{"pageNumber":"1714","pageRowStart":"42825","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68937,"records":[{"id":70202127,"text":"70202127 - 1993 - Sex ratios of canvasbacks wintering in Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-27T08:38:52","indexId":"70202127","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-11T13:42:35","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sex ratios of canvasbacks wintering in Louisiana","docAbstract":"<p>&nbsp;Disparate sex ratios in waterfowl are considered indicative of differential survival between the sexes and may limit reproductive potential. Because other studies have shown canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) have highly skewed sex ratios, I examined aerial photographs from surveys flown monthly during winters 1987-88 and 1988-89 to determine sex ratios of canvasbacks in Louisiana where the wintering population is increasing. Estimated statewide sex ratios (proportion male) were balanced during the initial arrival period in November (1987: 0.505, 1988: 0.524), dominated by males during December-February (range = 0.600- 0.655), and then dominated by females as birds departed in March (1989: 0.419). Sex ratios varied geograph- ically with males being more prevalent in flocks at inland sites than in coastal areas. Canvasback sex ratios did not vary by flock size nor between major- and minor-use areas. Canvasback sex ratios in Louisiana appeared to be representative of the population wintering in the lower Mississippi Valley and Gulf Coast region and were less male dominated than the sex ratios projected for the population wintering in the Atlantic Flyway. Overall sex ratio characteristics imply that female canvasbacks in Louisiana may have higher annual survival or recruitment rates relative to males than occur in other wintering populations. I suggest that this may partially explain the observed increases in canvasbacks wintering in Louisiana.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809075","usgsCitation":"Woolington, D.W., 1993, Sex ratios of canvasbacks wintering in Louisiana: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 57, no. 4, p. 751-758, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809075.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"751","endPage":"758","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361142,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","volume":"57","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woolington, Dennis W.","contributorId":27518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woolington","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":756982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70201440,"text":"wdrOK921 - 1993 - Water resources data, Oklahoma, water year 1992. Volume 1. Arkansas River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-17T00:43:35.587786","indexId":"wdrOK921","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"OK-92-1","title":"Water resources data, Oklahoma, water year 1992. Volume 1. Arkansas River basin","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrOK921","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1993, Water resources data, Oklahoma, water year 1992. Volume 1. 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,{"id":70018391,"text":"70018391 - 1993 - Differentiation of volcanic ash-fall and water-borne detrital layers in the Eocene Senakin coal bed, Tanjung Formation, Indonesia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-13T15:23:10.898906","indexId":"70018391","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differentiation of volcanic ash-fall and water-borne detrital layers in the Eocene Senakin coal bed, Tanjung Formation, Indonesia","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Sangsang deposit of the Eocene Senakin coal bed, Tanjung Formation, southeastern Kalimantan, Indonesia, contains 11 layers, which are thin (&lt;5 cm) and high in ash (&gt; 70%). These layers are characterized by their pelitic macroscopic texture. Examination of eight of the layers by scanning-electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, and X-ray diffraction analyses show that they are composed primarily of fairly well-crystallized kaolinite, much of which is vermicular. Accessory minerals include abundant Ti oxide, rare-earth element-rich Ca and A1 phosphates, quartz that luminescences in the blue color range, and euhedral to subhedral pyroxene, hornblende, zircon, and sanidine. Although this mineral suite is suggestive of volcanic ash-fall material, only the four pelitic layers in the middle of the bed are thought to be solely derived from volcanic ash-falls on the basis of diagnostic minerals, replaced glass shards, and lithostratigraphic relationships observed in core and outcrop. The three uppermost pelitic layers contain octahedral chromites, some quartz grains that luminesce in teh orange color range, and some quartz grains that contain two-phase fluid inclusions. These layers are interpreted to be derived from a combination of volcanic ash-fall material and hydrologic transport of volcaniclastic sediment. In contrast, the lowermost pelitic layer, which contains large, rounded FeMg-rich chromites, is thought to have been dominantly deposited by water. The source of the volcanic ash-fall material may have been middle Tertiary volcanism related to plate tectonic activity between Kalimantan and Sulawesi. The volcanic ash was deposited in sufficient amounts to be preserved as layers within the coal only in the northern portions of the Senakin region: the southern coal beds in the region do not contain pelitic layers.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(93)90041-9","usgsCitation":"Ruppert, L., and Moore, T., 1993, Differentiation of volcanic ash-fall and water-borne detrital layers in the Eocene Senakin coal bed, Tanjung Formation, Indonesia: Organic Geochemistry, v. 20, no. 2, p. 233-247, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(93)90041-9.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"247","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227380,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Indonesia","otherGeospatial":"southeastern Kalimantan","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              115.22917642325245,\n              -2.3507385996688868\n            ],\n            [\n              115.22917642325245,\n              -4.332144074818373\n            ],\n            [\n              116.60264384751423,\n              -4.332144074818373\n            ],\n            [\n              116.60264384751423,\n              -2.3507385996688868\n            ],\n            [\n              115.22917642325245,\n              -2.3507385996688868\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a010ae4b0c8380cd4fa7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruppert, Leslie F. 0000-0002-7453-1061","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7453-1061","contributorId":118763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"Leslie F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, T.A.","contributorId":91101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018252,"text":"70018252 - 1993 - Comparison of the petrography, palynology and paleobotany of the Stockton coal bed, West Virginia and implications for paleoenvironmental interpretations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-13T15:38:29.969487","indexId":"70018252","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of the petrography, palynology and paleobotany of the Stockton coal bed, West Virginia and implications for paleoenvironmental interpretations","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Stockton coal bed (Middle Pennsylvanian) is a relatively high ash coal composed primarily of moderately thin banded, sparsely thin banded, and nonbanded coal (splint and cannel coal). Comparisons of petrographic, palynologic, and paleobotanic data gathered from the same sample sets from a single column of the Stockton coal bed indicate that compositional correspondences among the sets exist regardless of coal type. Some correspondences are believed to exist because of original plant constituents and others because of the paleoenvironment of peat formation. Using some combination of these data is critical when interpreting paleoenvironmental conditions because (1) a direct correspondence is lacking between many of the data and (2) each of the three data sets provides a unique and important perspective on the paleomire. The Stockton paleomire in the area of this study supported a diverse flora that consisted of both small and arboreous lycopsids, small ferns and tree ferns, calamites, cordaites, and pteridosperms. There appear to have been two successions of&nbsp;</span><i>Lycospora</i><span>&nbsp;spore-dominated, vitrinite-rich, liptinite-poor peat formation, which were followed by inertinite-rich peat formation marked by a tree fern-dominant spore assemblage and abundant unidentifiable plant tissues. These are interpreted to be two water-laden or topogenous peat formational stages followed by slightly domed, better drained peat formation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(93)90034-9","usgsCitation":"Pierce, B., Stanton, R., and Eble, C.F., 1993, Comparison of the petrography, palynology and paleobotany of the Stockton coal bed, West Virginia and implications for paleoenvironmental interpretations: Organic Geochemistry, v. 20, no. 2, p. 149-166, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(93)90034-9.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"166","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227412,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"West Virginia","county":"Kanawha 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Brenda","contributorId":29940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"Brenda","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanton, R.W.","contributorId":19164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eble, Cortland F.","contributorId":255518,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eble","given":"Cortland","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":51568,"text":"Kentucky Geological Survey, U. of Kentucky","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":379014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70208292,"text":"70208292 - 1993 - The Beaufort Sea continental shelf as a seasonal source of atmospheric methane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-03T11:09:42","indexId":"70208292","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-03T10:59:24","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Beaufort Sea continental shelf as a seasonal source of atmospheric methane","docAbstract":"<p><span>Methane concentrations in the Beaufort Sea under the winter ice canopy offshore from northern Alaska are 3 to 28 times greater than they are in late summer when the ice is absent in a similar region offshore from northern Canada where methane is in approximate equilibrium with the atmosphere. These observations suggest that methane concentrates in the water under the sea‐ice cover during winter and ventilates rapidly in late summer as the ice melts and retreats. Conditions similar to those on the Beaufort Sea shelf likely exist on the much larger Siberian shelf, making the Arctic Ocean margin a possible seasonal, high‐latitude, marine source of about 0.1 Tg yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;atmospheric methane. The small addition of methane likely contributes to the late‐summer increase in atmospheric methane that is observed each year particularly in the northern hemisphere.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93GL02727","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K.A., Lilley, M.D., Lorenson, T., Barnes, P.W., and McLaughlin, E., 1993, The Beaufort Sea continental shelf as a seasonal source of atmospheric methane: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 20, no. 22, p. 2459-2462, https://doi.org/10.1029/93GL02727.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"2459","endPage":"2462","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371920,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Beaufort Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -157.236328125,\n              69.71810669906763\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.98632812499997,\n              69.71810669906763\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.98632812499997,\n              72.43553464712416\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.236328125,\n              72.43553464712416\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.236328125,\n              69.71810669906763\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lilley, Marvin D.","contributorId":45377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lilley","given":"Marvin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lorenson, Thomas 0000-0001-7669-2873 tlorenson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7669-2873","contributorId":174599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenson","given":"Thomas","email":"tlorenson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barnes, P. W.","contributorId":8819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McLaughlin, E.","contributorId":86509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70186953,"text":"70186953 - 1993 - Detection of contaminant plumes by bore­ hole geophysical logging","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T15:52:09","indexId":"70186953","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1866,"text":"Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detection of contaminant plumes by bore­ hole geophysical logging","docAbstract":"<p>Two borehole geophysical methods—electromagnetic induction and natural gamma radiation logs—were used to vertically delineate landfill leachate plumes in a glacial aquifer. Geophysical logs of monitoring wells near two land-fills in a glacial aquifer in west-central Vermont show that borehole geophysical methods can aid in interpretation of geologic logs and placement of monitoring well screens to sample landfill leachate plumes.</p><p>Zones of high electrical conductance were delineated from the electromagnetic log in wells near two landfills. Some of these zones were found to correlate with silt and clay units on the basis of drilling and gamma logs. Monitoring wells were screened specifically in zones of high electrical conductivity that did not correlate to a silt or clay unit. Zones of high electrical conductivity that did not correlate to a silt or clay unit were caused by the presence of ground water with a high specific conductance, generally from 1000 to 2370 μS/cm (microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius). Ambient ground water in the study area has a specific conductance of approximately 200 to 400 μS/cm. Landfill leachate plumes were found to be approximately 5 to 20 feet thick and to be near the water table surface.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.1993.tb00427.x","usgsCitation":"Mack, T.J., 1993, Detection of contaminant plumes by bore­ hole geophysical logging: Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, v. 13, no. 1, p. 107-114, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1993.tb00427.x.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"107","endPage":"114","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339762,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f1e0cde4b08144348b7e6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mack, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0496-3918 tjmack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-3918","contributorId":1677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Thomas","email":"tjmack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70207773,"text":"70207773 - 1993 - Stable carbon and oxygen isotope studies of the sediments of Elk Lake, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-19T14:24:57.105855","indexId":"70207773","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-09T16:21:57","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable carbon and oxygen isotope studies of the sediments of Elk Lake, Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>Variations in the ratios of<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup>O:<sup>16</sup>O and<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C:<sup>12</sup>C in calcite throughout the Holocene in Elk Lake, Minnesota, are recorded in three varve-calibrated carbonate cores. Marl in a varved deep-basin (29.6 m) core consists mainly of calcite precipitated from surface waters during the summer and probably provides the least complicated isotope record. Marl in a sublittoral (10 m) core consists of calcite contributed from several inorganic and organic sources and probably is the most complicated of the three isotope records. Calcite from shells of the ostracod<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Candona ohioensis</i><span>&nbsp;</span>in the sublittoral core provides a record of shallow-water conditions in Elk Lake for the period between 10,500 and 5500 varve yr. Variations in the<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C:<sup>12</sup>C ratio of organic carbon deposited in Elk Lake during the Holocene are recorded in organic matter in the deep-basin core.</p><p>All three oxygen isotope records show that, in general, the<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup>O:<sup>16</sup>O ratio in carbonate was enriched in<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup>O by several parts per mil during the mid-Holocene relative to the past few thousand years. This pattern of oxygen isotope variation is similar to that observed for carbonate materials from other lakes in the northeastern and north-central United States. Oxygen isotope records from these other lakes also show that the<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup>O:<sup>16</sup>O ratio during the early Holocene was lower than during the mid-Holocene, and this pattern has been interpreted as representing a response to a generally warmer and drier climate during the mid-Holocene beginning about 8000 varve yr (the so-called hypsithermal). Ostracod and diatom assemblages from Elk Lake cores show, however, that the lake was colder and more saline than at present until at least 6700 varve yr, with conditions similar to those that exist today in cold prairie lakes of Canada. It may be more appropriate, therefore, to refer to the mid-Holocene in northwestern Minnesota as the “prairie period” rather than the hypsithermal, indicating that the climate was drier, but with no connotation regarding temperature. The oxygen isotope data from the three Elk Lake records for this period are somewhat equivocal. Values of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><span>&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup>O in the marl from the sublittoral core and shells of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Candona</i><span>&nbsp;</span>increase from 10,000 to about 6800 varve yr. However, values of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><span>&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup>O in the marl that accumulated in the deepest part of the lake over the same interval (10,000–6800 varve yr) are more or less constant and enriched in<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup>O; this probably reflects the cold, saline prairie-lake conditions predicted from the ostracod and diatom assemblage data. All three oxygen isotope records show decreases in<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup>O:<sup>16</sup>O ratios after about 6800 varve yr in response to an increase in temperature and decrease in salinity of the lake.</p><p>The<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C:<sup>12</sup>C ratios in carbonates from all three Elk Lake records show a distinct pattern; the ratio increased gradually from 10,000 to 8000 varve yr going into the mid-Holocene prairie period and then decreased gradually coming out of the prairie period between about 5500 and 2500 varve yr. These changes in the<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C:<sup>12</sup>C ratio could have been related to temperature through its effect on solubility of carbon dioxide; however, this interpretation is not supported by the oxygen isotope data. Another possibility is that changes in the<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C:<sup>12</sup>C ratio are related to organic productivity that removes<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C-depleted organic carbon and results in<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C-enriched surface waters. This interpretation implies that organic productivity was higher in Elk Lake during the mid-Holocene prairie period.</p><p>Support for the high-productivity,<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C-enriched surface-water model for the mid-Holocene prairie period in Elk Lake is provided by changes in the<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C:<sup>12</sup>C ratio of organic carbon in the deep-basin core. These changes parallel almost exactly those in the<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C:<sup>12</sup>C ratio of carbonate carbon, but are about 2% larger (about 6% as opposed to about 4% for carbonate carbon). The difference of about 2% may represent<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C depletion due to CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>limitation. The percentage of organic carbon in the sediment did not increase during the prairie period because it was diluted by an increased flux of detrital clastic material. The ultimate burial rate of organic carbon increased considerably, however, indicating that organic productivity was higher and/or the degree of preservation increased. Diatom assemblages and plant-pigment concentrations indicate that productivity was higher during the prairie period. Pyrolysis hydrogen and oxygen indices show that the<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C-enriched organic matter that accumulated during the prairie period was hydrogen rich and oxygen poor relative to organic matter that accumulated before and after. These two indices demonstrate that the organic matter that accumulated during the prairie period was much better preserved.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/SPE276-p163","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., and Stuiver, M., 1993, Stable carbon and oxygen isotope studies of the sediments of Elk Lake, Minnesota: GSA Special Papers, v. 276, p. 163-180, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE276-p163.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"180","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371132,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnestoa","otherGeospatial":"Elk Park, Itasca State Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.23180961608887,\n              47.17781217347543\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20254135131836,\n              47.17781217347543\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20254135131836,\n              47.20056040488173\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.23180961608887,\n              47.20056040488173\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.23180961608887,\n              47.17781217347543\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"276","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stuiver, Minze","contributorId":34915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuiver","given":"Minze","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70207743,"text":"70207743 - 1993 - Modern sedimentation in Elk Lake, Clearwater County, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-08T16:21:09","indexId":"70207743","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-08T16:12:19","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modern sedimentation in Elk Lake, Clearwater County, Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>The varved sediments of Elk Lake, Clearwater County, Minnesota, contain a 10,000 year record of climatic and limnologic events. Sediment traps deployed in the lake’s water column from 1979 to 1981 and from 1983 to 1984 collected samples that permitted us to identify materials, to see the timing of sedimentation events, and to deduce processes that form the microlaminae within varves. Fall and spring microlaminae consist mainly of sequential accumulations of biogenic silica and resuspended calcific and siliceous materials. Precipitates of iron, manganese, and organic detritus dominate the thin winter microlaminae. Calcific microlaminae are deposited in summer. Concentrated iron and manganese precipitates form when the onset of seasonal circulation (especially in autumn) oxygenates the lower water column, but precipitation of these metals also continues throughout periods of seasonal stratification, when these dissolved elements migrate upward and are converted to particles that rain back to the bottom. Mineraloids dominate the sediment; minerals compose only a minor part and include quartz, calcite, rhodochrosite, and rockbridgeite (iron phosphate).</p><p>The bulk of the bottom accumulation occurs during the longer, calmer summer and winter periods, but important contributions are also made during spring and autumn overturn events. Sediment resuspended from the shallows accumulates together with newly formed endogenic sediment, and can even briefly dominate the seston in autumn and spring. Vigor and duration of seasonal circulations in the upper water column dictate the amount of resuspended sediment contributed annually to a varve. When abrupt warming within days after ice-out stratifies the lake, sedimentation in that year is diminished by resultant suppression of plankton blooms and lack of vernal resuspension that would normally move sediment from the littoral areas into the deep parts of Elk Lake. Thin sections of varves confirm that resuspension during autumn and spring is a varve-forming process that has probably varied in importance as a function of climate and changing morphometry due to infilling. Through an entire year, sediment traps catch a greater proportion of material from spring and autumn overturns than accumulates on the bottom. Lake morphometry is the most important factor governing sediment resuspension and associated annual accumulation rates in traps.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/SPE276-p75","usgsCitation":"Nuhfer, E., Anderson, R., Bradbury, J.P., and Dean, W.E., 1993, Modern sedimentation in Elk Lake, Clearwater County, Minnesota: GSA Special Papers, v. 276, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE276-p75.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"96","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371089,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Elk Lake ","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.23017883300781,\n              47.17967906219905\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20442962646483,\n              47.17967906219905\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20442962646483,\n              47.1981110637904\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.23017883300781,\n              47.1981110637904\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.23017883300781,\n              47.17967906219905\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"276","edition":"75","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nuhfer, E.B.","contributorId":89281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nuhfer","given":"E.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, R.Y.","contributorId":22789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradbury, J. Platt","contributorId":91106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Platt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70207742,"text":"70207742 - 1993 - Chronology of Elk Lake sediments: Coring, sampling, and time-series construction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-18T15:19:08.108229","indexId":"70207742","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-08T15:58:25","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chronology of Elk Lake sediments: Coring, sampling, and time-series construction","docAbstract":"<p><span>A 22 m series of cores from a continuously laminated sequence of postglacial sediment was recovered from 29.6 m of water from the deepest part of Elk Lake, Clearwater County, Minnesota, by piston and freeze-coring methods during the winters of 1978 and 1982. A varve time series constructed and used as a basis for subsampling the cores and samples, based on the varve chronology, allows precise determination of fluxes of geochemical and biological sediment components. Chronological and petrographic studies have shown that the laminations are varves and their measurement and enumeration has produced a 10,400 year time series that estimates the rates and timing of paleolimnologic and paleoenvironmental changes in Elk Lake and its drainage. A radiocarbon date from surface sediment is 850 years. The difference between radiocarbon and varve dates continues down core; varve dates are older than radiocarbon dates, probably because of systematic incorporation of dead carbon (as bicarbonate) in organic matter in the sediment. Varve-dated boundaries of pollen zones in the Elk Lake cores compare closely with the ages of the same zones in cores from nearby lakes that have been radiocarbon dated.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/SPE276-p37","usgsCitation":"Anderson, R., Bradbury, J.P., Dean, W.E., and Stuiver, M., 1993, Chronology of Elk Lake sediments: Coring, sampling, and time-series construction: GSA Special Papers, v. 276, p. 37-43, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE276-p37.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"43","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371088,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnestoa","otherGeospatial":"Elk Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.23017883300781,\n              47.17967906219905\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20442962646483,\n              47.17967906219905\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20442962646483,\n              47.1981110637904\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.23017883300781,\n              47.1981110637904\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.23017883300781,\n              47.17967906219905\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"276","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, R.Y.","contributorId":22789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradbury, J. Platt","contributorId":91106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Platt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stuiver, Minze","contributorId":34915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuiver","given":"Minze","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70207739,"text":"70207739 - 1993 - Elk Lake in perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-08T15:33:01","indexId":"70207739","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-08T15:26:41","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Elk Lake in perspective","docAbstract":"<p><span>Elk Lake is located in the forested region of north-central Minnesota at the headwaters of the Mississippi River and occupies one of countless basins left behind as the last great Pleistocene ice sheet retreated northward into Canada. In this respect it resembles many other moderately deep, dimictic, hard-water lakes in the north-central United States, the sediments of which contain a history of postglacial and Holocene climatic and environmental change. Elk Lake is different, however, because the Holocene sediments in the deeper part of the lake form an uninterrupted sequence of annual laminations or varves. The varves are a chronometer for timing precisely the biologic, geochemical, and sedimentological responses in the lake to cyclic and progressive changes in climate. The varves also, through profound changes in their composition, divide the history of Elk Lake into three, sharply defined episodes; a postglacial lake, a prairie lake, and a modern, mesic-forest lake. We use these episodes and the character of the varves as a framework to guide the reader to the chapters and discussions found in this volume.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/SPE276-p1","usgsCitation":"Anderson, R., Dean, W.E., and Bradbury, J.P., 1993, Elk Lake in perspective: GSA Special Papers, v. 276, p. 1-6, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE276-p1.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371083,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Elk Lake, Itasca State Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.23017883300781,\n              47.17967906219905\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20442962646483,\n              47.17967906219905\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20442962646483,\n              47.1981110637904\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.23017883300781,\n              47.1981110637904\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.23017883300781,\n              47.17967906219905\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"276","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, R.Y.","contributorId":22789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradbury, J. Platt","contributorId":91106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Platt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70207738,"text":"70207738 - 1993 - Climatic and limnologic setting of Elk Lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-08T15:23:19","indexId":"70207738","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-08T15:18:26","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climatic and limnologic setting of Elk Lake","docAbstract":"<p>Elk Lake is located on the Itasca moraine near the source of the Mississippi River in northwestern Minnesota. The basin is in calcareous glacial drift, and the lake water is a dilute solution of calcium and magnesium bicarbonate. Low-magnesian calcite formed by precipitation from the lake water has been a major component of the sediment throughout the lake’s history. The sediment also is laminated with alternating light and dark, millimeter-thick layers containing diatoms, organic matter, Fe(OH)<sub>3</sub>, and CaCO<sub>3</sub>.</p><p>The sediment microstratigraphy has been preserved because the lake is unusually deep (maximum depth is 30 m) for its size (surface area is 1.01 km<sup>2</sup>). Oxygen is present in low concentrations or absent in the deepest water during summer and winter. Water movements in the deepest part of the lake are insufficient some years for the complete aeration of the deepst water during spring and autumn circulation periods.</p><p>Phytoplankton photosynthesis, which occurs mostly in the surficial 6 m of water, typically removes 0.5 g C m<sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>day<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>from the epilimnion, which becomes strongly oversaturated with calcite during late spring and summer as the pH increases above the equilibrium pH (7.73) for calcite saturation. Most of the CaCO<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>that makes up the light-colored layers of sediments probably is formed during the late summer, when concentrations of calcium in the epilimnion decrease most rapidly. The silica and organic matter that form the darker sediment laminae are deposited earlier in the year, during a period extending from April to late June, when silica decreases fastest in the epilimnion.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/SPE276-p19","usgsCitation":"Megard, R., Bradbury, J.P., and Dean, W.E., 1993, Climatic and limnologic setting of Elk Lake: GSA Special Papers, v. 276, p. 19-36, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE276-p19.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"36","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371082,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Elk Lake, Itsaca Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.23017883300781,\n              47.17967906219905\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20442962646483,\n              47.17967906219905\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20442962646483,\n              47.1981110637904\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.23017883300781,\n              47.1981110637904\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.23017883300781,\n              47.17967906219905\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"276","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Megard, R.O.","contributorId":221612,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Megard","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradbury, J. Platt","contributorId":91106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Platt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70207737,"text":"70207737 - 1993 - Environment of deposition of CaCO3 in Elk Lake, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-18T15:13:04.885935","indexId":"70207737","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-08T15:06:35","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Environment of deposition of CaCO<sub>3</sub> in Elk Lake, Minnesota","title":"Environment of deposition of CaCO3 in Elk Lake, Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>Elk Lake is near the present forest-prairie border in northwestern Minnesota, and is also located on the boundary between hard-water lakes that are typical of once-glaciated parts of the north-central United States and more saline prairie lakes of western Minnesota and the Dakotas. The sediments of the prairie lakes just west of Elk Lake are unusual in that they commonly contain high-Mg calcite and dolomite in addition to low-Mg calcite, which is the dominant carbonate mineral in most marl lakes. During the mid-Holocene dry period, prairie conditions expanded eastward into the forested regions of Minnesota. Variations in types and abundances of carbonate minerals in the Holocene sediments of Elk Lake recorded this climatic change.</p><p>Studies of primary productivity, carbonate saturation, water chemistry, and sediment-trap samples show that low-Mg calcite precipitates during the summer, triggered by algal photosynthesis. The epilimnion of Elk Lake is always oversaturated with calcite, and the degree of oversaturation increases progressively during the summer. The pH of the epilimnion increases from &lt;8.0 after spring overturn to almost 9.0 in late summer in response to photosynthetic removal of CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>during the summer months. The rate of calcium depletion from the epilimnion is proportional to the increase in pH and the rate of photosynthetic carbon fixation.</p><p>Today the only carbonate minerals that are accumulating in the sediments of Elk Lake are low-Mg calcite and manganese carbonate (rhodochrosite). Rhodochrosite, and probably manganese oxyhydroxide, precipitates when manganese-rich anoxic bottom waters come in contact with carbonate-rich oxic surface waters. During the arid mid-Holocene prairie period, however, low-Mg calcite, dolomite, aragonite, and rhodochrosite all accumulated in the sediments of Elk Lake. Dolomite formed in Elk Lake during this period in response to a higher Mg:Ca ratio in the water, just as it is forming today in lakes of the prairie regions of western Minnesota. The coincident occurrence of aragonite and biological indicators of high salinity suggests that the salinity of Elk Lake and the Mg:Ca ratio were higher than in any of the present prairie lakes of western Minnesota.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/SPE276-p97","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., and Megard, R., 1993, Environment of deposition of CaCO3 in Elk Lake, Minnesota: GSA Special Papers, v. 276, p. 97-113, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE276-p97.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"113","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371081,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Elk Lake, Itasca Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.23017883300781,\n              47.17967906219905\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20442962646483,\n              47.17967906219905\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20442962646483,\n              47.1981110637904\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.23017883300781,\n              47.1981110637904\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.23017883300781,\n              47.17967906219905\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"276","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Megard, R.O.","contributorId":221612,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Megard","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70199816,"text":"70199816 - 1993 - Hydrologic budget and nitrogen distribution for an agricultural study plot in claypan soil and glacial till near Centralia, Mo.--May 1991 to May 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-01T09:23:50","indexId":"70199816","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-04T09:22:05","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Hydrologic budget and nitrogen distribution for an agricultural study plot in claypan soil and glacial till near Centralia, Mo.--May 1991 to May 1992","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings from the 3rd annual Missouri water quality conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"3rd Annual Missouri Water Quality Conference","conferenceDate":"February 4, 1993","conferenceLocation":"Columbia, Missouri ","language":"English","publisher":"University of Missouri","publisherLocation":"Columbia, Missouri","usgsCitation":"Kelly, B.P., and Plummer, L., 1993, Hydrologic budget and nitrogen distribution for an agricultural study plot in claypan soil and glacial till near Centralia, Mo.--May 1991 to May 1992, chap. <i>of</i> Proceedings from the 3rd annual Missouri water quality conference, p. 100-105.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"100","endPage":"105","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357925,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","city":"Centralia","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c111a37e4b034bf6a81962b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelly, Brian P. 0000-0001-6378-2837 bkelly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6378-2837","contributorId":897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"Brian","email":"bkelly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, L.N.","contributorId":206803,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plummer","given":"L.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70243610,"text":"70243610 - 1993 - Denitrification measurements in aquatic sediments: A comparison of three methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-15T00:52:34.183917","indexId":"70243610","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T19:47:20","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Denitrification measurements in aquatic sediments: A comparison of three methods","docAbstract":"<p><span>Measurements of denitrification using the acetylene inhibition,</span><sup>15</sup><span>N isotope tracer, and N</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;flux methods were carried out concurrently using sediment cores from Vilhelmsborg sø, Denmark, in an attempt to clarify some of the limitations of each technique. Three experimental treatments of overlying water were used: control, nitrate enriched, and ammonia enriched water. The N</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;flux and</span><sup>15</sup><span>N tracer experiments showed high rates of coupled nitrification/denitrification in the sediments. The acetylene inhibition method did not capture any coupled nitrification/denitrification. This could be explained by acetylene inhibition of nitrification. A combined</span><sup>15</sup><span>N tracer/acetylene inhibition experiment demonstrated that acetylene inhibition of N</span><sub>2</sub><span>O reduction was incomplete and the method, therefore, only measured approximately 50% of the denitrification due to nitrate from the overlying water. Similar rates of denitrification due to nitrate in the overlying water were measured by the N</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;flux method and the acetylene inhibition method, after correcting for the 50% efficiency of acetylene inhibition. Rates of denitrification due to nitrate from the overlying water measured by the</span><sup>15</sup><span>N tracer method, however, were only approximately 35% or less of those measured by the acetylene inhibition or N</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;flux methods.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00023750","usgsCitation":"Seitzinger, S.P., Nielsen, L.P., Caffrey, J., and Christensen, P.B., 1993, Denitrification measurements in aquatic sediments: A comparison of three methods: Biogeochemistry, v. 23, p. 147-167, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00023750.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"167","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417019,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seitzinger, Sybil P.","contributorId":198506,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seitzinger","given":"Sybil","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":35252,"text":"Rutgers University, NJ","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":872607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nielsen, Lars Peter","contributorId":189833,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nielsen","given":"Lars","email":"","middleInitial":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Caffrey, Jane","contributorId":305391,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caffrey","given":"Jane","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Christensen, Peter Bondo","contributorId":305392,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christensen","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"Bondo","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":25172,"text":"25172 - 1993 - Conterminous U.S. land cover characteristics data set 1990 prototype","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-14T16:34:30","indexId":"25172","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T16:33:53","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Conterminous U.S. land cover characteristics data set 1990 prototype","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"EROS Data Center, U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Sioux Falls, SD","doi":"10.3133/25172","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993, Conterminous U.S. land cover characteristics data set 1990 prototype, 1 computer laser optical disk, https://doi.org/10.3133/25172.","productDescription":"1 computer laser optical disk","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290009,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c4fc07e4b0b58d96eeb575","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25171,"text":"25171 - 1993 - Conterminous U.S. AVHRR companion disc: USA-USGS-EDC-AVHRR-9502","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-14T14:24:23","indexId":"25171","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T14:23:52","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Conterminous U.S. AVHRR companion disc: USA-USGS-EDC-AVHRR-9502","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/25171","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993, Conterminous U.S. AVHRR companion disc: USA-USGS-EDC-AVHRR-9502, 1 computer laser optical disc, https://doi.org/10.3133/25171.","productDescription":"1 computer laser optical disc","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289975,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c4fc06e4b0b58d96eeb573","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70128544,"text":"70128544 - 1993 - Managing reservoir storage for instream slow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T13:57:08","indexId":"70128544","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T13:52:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Managing reservoir storage for instream slow","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"American Society of Civil Engineers Water Resources Planning and Management Division Conference Proceedings","conferenceTitle":"American Society of Civil Engineers Water Resources Planning and Management Division Conference Proceedings","conferenceDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Seattle, WA","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","usgsCitation":"Waddle, T.J., 1993, Managing reservoir storage for instream slow, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295172,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5437a3c7e4b08a816ca63672","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waddle, T. J.","contributorId":52507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddle","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70128329,"text":"70128329 - 1993 - Options for water-level control in developed wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-07T13:54:13","indexId":"70128329","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T13:47:07","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Options for water-level control in developed wetlands","docAbstract":"<p>Wetland habitats in the United States currently are lost at a rate of 260,000 acres/year (105,218 ha/year).  Consequently, water birds concentrate in fewer and smaller areas.  Such concentrations may deplete food supplies and influence behavior, physiology, and survival.  Continued losses increase the importance of sound management of the remaining wetlands because water birds depend on them.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Human activities modified the natural hydrology of most remaining wetlands in the conterminous United States, and such hydrologic alterations frequently reduce wetland productivity.  The restoration of original wetland functions and productivity often requires the development of water distribution and discharge systems to emulate natural hydrologic regimes.  Construction of levees and correct placement of control structures and water-delivery and water-discharge systems are necessary to (1) create soil and water conditions for the germination of desirable plants, (2) control nuisance vegetation, (3) promote the production of invertebrates, and (4) make foods available for wildlife that depends of wetlands (Leaflets 13.2.1 and 13.4.6).  This paper provides basic guidelines for the design of wetlands that benefit wildlife.  If biological considerations are not incorporated into such designs, the capability of managing wetlands for water birds is reduced and costs often are greater.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Although we address the development of palustrine wetlands in migration and wintering areas, many of the discussed principles are applicable to the development of other wetland types and in other locations.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waterfowl management handbook","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Kelley, J., Laubhan, M.K., Reid, F.A., Wortham, J.S., and Fredrickson, L.H., 1993, Options for water-level control in developed wetlands, chap. <i>of</i> Waterfowl management handbook, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295035,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543500b2e4b0a4f4b46a23b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelley, J. R. Jr.","contributorId":96202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"J. R.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laubhan, M. K.","contributorId":58583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laubhan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reid, F. A.","contributorId":93413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wortham, J. S.","contributorId":73132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wortham","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fredrickson, L. H.","contributorId":68668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fredrickson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70039252,"text":"70039252 - 1993 - National Atlas Maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-04T01:01:57","indexId":"70039252","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T13:45:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":362,"text":"General Information Product","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"National Atlas Maps","docAbstract":"The National Atlas of the United States of America was published by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1970. Its 765 maps and charts are on 335 14- by 19-inch pages. Many of the maps span facing pages.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70039252","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993, National Atlas Maps: General Information Product, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039252.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":225,"text":"Earth Science Information Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":261481,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70039252/report.pdf"},{"id":261482,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70039252/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6195e4b0c8380cd71a48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70128540,"text":"70128540 - 1993 - Integrating geographic information systems for water resources research (stage I) in the National Parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T13:27:56","indexId":"70128540","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T13:26:11","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"Technical Publication Series TPS-93-1","title":"Integrating geographic information systems for water resources research (stage I) in the National Parks","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Geographic Information Systems and Water Resources","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Paulson, M.J., and Herrmann, R., 1993, Integrating geographic information systems for water resources research (stage I) in the National Parks, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"491","endPage":"500","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295164,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5437a3c1e4b08a816ca63664","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paulson, M. J.","contributorId":97837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paulson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herrmann, R.","contributorId":107218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herrmann","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70127909,"text":"70127909 - 1993 - Photogrammetric determination of alpine snowpack distribution for initialization of a watershed simulation system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T12:59:56.858584","indexId":"70127909","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T13:11:34","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Photogrammetric determination of alpine snowpack distribution for initialization of a watershed simulation system","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","usgsCitation":"Cline, D.W., and Baron, J., 1993, Photogrammetric determination of alpine snowpack distribution for initialization of a watershed simulation system: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 74, 1 p.","productDescription":"1 p.","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294844,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542e6977e4b092f17df5a9c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cline, D. W.","contributorId":74691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cline","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70201444,"text":"wdrVA922 - 1993 - Water Resources Data, Virginia, Water Year 1992. Volume 2: Ground-Water Level and Ground-Water Quality Records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-26T20:46:41.714819","indexId":"wdrVA922","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T13:09:02","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"VA-92-2","title":"Water Resources Data, Virginia, Water Year 1992. Volume 2: Ground-Water Level and Ground-Water Quality Records","docAbstract":"<p><span>Water</span><span>-</span><span>resources data for the 1992 water year for Virginia consist of records of water levels and </span><span>water quality of ground</span><span>-</span><span>water wells. </span><span>This report (Volume 2. </span><span>Ground</span><span>-</span><span>Water</span><span>-</span><span>Level and Ground-Water-Quality </span><span>Records) contains water levels at 356 observation wells and water quality at 2 wells. </span><span>Locations of </span><span>these wells are shown on figures 4, </span><span>5, </span><span>6, </span><span>and 7. </span><span>The data in this report represent that part of the </span><span>National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal </span><span>agencies in Virginia. </span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrVA922","usgsCitation":"Prugh, B., and Powell, E.D., 1993, Water Resources Data, Virginia, Water Year 1992. 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Jr.","contributorId":61846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prugh","given":"Byron J.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, Eugene D.","contributorId":80309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70127902,"text":"70127902 - 1993 - Surface water chemistry and hydrology of two subalpine watersheds in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T13:00:38.053567","indexId":"70127902","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T12:38:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface water chemistry and hydrology of two subalpine watersheds in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","usgsCitation":"Sueker, J.K., 1993, Surface water chemistry and hydrology of two subalpine watersheds in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 74, p. 266-268.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"266","endPage":"268","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294811,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain National Park","volume":"74","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542e6984e4b092f17df5aa88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sueker, J. K.","contributorId":90658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sueker","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70127901,"text":"70127901 - 1993 - Instream flows according to the ASCE model water code","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-02T12:37:13","indexId":"70127901","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T12:36:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Instream flows according to the ASCE model water code","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Water Planning and Management Division","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Water Planning and Management Division","conferenceLocation":"Seattle, WA","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","usgsCitation":"Sherk, G.W., and Lamb, B.L., 1993, Instream flows according to the ASCE model water code, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294810,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542e6966e4b092f17df5a8d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherk, G. W.","contributorId":73519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherk","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamb, Berton L.","contributorId":6775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"Berton","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70128731,"text":"70128731 - 1993 - Winter phytoplankton dynamics in a subalpine lake, Colorado, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-06T16:46:53.970453","indexId":"70128731","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T11:39:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5662,"text":"Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Winter phytoplankton dynamics in a subalpine lake, Colorado, U.S.A","docAbstract":"<p><span>The temporal dynamics of phytoplankton were examined in The Loch, a subalpine lake in Rocky Mountain National Park, over the winter seasons of 1987-88 and 1988-89. The Loch was ice-covered from early November until early to mid May. The pattern of phytoplankton biovolume during ice-cover was consistent between the two years with maxima occurring in November/December and February/March. This pattern resulted principally from the contribution of <i>Asterionella formosa</i> Hass. Other dominant phytoplankton species in terms of biomass (<i>Dinobryon sertularia</i> Ehrenb., <i>Cryptomonas ovata</i> Ehrenb., and <i>Peridinium cinctum</i> (Müll.) Ehrenb.) collectively contributed from 10 to 90 % of the total cells. Algal composition changed throughout the winter and individual species varied in abundance with depth. The same dominant (and most of the rare) taxa were present both years. They varied in time of occurrence and abundance, but did not occur at the same time in both years. Phytoplankton species composition continually fluctuated throughout the winter. Because of the stability afforded by ice-cover, algal species succession was not driven by thermal regime or by wind induced changes in the mixed depth. Nor did grazing by the winter zooplankton assemblage, composed nearly exclusively of cyclopoid copepods and rotifers, adequately explain the phytoplankton dynamics. Freeze concentration of water (concentration as ions are excluded in the formation of ice) in early winter may be responsible for the early phytoplankton bloom.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Schweizerbart","doi":"10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/129/1993/179","usgsCitation":"Spaulding, S., Ward, J.V., and Baron, J., 1993, Winter phytoplankton dynamics in a subalpine lake, Colorado, U.S.A: Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie, v. 129, no. 2, p. 179-198, https://doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/129/1993/179.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"198","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40553,"text":"WMA - Office of the Chief Operating Officer","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295275,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"The Loch, Rocky Mountain National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.66053867340088,\n              40.29026356570576\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.65397262573242,\n              40.29026356570576\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.65397262573242,\n              40.294551700286306\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.66053867340088,\n              40.294551700286306\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.66053867340088,\n              40.29026356570576\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"129","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543e3b33e4b0fd76af69cf43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spaulding, S. A. 0000-0002-9787-7743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9787-7743","contributorId":18182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spaulding","given":"S. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ward, J. V.","contributorId":13038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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