections represent the earliest evidence for the presence of VHSV in Lake Superior and illustrate the utility of the highly sensitive qRT-PCR assay for disease surveillance in aquatic animals.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","doi":"10.1080/08997659.2011.644411","usgsCitation":"Cornwell, E., Eckerlin, G.E., Getchell, R.G., Groocock, G.H., Thompson, T.M., Batts, W.N., Casey, R.N., Kurath, G., Winton, J.R., Bowser, P., Bain, M.B., and Casey, J.W., 2011, Detection of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus by Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction from Two Fish Species at Two Sites in Lake Superior: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 23, no. 4, p. 207-217, https://doi.org/10.1080/08997659.2011.644411.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"207","endPage":"217","ipdsId":"IP-037187","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263459,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263458,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08997659.2011.644411"}],"otherGeospatial":"Lake Superior","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -92.11,46.41 ], [ -92.11,48.88 ], [ -84.35,48.88 ], [ -84.35,46.41 ], [ -92.11,46.41 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50da1570e4b07a5aecdf0fe7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cornwell, Emily 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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Bowser, Paul R.","contributorId":10391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowser","given":"Paul R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Bain, Mark B.","contributorId":10084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bain","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Casey, James W.","contributorId":92941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70041906,"text":"70041906 - 2011 - Scientific drilling into the San Andreas Fault Zone - an overview of SAFOD's first five years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-28T10:42:55","indexId":"70041906","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3356,"text":"Scientific Drilling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Scientific drilling into the San Andreas Fault Zone - an overview of SAFOD's first five years","docAbstract":"The San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) was drilled to study the physical and chemical processes controlling faulting and earthquake generation along an active, plate-bounding fault at depth. SAFOD is located near Parkfield, California and penetrates a section of the fault that is moving due to a combination of repeating microearthquakes and fault creep. Geophysical logs define the San Andreas Fault Zone to be relatively broad (~200 m), containing several discrete zones only 2–3 m wide that exhibit very low P- and S-wave velocities and low resistivity. Two of these zones have progressively deformed the cemented casing at measured depths of 3192 m and 3302 m. Cores from both deforming zones contain a pervasively sheared, cohesionless, foliated fault gouge that coincides with casing deformation and explains the observed extremely low seismic velocities and resistivity. These cores are being now extensively tested in laboratories around the world, and their composition, deformation mechanisms, physical properties, and rheological behavior are studied. Downhole measurements show that within 200 m (maximum) of the active fault trace, the direction of maximum horizontal stress remains at a high angle to the San Andreas Fault, consistent with other measurements. The results from the SAFOD Main Hole, together with the stress state determined in the Pilot Hole, are consistent with a strong crust/weak fault model of the San Andreas. Seismic instrumentation has been deployed to study physics of faulting—earthquake nucleation, propagation, and arrest—in order to test how laboratory-derived concepts scale up to earthquakes occurring in nature.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Scientific Drilling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"IODP","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.2204/iodp.sd.11.02.2011","usgsCitation":"Zoback, M., Hickman, S., Ellsworth, W., and SAFOD Science Team, 2011, Scientific drilling into the San Andreas Fault Zone - an overview of SAFOD's first five years: Scientific Drilling, v. 11, p. 14-28, https://doi.org/10.2204/iodp.sd.11.02.2011.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"14","endPage":"28","ipdsId":"IP-027965","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474818,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2204/iodp.sd.11.02.2011","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":264868,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2204/iodp.sd.11.02.2011"},{"id":264869,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas Fault","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.41,32.53 ], [ -124.41,42.01 ], [ -114.13,42.01 ], [ -114.13,32.53 ], [ -124.41,32.53 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-03-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4b74ae4b0e8fec6cdea9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zoback, Mark","contributorId":81092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hickman, Stephen","contributorId":29139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellsworth, William","contributorId":86445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"SAFOD Science Team","contributorId":128108,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"SAFOD Science Team","id":535394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70041486,"text":"70041486 - 2011 - Functional ecology of free-living nitrogen fixation: A contemporary perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-07T14:19:13","indexId":"70041486","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":808,"text":"Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Functional ecology of free-living nitrogen fixation: A contemporary perspective","docAbstract":"Nitrogen (N) availability is thought to frequently limit terrestrial ecosystem processes, and explicit consideration of N biogeochemistry, including biological N2 fixation, is central to understanding ecosystem responses to environmental change. Yet, the importance of free-living N2 fixation—a process that occurs on a wide variety of substrates, is nearly ubiquitous in terrestrial ecosystems, and may often represent the dominant pathway for acquiring newly available N—is often underappreciated. Here, we draw from studies that investigate free-living N2 fixation from functional, physiological, genetic, and ecological perspectives. We show that recent research and analytical advances have generated a wealth of new information that provides novel insight into the ecology of N2 fixation as well as raises new questions and priorities for future work. These priorities include a need to better integrate free-living N2 fixation into conceptual and analytical evaluations of the N cycle's role in a variety of global change scenarios.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Annual Reviews","publisherLocation":"Palo Alto, CA","doi":"10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102710-145034","usgsCitation":"Reed, S.C., Cleveland, C.C., and Townsend, A.R., 2011, Functional ecology of free-living nitrogen fixation: A contemporary perspective: Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, v. 42, p. 489-512, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102710-145034.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"489","endPage":"512","numberOfPages":"24","ipdsId":"IP-029516","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263828,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263827,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102710-145034"}],"volume":"42","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c31e54e4b0b57f2415d1f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, Sasha C. 0000-0002-8597-8619 screed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8597-8619","contributorId":462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Sasha","email":"screed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cleveland, Cory C.","contributorId":10264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleveland","given":"Cory","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Townsend, Alan R.","contributorId":62868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Townsend","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70040720,"text":"70040720 - 2011 - Experimental reintroduction of the federally endangered Santa Cruz Island bush mallow (Malacothamnus fasciculatus var. nestioticus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-13T16:53:11","indexId":"70040720","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Experimental reintroduction of the federally endangered Santa Cruz Island bush mallow (Malacothamnus fasciculatus var. nestioticus)","docAbstract":"Studies of Malacothamnus fasciculatus var. nesioticus were begun in 1995 to understand its distribution, reproductive biology and ecological requirements. After 100+ years of depredation by sheep, two known populations of fewer than 20 plants each survived in 1995. Molecular studies showed that each of the two populations was composed of 1–3 genets. During our study, two additional populations of similar size were discovered. Plants are self-compatible but require insect visitation to augment pollination. Based on seed set, viable embryos, and germination rates, we found no evidence for inbreeding depression. Bush mallow also reproduces vegetatively by rhizomes, the primary means of establishment and persistence in natural populations, and a key feature for maximizing recovery success. Ex situ observations and trial in situ outplantings suggested that supplemental watering was critical to initial survival. We developed a recovery strategy composed of four plots located at varying elevations and aspects. Each plot was enclosed to exclude feral pigs, which posed a continuing threat. Each plot was planted with twelve rooted plants derived from each of three natural populations. Plants were provided supplemental watering for four months. Survivorship after one year ranged from 46% to 91%. Significant differences in survivorship were observed relative to source of plants. After twelve months some plants were flowering and reproducing vegetatively.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the CNPS Conservation Conference, 17-19 Jan 2009","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"California Native Plant Society","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA","usgsCitation":"Wilken, D., and McEachern, K., 2011, Experimental reintroduction of the federally endangered Santa Cruz Island bush mallow (Malacothamnus fasciculatus var. nestioticus), in Proceedings of the CNPS Conservation Conference, 17-19 Jan 2009, p. 410-418.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"410","endPage":"418","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263124,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263123,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.werc.usgs.gov/fileHandler.ashx?File=/Lists/Products/Attachments/4066/WilkenMcEachern_BushMallowReintroduction.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Cruz Island","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.926178,33.960812 ], [ -119.926178,34.080765 ], [ -119.521523,34.080765 ], [ -119.521523,33.960812 ], [ -119.926178,33.960812 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50a3ba58e4b0855e233c0740","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilken, D.H.","contributorId":107985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilken","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McEachern, K.","contributorId":67438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEachern","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70173740,"text":"70173740 - 2011 - Patterns of acoustical activity of bats prior to and following White-nose Syndrome occurrence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-08T14:08:14","indexId":"70173740","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2287,"text":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of acoustical activity of bats prior to and following White-nose Syndrome occurrence","docAbstract":"White-nose Syndrome (WNS), a wildlife health concern that has decimated cave-hibernating bat populations in eastern North America since 2006, began affecting source-caves for summer bat populations at Fort Drum, a U.S. Army installation in New York in the winter of 2007–2008. As regional die-offs of bats became evident, and Fort Drum's known populations began showing declines, we examined whether WNS-induced change in abundance patterns and seasonal timing of bat activity could be quantified using acoustical surveys, 2003–2010, at structurally uncluttered riparian–water habitats (i.e., streams, ponds, and wet meadows). As predicted, we observed significant declines in overall summer activity between pre-WNS and post-WNS years for little brown bats Myotis lucifugus, northern bats M. septentrionalis, and Indiana bats M. sodalis. We did not observe any significant change in activity patterns between pre-WNS and post-WNS years for big brown bats Eptesicus fuscus, eastern red bats Lasiurus borealis, or the small number of tri-colored bats Perimyotis subflavus. Activity of silver-haired bats Lasionycteris noctivagans increased from pre-WNS to post-WNS years. Activity levels of hoary bats Lasiurus cinereus significantly declined between pre- and post-WNS years. As a nonhibernating, migratory species, hoary bat declines might be correlated with wind-energy development impacts occurring in the same time frame rather than WNS. Intraseason activity patterns also were affected by WNS, though the results were highly variable among species. Little brown bats showed an overall increase in activity from early to late summer pre-WNS, presumably due to detections of newly volant young added to the local population. However, the opposite occurred post-WNS, indicating that reproduction among surviving little brown bats may be declining. Our data suggest that acoustical monitoring during the summer season can provide insights into species' relative abundance on the landscape as affected by the occurrence of WNS.
","language":"English","publisher":"FWS Publications","doi":"10.3996/042011-JFWM-027","usgsCitation":"Ford, W.M., Britzke, E.R., Dobony, C.A., Rodrigue, J.L., and Johnson, J.B., 2011, Patterns of acoustical activity of bats prior to and following White-nose Syndrome occurrence: Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management, v. 2, no. 2, p. 125-134, https://doi.org/10.3996/042011-JFWM-027.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"134","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-025952","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488497,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3996/042011-jfwm-027","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":323291,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5759421ee4b04f417c256927","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ford, W. 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To better understand the surface-water and groundwater characteristics of the river and estuary before dam removal, several hydrologic data sets were collected and analyzed. An experiment using a dye tracer characterized transient storage, and it was determined that the low‑flow channel of the lower Elwha River was relatively simple; 1–6 percent of the median travel time of dye was attributed to transient‑storage processes. Water data from monitoring wells adjacent to the main‑stem river indicated a strong hydraulic connectivity between stage in the river and groundwater levels in the flood plain. Analysis of temperature data from the monitoring wells showed that changes in the groundwater temperature responded weeks or months after water temperature changed in the river. A seepage investigation indicated that water from the river was moving into the aquifer (losing\nreach) between 1.7 and 2.8 kilometers from the river mouth. Surface‑water measurements and temperature and salinity data collected throughout the estuary helped to characterize the magnitude and nature of water movement in and out of the estuary. Salinity and stage sensors positioned in the estuarine network showed a strong surface‑water connection between the river and estuary waters east of the river. In contrast, there was a weaker connection between the river and estuarine water bodies west of the river.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal habitats of the Elwha River, Washington--biological and physical patterns and processes prior to dam removal (Chapter 2011-5120)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir201151204","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 4 in Coastal habitats of the Elwha River, Washington--biological and physical patterns and processes prior to dam removal. 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