Infiltration of effluent into the Santa Cruz River channel from water-treatment plants near Tucson, Arizona was studied from March 23, 1990, to September 30, 1993. The study reach extended along a 23-mile stream reach from the water-treatment plants, about 5 miles northwest of central Tucson, downstream to Trico Road, about 5 miles west of Marana, Arizona. Data indicate that 88.4 to 90.2 percent of the effluent discharged from the two water-treatment plants infiltrated the Santa Cruz River channel. During 1991 93, the volume of effluent discharge that flowed out of the study area was 2,880, 4,120, and 3,320 acre-feet per year, respectively, and the volume of infiltration was 41,890, 43,640, and 45,670 acre-feet per year, respectively. Intermittent rainstorms resulted in high flows that altered the composition, structure, and geometry of the channel bed and may have caused the infiltration to increase to nearly 100 percent. In comparison, variations in evapotranspiration and open-channel evaporation had a minimal effect on the water budget. In the study reach, 3.2 to 3.9 percent of the effluent was lost to evapotranspiration and open-channel evaporation; 6.2 to 8.3 percent flowed through the reach.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964021","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Tuscon","usgsCitation":"Galyean, K., 1996, Infiltration of wastewater effluent in the Santa Cruz River Channel, Pima County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4021, v, 82 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964021.","productDescription":"v, 82 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120053,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4021/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56100,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4021/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Pima County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.29166667,\n 32.29166667\n ],\n [\n -111.04166667,\n 32.29166667\n ],\n [\n -111.04166667,\n 32.45833333\n ],\n [\n -111.29166667,\n 32.45833333\n ],\n [\n -111.29166667,\n 32.29166667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5ee81e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Galyean, Ken","contributorId":212707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galyean","given":"Ken","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27424,"text":"wri954266 - 1996 - Calculated hydrographs for unsteady research flows at selected sites along the Colorado River downstream from Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona, 1990 and 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-10T16:42:41","indexId":"wri954266","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4266","title":"Calculated hydrographs for unsteady research flows at selected sites along the Colorado River downstream from Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona, 1990 and 1991","docAbstract":"A one-dimensional model of unsteady discharge waves was applied to research flowr that were released from Glen Canyon Dam in support of the Glen Canyon Environmental Studies. These research flows extended over periods of 11 days during which the discharge followed specific, regular patterns repeated on a daily cycle that were similar to the daily releases for power generation. The model was used to produce discharge hydrographs at 38 selected sites in Marble and Grand Canyons for each of nine unsteady flows released from the dam in 1990 and 1991. In each case, the discharge computed from stage measurements and the associated stage-discharge relation at the streamflow-gaging station just below the dam (09379910 Colorado River Hlow Glen Canyon Dam) was routed to Diamond Creek, which is 386 kilometers downstream. Steady and unsteady tributary inflows downstream from the dam were included in the model calculations.
Steady inflow to the river from tributaries downstream from the dam was determined for each case by comparing the steady base flow preceding and following the unsteady flow measured at six streamflow-gaging stations between Glen Canyon Dam and Diamond Creek. During three flow periods, significant unsteady inflow was received from the Paria River, or the Little Colorado River, or both. The amount and timing of unsteady inflow was determined using the discharge computed from records of streamflow-gaging stations on the tributaries. Unsteady flow then was added to the flow calculated by the model at the appropriate location.
Hydrographs were calculated using the model at 5 streamflow-gaging stations downstream from the dam and at 33 beach study sites. Accuracy of model results was evaluated by comparing the results to discharge hydrographs computed from the records of the five streamflow-gaging stations between Lees Ferry and Lake Mead. Results show that model predictions of wave speed and shape agree well with data from the five streamflow-gaging stations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954266","usgsCitation":"Griffin, E.R., and Wiele, S.M., 1996, Calculated hydrographs for unsteady research flows at selected sites along the Colorado River downstream from Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona, 1990 and 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4266, iv, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954266.","productDescription":"iv, 30 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4266/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56278,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4266/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Glen Canyon Dam,","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e75b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, Eleanor R. 0000-0001-6724-9853 egriffin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6724-9853","contributorId":1775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Eleanor","email":"egriffin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":198092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiele, Stephen M. smwiele@usgs.gov","contributorId":2199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiele","given":"Stephen","email":"smwiele@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":198093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27501,"text":"wri964037 - 1996 - Analysis of nutrients in the surface waters of the Georgia–Florida Coastal Plain study unit, 1970–91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-14T19:07:37.741665","indexId":"wri964037","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4037","title":"Analysis of nutrients in the surface waters of the Georgia–Florida Coastal Plain study unit, 1970–91","docAbstract":"During the early phase of the Georgia-Florida National Water Quality Assessment study, existing information on nutrients was compiled and analyzed in order to evaluate the nutrient concentrations within the 61,545 square mile study unit. Evaluation of the nutrient concentrations collected at surface- water sites between October 1, 1970, and September 30,1991, utilized the environmental characteristics of land resource provinces, land use, and nonpoint and point-source discharges within the study unit. Long-term trends were investigated to determine the temporal distribution of nutrient concentrations. In order to determine a level of concern for nutrient concentrations, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guidelines were used-(1) for nitrate concentrations, the maximum contaminant level in public-drinking water supplies (10 mg/L); (2) for ammonia concentrations, the chronic exposure of aquatic organisms to un-ionized ammonia (2.1 mg/L); (3) for total-phosphorus concentrations, the recommended concentration in flowing water to discourage excessive growth of aquatic plants (0.1 mg/L); and (4) for kjeldahl concentrations, however, no guidelines were available. For sites within the 10 major river basins, median nutrient concentrations were generally below USEPA guidelines, except for total-phosphorus concentrations where 45 percent of the medians exceeded the guideline. The only median ammonia concentration that exceeded the guideline occurred at the Swift Creek site (3.4 mg/L), in the Suwannee River basin, perhaps due to wastewater discharges. For all sites within the Withlacoochee, Aucilla, and St. Marys River basins, median concentrations of nitrate, ammonia, and total phosphorus were below the USEPA guidelines. Nutrient data at each monitoring site within each major basin were aggregated for comparisons of median nutrient concentrations among major basins. The Ochlockonee and Hillsborough River basins had the highest median nutrient concentrations, the Aucilla River basin had the lowest. Median concentrations of nitrate and ammonia among all major basins were below USEPA guidelines. The median total-phosphorus concentrations for the following river basins exceeded the USEPA guideline-Hillsborough, St. Johns, Suwannee, Ochlockonee, Satilla, Altamaha, and Ogeechee. Although nutrient concentrations within the study unit were low, long-term increasing trends were found in all four nutrients. All 18 study-unit wide nitrate trends had increasing slopes ranging from less than 0.01 to 0.07 (mg/L)/yr. The range in slope for the 13 ammonia trends was -0.03 to 0.01 (mg/L)/yr with 6 increasing trends in the northern part of the study unit. Of the 17 total-phosphorus trends found in the study unit, 10 were found at sites where the median concentration exceeded the USEPA guideline. At these 10 sites, 4 sites had increasing trends with slopes ranging from less than 0.01 to 0.07 (mg/L)/yr, 5 sites had decreasing trends with slopes ranging from -0.01 to -0.24 (mg/L)/yr, and one site showed a seasonal concentration trend. Median nutrient concentrations were significantly different among the four land resource provinces-Southern Piedmont, Southern Coastal Plain, Coastal Flatwoods, and Central Florida Ridge. As a result, nutrient concentrations among basins with similar nutrient inputs but located within different land resource provinces are not expected to be the same due to differences in the combination of factors such as soil permeability, runoff rates, and stream channel slopes. This concept is an important consideration in designing a surface-water quality network within the study area. For the most part, the Coastal Flatwoods showed the lowest median nutrient concentrations and the Southern Coastal Plain had the highest median nutrient concentrations. Lower median nitrate concentrations in surface-water basins were associated with the forest/wetland land-use category and higher median concentrations of nitrate and ammonia with","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964037","usgsCitation":"Ham, L.K., and Hatzell, H.H., 1996, Analysis of nutrients in the surface waters of the Georgia–Florida Coastal Plain study unit, 1970–91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4037, v, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964037.","productDescription":"v, 67 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_96_4037.jpg"},{"id":2142,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri964037/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":394409,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48402.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-84.7210693359375,30.704058230919504],[-84.90234375,30.543338954230222],[-85.0177001953125,30.24957724046765],[-84.803466796875,30.164126343161097],[-84.627685546875,29.935895213372444],[-84.57275390625,29.859701442126756],[-84.44091796875,29.859701442126756],[-84.29809570312499,29.859701442126756],[-84.2926025390625,30.012030680358613],[-84.17724609375,30.035811042667792],[-83.990478515625,30.050076521698735],[-83.7322998046875,29.893043385434165],[-83.6224365234375,29.76914573606667],[-83.51806640624999,29.602118211647333],[-83.397216796875,29.415675471217877],[-83.2489013671875,29.377388403478992],[-83.1610107421875,29.233683670282787],[-83.0841064453125,29.1281717828162],[-82.8753662109375,29.10897615145302],[-82.77099609375,28.945668833650508],[-82.75451660156249,28.815799886487298],[-82.694091796875,28.671310915880834],[-82.694091796875,28.492833128965096],[-82.8094482421875,28.265682390146477],[-82.891845703125,28.164032516628076],[-82.869873046875,27.955591004642553],[-82.8973388671875,27.790491224830877],[-82.7874755859375,27.68352808378776],[-82.75451660156249,27.552111841284695],[-80.299072265625,27.571590861376308],[-80.2935791015625,27.649472352561876],[-80.37597656249999,27.848790459862073],[-80.52429199218749,28.105903469076186],[-80.540771484375,28.20760859532738],[-80.540771484375,28.318888915773826],[-80.5133056640625,28.386567819657213],[-80.46936035156249,28.44454394857482],[-80.518798828125,28.647210004919998],[-80.6341552734375,28.815799886487298],[-80.771484375,29.065772888415406],[-81.0406494140625,29.439597566602902],[-81.1614990234375,29.807284450222504],[-81.27685546875,30.107117887092357],[-81.3592529296875,30.5764500266181],[-81.34277343749999,30.873940237887624],[-81.32080078125,31.052933985705163],[-81.23291015625,31.22689446881399],[-81.19445800781249,31.358327833411312],[-81.14501953125,31.48020882071693],[-81.03515625,31.648705289976853],[-80.958251953125,31.835565983656227],[-80.85937499999999,31.94750122367064],[-80.782470703125,32.00341778396365],[-80.8978271484375,32.0732655510424],[-81.046142578125,32.115148622612445],[-81.1175537109375,32.16166284018013],[-81.112060546875,32.2546200600072],[-81.0955810546875,32.30570601389429],[-81.177978515625,32.43097672054704],[-81.1669921875,32.47732919639942],[-81.24938964843749,32.537551746769],[-81.34277343749999,32.59773394005744],[-81.4031982421875,32.648625783736726],[-81.39770507812499,32.76880048488168],[-81.4031982421875,32.86574639547474],[-81.441650390625,32.95797741405952],[-81.4801025390625,33.04550781490999],[-81.5899658203125,33.1329513125159],[-81.73278808593749,33.15594830078649],[-81.88110351562499,33.330528249028085],[-82.06787109374999,33.41310221370827],[-82.28759765625,33.348884792201694],[-82.5732421875,33.22949814144951],[-83.056640625,33.25706340236547],[-83.33129882812499,33.0178760185549],[-83.507080078125,32.80574473290688],[-83.82568359375,32.722598604044066],[-83.66638183593749,32.263910555201306],[-83.7652587890625,32.05464469054932],[-83.8421630859375,31.76086695137955],[-84.19921875,31.353636941500987],[-84.6826171875,30.869225348040825],[-84.7210693359375,30.704058230919504]]]}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db6801e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ham, L. K.","contributorId":13276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ham","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatzell, H. H.","contributorId":7732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatzell","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27699,"text":"wri954272 - 1996 - Age of ground water in basalt aquifers near Spring Creek National Fish Hatchery, Skamania County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T08:36:21","indexId":"wri954272","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4272","title":"Age of ground water in basalt aquifers near Spring Creek National Fish Hatchery, Skamania County, Washington","docAbstract":"Water samples from four springs and five wells in basalt aquifers near Spring Creek National Fish Hatchery in Skamania County, Washington, were collected and analyzed for selected inorganic ions and stable isotopes. Eight samples were analyzed for carbon-14 (14C), carbon-13 ([3C), and either chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) or tritium. This work was done to estimate the age (residence time, or time elapsed since recharge) of water issuing from springs at the hatchery.
\nIf CFCs are present in ground water, the presence of at least a component of modem (post- 1944) water is indicated. CFC-dating suggests that ground water several hundred feet below land surface in the Underwood Heights area noah of the hatchery, including ground water discharging from the hatchery springs, contains modem water. In contrast, CFC-dating suggests that deeper ground water such as that withdrawn from the Hatchery Well may contain little or no modem water.
\nConcentrations of 14C in water can yield 14C-based ground-water ages, termed 14C-model ages. Unadjusted 14C-model ages (14C-model ages unadjusted for carbon mass transfers) for water discharging from the hatchery springs are on the order of several hundred years. Ground-water samples from three wells in the Underwood Heights area yielded 14C-model ages ranging from modem to several hundred years.
\nUnadjusted 14C-model ages for deep ground water pumped by the Hatchery Well indicate an overall age of several thousand years. However, 14C concentrations may be affected by transfers of carbon into and out of solution. The 13C values of the downgradient ground waters ranged from - 16.4 (per mil) to -18.2 per rail, isotopically heavier than expected for ground water that obtains carbon solely from root respiration in a temperate climate and undergoes no subsequent carbon-isotope fractionation or exchange. Such 13C values in the ground water near the hatchery suggest the possibility of carbon mass transfers during the evolution of these waters. Geochemical mass-transfer modeling suggests that carbon dioxide may degas and calcite may dissolve during the evolution of the modeled ground waters, but that degassing of carbon dioxide is the dominant carbon mass transfer in these ground waters. In addition, modeling results also suggest that, although some calcite may dissolve during the evolution of the water produced by the Hatchery Well, and possibly during the evolution of the shallower ground waters, the amount of calcite dissolution is small. Model testing suggests that the quantity of 14C-dead carbon added from calcite dissolution may not be sufficient to greatly affect the 14C-model ages of these ground waters. In other words, the 14C-model ages that were adjusted for various modeled carbon mass transfers are similar to the unadjusted 14C-model ages.
\nA comparison of CFC data with both adjusted and unadjusted 14C data suggests that water discharging at the hatchery springs contains a mixture of modem and old water, where old water is defined as water recharged prior to 1944. The CFC data support a component of modem water, whereas the 14C data suggest a component of old water. Similar results were obtained from a comparison of CFC data with adjusted and unadjusted 14C data for water collected from Well 3. Well 3 is north of the hatchery springs, on a flow path that appears to be parallel to and similar in length to the flow path leading to the hatchery springs. Water from the Hatchery Well, however, may be devoid of modem water and appears to have an overall age on the order of thousands of years.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/wri954272","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Hinkle, S.R., 1996, Age of ground water in basalt aquifers near Spring Creek National Fish Hatchery, Skamania County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4272, v, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954272.","productDescription":"v, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56549,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4272/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":124087,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4272/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Skamania County","otherGeospatial":"Columbia Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.33551025390625,\n 45.83454044932633\n ],\n [\n -122.33276367187499,\n 45.56214096905609\n ],\n [\n -122.26409912109375,\n 45.54675503088241\n ],\n [\n -122.09655761718749,\n 45.5900172453615\n ],\n [\n -121.81915283203126,\n 45.69754742610759\n ],\n [\n -121.61865234375,\n 45.70042486059141\n ],\n [\n -121.5142822265625,\n 45.7128920322567\n ],\n [\n -121.49642944335938,\n 45.826885387845664\n ],\n [\n -121.55548095703125,\n 45.947330315089275\n ],\n [\n -121.63787841796875,\n 45.984557962061984\n ],\n [\n -122.28195190429686,\n 45.920587344733654\n ],\n [\n -122.33551025390625,\n 45.83454044932633\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db6892fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinkle, Stephen R. srhinkle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkle","given":"Stephen","email":"srhinkle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":198556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28378,"text":"wri954077 - 1996 - Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of glacial-drift aquifers, Leech Lake Indian Reservation, north-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-13T19:33:55.631534","indexId":"wri954077","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4077","title":"Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of glacial-drift aquifers, Leech Lake Indian Reservation, north-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"Among the duties of the water managers of the Leech Lake Indian Reservation in north-central Minnesota are the development and protection of the water resources of the Reservation. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Leech Lake Indian Reservation Business Committee, conducted a three and one half-year study (1988-91) of the ground-water resources of the Leech Lake Indian Reservation. The objectives of this study were to describe the availability and quality of ground water contained in glacial-drift aquifers underlying the Reservation.
Aquifers and confining units are present throughout the entire thickness of the glacial drift in the study area, which includes the Leech Lake Indian Reservation and adjacent parts of Beltrami, Hubbard, Itasca, and Cass Counties in north-central Minnesota, an area of approximately 2,145 square miles. An unconfined aquifer underlies most of the central and north-central parts of the study area. The saturated thickness of the aquifer ranges from 0 to about 105 feet. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity, estimated from 19 slug tests, ranges from 0.6 to 31 feet per day. The transmissivity of the aquifer ranges from 19 to more than 20,000 feet squared per day and is greatest in an area from west of Cass Lake to Lake Winnibigoshish. Theoretical maximum well yields range from less than 10 to about 2,000 gallons per minute. The unconfined and uppermost confined aquifers are physically and hydraulically separated by a fine-grained confining unit, consisting of till or lake deposits, that ranges in thickness from 3 to 254 feet.
The thickness of the uppermost confined aquifer ranges from 5 to about 53 feet. On the basis of specific-capacity data, the transmissivity of the aquifer ranges from less than 100 feet squared per day in the northeastern and southeastern parts of the study area to about 21,000 feet squared per day near Cass Lake. Theoretical maximum well yields range from less than 10 to about 2,600 gallons per minute.
Recharge to the ground-water system is predominantly from precipitation that infiltrates to the saturated zone. An analysis of four hydrographs for observation wells screened in the unconfined aquifer indicated spring recharge amounts during 1989 of 1-4 inches.
Discharge from the ground-water system occurs by leakage to streams, lakes, and wetlands, evapotranspiration, withdrawals by wells, and underflow to the southeast within the Mississippi River Valley. Streamflow measurements indicate that ground-water discharge to the Mississippi River is greater in the western part of the study area between Cass Lake and Lake Winnibigoshish than in the eastern part downstream from Lake Winnibigoshish.
The general regional direction of ground-water flow in the unconfined and uppermost confined aquifers is to the east and southeast. Ground-water flow is also toward the Mississippi River and the three large lakes in the study area, Lake Winnibigoshish and Cass and Leech Lakes.
Water moves through the ground-water system predominantly horizontally in the aquifers, whereas vertical components of flow are significant in confining units. Downward leakage of water occurs in highland areas where ground water flows downward from overlying till to the uppermost confined aquifer. Water moves vertically upward from deep to shallow aquifers in areas of regional discharge, the Mississippi River, Cass Lake, Lake Winnibigoshish. and Leech Lake.
Waters from both the unconfined and uppermost confined aquifers generally are suitable for domestic consumption, crop irrigation, and most other uses. Concentrations of iron and manganese in water from both aquifers frequently exceed levels that may impart an undesirable taste or odor to water.
Calcium and bicarbonate are the predominant ions in water from both the unconfined and uppermost confined aquifers. Water from both the unconfined and uppermost confined aquifers is hard to very hard, averaging 187 and 247 milligrams per liter as calcium carbonate, respectively.
Differences in the mean concentrations of constituents in waters from the unconfined and uppermost confined aquifers vary. The mean concentrations of chloride, manganese, dissolved organic carbon, sulfate, and dissolved iron were greater for water from the unconfined aquifer than for water from the uppermost confined aquifer. Conversely, the mean concentrations of calcium, potassium, silica, sodium, fluoride, and boron were greater for water from the uppermost confined aquifer than for water from the unconfined aquifer. These higher concentrations of naturally occurring constituents in waters from the uppermost confined aquifer may occur because of the longer flow paths and longer residence times of water in the uppermost confined aquifer as compared to the unconfined aquifer.
Nutrients include nitrogen and phosphorus species. The mean concentrations of dissolved nitrogen (NO2 + NO3, dissolved) and total phosphorus were about 5 and 1.5 times greater for water from the unconfined aquifer than for water from the uppermost confined aquifer, respectively. None of the water samples had concentrations of dissolved nitrogen greater than the maximum contaminant level established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (10 milligrams per liter) and only one water sample had a concentration greater than 3 milligrams per liter.
Water collected from wells completed in the unconfined aquifer in residential and recreational land-use areas had concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, and cyanide equal to or less than 6 micrograms per liter. Concentrations of organic-acid herbicides in water from three wells screened in the unconfined aquifer in managed-forest land-use areas were all below detection levels. Concentrations of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency priority pollutants in water from three wells screened in the unconfined aquifer and from one well screened in the uppermost confined aquifer were also all below detection levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri954077","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Leech Lake Indian Reservation Business Committee","usgsCitation":"Lindgren, R.J., 1996, Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of glacial-drift aquifers, Leech Lake Indian Reservation, north-central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4077, viii, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954077.","productDescription":"viii, 78 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415725,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48186.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":57180,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4077/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121738,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4077/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Leech Lake Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.8,\n 47.666667\n ],\n [\n -93.7,\n 47.666667\n ],\n [\n -93.7,\n 47.2\n ],\n [\n -94.1,\n 47.2\n ],\n [\n -94.1,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -94.8,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -94.8,\n 47.666667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62567f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindgren, R. J.","contributorId":70808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindgren","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28519,"text":"wri914035 - 1996 - Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:52","indexId":"wri914035","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4035","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Kentucky","docAbstract":"The alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Ky., lies in a valley eroded by glacial meltwater that was later partly filled with outwash sand and gravel deposits. The aquifer is primarily unconfined, and the direction of flow is from the adjacent limestone and shale valley wall toward the Ohio River and major pumping centers. Pumpage and water-level data indicate that the alluvial aquifer was in a steady-state condition in November 1962 and again in November 1983. Between these two dates, water-level data indicate a general rise in the water table. A two-dimensional finite-element ground-water-flow model of the alluvial aquifer was calibrated for both the steady-state and the transient-state period of 1962-83. The year 1962 represented a period in time when pumping was nearly three times that in 1983. The simulated steady-state water budget for 1962 indicated that of the total recharge to the aquifer of 5.19 million feet per day, 37.2 percent was flow from the river to pumped wells, 28.3 percent was recharge from rainfall, 19.7 percent was flow across the eastern valley wall, and 14.8 percent was upward flow from the bedrock. Discharge from the aquifer was to wells (68.9 percent) and to the Ohio River (31.1 percent). The simulated steady-state water budget for 1983 indicated that of the total recharge to the aquifer of 4.11 million feet per day, 42.6 percent was recharge from rainfall, 18.2 percent was flow across the eastern valley wall, 17.8 percent was flow from the river to pumped wells, 15.6 percent was upward flow from the bedrock, and 5.8 percent was flow from septic systems. The transient simulation resulted in an acceptable match between measured and simulated hydrographs. This gave additional confidence to the model calibration, choice of boundary conditions, and published values of specific yield. Both steady-state and transient-state models demonstrated that the main source of water needed to meet increased pumping requirements was induced flow from the Ohio River.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri914035","usgsCitation":"Lyverse, M.A., Starn, J., and Unthank, M., 1996, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4035, vi, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914035.","productDescription":"vi, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4035/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57319,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4035/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62562d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyverse, M. A.","contributorId":89151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyverse","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Starn, J.J.","contributorId":69591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starn","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Unthank, M.D.","contributorId":35351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unthank","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29431,"text":"wri954222 - 1996 - Sediment transport, particle size, and loads in North Fish Creek in Bayfield County, Wisconsin, water years 1990-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-23T14:14:27","indexId":"wri954222","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4222","title":"Sediment transport, particle size, and loads in North Fish Creek in Bayfield County, Wisconsin, water years 1990-91","docAbstract":"North Fish Creek is underused as a trout and salmon hatchery despite its excellent water quality. The shifting-sand streambed in the lower 9 miles of the stream inhibits successful spawning and is a poor habitat for macroinvertebrates, the primary food for juvenile trout and salmon. To provide data necessary for evaluation of potential sand-loading-control practices, the U.S. Geological Survey determined total-sediment transport, particle size, and loads for three sites, designated A, B, and C, on North Fish Creek during water years 1990-91.
\nAt site C, the most upstream site, all sediment was transported as suspended sediment. The average annual total-sediment load during 1990- 91 was 479 tons. About 88 percent of the load was transported during periods of snowmelt or storm runoff. About 75 percent of the sediment load was silt- and clay-size particles; the remainder was sand.
\nTotal-sediment discharge was calculated by the modified-Einstein procedure to determine total sediment transport-rate relations for site A, the most downstream site, and for site B. Annual totalsediment load was 11,960 tons in water year 1990 and 18,430 tons in water year 1991 at site B. About 97 percent of the total load was transported during periods of snowmelt and storm runoff. About 60 percent of the total-sediment load was sand-size particles.
\nAnnual total-sediment loads were 20,690 tons and 33,100 tons in water years 1990 and 1991, respectively, at site A. About 67 percent of the total-sediment load was sand-size particles.
\nAnnual average streamflow, as indicated by flow in the Bois Brule River, was about 16 percent below average in water year 1990, and about 4 percent above average in water year 1991.
\nThere was little relation between watershed area and sediment loads for the three sites. The watershed of site C is about 41 percent of that of site A, but the sand load at site C was only 1 percent of that at site A. The watershed area between sites B and C is 40 percent of that above site A, but this area yielded 49 percent of the sand load at site A. Nineteen percent of the watershed above site A is between sites A and B, yet this area yielded about 50 percent of the sand load at site A.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954222","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Rose, W.J., and Graczyk, D., 1996, Sediment transport, particle size, and loads in North Fish Creek in Bayfield County, Wisconsin, water years 1990-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4222, iv, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954222.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159782,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4222/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58279,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4222/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Bayfield County","otherGeospatial":"Fish Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.47216796875,\n 46.32796494040748\n ],\n [\n -91.47216796875,\n 46.645665192584936\n ],\n [\n -90.9722900390625,\n 46.645665192584936\n ],\n [\n -90.9722900390625,\n 46.32796494040748\n ],\n [\n -91.47216796875,\n 46.32796494040748\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbe76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rose, W. J.","contributorId":14433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graczyk, D.J.","contributorId":108119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graczyk","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29511,"text":"wri954251 - 1996 - Geochemical and isotopic composition of ground water with emphasis on sources of sulfate in the upper Floridan Aquifer in parts of Marion, Sumter, and Citrus counties, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:57","indexId":"wri954251","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4251","title":"Geochemical and isotopic composition of ground water with emphasis on sources of sulfate in the upper Floridan Aquifer in parts of Marion, Sumter, and Citrus counties, Florida","docAbstract":"In inland areas of northwest central Florida, sulfate concentrations in the Upper Floridan aquifer are extremely variable and sometimes exceed drinking water standards (250 milligrams per liter). This is unusual because the aquifer is unconfined and near the surface, allowing for active recharge. The sources of sulfate and geochemical processes controlling ground-water composition were evaluated in this area. Water was sampled from thirty-three wells in parts of Marion, Sumter, and Citrus Counties, within the Southwest Florida Water Management District; these included at least a shallow and a deep well at fifteen separate locations. Ground water was analyzed for major ions, selected trace constituents, dissolved organic carbon, and stable isotopes (sulfur-34 of sulfate and sulfide, carbon-13 of inorganic carbon, deuterium, and oxygen-18). Sulfate concentrations ranged from less than 0.2 to 1,400 milligrams per liter, with higher sulfate concentrations usually in water from deeper wells. The samples can be categorized into a low sulfate group (less than 30 milligrams per liter) and a high sulfate group (greater than 30 milligrams per liter). For the high sulfate water, concentrations of calcium and magnesium increased concurrently with sulfate. Chemical and isotopic data and mass-balance modeling indicate that the composition of high sulfate waters is controlled by dedolomitization reactions (dolomite dissolution and calcite precipitation, driven by dissolution of gypsum). Gypsum occurs deeper in the aquifer than open intervals of sampled wells. Upward flow has been documented in deeper parts of the aquifer in the study area, which may be driven by localized discharge areas or rapid flow in shallow parts of the aquifer. Mixing between shallow ground water and sulfate-rich water that dissolved gypsum at the base of the aquifer is probably responsible for the range of concentrations observed in the study area. Other solutes that increased with sulfate apparently originate from the gypsum itself, from other mineral assemblages found deeper in the aquifer in association with gypsum, and from residual seawater from less- flushed, deeper parts of the aquifer. These ions are subsequently transported with sulfate to shallower parts of the aquifer where gypsum is not present. The composition of low sulfate ground water is controlled by differences in the extent of microbially mediated reactions, which produce carbon dioxide. This, in turn, influences the extent of calcite dissolution. Ground waters which underwent limited microbial reactions contained dissolved oxygen and were usually in ridge areas where recharge typically is rapid. Anaerobic waters were in lower lying areas of Sumter County, where soils are poorly drained and aquifer recharge is slow. Anaerobic waters had higher concentrations of calcium, bicarbonate, sulfide, dissolved organic carbon, iron, manganese, and silica, and had lower concentrations of nitrate than aerobic ground waters. For low sulfate waters, sulfate generally originates from meteoric sources (atmospheric precipitation), with variable amounts of oxidation of reduced sulfur and sulfate reduction. Sulfide is sometimes removed from solution, probably by precipitation of a sulfide minerals such as pyrite. In areas where deep ground water has low sulfate concentrations, the shallow flow system is apparently deeper than where high sulfate concentrations occur, and upwelling sulfate-rich water is negligible. The range of sulfate concentrations observed in the study areas and differences in sulfate concentrations with depth indicate a complex interaction between shallow and deep ground-water flow systems.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954251","usgsCitation":"Sacks, L.A., 1996, Geochemical and isotopic composition of ground water with emphasis on sources of sulfate in the upper Floridan Aquifer in parts of Marion, Sumter, and Citrus counties, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4251, vi, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954251.","productDescription":"vi, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2502,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954251","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126686,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_95_4251.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae6f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sacks, Laura A.","contributorId":19134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sacks","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29969,"text":"wri954167 - 1996 - Discharge, water-quality characteristics, and nutrient loads from McKay Bay, Delaney Creek, and East Bay, Tampa, Florida, 1991-1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:02","indexId":"wri954167","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4167","title":"Discharge, water-quality characteristics, and nutrient loads from McKay Bay, Delaney Creek, and East Bay, Tampa, Florida, 1991-1993","docAbstract":"Nutrient enrichment in Tampa Bay has caused a decline in water quality in the estuary. Efforts to reduce the nutrient loading to Tampa Bay have resulted in improvement in water quality from 1981 to 1991. However, Tampa Bay still is onsidered enriched with nutrients. Water quality in East Bay (located at the northeastern part of Hillsborough Bay, which is an embayment in Tampa Bay) is not improving at the same rate as the rest of the bay. East Bay is the center of shipping activity in Tampa Bay and the seventh largest port in the United States. One of the primary cargoes is phosphate ore and related products such as fertilizer. The potential for nutrient loading to East Bay from shipping activities is high and has not previously been measured. Nitrogen and phosphorus loads from East Bay to Hillsborough Bay were measured during selected time periods during June 1992 through May 1993; these data were used to estimate seasonal and annual loads. These loads were evaluated to determine whether the loss of fertilizer products from shipping activities resulted in increased nutrient loading to Hillsborough Bay. Discharge was measured, and water-quality samples were collected at the head of East Bay (exiting McKay Bay), and at the mouth of East Bay. Discharge and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations for the period June 1992 through May 1993 were used to compute loads. Discharges from McKay Bay, Delaney Creek, and East Bay are highly variable because of the effect of tide. Flow patterns during discharge measurements generally were unidirectional in McKay Bay and Delaney Creek, but more complex, bidirectional patterns were observed at the mouth of East Bay. Tidally affected discharge data were digitally filtered with the Godin filter to remove the effects of tide so that residual, or net, discharge could be determined. Daily mean discharge from McKay Bay ranged from -1,900 to 2,420 cubic feet per second; from Delaney Creek, -3.8 to 162 cubic feet per second; and from East Bay, -437 to 3,780 cubic feet per second. Water quality in McKay Bay, Delaney Creek, and East Bay varies vertically, areally, and seasonally. Specific conductance and concentrations of phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen were greater near the bottom than near the surface at the head and mouth of East Bay. Concentrations of total nitrogen and ammonia plus organic nitrogen generally were greater at the head of East Bay than at the mouth, indicating that McKay Bay is the primary source of nitrogen to East Bay. Concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, phosphorus, orthophosphorus, and suspended solids and values of turbidity and specific conductance generally were greater at the mouth of East Bay than at the head. The greatest concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were measured in Delaney Creek. In East Bay and McKay Bay, the greatest concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and ammonia plus organic nitrogen occurred in summer, whereas turbidity, specific conductance, and concentrations of suspended solids were greater in winter. The greatest daily mean loads from McKay Bay and East Bay occurred in late June 1992 and April and May 1993 and coincided with periods of daily mean discharge greater than about 2,000 cubic feet per second. Although concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were greater in Delaney Creek than in McKay Bay and East Bay, loads were minimal because of minimal discharges from Delaney Creek. Monthly loads of total nitrogen ranged from about 20 tons to about 83 tons at McKay Bay; from about 1 ton to 4.2 tons at Delaney Creek; and from about 17 tons to 76 tons at the mouth of East Bay. Monthly loads of phosphorus ranged from about 11 tons to about 45 tons at McKay Bay; from about 0.62 ton to 2.6 tons at Delaney Creek; and from about 10 tons to about 45 tons at the mouth of East Bay. The results of this study indicate that nitrogen and phosphorus loads from the basin draining directly to East Bay (excluding loads from the McKa","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954167","usgsCitation":"Stoker, Y., Levesque, V., and Fritz, E., 1996, Discharge, water-quality characteristics, and nutrient loads from McKay Bay, Delaney Creek, and East Bay, Tampa, Florida, 1991-1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4167, v, 47 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954167.","productDescription":"v, 47 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2434,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954167","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":119526,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_95_4167.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64a9ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stoker, Y.E.","contributorId":13253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoker","given":"Y.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Levesque, V.A.","contributorId":56268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levesque","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fritz, E.M.","contributorId":26337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritz","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29970,"text":"wri954107 - 1996 - The effect of discharge and water quality of the Alafia River, Hillsborough River, and the Tampa Bypass Canal on nutrient loading to Hillsborough Bay, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:02","indexId":"wri954107","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4107","title":"The effect of discharge and water quality of the Alafia River, Hillsborough River, and the Tampa Bypass Canal on nutrient loading to Hillsborough Bay, Florida","docAbstract":"Techniques to measure discharge and nutrient loads in the tidally affected portions of two major rivers tributary to Tampa Bay, the Alafia River and the Hillsborough River, were developed and tested. Discharge, water quality, and total phosphorus and total nitrogen loads for the period April 1, 1991, through March 31, 1992, were evaluated and compared with discharge,water quality, and loads at long-term, nontidal gages in the basins. Long-term discharge and water-quality characteristics at selected sites in the Alafia river and Hillsborough River basins were evaluated. A long-term, decreasing trend in annual-mean discharge was observed for discharges at the Alafia River, Sulphur Springs, and Hillsborough River. Low-flow and high-flow characteristics in the Alafia River and Hillsborough River have changed as well. The decreasing trend in the Alafia River discharges is not due to deficient rainfall but probably is due to decreased ground-water inflow to the river because of long-term declines in the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer. Daily-mean discharges at the mouth of the Alafia River were more variable than discharges at the long-term gage upstream. Daily-mean discharge near the mouth of the river was negative at times, indicating a net loss of water from the river. Daily-mean discharge from the Hillsborough River was minimal from Apil to May 1991, and from late September 1991 to March 1992. During these periods, discharge from Sulphur Springs was a major source of freshwater to the tidally affected reach of the river. Concentrations of total phosphorus and orthophosphorus in the Alafia River above Lithia Springs were the greatest in the 1960's and have generally declined since then. Total nitrogen concentrations have been declining since about 1981. However, increases in nitrate plus nitrite nitrogen concentrations are occurring in Lithia Springs, a second-magnitude spring that flows into the Alafia River. Specific conductance of water discharging from Sulphur Springs to the Hillsborough River has increased from about 124 to more than 2,000 microsiemens per centimeter since 1945. Water quality at the mouth of the Alafia River and Hillsborough River is the result of mixing of freshwater and estuarine water from Hillsborough Bay. Large daily variations in water quality occur at these site because of tidal currents, and vertical stratification of specific conductance is a common feature. Concentrations of phosphorus, nitrate plus nitrite nitrogen, organic carbon, and silica are inversely related to specific conductance at the mouth of the Alafia River. Constituent concentration and discharge data were used to compute loads during the study period. Average daily phosphorus loads were 2.4 tons per day at the mouth of the Alafia River; 0.35 ton per day at the mouth of the Hillsborough River; and 0.06 ton per day at the Tampa Bypass Canal. Average daily nitrogen loads were 1.7 tons per day at the mouth of the Alafia River; 0.86 ton per day at the mouth of the Hillsborough River; and 0.26 ton per day at the Tampa Bypass Canal. The greatest annual loads of phosphorus and nitrogen from the major tributaries to Hillsborough Bay are from the Alafia River, with the greatest loads at the river mouth. Total phosphorus load from the Alafia River was about 894 tons during April 1991 through March 1992, more than six times greater than phosphorus loads form the Hillsborough River. Annual total nitrogen load at the mouth of the Alafia River was about 630 tons, two times greater than at the mouth of the Hillsborough River and more than six times greater than loads from the Tampa Bypass Canal. Basinwide yields of total phosphorus during April 1991 through March 1992 were about 2 tons per square mile at the mouth of the Alafia river basin and were about 0.2 ton per square mile at the mouth of the Hillsborough River. Total nitrogen yield was about 1.5 tons per square mile at the mouth of the Alafia River and about 0.5 ton per s","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954107","usgsCitation":"Stoker, Y., Levesque, V., and Woodham, W.M., 1996, The effect of discharge and water quality of the Alafia River, Hillsborough River, and the Tampa Bypass Canal on nutrient loading to Hillsborough Bay, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4107, v, 69 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954107.","productDescription":"v, 69 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160496,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4107/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58782,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4107/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a68e4b07f02db63b1b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stoker, Y.E.","contributorId":13253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoker","given":"Y.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Levesque, V.A.","contributorId":56268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levesque","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woodham, W. M.","contributorId":72356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodham","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30623,"text":"wri954271 - 1996 - Simulation of subsurface storage and recovery of treated effluent injected in a saline aquifer, St. Petersburg, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:00","indexId":"wri954271","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4271","title":"Simulation of subsurface storage and recovery of treated effluent injected in a saline aquifer, St. Petersburg, Florida","docAbstract":"The potential for subsurface storage and recovery of treated effluent into the uppermost producing zone (zone A) of the Upper Floridan aquifer in St. Petersburg, Florida, is being studied by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the city of St. Petersburg and the Southwest Florida Water Management District. A measure of the success of this practice is the recovery efficiency, or the quantity of water relative to the quantity injected, that can be recovered before the water that is withdrawn fails to meet water-quality standards. The feasibility of this practice will depend upon the ability of the injected zone to receive, store, and discharge the injected fluid. A cylindrical model of ground-water flow and solute transport, incorporating available data on aquifer properties and water quality, was developed to determine the relation of recovery efficiency to various aquifer and fluid properties that could prevail in the study area. The reference case for testing was a base model considered representative of the saline aquifer underlying St. Petersburg. Parameter variations in the tests represent possible variations in aquifer conditions in the area. The model also was used to study the effect of various cyclic injection and withdrawal schemes on the recovery efficiency of the well and aquifer system. A base simulation assuming 15 days of injection of effluent at a rate of 1.0 million gallons per day and 15 days of withdrawal at a rate of 1.0 million gallons per day was used as reference to compare changes in various hydraulic and chemical parameters on recovery efficiency. A recovery efficiency of 20 percent was estimated for the base simulation. For practical ranges of hydraulic and fluid properties that could prevail in the study area, the model analysis indicates that (1) the greater the density contrast between injected and resident formation water, the lower the recovery efficiency, (2) recovery efficiency decreases significantly as dispersion increases, (3) high formation permeability favors low recovery efficiencies, and (4) porosity and anisotropy have little effect on recovery efficiencies. In several hypothetical tests, the recovery efficiency fluctuated between about 4 and 76 percent. The sensitivity of recovery efficiency to variations in the rate and duration of injection (0.25, 0.50, 1.0, and 2.0 million gallons per day) and withdrawal cycles (60, 180, and 365 days) was determined. For a given operational scheme, recovery efficiency increased as the injection and withdrawal rate is increased. Model results indicate that recovery efficiencies of between about 23 and 37 percent can be obtained for different subsurface storage and recovery schemes. Five successive injection, storage, and recovery cycles can increase the recovery efficiency to about 46 to 62 percent. There is a larger rate of increase at smaller rates than at larger rates. Over the range of variables studied, recovery efficiency improved with successive cycles, increasing rapidly during initial cycles tyhen more slowly at later cycles. The operation of a single well used for subsurface storage and recovery appears to be technically feasible under moderately favorable conditions; however, the recovery efficiency is higly dependent upon local physical and operational parameters. A combination of hydraulic, chemical, and operational parameters that minimize dispersion and buoyancy flow, maximizes recovery efficiency. Recovery efficiency was optimal where resident formation water density and permeabilities were relatively similar and low.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954271","usgsCitation":"Yobbi, D.K., 1996, Simulation of subsurface storage and recovery of treated effluent injected in a saline aquifer, St. Petersburg, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4271, iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954271.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2938,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954271/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f1f65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yobbi, D. K.","contributorId":56622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yobbi","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28628,"text":"wri964006 - 1996 - Plan of study to quantify the hydrologic relations between the Rio Grande and the Santa Fe Group aquifer system near Albuquerque, central New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:47","indexId":"wri964006","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4006","title":"Plan of study to quantify the hydrologic relations between the Rio Grande and the Santa Fe Group aquifer system near Albuquerque, central New Mexico","docAbstract":"The Albuquerque Basin in central New Mexico covers an area\r\nof about 3,060 square miles. Ground water from the Santa Fe Group \r\naquifer system of the Albuquerque Basin is the principal source\r\nof water for municipal, domestic, commercial, and industrial uses in\r\nthe Albuquerque area, an area of about 410 square miles. Ground-\r\nwater withdrawal in the basin has increased from about 97,000 \r\nacre-feet in 1970 to about 171,000 acre-feet in 1994. About 92 \r\npercent of the 1994 total was withdrawn in the Albuquerque area.\r\nManagement of ground water in the Albuquerque Basin is related to\r\nthe surface water in the Rio Grande. Because the aquifer system\r\nis hydraulically connected to the Rio Grande and water in the \r\nriver is fully appropriated, the ability to reliably estimate the\r\neffects of ground-water withdrawals on flow in the river is \r\nimportant. This report describes the components of the Rio \r\nGrande/Santa Fe Group aquifer system in the Albuquerque area and\r\nthe data availability and data and interpretation needs relating\r\nto those components, and presents a plan of study to quantify the\r\nhydrologic relations between the Rio Grande and the Santa Fe\r\nGroup aquifer system.\r\n\r\n The information needs related to the components of the\r\nriver/aquifer system are prioritized. Information that is necessary \r\nto improve the understanding or quantification of a component in the\r\nriver/aquifer system is prioritized as essential. Information \r\nthat could add additional understanding of the system, but would\r\nnot be necessary to improve the quantification of the system, is\r\nprioritized as useful. \r\n\r\n The study elements are prioritized in the same manner as the\r\ninformation needs; study elements designed to provide \r\ninformation considered necessary to improve the quantification of\r\nthe system are prioritized as essential, and those designed to \r\nprovide information that would add additional understanding of \r\nthe system, but would not be necessary to improve the \r\nquantification of the system, are prioritized as useful.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964006","usgsCitation":"McAda, D.P., 1996, Plan of study to quantify the hydrologic relations between the Rio Grande and the Santa Fe Group aquifer system near Albuquerque, central New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4006, ix, 58 p. :ill. (1 col.), maps (1 col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964006.","productDescription":"ix, 58 p. :ill. (1 col.), maps (1 col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126664,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4006/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57468,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4006/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a1b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McAda, D. P.","contributorId":93066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAda","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28524,"text":"wri964007 - 1996 - Variations in land use and nonpoint-source contamination on the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, west-central North Dakota, 1990-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T15:22:58","indexId":"wri964007","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4007","title":"Variations in land use and nonpoint-source contamination on the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, west-central North Dakota, 1990-93","docAbstract":"The effects of land-use activities on the water quality of five streams on the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation were evaluated. The five basinsevaluated were East Fork Shell Creek, Deepwater Creek, Bear Den Creek, Moccasin Creek, and Squaw Creek. East Fork Shell Creek and DeepwaterCreek Basins are located east of Lake Sakakawea and Bear Den Creek, Moccasin Creek, and Squaw Creek Basins are located west of the lake. Land-use data for the five selected basins on and adjacent to the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation were obtained for 1990-92. Discharge measurements were made and water-quality samples were collected at stations and sites on each of the five streams during October 1991 through September 1993.
Analysis of land-use data indicated that prairie was the largest land-use category in the study area. More prairie acreage was found in the basins located west of Lake Sakakawea than in the basins located east of the lake. Wheat was the predominant crop in the study area. More wheat acreage was found in the basins located east of Lake Sakakawea than in the basins located west of the lake.
Discharge data for the five selected streams indicated that all of thestreams were ephemeral and had many days of no flow during the study period. High flows were usually the result of spring runoff or intense storms over the basins. East Fork Shell Creek and Deepwater Creek with larger basins and flatter stream slopes had high flows characterized by rapidly rising flows and gradually receding flows. In contrast, Bear DenCreek, Moccasin Creek, and Squaw Creek with smaller basins and steeper stream slopes had high flows characterized by rapidly rising flows and receding flows of shorter duration.
Analysis of water-quality samples indicated concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and total organic carbon varied throughout the study area. Nitrogen concentrations were larger in the streams located east of LakeSakakawea than in the streams located west of the lake. The largest nitrogen concentrations in all of the streams occurred during the nongrowing periods.Phosphorus (orthophosphate and total phosphorus)concentrations were larger in the streams located east of Lake Sakakawea than in the streams located west of the lake. The larger orthophosphateconcentrations in the eastern streams may be indicative of insecticide application in the eastern streams' basins. Total organic carbon concentrations were fairly consistent in all five streams.
Water-quality samples were analyzed for the pesticides atrazine, carbofuran, cyanazine, and 2,4-D by using immunoassay testing. Pesticide concentrations above the minimum reporting levels were more prevalent insamples from streams located east of Lake Sakakawea than in the streams located west of the lake. The eastern streams drain areas where herbicides were applied to crops.
Fecal-bacteria concentrations were larger in the streams located west of Lake Sakakawea, where prairie is more dominant, than in the streams located east of the lake. The larger concentrations and loads were associated with intense storm events and the presence of livestock.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964007","usgsCitation":"Macek-Rowland, K., and Lent, R.M., 1996, Variations in land use and nonpoint-source contamination on the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, west-central North Dakota, 1990-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4007, iv, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964007.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159084,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4007/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57322,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4007/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a617","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macek-Rowland, Kathleen","contributorId":90321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macek-Rowland","given":"Kathleen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lent, Robert M. rmlent@usgs.gov","contributorId":284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lent","given":"Robert","email":"rmlent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":199960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":4722,"text":"twri06A6 - 1996 - A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model (MODBRANCH) for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21072,"text":"ofr92138 - 1993 - A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction","indexId":"ofr92138","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4722,"text":"twri06A6 - 1996 - A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model (MODBRANCH) for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction","indexId":"twri06A6","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model (MODBRANCH) for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:32","indexId":"twri06A6","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"06-A6","title":"A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model (MODBRANCH) for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction","docAbstract":"Ground-water and surface-water flow models traditionally have been developed separately, with interaction between subsurface flow and streamflow either not simulated at all or accounted for by simple formulations. In areas with dynamic and hydraulically well-connected ground-water and surface-water systems, stream-aquifer interaction should be simulated using deterministic responses of both systems coupled at the stream-aquifer interface. Accordingly, a new coupled ground-water and surface-water model was developed by combining the U.S. Geological Survey models MODFLOW and BRANCH; the interfacing code is referred to as MODBRANCH. MODFLOW is the widely used modular three-dimensional, finite-difference ground-water model, and BRANCH is a one-dimensional numerical model commonly used to simulate unsteady flow in open- channel networks.\r\nMODFLOW was originally written with the River package, which calculates leakage between the aquifer and stream, assuming that the stream's stage remains constant during one model stress period. A simple streamflow routing model has been added to MODFLOW, but is limited to steady flow in rectangular, prismatic channels. To overcome these limitations, the BRANCH model, which simulates unsteady, nonuniform flow by solving the St. Venant equations, was restructured and incorporated into MODFLOW. Terms that describe leakage between stream and aquifer as a function of streambed conductance and differences in aquifer and stream stage were added to the continuity equation in BRANCH. Thus, leakage between the aquifer and stream can be calculated separately in each model, or leakages calculated in BRANCH can be used in MODFLOW. Total mass in the coupled models is accounted for and conserved.\r\nThe BRANCH model calculates new stream stages for each time interval in a transient simulation based on upstream boundary conditions, stream properties, and initial estimates of aquifer heads. Next, aquifer heads are calculated in MODFLOW based on stream stages calculated by BRANCH, aquifer properties, and stresses. This process is repeated until convergence criteria are met for head and stage. Because time steps used in ground-water modeling can be much longer than time intervals used in surface- water simulations, provision has been made for handling multiple BRANCH time intervals within one MODFLOW time step. An option was also added to BRANCH to allow the simulation of channel drying and rewetting. Testing of the coupled model was verified by using data from previous studies; by comparing results with output from a simpler, four-point implicit, open-channel flow model linked with MODFLOW; and by comparison to field studies of L-31N canal in southern Florida.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/twri06A6","issn":"0565-596X","usgsCitation":"Swain, E.D., and Wexler, E.J., 1996, A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model (MODBRANCH) for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 06-A6, ix, 125 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri06A6.","productDescription":"ix, 125 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139093,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri6a6/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b26e4b07f02db6afc01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swain, Eric D. 0000-0001-7168-708X edswain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-708X","contributorId":1538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Eric","email":"edswain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":149680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wexler, Eliezer J.","contributorId":99963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wexler","given":"Eliezer","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24470,"text":"ofr96143 - 1996 - Hydrology of the Wolf Branch sinkhole basin, Lake County, east-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:09","indexId":"ofr96143","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-143","title":"Hydrology of the Wolf Branch sinkhole basin, Lake County, east-central Florida","docAbstract":"A 4-year study of the hydrology of the Wolf Branch sinkhole basin in Lake County, Florida, was conducted from 1991-95 by the U.S. Geological Survey to provide information about the hydrologic characteristics of the drainage basin in the vicinity of Wolf Sink. Wolf Branch drains a 4.94 square mile area and directly recharges the Upper Floridan aquifer through Wolf Sink. Because of the direct connection of the sinkhole with the aquifer, a contaminant spill in the basin could pose a threat to the aquifer. The Wolf Branch drainage basin varies in hydrologic characteristics from its headwaters to its terminus at Wolf Sink. Ground- water seepage provides baseflow to the stream north of Wolf Branch Road, but the stream south of State Road 46 is intermittent and the stream can remain dry for months. A single culvert under a railroad crossing conducts flow from wetlands just south of State Road 46 to a well-defined channel which leads to Wolf Sink. The basin morphology is characterized by karst terrain, with many closed depressions which can provide intermittent surface-water storage. Wetlands in the lower third of the basin (south of State Road 46) also provide surface water storage. The presence of numerous water-control structures (impoundments, canals, and culverts), and the surface-water storage capacity throughout the basin affects the flow characteristics of Wolf Branch. Streamflow records for two stations (one above and one below major wetlands in the basin) indicate the flow about State Road 46 is characterized by rapid runoff and continuous baseflow, whereas below State Road 46, peak discharges are much lower but of longer duration than at the upstream station. Rainfall, discharge, ground-water level, and surface-water level data were collected at selected sites in the basin. Hydrologic conditions during the study ranged from long dry periods when there was no inflow to Wolf Sink, to very wet periods, as when nearly 7 inches of rain fell in a 2-day period in November 1994, following an extended wet season. A comparison to long-term rainfall record (40 years) indicates that this range in hydrologic conditions during the 4-year study is representative of the range of conditions expected during a much longer time period. Two dye-trace studies conducted during the study indicated no direct connections between the sink and local wells. The path of a constituent entering the aquifer through Wolf Sink generally would be to the east, following the gradient of the regional ground-water flow system. The conductance of Wolf Sink (the rate at which the sink conducts water to the underlying aquifer) was estimated from streamflow data, ground-water levels, and water levels in Wolf Sink. The range of hydrologic conditions during the study provided a basis for the determination of a representative conductance value. The regression of streamflow as a function of head difference between the sink water level and the potentiometric surface at an observation well (an approximation of the potentiometric level beneath Wolf Sink) resulted in a significant relation r2=0.91, mean square error = 1.60 cubic feet per second); and the slope of the regression line, representing sink conductance, was 1.48 cubic feet per second per foot of head difference. Flow and storm-volume frequency curves for selected time periods (1-day, 7-days, 14-days, 21-days, and 30-days) were generated based on streamflow data from January 10, 1992, to September 30, 1995. These curves indicate that, based on the available record, the volume of water that would have to be stored (in the event that streamflow had to be diverted from Wolf Sink) during a 30-day period would be equal to or less than about 11 acre-fee 30 percent of the time and 161 acre-feet 80 percent of the time. The maximum volume that would be generated during a 30-day period, based on this study, would be about 570 acre-feet.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96143","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Schiffer, D., 1996, Hydrology of the Wolf Branch sinkhole basin, Lake County, east-central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-143, iv, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96143.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156454,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0143/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53536,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0143/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdb68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schiffer, D. M.","contributorId":102103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiffer","given":"D. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27284,"text":"wri944173 - 1996 - Temporal changes in the configuration of the water table in the vicinity of the management systems evaluation area site, central Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T15:56:26","indexId":"wri944173","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4173","title":"Temporal changes in the configuration of the water table in the vicinity of the management systems evaluation area site, central Nebraska","docAbstract":"To improve understanding of the hydrologic characteristics of the shallow aquifer in the vicinity of the Management Systems Evaluation Area site near Shelton, Nebraska, water levels were measured in approximately 130 observation wells in both June and September 1991. Two water-table maps and a water-level-change map were drawn on the basis of these measurements. In addition, historical data from U.S. Geological Survey computer files and published reports were used to determine the approximate configuration of the water table in 1931 and to draw one short-term and two-long term water- level hydrographs. Comparison of the three water- table maps indicates general similarities. The average horizontal hydraulic gradient in the shallow aquifer is about 7.5 feet per mile, and the flow direction is to the east-northeast. The water table declined 2 to 10 feet between June and September 1991, with the greatest decline occurring in a wedge-shaped area south of the Wood River and north of the Platte River. The 1991 water-table configurations appear to indicate that the aquifer either was discharging to the Platte River in this reach or there was little flow between the river and the aquifer. Comparison of the 1931 and 1991 water-table maps indicates that, except for short-term variations, the water-table configuration changed little during this 61-year period. Two long-term water-level hydrographs confirm this conclusion, indicating that the shallow aquifer in this area has been in long-term, dynamic equilibrium.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944173","usgsCitation":"Kilpatrick, J.M., 1996, Temporal changes in the configuration of the water table in the vicinity of the management systems evaluation area site, central Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4173, 1 Plate: 39.36 x 39.77 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944173.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 39.36 x 39.77 inches","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159037,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4173/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":278847,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4173/plate-1.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Platte River, Wood River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98.916667,40.666667 ], [ -98.916667,40.833333 ], [ -98.633333,40.833333 ], [ -98.633333,40.666667 ], [ -98.916667,40.666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db68559e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kilpatrick, John M. 0000-0002-1180-3752 jmkilpat@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1180-3752","contributorId":1010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilpatrick","given":"John","email":"jmkilpat@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":197850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21778,"text":"ofr96110 - 1996 - Factors affecting tritium and 14carbon distributions in the unsaturated zone near the low-level radioactive-waste burial site south of Beatty, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-07T09:55:46","indexId":"ofr96110","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-110","displayTitle":"Factors affecting tritium and 14carbon distributions in the unsaturated zone near the low-level radioactive-waste burial site south of Beatty, Nevada","title":"Factors affecting tritium and 14carbon distributions in the unsaturated zone near the low-level radioactive-waste burial site south of Beatty, Nevada","docAbstract":"Movement of agricultural chemicals alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, and metolachlor between surface water and ground water is documented by data collected from May 1989 through July 1991 at an unfarmed study site adjacent to the Cedar River in Iowa. During periods of runoff, these chemicals moved from the Cedar River into the alluvial aquifer with bank-storage water. Results of simulation of ground-water flow conditions during March-April 1990 indicated that bank-storage water moving through the river bottom accounted for 70 percent of the total bank-storage water, whereas the remaining 30 percent moved through the riverbank. The largest concentrations of the chemicals in bank-storage water during 1990 were: alachlor, 2.1 micrograms per liter (μg/L); atrazine, 4.7 μg/L; cyanazine, 3.2 μg/L; deethylatrazine, 0.54 μg/L; deisopropylatrazine, 0.33 μg/L; and metolachlor, 2.2 μg/L. Larger concentrations of some herbicides and their metabolites were detected in the ground water after the study site was inundated by floodwater between June and August 1990. The concentrations in a water sample from one well after this flooding on February 5, 1991, were: alachlor, 0.06 μg/L; atrazine, 18 μg/L; cyanazine, 1.3 μg/L; deethylatrazine, 1.4 μg/L; deisopropylatrazine, 0.40 μg/L; and metolachlor, 7.0 μg/L.
\nDuring base-flow conditions, the movement of agricultural chemicals from ground water to surface water was quantified for two periods of time in 1989 and 1990 along a 117-kilometer reach of the Cedar River. The principal source of atrazine, deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, and metolachlor in the Cedar River during base flow was ground water discharged directly from the alluvial aquifer adjacent to the Cedar River. This discharge exceeded the combined tributary inflow of the chemicals along the entire reach.
\nBank storage is probably an important source of agricultural chemicals discharged from the alluvial aquifer but becomes depleted with time after surface runoff. Herbicides discharged from the alluvial aquifer during periods of extended base flow entered the alluvial aquifer with ground-water recharge at some distance from the river. The movement of nitrate between surface water and ground water is minor, when compared to the herbicides, even though nitrite was detected in the Cedar River during runoff.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2448","collaboration":"Prepared as part of the Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","usgsCitation":"Squillace, P.J., Caldwell, J., Schulmeyer, P., and Harvey, C., 1996, Movement of agricultural chemicals between surface water and ground water, lower Cedar River basin, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2448, vi, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2448.","productDescription":"vi, 59 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":24742,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2448/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":136122,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2448/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Cedar River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.351318359375,\n 41.281934557995356\n ],\n [\n -91.2469482421875,\n 41.393294288784865\n ],\n [\n -91.0931396484375,\n 41.45919537950706\n ],\n [\n -90.8349609375,\n 41.50857729743935\n ],\n [\n -91.12060546875,\n 41.820455096140314\n ],\n [\n -91.23596191406249,\n 41.94314874732696\n ],\n [\n -91.549072265625,\n 42.094146370922736\n ],\n [\n -91.8621826171875,\n 42.3016903282445\n ],\n [\n -92.1148681640625,\n 42.49640294093708\n ],\n [\n -92.274169921875,\n 42.69858589169842\n ],\n [\n -92.4169921875,\n 43.03677585761058\n ],\n [\n -92.537841796875,\n 43.32517767999296\n ],\n [\n -92.603759765625,\n 43.624147145668076\n ],\n [\n -92.65869140625,\n 43.84245116699036\n ],\n [\n -92.8070068359375,\n 43.874138181474734\n ],\n [\n -93.0926513671875,\n 43.82263823180498\n ],\n [\n -93.22448730468749,\n 43.810747313446996\n ],\n [\n -93.350830078125,\n 43.560491112629286\n ],\n [\n -93.4881591796875,\n 43.46089378008257\n ],\n [\n -93.636474609375,\n 43.281204464332745\n ],\n [\n -93.50463867187499,\n 42.99259451971113\n ],\n [\n -93.3673095703125,\n 42.85180609584705\n ],\n [\n -93.2025146484375,\n 42.62991729384455\n ],\n [\n -92.98278808593749,\n 42.476148570254516\n ],\n [\n -92.8839111328125,\n 42.3016903282445\n ],\n [\n -92.867431640625,\n 42.13082130188811\n ],\n [\n -92.5762939453125,\n 42.12267315117259\n ],\n [\n -92.4224853515625,\n 42.04113400940809\n ],\n [\n -92.3236083984375,\n 41.97174336327968\n ],\n [\n -91.9830322265625,\n 41.92680320648791\n ],\n [\n -91.77978515625,\n 41.86956082699455\n ],\n [\n -91.5985107421875,\n 41.78360106648078\n ],\n [\n -91.4996337890625,\n 41.62776153144345\n ],\n [\n -91.417236328125,\n 41.4509614012039\n ],\n [\n -91.351318359375,\n 41.281934557995356\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4807","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Squillace, Paul J.","contributorId":59415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squillace","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caldwell, J.P.","contributorId":83496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schulmeyer, P.M.","contributorId":17208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulmeyer","given":"P.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harvey, C.A.","contributorId":84333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":24799,"text":"ofr95733 - 1996 - Stormwater-runoff data, Madison, Wisconsin, 1993-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-16T13:31:20","indexId":"ofr95733","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-733","title":"Stormwater-runoff data, Madison, Wisconsin, 1993-94","docAbstract":"Section 402(P) of the Water Quality Control Act of 1987 requires that municipalities with a population of 100,000 or more obtain permits to discharge stormwater runoff and to control its quality. Monitoring and sampling of stormwater runoff from seven drainage basins in Madison, Wis., was performed from April 1993 through November 1994 by the U.S. Geological Survey and the city of Madison to (1) characterize the quantity and quality of wet-weather discharge, (2) determine storm and annual loadings of selected constituents, and (3) characterize rainfall and runoff conditions. The seven basins were selected for monitoring rainfall and runoff on the basis of land-use characteristics, dry-weather flow conditions, and monitorability.
\nAs required by Section 402(P) of the Water Quality Control Act of 1987, stormwater-runoff samples collected during storms that met three criteria (rainfall depths 50 to 150 percent of average depth range, rainfall durations 50 to 150 percent of average duration, and antecedent dry-weather period of at least 72 hours) were analyzed for semivolatile organic chemicals, total metals, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, inorganic constituents, bacteria, oil and grease, pH, and water temperature. Two of the seven sites also had samples analyzed for volatile organic chemicals. In addition to the required sampling, additional runoff samples that did not necessarily meet the three rainfall criteria, were analyzed for total metals and inorganic constituents. Storm loads of selected constituents were computed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95733","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Waschbusch, R., 1996, Stormwater-runoff data, Madison, Wisconsin, 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-733, iv, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95733.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157512,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0733/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53812,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0733/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","city":"Madison","otherGeospatial":"Lake Mendota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.53067779541016,\n 43.038532412654774\n ],\n [\n -89.53067779541016,\n 43.17463764270232\n ],\n [\n -89.296875,\n 43.17463764270232\n ],\n [\n -89.296875,\n 43.038532412654774\n ],\n [\n -89.53067779541016,\n 43.038532412654774\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1633","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waschbusch, R.J.","contributorId":107307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waschbusch","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38225,"text":"pp1387 - 1996 - Direct temperature measurements of deposits, Mount St. Helens, Washington, 1980-1981","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-14T14:02:27","indexId":"pp1387","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1387","title":"Direct temperature measurements of deposits, Mount St. Helens, Washington, 1980-1981","docAbstract":"A program of temperature studies of the eruptive products of Mount St. Helens was established May 20, 1980, 2 days after the catastrophic eruption of May 18. Temperature-depth profiles were measured by thermocouple to determine the emplacement temperatures of deposits of the debris avalanche and blast of May 18 and of deposits of the pyroclastic flows of May 18, May 25, June 12, July 22, August 7, and October 17, 1980.
At some of the localities where deposits had cooled appreciably before measurement, emplacement temperatures were recovered mathematically from data gathered from observations of the cooling histories of the deposits. In addition, methodologies and specialized temperature-measuring equipment were developed to maximize efficiency in data collection and to minimize risk to personnel.
In general, the more recent eruptive deposits were emplaced at higher temperatures than the earlier ones. Emplacement temperatures of deposits of the debris avalanche ranged from about 70 to 100°C. Temperatures of deposits of the blast ranged from about 100 to 325°C and varied with the azimuth of the measurement site from the vent; the higher temperatures were measured in the northeast sector. Emplacement temperatures of the later pumiceous pyroclastic-flow deposits ranged from about 300 to 680°C, and temperatures in nearvent facies were about 750 to 850°C.
The most important features shown by the data obtained from the deposits produced by the blast are (1) their generally lower temperature relative to deposits emplaced by the subsequent pumiceous pyroclastic flows, attributed to relatively low temperatures of the cryptodome and admixing of significant amounts of accidental material and air; (2) an azimuthal variation of emplacement temperatures, hotter toward the east, attributed to thermal inhomogeneities in the source material and differential cooling associated with differing grain sizes and terrains over which the blast traveled; (3) emplacement temperatures that exhibited little change with distance from the vent to distances as great as 20 km, attributed to little cooling along the path, preferential elutriation of the cooler, finer particles, preferential interaction between air and the blast material at the head of the flow, and production of heat during the flow, possibly by friction; (4) thermal stratigraphy observed in some of the ponded pyroclastic-flow deposits in major valleys, attributed in part to a grain-size effect (finer upward) and in part to longer residence of the younger deposits as veneer deposits on the adjacent ridges before their secondary mobilization into the valleys; and (5) temperatures in the veneer deposits and moving blast cloud that were possibly higher than emplacement temperatures of the ponded pyroclastic-flow deposits.
The most important features shown by the data obtained from the postblast, pumiceous pyroclastic-flow deposits are (1) generally hotter deposits in the later eruptions than in the earlier ones, attributed to less admixing of the pyroclastic material with air because of the observed progressive decrease in vigor of the successive eruptions; (2) little heat loss (100-200°C) of near-vent material during eruption, as predicted by simple adiabatic expansion; (3) little downflow cooling in the deposits after the first several hundred meters of travel, attributed to the same factors proposed for the blast deposits; (4) multiple flow units that were emplaced at different temperatures by most of the eruptions, attributed to differential cooling through differing amounts of admixed air in accordance with the vigor of the individual eruptive pulses; and (5) cooler material in the ash-cloud deposits than in the source pyroclastic flows because of more effective cooling of the elutriated finer material by the admixed air.
Descriptions of the materials and methods we used, and the tabular data and temperature-depth profiles that support our findings, are included as appendices.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1387","usgsCitation":"Banks, N.G., and Hoblitt, R.P., 1996, Direct temperature measurements of deposits, Mount St. Helens, Washington, 1980-1981: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1387, iv, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1387.","productDescription":"iv, 76 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122538,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1387/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64552,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1387/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64abf0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, Norman G.","contributorId":89524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoblitt, Richard P. rhoblitt@usgs.gov","contributorId":1937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoblitt","given":"Richard","email":"rhoblitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":219373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23311,"text":"ofr95763 - 1996 - Well-construction, water-level, and water-quality data for ground-water monitoring wells for the J4 hydrogeologic study, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-08T18:27:48.958415","indexId":"ofr95763","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-763","title":"Well-construction, water-level, and water-quality data for ground-water monitoring wells for the J4 hydrogeologic study, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee","docAbstract":"Between December 1993 and March 1994, 27 wells were installed at 12 sites near the J4 test cell at Arnold Engineering Development Center in Coffee County, Tennessee. The wells ranged from 28 to 289 feet deep and were installed to provide information on subsurface lithology, aquifer characteristics, ground-water levels, and ground-water quality. This information will be used to help understand the effects of dewatering operations at the J4 test cell on the local ground-water-flow system. The J4 test cell, extending approximately 250 feet below land surface, is used in the testing of rocket motors. Ground water must be pumped continuously from around the test cell to keep it structurally intact. The amount of water discharged from the J4 test cell was monitored to estimate the average rate of ground-water withdrawal at the J4 test cell. Ground- water levels were monitored continuously at 14 wells for 12 months. Water-quality samples were collected from 26 of the new wells, 9 existing wells, and the ground-water discharge from the J4 test cell. All samples were analyzed for common inorganic ions, trace metals, and volatile organic compounds.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95763","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Haugh, C., 1996, Well-construction, water-level, and water-quality data for ground-water monitoring wells for the J4 hydrogeologic study, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-763, iv, 81 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95763.","productDescription":"iv, 81 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155133,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1678,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/ofr95-763/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48b4e4b07f02db532d2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haugh, C.J.","contributorId":24380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haugh","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24457,"text":"ofr95759 - 1996 - Water-quality data of stormwater runoff from Davenport, Iowa, 1992 and 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-16T15:03:49","indexId":"ofr95759","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-759","title":"Water-quality data of stormwater runoff from Davenport, Iowa, 1992 and 1994","docAbstract":"The Water Quality Act of 1987 required the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to regulate stormwater discharges under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System program, and guidelines for obtaining permits under this program were established for areas served by municipal separate storm sewer systems with populations greater than 100,000 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992a, 1992b). The City of Davenport, Iowa, and the U.S. Geological Survey cooperatively conducted a study designed to meet technical conditions of the permit application and to develop criteria for ongoing monitoring during the term of the permit.
\nDuring 1992 and 1994, stormwater runoff in Davenport, Iowa, was sampled from the following land use types: agricultural and vacant, residential, commercial, parks and wooded areas, and industrial. Grab samples collected within the first hour of the runoff event were analyzed for many constituents including volatile organic compounds. Flow-weighted composite samples, composed from discrete samples collected at 15-minute intervals during the first three hours of the event or until discharge returned to pre-event levels, also were analyzed for many constituents including major ions, nitrogen, phosphorus, metals, total organic carbon, acid/base-neutral organics, organochlorine pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City","doi":"10.3133/ofr95759","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Davenport, Iowa","usgsCitation":"Schaap, B., and Einhellig, R., 1996, Water-quality data of stormwater runoff from Davenport, Iowa, 1992 and 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-759, iv, 46 p.: maps; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95759.","productDescription":"iv, 46 p.: maps; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0759/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53525,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0759/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","city":"Davenport","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.49507141113281,\n 41.51680395810118\n ],\n [\n -90.52047729492188,\n 41.52245918082221\n ],\n [\n -90.54039001464844,\n 41.52657175967683\n ],\n [\n -90.55755615234375,\n 41.52348735004112\n ],\n [\n -90.56991577148438,\n 41.51680395810118\n ],\n [\n -90.59326171875,\n 41.51166241770766\n ],\n [\n -90.60287475585938,\n 41.50240661583931\n ],\n [\n -90.60356140136719,\n 41.492120839687786\n ],\n [\n -90.63446044921875,\n 41.475660200278234\n ],\n [\n -90.64750671386719,\n 41.465884717221364\n ],\n [\n -90.65574645996094,\n 41.49983532494226\n ],\n [\n -90.71548461914062,\n 41.51166241770766\n ],\n [\n -90.7415771484375,\n 41.54044978347556\n ],\n [\n -90.72921752929686,\n 41.57898422585703\n ],\n [\n -90.670166015625,\n 41.58155237169248\n ],\n [\n -90.66879272460938,\n 41.6257084937525\n ],\n [\n -90.50193786621094,\n 41.625195224114876\n ],\n [\n -90.49507141113281,\n 41.51680395810118\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa945","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaap, B.D.","contributorId":56249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaap","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Einhellig, R.F.","contributorId":41032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Einhellig","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22506,"text":"ofr95702 - 1996 - Storage capacity, detention time, and selected sediment deposition characteristics for Gull and Silver Lakes, Mono County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:07","indexId":"ofr95702","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-702","title":"Storage capacity, detention time, and selected sediment deposition characteristics for Gull and Silver Lakes, Mono County, California","docAbstract":"Bathymetric surveys made in September 1994 indicate the maximum storage capacity of Gull and Silver Lakes, California, is about 2,400 and 3,000 acre-feet, respectively. During March through October 1994, the lake level dropped 0.7 feet at both Gull Lake and Silver Lake. The associated change in storage was 60 acre-feet at Gull Lake and 80 acre-feet at Silver Lake. The flow detention time for average annual flow conditions at Gull Lake is about 2.5 years and for Silver Lake, the average detention time is about 19 days. Sediment deposition at the inlet to Silver Lake has been monitored since 1951 using aerial photography. During 1963 through 1994, the area of sediment deposition increased from 0.32 to about 2.4 acres. Analyses of these data indicate that the rate of deposition was lower during 1951-72 than the rate during 1973-94. Sediment deposition at the lake inlet is a continuing phenomenon.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95702","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Blodgett, J.C., 1996, Storage capacity, detention time, and selected sediment deposition characteristics for Gull and Silver Lakes, Mono County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-702, iv, 14 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95702.","productDescription":"iv, 14 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156502,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0702/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52015,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0702/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b31e4b07f02db6b4167","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blodgett, J. C.","contributorId":32154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blodgett","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1209,"text":"wsp2404 - 1996 - Suspended-sediment characteristics of Indiana streams, 1952-84","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13197,"text":"ofr87527 - 1988 - Suspended-sediment characteristics of Indiana streams, 1952-84","indexId":"ofr87527","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Suspended-sediment characteristics of Indiana streams, 1952-84"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1209,"text":"wsp2404 - 1996 - Suspended-sediment characteristics of Indiana streams, 1952-84","indexId":"wsp2404","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Suspended-sediment characteristics of Indiana streams, 1952-84"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-13T09:49:57","indexId":"wsp2404","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2404","title":"Suspended-sediment characteristics of Indiana streams, 1952-84","docAbstract":"Suspended-sediment concentration and discharge data were collected at 7 daily record stations and 70 partial-record stations during 1952- 84. Median suspended-sediment concentrations ranged from 24 to 61 milligrams per liter at daily record stations; concentrations ranged from 6 to 539 milligrams per liter at partial-record stations. Most suspended sediment transported in Indiana streams is silt and clay size (particles between 0.062 and 0.004 millimeter in diameter and particles less than 0.004 millimeter in diameter).
\nLarge suspended-sediment concentrations were associated with storm runoff but not always with peak streamflow. Some peak concentrations of suspended sediment preceded peak streamflow by as much as 18 to 30 hours during storms. Suspended-sediment concentrations frequently were largest during a storm that occurred after a period of low streamflow, when large amounts of sediment were eroded and transported into the stream and little base flow was available for dilution. For most of the streams studied, reliable predictive equations could not be developed to quantify the relation between suspended-sediment concentration and streamflow because of the extreme variability in the data. Annual suspended-sediment yields at four daily record stations ranged from 186 to 1,914 tons per square mile.
\nAnnual suspended-sediment yields for 70 partial-record stations, estimated by use of the suspended-sediment transport, flowduration-curve method, ranged from 11 to 2,310 tons per square mile. However, because of the poor correlation between suspended-sediment discharge and streamflow, these estimates are imprecise.
\nPeriods of record at 4 daily record and 32 partial-record stations were sufficient to test for trends. The trend in suspended-sediment concentration, adjusted for streamflow, was significant for only 9 of the 36 stations. At six of the nine stations, flow-adjusted suspended-sediment concentrations decreased with time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wsp2404","collaboration":"Indiana Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Crawford, C.G., and Mansue, L.J., 1996, Suspended-sediment characteristics of Indiana streams, 1952-84: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2404, v, 55 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2404.","productDescription":"v, 55 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":137960,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2404/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26095,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2404/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688025","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crawford, Charles G. 0000-0003-1653-7841 cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1653-7841","contributorId":1064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"Charles","email":"cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":143369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mansue, Lawrence J.","contributorId":36115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mansue","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28049,"text":"wri944069 - 1996 - Statistical summaries of streamflow data for selected gaging stations in Idaho and adjacent states through September 1990 - Volume 1: Gaging stations with 10 or more years of record","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-14T20:15:05.822015","indexId":"wri944069","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4069","title":"Statistical summaries of streamflow data for selected gaging stations in Idaho and adjacent states through September 1990 - Volume 1: Gaging stations with 10 or more years of record","docAbstract":"This volume presents statistical summaries of streamflow data for 257 gaging stations with 10 or more years of continuous record through September 1990. The gaging stations are located in Idaho and adjacent States. Volume 2 presents statistical summaries of streamflow data for 76 gaging stations with 5 to 9 years of continuous record, or with records of discharge measurements from springs, through September 1990. The gaging stations are located in Idaho and western Wyoming.
Streamflow statistics generated for gaging stations with 10 or more years of record were (1) magnitudes of monthly and annual flows; (2) magnitudes and frequencies of daily low, high, instantaneous peak (flood frequency), and annual mean flows; (3) duration of daily mean flows; and (4) maximum, median, and minimum daily mean flows. Streamflow statistics generated for gaging stations with 5 to 9 years of record or that measure discharge from springs (volume 2) were (1) magnitudes of monthly and annual flows; (2) duration of daily mean flows; and (3) maximum, median, and minimum daily mean flows.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944069","usgsCitation":"Kjelstrom, L., Stone, M.A., and Harenberg, W., 1996, Statistical summaries of streamflow data for selected gaging stations in Idaho and adjacent states through September 1990 - Volume 1: Gaging stations with 10 or more years of record: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4069, iii, 533 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944069.","productDescription":"iii, 533 p.","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392877,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47968.htm"},{"id":352633,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4069/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56887,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4069/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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