{"pageNumber":"172","pageRowStart":"4275","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10462,"records":[{"id":70042008,"text":"70042008 - 2012 - Morphological evidence for discrete stocks of yellow perch in Lake Erie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-28T14:36:15","indexId":"70042008","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphological evidence for discrete stocks of yellow perch in Lake Erie","docAbstract":"Identification and management of unique stocks of exploited fish species are high-priority management goals in the Laurentian Great Lakes. We analyzed whole-body morphometrics of 1430 yellow perch <i>Perca flavescens</i> captured during 2007–2009 from seven known spawning areas in Lake Erie to determine if morphometrics vary among sites and management units to assist in identification of spawning stocks of this heavily exploited species. Truss-based morphometrics (n = 21 measurements) were analyzed using principal component analysis followed by ANOVA of the first three principal components to determine whether yellow perch from the several sampling sites varied morphometrically. Duncan's multiple range test was used to determine which sites differed from one another to test whether morphometrics varied at scales finer than management unit. Morphometrics varied significantly among sites and annually, but differences among sites were much greater. Sites within the same management unit typically differed significantly from one another, indicating morphometric variation at a scale finer than management unit. These results are largely congruent with recently-published studies on genetic variation of yellow perch from many of the same sampling sites. Thus, our results provide additional evidence that there are discrete stocks of yellow perch in Lake Erie and that management units likely comprise multiple stocks.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2012.04.006","usgsCitation":"Kocovsky, P., and Knight, C.T., 2012, Morphological evidence for discrete stocks of yellow perch in Lake Erie: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 38, no. 3, p. 534-539, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2012.04.006.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"534","endPage":"539","ipdsId":"IP-037128","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268574,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268573,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2012.04.006"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Erie","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -83.66,41.23 ], [ -83.66,43.26 ], [ -78.85,43.26 ], [ -78.85,41.23 ], [ -83.66,41.23 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"38","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51308a8fe4b04c194073ae06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kocovsky, Patrick M.","contributorId":89381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kocovsky","given":"Patrick M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knight, Carey T.","contributorId":56529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"Carey","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70045755,"text":"70045755 - 2012 - Glass wool filters for concentrating waterborne viruses and agricultural zoonotic pathogens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-14T13:45:36","indexId":"70045755","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2498,"text":"Journal of Visualized Experiments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Glass wool filters for concentrating waterborne viruses and agricultural zoonotic pathogens","docAbstract":"The key first step in evaluating pathogen levels in suspected contaminated water is concentration. Concentration methods tend to be specific for a particular pathogen group, for example US Environmental Protection Agency Method 1623 for Giardia and Cryptosporidium1, which means multiple methods are required if the sampling program is targeting more than one pathogen group. Another drawback of current methods is the equipment can be complicated and expensive, for example the VIRADEL method with the 1MDS cartridge filter for concentrating viruses2. In this article we describe how to construct glass wool filters for concentrating waterborne pathogens. After filter elution, the concentrate is amenable to a second concentration step, such as centrifugation, followed by pathogen detection and enumeration by cultural or molecular methods. The filters have several advantages. Construction is easy and the filters can be built to any size for meeting specific sampling requirements. The filter parts are inexpensive, making it possible to collect a large number of samples without severely impacting a project budget. Large sample volumes (100s to 1,000s L) can be concentrated depending on the rate of clogging from sample turbidity. The filters are highly portable and with minimal equipment, such as a pump and flow meter, they can be implemented in the field for sampling finished drinking water, surface water, groundwater, and agricultural runoff. Lastly, glass wool filtration is effective for concentrating a variety of pathogen types so only one method is necessary. Here we report on filter effectiveness in concentrating waterborne human enterovirus, Salmonella enterica, Cryptosporidium parvum, and avian influenza virus.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Visualized Experiments","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"JoVE","doi":"10.3791/3930","usgsCitation":"Millen, H.T., Gonnering, J.C., Berg, R.K., Spencer, S., Jokela, W.E., Pearce, J.M., Borchardt, J., and Borchardt, M., 2012, Glass wool filters for concentrating waterborne viruses and agricultural zoonotic pathogens: Journal of Visualized Experiments, v. 61, e3930, https://doi.org/10.3791/3930.","productDescription":"e3930","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3791/3930","text":"External Repository"},{"id":271752,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":271751,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3791/3930"}],"volume":"61","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-03-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51838ae9e4b0a21483941aae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Millen, Hana T. htmillen@usgs.gov","contributorId":4017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Millen","given":"Hana","email":"htmillen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":478290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gonnering, Jordan C. jgonneri@usgs.gov","contributorId":5199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonnering","given":"Jordan","email":"jgonneri@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":478291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berg, Ryan K.","contributorId":89784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berg","given":"Ryan","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":478295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spencer, Susan K.","contributorId":39511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spencer","given":"Susan K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":478293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jokela, William E.","contributorId":32806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jokela","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":478292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pearce, John M. 0000-0002-8503-5485 jpearce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-5485","contributorId":181766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearce","given":"John","email":"jpearce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":478289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Borchardt, Jackson S.","contributorId":81388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borchardt","given":"Jackson S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":478294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Borchardt, Mark A.","contributorId":106255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borchardt","given":"Mark A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":478296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70043701,"text":"70043701 - 2012 - Early indications of soil recovery from acidic deposition in U.S. red spruce forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-07T09:37:29","indexId":"70043701","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Early indications of soil recovery from acidic deposition in U.S. red spruce forests","docAbstract":"Forty to fifty percent decreases in acidic deposition through the 1980s and 1990s led to partial recovery of acidified surface waters in the northeastern United States; however, the limited number of studies that have assessed soil change found increased soil acidification during this period. From existing data, it's not clear whether soils continued to worsen in the 1990s or if recovery had begun. To evaluate possible changes in soils through the 1990s, soils in six red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) stands in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine, first sampled in 1992 to 1993, were resampled in 2003 to 2004. The Oa-horizon pH increased (P < 0.01) at three sites, was marginally higher (P < 0.1) at one site, and lower (P < 0.05) at the New York site. Total C concentrations in Oa horizons decreased (P < 0.05) at sites where the pH increased, but the cause is uncertain. Exchangeable Al concentrations in Oa horizons decreased (P < 0.05) 20 to 40% at all sites except New York, which showed no change. The Al decrease can be attributed to decreased deposition of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, which decreased the mobility of Al throughout the upper soil profile. Results indicate a nascent recovery driven largely by vegetation processes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2136/sssaj2011.0415","usgsCitation":"Lawrence, G.B., Shortle, W.C., David, M.B., Smith, K.T., Warby, R.A., and Lapenis, A.G., 2012, Early indications of soil recovery from acidic deposition in U.S. red spruce forests: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 76, no. 4, p. 1407-1417, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2011.0415.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1407","endPage":"1417","ipdsId":"IP-034293","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271913,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":271911,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2011.0415"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.5,18.9 ], [ 172.5,71.4 ], [ -66.9,71.4 ], [ -66.9,18.9 ], [ 172.5,18.9 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"76","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"518a2264e4b061e1bd533371","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawrence, Gregory B. 0000-0002-8035-2350 glawrenc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-2350","contributorId":867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"Gregory","email":"glawrenc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":474119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shortle, Walter C.","contributorId":64130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shortle","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"David, Mark B.","contributorId":43255,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"David","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":35161,"text":"University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":474120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, Kevin T.","contributorId":58512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Warby, Richard A.F.","contributorId":94950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warby","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lapenis, Andrei G.","contributorId":96985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lapenis","given":"Andrei","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70042536,"text":"70042536 - 2012 - Context-dependent planktivory: interacting effects of turbidity and predation risk on adaptive foraging","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-25T11:50:16","indexId":"70042536","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1475,"text":"Ecosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Context-dependent planktivory: interacting effects of turbidity and predation risk on adaptive foraging","docAbstract":"By shaping species interactions, adaptive phenotypic plasticity can profoundly influence ecosystems. Predicting such outcomes has proven difficult, however, owing in part to the dependence of plasticity on the environmental context. Of particular relevance are environmental factors that affect sensory performance in organisms in ways that alter the tradeoffs associated with adaptive phenotypic responses. We explored the influence of turbidity, which simultaneously and differentially affects the sensory performance of consumers at multiple trophic levels, on the indirect effect of a top predator (piscivorous fish) on a basal prey resource (zooplankton) that is mediated through changes in the plastic foraging behavior of an intermediate consumer (zooplanktivorous fish). We first generated theoretical predictions of the adaptive foraging response of a zooplanktivore across wide gradients of turbidity and predation risk by a piscivore. Our model predicted that predation risk can change the negative relationship between intermediate consumer foraging and turbidity into a humped-shaped (unimodal) one in which foraging is low in both clear and highly turbid conditions due to foraging-related risk and visual constraints, respectively. Consequently, the positive trait-mediated indirect effect (TMIE) of the top predator on the basal resource is predicted to peak at low turbidity and decline thereafter until it reaches an asymptote of zero at intermediate turbidity levels (when foraging equals that which is predicted when the top predator is absent). We used field observations and a laboratory experiment to test our model predictions. In support, we found humped-shaped relationships between planktivory and turbidity for several zooplanktivorous fishes from diverse freshwater ecosystems with predation risk. Further, our experiment demonstrated that predation risk reduced zooplanktivory by yellow perch (Perca flavescens) at a low turbidity, but had no effect on consumption at an intermediate turbidity. Together, our theoretical and empirical findings show how the environmental context can govern the strength of TMIEs by influencing consumer sensory performance and how these effects can become realized in nature over wide environmental gradients. Additionally, our hump-shaped foraging curve represents an important departure from the conventional view of turbidity's effect on planktivorous fishes, thus potentially requiring a reconceptualization of turbidity's impact on aquatic food-web interactions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecosphere","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ESA","publisherLocation":"Ithaca, NY","doi":"10.1890/ES12-00224.1","usgsCitation":"Pangle, K.L., Malinich, T.D., Bunnell, D., DeVries, D.R., and Ludsin, S.A., 2012, Context-dependent planktivory: interacting effects of turbidity and predation risk on adaptive foraging: Ecosphere, v. 3, no. 12, Article 114; 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1890/ES12-00224.1.","productDescription":"Article 114; 18 p.","ipdsId":"IP-042043","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474163,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/es12-00224.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":269994,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269992,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES12-00224.1"}],"volume":"3","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"515171e8e4b087909f0bbe82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pangle, Kevin L.","contributorId":40947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pangle","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malinich, Timothy D.","contributorId":7583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malinich","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bunnell, David B.","contributorId":14360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunnell","given":"David B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeVries, Dennis R.","contributorId":49678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeVries","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ludsin, Stuart A.","contributorId":96978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludsin","given":"Stuart","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70043584,"text":"70043584 - 2012 - New insights into gill ionocyte and ion transporter function in euryhaline and diadromous fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-05T15:09:25","indexId":"70043584","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3269,"text":"Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New insights into gill ionocyte and ion transporter function in euryhaline and diadromous fish","docAbstract":"Teleost fishes are able to acclimatize to seawater by secreting excess NaCl by means of specialized “ionocytes” in the gill epithelium. Antibodies against Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase (NKA) have been used since 1996 as a marker for identifying branchial ionocytes. Immunohistochemistry of NKA by itself and in combination with Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>/2Cl<sup>−</sup> cotransporter and CFTR Cl<sup>−</sup> channel provided convincing evidence that ionocytes are functional during seawater acclimation, and also revealed morphological variations in ionocytes among teleost species. Recent development of antibodies to freshwater- and seawater-specific isoforms of the NKA alpha-subunit has allowed functional distinction of ion absorptive and secretory ionocytes in Atlantic salmon. Cutaneous ionocytes of tilapia embryos serve as a model for branchial ionocytes, allowing identification of 4 types: two involved in ion uptake, one responsible for salt secretion and one with unknown function. Combining molecular genetics, advanced imaging techniques and immunohistochemistry will rapidly advance our understanding of both the unity and diversity of ionocyte function and regulation in fish osmoregulation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.resp.2012.07.019","usgsCitation":"Hiroi, J., and McCormick, S., 2012, New insights into gill ionocyte and ion transporter function in euryhaline and diadromous fish: Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology, v. 184, no. 3, p. 257-268, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2012.07.019.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"268","ipdsId":"IP-040742","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268797,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268796,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2012.07.019"}],"volume":"184","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5137220ce4b02ab8869c0009","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hiroi, Junya","contributorId":45982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hiroi","given":"Junya","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCormick, Stephen D. 0000-0003-0621-6200 smccormick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":39666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"Stephen D.","email":"smccormick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":473896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70042475,"text":"70042475 - 2012 - Fundamental questions of earthquake statistics, source behavior, and the estimation of earthquake probabilities from possible foreshocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-04T21:21:49","indexId":"70042475","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fundamental questions of earthquake statistics, source behavior, and the estimation of earthquake probabilities from possible foreshocks","docAbstract":"Estimates of the probability that an M<sub>L</sub> 4.8 earthquake, which occurred near the southern end of the San Andreas fault on 24 March 2009, would be followed by an M 7 mainshock over the following three days vary from 0.0009 using a Gutenberg–Richter model of aftershock statistics (Reasenberg and Jones, 1989) to 0.04 using a statistical model of foreshock behavior and long‐term estimates of large earthquake probabilities, including characteristic earthquakes (Agnew and Jones, 1991). I demonstrate that the disparity between the existing approaches depends on whether or not they conform to Gutenberg–Richter behavior. While Gutenberg–Richter behavior is well established over large regions, it could be violated on individual faults if they have characteristic earthquakes or over small areas if the spatial distribution of large‐event nucleations is disproportional to the rate of smaller events. I develop a new form of the aftershock model that includes characteristic behavior and combines the features of both models. This new model and the older foreshock model yield the same results when given the same inputs, but the new model has the advantage of producing probabilities for events of all magnitudes, rather than just for events larger than the initial one. Compared with the aftershock model, the new model has the advantage of taking into account long‐term earthquake probability models. Using consistent parameters, the probability of an M 7 mainshock on the southernmost San Andreas fault is 0.0001 for three days from long‐term models and the clustering probabilities following the M<sub>L</sub> 4.8 event are 0.00035 for a Gutenberg–Richter distribution and 0.013 for a characteristic‐earthquake magnitude–frequency distribution. Our decisions about the existence of characteristic earthquakes and how large earthquakes nucleate have a first‐order effect on the probabilities obtained from short‐term clustering models for these large events.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"El Cerrito, CA","doi":"10.1785/0120090184","usgsCitation":"Michael, A.J., 2012, Fundamental questions of earthquake statistics, source behavior, and the estimation of earthquake probabilities from possible foreshocks: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 102, no. 6, p. 2547-2562, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090184.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"2547","endPage":"2562","ipdsId":"IP-014815","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268735,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268734,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120090184"}],"volume":"102","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5135d079e4b03b8ec4025b51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michael, Andrew J. 0000-0002-2403-5019 michael@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-5019","contributorId":1280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"Andrew","email":"michael@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70042320,"text":"70042320 - 2012 - A prototype splitter apparatus for dividing large catches of small fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-26T19:55:46","indexId":"70042320","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A prototype splitter apparatus for dividing large catches of small fish","docAbstract":"Due to financial and time constraints, it is often necessary in fisheries studies to divide large samples of fish and estimate total catch from the subsample. The subsampling procedure may involve potential human biases or may be difficult to perform in rough conditions. We present a prototype gravity-fed splitter apparatus for dividing large samples of small fish (30–100 mm TL). The apparatus features a tapered hopper with a sliding and removable shutter. The apparatus provides a comparatively stable platform for objectively obtaining subsamples, and it can be modified to accommodate different sizes of fish and different sample volumes. The apparatus is easy to build, inexpensive, and convenient to use in the field. To illustrate the performance of the apparatus, we divided three samples (total <i>N</i> = 2,000 fish) composed of four fish species. Our results indicated no significant bias in estimating either the number or proportion of each species from the subsample. Use of this apparatus or a similar apparatus can help to standardize subsampling procedures in large surveys of fish. The apparatus could be used for other applications that require dividing a large amount of material into one or more smaller subsamples.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1080/02755947.2012.716018","usgsCitation":"Stapanian, M.A., and Edwards, W.H., 2012, A prototype splitter apparatus for dividing large catches of small fish: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 32, no. 6, p. 1033-1038, https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2012.716018.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1033","endPage":"1038","ipdsId":"IP-039007","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268424,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268423,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2012.716018"}],"volume":"32","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-10-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4a63e4b0b290850efbe8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stapanian, Martin A. 0000-0001-8173-4273 mstapanian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8173-4273","contributorId":3425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stapanian","given":"Martin","email":"mstapanian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, William H.","contributorId":9144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70044410,"text":"70044410 - 2012 - Resolving hyporheic and groundwater components of streambed water flux","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-09T15:25:50","indexId":"70044410","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resolving hyporheic and groundwater components of streambed water flux","docAbstract":"Hyporheic and groundwater fluxes typically occur together in permeable sediments beneath flowing stream water. However, streambed water fluxes quantified using the thermal method are usually interpreted as representing either groundwater or hyporheic fluxes. Our purpose was to improve understanding of co-occurring groundwater and hyporheic fluxes using streambed temperature measurements and analysis of one-dimensional heat transport in shallow streambeds. First, we examined how changes in hyporheic and groundwater fluxes affect their relative magnitudes by reevaluating previously published simulations. These indicated that flux magnitudes are largely independent until a threshold is crossed, past which hyporheic fluxes are diminished by much larger (1000-fold) groundwater fluxes. We tested accurate quantification of co-occurring fluxes using one-dimensional approaches that are appropriate for analyzing streambed temperature data collected at field sites. The thermal analytical method, which uses an analytical solution to the one-dimensional heat transport equation, was used to analyze results from a numerical heat transport model, in which hyporheic flow was represented as increased thermal dispersion at shallow depths. We found that co-occurring groundwater and hyporheic fluxes can be quantified in streambeds, although not always accurately. For example, using a temperature time series collected in a sandy streambed, we found that hyporheic and groundwater flow could both be detected when thermal dispersion due to hyporheic flow was significant compared to thermal conduction. We provide guidance for when thermal data can be used to quantify both hyporheic and groundwater fluxes, and we show that neglecting thermal dispersion may affect accuracy and interpretation of estimated streambed water fluxes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"AGU","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2011WR011784","usgsCitation":"Bhaskar, A., Harvey, J.W., and Henry, E.J., 2012, Resolving hyporheic and groundwater components of streambed water flux: Water Resources Research, v. 48, no. 8, W08524, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011784.","productDescription":"W08524","ipdsId":"IP-039262","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474130,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011wr011784","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":270719,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011784"},{"id":270721,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-08-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51653872e4b077fa94dae017","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bhaskar, Aditi S.","contributorId":62488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bhaskar","given":"Aditi S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harvey, Judson W. 0000-0002-2654-9873 jwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":1796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Judson","email":"jwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Henry, Eric J.","contributorId":44810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70044405,"text":"70044405 - 2012 - Hydrogeomorphology of the hyporheic zone: stream solute and fine particle interactions with a dynamic streambed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-09T14:22:11","indexId":"70044405","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2320,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeomorphology of the hyporheic zone: stream solute and fine particle interactions with a dynamic streambed","docAbstract":"Hyporheic flow in streams has typically been studied separately from geomorphic processes. We investigated interactions between bed mobility and dynamic hyporheic storage of solutes and fine particles in a sand-bed stream before, during, and after a flood. A conservatively transported solute tracer (bromide) and a fine particles tracer (5 μm latex particles), a surrogate for fine particulate organic matter, were co-injected during base flow. The tracers were differentially stored, with fine particles penetrating more shallowly in hyporheic flow and retained more efficiently due to the high rate of particle filtration in bed sediment compared to solute. Tracer injections lasted 3.5 h after which we released a small flood from an upstream dam one hour later. Due to shallower storage in the bed, fine particles were rapidly entrained during the rising limb of the flood hydrograph. Rather than being flushed by the flood, we observed that solutes were stored longer due to expansion of hyporheic flow paths beneath the temporarily enlarged bedforms. Three important timescales determined the fate of solutes and fine particles: (1) flood duration, (2) relaxation time of flood-enlarged bedforms back to base flow dimensions, and (3) resulting adjustments and lag times of hyporheic flow. Recurrent transitions between these timescales explain why we observed a peak accumulation of natural particulate organic matter between 2 and 4 cm deep in the bed, i.e., below the scour layer of mobile bedforms but above the maximum depth of particle filtration in hyporheic flow paths. Thus, physical interactions between bed mobility and hyporheic transport influence how organic matter is stored in the bed and how long it is retained, which affects decomposition rate and metabolism of this southeastern Coastal Plain stream. In summary we found that dynamic interactions between hyporheic flow, bed mobility, and flow variation had strong but differential influences on base flow retention and flood mobilization of solutes and fine particulates. These hydrogeomorphic relationships have implications for microbial respiration of organic matter, carbon and nutrient cycling, and fate of contaminants in streams.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1029/2012JG002043","usgsCitation":"Harvey, J., Drummond, J., Martin, R., McPhillips, L., Packman, A., Jerolmack, D., Stonedahl, S., Aubeneau, A., Sawyer, A., Larsen, L., and Tobias, C., 2012, Hydrogeomorphology of the hyporheic zone: stream solute and fine particle interactions with a dynamic streambed: Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, v. 117, no. G4, G00N11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JG002043.","productDescription":"G00N11","ipdsId":"IP-040084","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474142,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/ees_papers/71","text":"External Repository"},{"id":270708,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012JG002043"},{"id":270709,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"117","issue":"G4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-10-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5165386ae4b077fa94dadfaa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, J. W. 0000-0002-2654-9873","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":39725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drummond, J.D.","contributorId":26945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drummond","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, R.L.","contributorId":85296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McPhillips, L.E.","contributorId":68547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McPhillips","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Packman, A.I.","contributorId":37539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Packman","given":"A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jerolmack, D.J.","contributorId":64858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jerolmack","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stonedahl, S.H.","contributorId":100710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonedahl","given":"S.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Aubeneau, A.F.","contributorId":7584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aubeneau","given":"A.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sawyer, A.H.","contributorId":33197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sawyer","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Larsen, L. G.","contributorId":50741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"L. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Tobias, C.R.","contributorId":9442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tobias","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70040151,"text":"70040151 - 2012 - Changing restoration rules: exotic bivalves interact with residence time and depth to control phytoplankton productivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-21T15:16:32","indexId":"70040151","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1475,"text":"Ecosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changing restoration rules: exotic bivalves interact with residence time and depth to control phytoplankton productivity","docAbstract":"Non-native species are a prevalent ecosystem stressor that can interact with other stressors to confound resource management and restoration. We examine how interactions between physical habitat attributes and a particular category of non-native species (invasive bivalves) influence primary production in aquatic ecosystems. Using mathematical models, we show how intuitive relationships between phytoplankton productivity and controllable physical factors (water depth, hydraulic transport time) that hold in the absence of bivalves can be complicated—and even reversed—by rapid bivalve grazing. In light-limited environments without bivalves, shallow, hydrodynamically “slow” habitats should generally have greater phytoplankton biomass and productivity than deeper, “faster” habitats. But shallower, slower environments can be less productive than deeper, faster ones if benthic grazing is strong. Moreover, shallower and slower waters exhibit a particularly broad range of possible productivity outcomes that can depend on whether bivalves are present. Since it is difficult to predict the response of non-native bivalves to habitat restoration, outcomes for new shallow, slow environments can be highly uncertain. Habitat depth and transport time should therefore not be used as indicators of phytoplankton biomass and production where bivalve colonization is possible. This study provides for ecosystem management a particular example of a broad lesson: abiotic ecosystem stressors should be managed with explicit consideration of interactions with other major (including biotic) stressors. We discuss the applicability and management implications of our models and results for a range of aquatic system types, with a case study focused on the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (California, USA). Simple mathematical models like those used here can illuminate interactions between ecosystem stressors and provide process-based guidance for resource managers as they develop strategies to augment valued populations, restore habitats, and manipulate ecosystem functions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecosphere","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ESA","publisherLocation":"Ithaca, NY","doi":"10.1890/ES12-00251.1","usgsCitation":"Lucas, L.V., and Thompson, J.K., 2012, Changing restoration rules: exotic bivalves interact with residence time and depth to control phytoplankton productivity: Ecosphere, v. 3, no. 12, Article 117, https://doi.org/10.1890/ES12-00251.1.","productDescription":"Article 117","ipdsId":"IP-040335","costCenters":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474158,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/es12-00251.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":269863,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269862,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES12-00251.1"}],"volume":"3","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"514c2be2e4b0cf4196fef2f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucas, Lisa V.","contributorId":80992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucas","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, Janet K. 0000-0002-1528-8452 jthompso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1528-8452","contributorId":1009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Janet","email":"jthompso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70042287,"text":"70042287 - 2012 - The resilience and functional role of moss in boreal and arctic ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-13T19:12:29","indexId":"70042287","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2863,"text":"New Phytologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The resilience and functional role of moss in boreal and arctic ecosystems","docAbstract":"Mosses in northern ecosystems are ubiquitous components of plant communities, and strongly influence nutrient, carbon and water cycling. We use literature review, synthesis and model simulations to explore the role of mosses in ecological stability and resilience. Moss community responses to disturbance showed all possible responses (increases, decreases, no change) within most disturbance categories. Simulations from two process-based models suggest that northern ecosystems would need to experience extreme perturbation before mosses were eliminated. But simulations with two other models suggest that loss of moss will reduce soil carbon accumulation primarily by influencing decomposition rates and soil nitrogen availability. It seems clear that mosses need to be incorporated into models as one or more plant functional types, but more empirical work is needed to determine how to best aggregate species. We highlight several issues that have not been adequately explored in moss communities, such as functional redundancy and singularity, relationships between response and effect traits, and parameter vs conceptual uncertainty in models. Mosses play an important role in several ecosystem processes that play out over centuries – permafrost formation and thaw, peat accumulation, development of microtopography – and there is a need for studies that increase our understanding of slow, long-term dynamical processes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"New Phytologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04254.x","usgsCitation":"Turetsky, M., Bond-Lamberty, B., Euskirchen, E., Talbot, J.J., Frolking, S., McGuire, A., and Tuittila, E., 2012, The resilience and functional role of moss in boreal and arctic ecosystems: New Phytologist, v. 196, no. 1, p. 49-67, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04254.x.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"67","ipdsId":"IP-037711","costCenters":[{"id":108,"text":"Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474167,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04254.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":269278,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04254.x"},{"id":269279,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"196","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-08-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5141a016e4b0eefcba208e3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turetsky, M.","contributorId":108302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turetsky","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bond-Lamberty, B.","contributorId":74269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bond-Lamberty","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Euskirchen, E.S.","contributorId":44737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euskirchen","given":"E.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Talbot, J. J.","contributorId":21045,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Talbot","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Frolking, S.","contributorId":96565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frolking","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McGuire, A. D.","contributorId":16552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tuittila, E.S.","contributorId":51180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuittila","given":"E.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70042904,"text":"70042904 - 2012 - Hotspot: the Snake River Geothermal Drilling Project--initial report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-04T11:42:40","indexId":"70042904","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1827,"text":"Geothermal Resources Council Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hotspot: the Snake River Geothermal Drilling Project--initial report","docAbstract":"The Snake River volcanic province (SRP) overlies a thermal anomaly that extends deep into the mantle; it represents one of the highest heat flow provinces in North America. The primary goal of this project is to evaluate geothermal potential in three distinct settings: (1) Kimama site: inferred high sub-aquifer geothermal gradient associated with the intrusion of mafic magmas, (2) Kimberly site: a valley-margin setting where surface heat flow may be driven by the up-flow of hot fluids along buried caldera ringfault complexes, and (3) Mountain Home site: a more traditional fault-bounded basin with thick sedimentary cover. The Kimama hole, on the axial volcanic zone, penetrated 1912 m of basalt with minor intercalated sediment; no rhyolite basement was encountered. Temperatures are isothermal through the aquifer (to 960 m), then rise steeply on a super-conductive gradient to an estimated bottom hole temperature of ~98°C. The Kimberly hole is on the inferred margin of a buried rhyolite eruptive center, penetrated rhyolite with intercalated basalt and sediment to a TD of 1958 m. Temperatures are isothermal at 55-60°C below 400 m, suggesting an immense passive geothermal resource. The Mountain Home hole is located above the margin of a buried gravity high in the western SRP. It penetrates a thick section of basalt and lacustrine sediment overlying altered basalt flows, hyaloclastites, and volcanic sediments, with a TD of 1821 m. Artesian flow of geothermal water from 1745 m depth documents a power-grade resource that is now being explored in more detail. In-depth studies continue at all three sites, complemented by high-resolution gravity, magnetic, and seismic surveys, and by downhole geophysical logging.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermal Resources Council Transactions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Resources Council","usgsCitation":"Shervais, J., Nielson, D., Lachmar, T., Christiansen, E.H., Morgan, L., Shanks, W., Delahunty, C., Schmitt, D., Liberty, L., Blackwell, D., Glen, J.M., Kessler, J., Potter, K., Jean, M., Sant, C., and Freeman, T., 2012, Hotspot: the Snake River Geothermal Drilling Project--initial report: Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 36, p. 767-772.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"767","endPage":"772","ipdsId":"IP-042002","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":273198,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":273197,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.geothermal-library.org/index.php?mode=pubs&action=view&record=1030315"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Snake River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.0,40.75 ], [ -119.0,45.25 ], [ -109.66,45.25 ], [ -109.66,40.75 ], [ -119.0,40.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"36","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51af0c6ae4b08a3322c2c2f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shervais, J.W.","contributorId":14867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shervais","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nielson, D.","contributorId":55314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielson","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lachmar, T.","contributorId":99026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lachmar","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Christiansen, E. H.","contributorId":65077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Morgan, L.","contributorId":13119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shanks, Wayne C.","contributorId":39419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"Wayne C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Delahunty, C.","contributorId":92148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delahunty","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Schmitt, D.R.","contributorId":29719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Liberty, L.M.","contributorId":58749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liberty","given":"L.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Blackwell, D.D.","contributorId":20905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackwell","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Glen, J. M.","contributorId":37338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Kessler, J.A.","contributorId":87841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kessler","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Potter, K.E.","contributorId":62111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Jean, M.M.","contributorId":73486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jean","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Sant, C.J.","contributorId":99864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sant","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Freeman, T.","contributorId":105198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}}
,{"id":70044291,"text":"70044291 - 2012 - Determination of nonylphenol isomers in landfill leachate and municipal wastewater using steam distillation extraction coupled with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-24T15:26:20","indexId":"70044291","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2214,"text":"Journal of Chromatography A","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of nonylphenol isomers in landfill leachate and municipal wastewater using steam distillation extraction coupled with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"4-Nonylphenols (4-NPs) are known endocrine disruptors and by-products of the microbial degradation of nonylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants. One of the challenges to understanding the toxic effects of nonylphenols is the large number of isomers that may exist in environmental samples. In order to attribute toxic effects to specific compounds, a method is needed for the separation and quantitation of individual nonylphenol isomers. The pre-concentration methods of solvent sublimation, solid-phase extraction or liquid–liquid extraction prior to chromatographic analysis can be problematic because of co-extraction of thousands of compounds typically found in complex matrices such as municipal wastewater or landfill leachate. In the present study, steam distillation extraction (SDE) was found to be an effective pre-concentration method for extraction of 4-NPs from leachate and wastewater, and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) coupled with fast mass spectral data acquisition by time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ToFMS) enhanced the resolution and identification of 4-NP isomers. Concentrations of eight 4-NP isomers were determined in leachate from landfill cells of different age and wastewater influent and effluent samples. 4-NP isomers were about 3 times more abundant in leachate from the younger cell than the older one, whereas concentrations in wastewater effluent were either below detection limits or <1% of influent concentrations. 4-NP isomer distribution patterns were found to have been altered following release to the environment. This is believed to reflect isomer-specific degradation and accumulation of 4-NPs in the aquatic environment.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Chromatography A","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.109","usgsCitation":"Zhang, C., Eganhouse, R., Pontolillo, J., Cozzarelli, I.M., and Wang, Y., 2012, Determination of nonylphenol isomers in landfill leachate and municipal wastewater using steam distillation extraction coupled with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry: Journal of Chromatography A, v. 1230, p. 110-116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.109.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"110","endPage":"116","ipdsId":"IP-030281","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271420,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268627,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.109"}],"volume":"1230","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5178fee3e4b0d842c705f6d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, Caixiang","contributorId":61321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Caixiang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eganhouse, Robert P. eganhous@usgs.gov","contributorId":2031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eganhouse","given":"Robert P.","email":"eganhous@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pontolillo, James jpontoli@usgs.gov","contributorId":2033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pontolillo","given":"James","email":"jpontoli@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cozzarelli, Isabelle M. 0000-0002-5123-1007 icozzare@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":1693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"Isabelle","email":"icozzare@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wang, Yanxin","contributorId":81389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Yanxin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70044280,"text":"70044280 - 2012 - Calibration and intercomparison of acetic acid measurements using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-05T09:44:59","indexId":"70044280","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":926,"text":"Atmospheric Measurement Techniques","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calibration and intercomparison of acetic acid measurements using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS)","docAbstract":"Acetic acid is one of the most abundant organic acids in the ambient atmosphere, with maximum mixing ratios reaching into the tens of parts per billion by volume (ppbv) range. The identities and associated magnitudes of the major sources and sinks for acetic acid are poorly characterized, due in part to the limitation in available measurement techniques. This paper demonstrates that Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) can reliably quantify acetic acid vapor in ambient air. Three different PTR-MS configurations were calibrated at low ppbv mixing ratios using permeation tubes, which yielded calibration factors between 7.0 and 10.9 normalized counts per second per ppbv (ncps ppbv<sup>−1</sup>) at a drift tube field strength of 132 townsend (Td). Detection limits ranged from 0.06 to 0.32 ppbv with dwell times of 5 s. These calibration factors showed negligible humidity dependence. Using the experimentally determined calibration factors, PTR-MS measurements of acetic acid during the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT) campaign were validated against results obtained using Mist Chambers coupled with Ion Chromatography (MC/IC). An orthogonal least squares linear regression of paired data yielded a slope of 1.14 ± 0.06 (2σ), an intercept of 0.049 ± 20 (2σ) ppbv, and an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.78. The median mixing ratio of acetic acid on Appledore Island, ME during the ICARTT campaign was 0.530 ± 0.025 ppbv with a minimum of 0.075 ± 0.004 ppbv, and a maximum of 3.555 ± 0.171 ppbv.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Atmospheric Measurement Techniques","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","publisherLocation":"Munich, Germany","doi":"10.5194/amtd-5-4635-2012","usgsCitation":"Haase, K., Keene, W., Pszenny, A., Mayne, H., Talbot, R., and Sive, B., 2012, Calibration and intercomparison of acetic acid measurements using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS): Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, v. 5, no. 4, p. 4635-4665, https://doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-4635-2012.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"4635","endPage":"4665","ipdsId":"IP-041862","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474162,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-4635-2012","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":268741,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268740,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-4635-2012"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"513721f3e4b02ab8869bffbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haase, K.B.","contributorId":80940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haase","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keene, W.C.","contributorId":71457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keene","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pszenny, A.A.P.","contributorId":62482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pszenny","given":"A.A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mayne, H.R.","contributorId":21016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayne","given":"H.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Talbot, R.W.","contributorId":18645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sive, B.C.","contributorId":66518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sive","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70044783,"text":"70044783 - 2012 - Estimating risks to aquatic life using quantile regression","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-21T14:19:06","indexId":"70044783","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1699,"text":"Freshwater Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating risks to aquatic life using quantile regression","docAbstract":"One of the primary goals of biological assessment is to assess whether contaminants or other stressors limit the ecological potential of running waters. It is important to interpret responses to contaminants relative to other environmental factors, but necessity or convenience limit quantification of all factors that influence ecological potential. In these situations, the concept of limiting factors is useful for data interpretation. We used quantile regression to measure risks to aquatic life exposed to metals by including all regression quantiles (τ  =  0.05–0.95, by increments of 0.05), not just the upper limit of density (e.g., 90<sup>th</sup> quantile). We measured population densities (individuals/0.1 m<sup>2</sup>) of 2 mayflies (Rhithrogena spp., Drunella spp.) and a caddisfly (Arctopsyche grandis), aqueous metal mixtures (Cd, Cu, Zn), and other limiting factors (basin area, site elevation, discharge, temperature) at 125 streams in Colorado. We used a model selection procedure to test which factor was most limiting to density. Arctopsyche grandis was limited by other factors, whereas metals limited most quantiles of density for the 2 mayflies. Metals reduced mayfly densities most at sites where other factors were not limiting. Where other factors were limiting, low mayfly densities were observed despite metal concentrations. Metals affected mayfly densities most at quantiles above the mean and not just at the upper limit of density. Risk models developed from quantile regression showed that mayfly densities observed at background metal concentrations are improbable when metal mixtures are at US Environmental Protection Agency criterion continuous concentrations. We conclude that metals limit potential density, not realized average density. The most obvious effects on mayfly populations were at upper quantiles and not mean density. Therefore, we suggest that policy developed from mean-based measures of effects may not be as useful as policy based on the concept of limiting factors.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Freshwater Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Society for Freshwater Science","doi":"10.1899/11-133.1","usgsCitation":"Schmidt, T., Clements, W.H., and Cade, B.S., 2012, Estimating risks to aquatic life using quantile regression: Freshwater Science, v. 31, no. 3, p. 709-723, https://doi.org/10.1899/11-133.1.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"709","endPage":"723","ipdsId":"IP-017391","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274071,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274070,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1899/11-133.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.06,36.99 ], [ -109.06,41.0 ], [ -102.04,41.0 ], [ -102.04,36.99 ], [ -109.06,36.99 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"31","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51c59e33e4b0c89b8f120e27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmidt, Travis S. 0000-0003-1400-0637 tschmidt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1400-0637","contributorId":1300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Travis S.","email":"tschmidt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clements, William H.","contributorId":39504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clements","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cade, Brian S. 0000-0001-9623-9849 cadeb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9623-9849","contributorId":1278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cade","given":"Brian","email":"cadeb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70162264,"text":"70162264 - 2012 - Using stable isotopes to test for trophic niche partitioning: a case study with stream salamanders and fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-20T13:27:54","indexId":"70162264","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using stable isotopes to test for trophic niche partitioning: a case study with stream salamanders and fish","docAbstract":"<p>1.&ensp;Stream salamanders and fish often co-occur even though fish prey on and outcompete salamanders. However, the mechanisms that allow palatable salamanders to coexist with fish are unknown.</p>\n<p>2.&ensp;We tested mechanisms in the field that promote coexistence between Idaho giant salamanders (<i>Dicamptodon aterrimus</i>) and stream salmonid fishes in headwater streams. Previous research in this system indicated that salamander dispersal did not promote coexistence with fish. We tested the hypothesis that&nbsp;<i>D.&nbsp;aterrimus</i>&nbsp;shift their diet when they occur with fish, facilitating coexistence through local niche partitioning.</p>\n<p>3.&ensp;We used nitrogen and carbon stable isotopes to describe the trophic niche of&nbsp;<i>D.&nbsp;aterrimus</i>&nbsp;and fish in three co-occurring populations of salamanders and fish and three populations of salamanders without fish. We used two approaches to quantify trophic niche partitioning with stable isotopes: 95% kernel density estimators and isotopic mixing models.</p>\n<p>4.&ensp;We found that salamanders and fish were generalists that consumed aquatic invertebrates primarily, but both species were also cannibalistic and predatory on one another. We also found no support for trophic niche partitioning as a coexistence mechanism because there were no differences in the trophic niche metrics among salamander populations with and without fish.</p>\n<p>5.&ensp;Although we did not identify mechanisms that facilitate salamander and fish coexistence, our empirical data and use of novel approaches to describe the trophic niche did yield important insights on the role of predator&ndash;prey interactions and cannibalism as alternative coexistence mechanisms. In addition, we found that 95% kernel estimators are a simple and robust method to describe population-level measure of trophic structure.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2427.2012.02800.x","usgsCitation":"Sepulveda, A.J., Lowe, W., and Marra, P., 2012, Using stable isotopes to test for trophic niche partitioning: a case study with stream salamanders and fish: Freshwater Biology, v. 57, no. 7, p. 1399-1409, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2012.02800.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1399","endPage":"1409","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-034902","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314534,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-05-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a0bddae4b0961cf280dc34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sepulveda, Adam J. 0000-0001-7621-7028 asepulveda@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7621-7028","contributorId":150628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"Adam","email":"asepulveda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":589023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowe, Winsor H.","contributorId":64532,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lowe","given":"Winsor H.","affiliations":[{"id":5097,"text":"University of Montana, Division of Biological Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":589025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Marra, Peter P.","contributorId":108030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marra","given":"Peter P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":70044214,"text":"70044214 - 2012 - Dwarf char, a new form of chars (the genus <i>Salvelinus</i>) in Lake Kronotskoe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-10T12:26:26","indexId":"70044214","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1401,"text":"Doklady Biological Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dwarf char, a new form of chars (the genus <i>Salvelinus</i>) in Lake Kronotskoe","docAbstract":"<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><span>Lake Kronotskoe is situated in the Kronotskii State Nature Reserve and is a unique natural heritage of Kamchatka. The lake&ndash;river system of the reserve includes numerous springs and small streams and three large inflowing rivers, Listvennichnaya, Unana, and Uzon, which form the main bays of Lake Kro\uDBFF\uDC00notskoe; one river (Kronotskaya) flows from the lake. This river is characterized by several rapids, which are assumed to be unsurmountable barriers for fish migration. The ichthyofauna of the lake has been isolated for a long time, and some endemic fishes appeared, including char of the genus </span><i><span>Salvelinus </span></i><span>and the residen\uDBFF\uDC00tial form of red salmon </span><i><span>Oncorhynchus nerka </span></i><span>(the local name is kokanee). These species are perfect model objects to study microevolution processes. Char of Lake Kronotskoe are characterized by significant polymorphism and plasticity [1&ndash;3]; therefore, they are extremely valuable for studying the processes of speciation and form development. That is why the populations of char in Lake Kronotskoe are unique and attract special attention of researchers.&nbsp;</span></p>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1134/S0012496612010048","usgsCitation":"Pavlov, S., Pivovarov, E., and Ostberg, C.O., 2012, Dwarf char, a new form of chars (the genus <i>Salvelinus</i>) in Lake Kronotskoe: Doklady Biological Sciences, v. 442, no. 1, p. 20-23, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0012496612010048.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"20","endPage":"23","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-036125","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271909,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia","otherGeospatial":"Lake Kronotskoe","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              159.949951171875,\n              54.667477840945715\n            ],\n            [\n              160.48828125,\n              54.667477840945715\n            ],\n            [\n              160.48828125,\n              54.95238569063361\n            ],\n            [\n              159.949951171875,\n              54.95238569063361\n            ],\n            [\n              159.949951171875,\n              54.667477840945715\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"442","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-03-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"518a2263e4b061e1bd53336d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pavlov, S.D.","contributorId":66150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavlov","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pivovarov, E.A.","contributorId":32807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pivovarov","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ostberg, Carl O. 0000-0003-1479-8458 costberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1479-8458","contributorId":3031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostberg","given":"Carl","email":"costberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70044868,"text":"70044868 - 2012 - Lithium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-28T21:00:26","indexId":"70044868","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithium","docAbstract":"In 2011, world lithium consumption was estimated to have been about 25 kt (25,000 st) of lithium contained in minerals and compounds, a 10-percent increase from 2010. U.S. consumption was estimated to have been about 2 kt (2,200 st) of contained lithium, a 100-percent increase from 2010. The United States was estimated to be the fourth-ranked consumer of lithium and remained the leading importer of lithium carbonate and the leading producer of value-added lithium materials. One company, Chemetall Foote Corp. (a subsidiary of Chemetall GmbH of Germany), produced lithium compounds from domestic brine resources near Silver Peak, NV.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SME","usgsCitation":"Jaskula, B., 2012, Lithium: Mining Engineering, v. 64, no. 6, p. 72-73.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"72","endPage":"73","ipdsId":"IP-029014","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271566,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"517e44ece4b0eff6bc0031d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jaskula, B.W.","contributorId":62496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaskula","given":"B.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70044151,"text":"70044151 - 2012 - Ages of pre-rift basement and synrift rocks along the conjugate rift and transform margins of the Argintine Precordillera and Laurentia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-07T10:23:18","indexId":"70044151","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1820,"text":"Geosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ages of pre-rift basement and synrift rocks along the conjugate rift and transform margins of the Argintine Precordillera and Laurentia","docAbstract":"New geochronologic data from basement rocks support the interpretation that the Argentine Precordillera (Cuyania) terrane was rifted from the Ouachita embayment of the Iapetan margin of Laurentia. New data from the Ozark dome show a range of ages in two groups at 1466 ± 3 to 1462 ± 1 Ma and 1323 ± 2 to 1317 ± 2 Ma, consistent with existing data for the Eastern Granite-Rhyolite province and Southern Granite-Rhyolite province, respectively. Similarly, a newly determined age of 1364 ± 2 Ma for the Tishomingo Granite in the Arbuckle Mountains confirms previously published analyses for this part of the Southern Granite-Rhyolite province. Along with previously reported ages from basement olistoliths in Ordovician slope deposits in the Ouachita embayment, the data for basement ages support the interpretation that rocks of the Southern Granite-Rhyolite province form the margin of Laurentian crust around the corner of the Ouachita embayment, which is bounded by the Ouachita rift and Alabama-Oklahoma transform fault. In contrast, both west and east of the corner of the Ouachita embayment, Grenville-Llano basement (approximately 1325–1000 Ma) forms the rifted margin of Laurentia.\n\nNew U/Pb zircon data from basement rocks in the southern part of the Argentine Precordillera indicate crystallization ages of 1205 ± 1 Ma and 1204 ± 2 Ma, consistent with previously reported ages (approximately 1250–1000 Ma) of basement rocks from other parts of the Precordillera. These data document multiple events within the same time span as multiple events in the Grenville orogeny in eastern Laurentia, and are consistent with Grenville-age rocks along the conjugate margins of the Precordillera and Laurentia. Ages from one newly analyzed collection, however, are older than those from other basement rocks in the Precordillera. These ages, from granodioritic-granitic basement clasts in a conglomerate olistolith in Ordovician slope deposits, are 1370 ± 2 Ma and 1367 ± 5 Ma. These older ages from the Precordillera are consistent with indications that the Iapetan margin in the Ouachita embayment of Laurentia truncated the Grenville front and left older rocks of the Southern Granite-Rhyolite province (1390–1320 Ma) at the rifted margin.\n\nChronostratigraphic correlations of synrift and post-rift sedimentary deposits on the Precordillera and on the Texas promontory of Laurentia document initial rifting in the Early Cambrian. Previously published data from synrift plutonic and volcanic rocks in the Wichita and Arbuckle Mountains along the transform-parallel intracratonic Southern Oklahoma fault system inboard from the Ouachita embayment document crystallization ages of 539–530 Ma. New data from synrift volcanic rocks in the Arbuckle Mountains in the eastern part of the Southern Oklahoma fault system yield ages of 539 ± 5 Ma and 536 ± 5 Ma, confirming the age of synrift volcanism.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geosphere","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/GES00800.1","usgsCitation":"Thomas, W., Tucker, R.D., Astini, R.A., and Denison, R.E., 2012, Ages of pre-rift basement and synrift rocks along the conjugate rift and transform margins of the Argintine Precordillera and Laurentia: Geosphere, v. 8, no. 6, p. 1366-1383, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES00800.1.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1366","endPage":"1383","ipdsId":"IP-038677","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges00800.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":270642,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270641,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/GES00800.1"}],"country":"Argentina","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.6,-55.1 ], [ -73.6,-21.8 ], [ -53.6,-21.8 ], [ -53.6,-55.1 ], [ -73.6,-55.1 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"8","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-10-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5162956be4b0c25842758cef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, William A.","contributorId":77438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"William A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tucker, Robert D. 0000-0001-8463-4358 rtucker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8463-4358","contributorId":2007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucker","given":"Robert","email":"rtucker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":474912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Astini, Ricardo A.","contributorId":48067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Astini","given":"Ricardo","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Denison, Rodger E.","contributorId":42994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denison","given":"Rodger","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70044889,"text":"70044889 - 2012 - Nitrogen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-28T22:18:19","indexId":"70044889","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen","docAbstract":"Ammonia was produced by 12 companies at 27 plants in 15 states in the United States during 2011. Sixty-one percent of total U.S. ammonia production capacity was centered in Louisiana, Oklahoma and Texas because of those states' large reserves of natural gas, the dominant domestic feedstock. In 2011, U.S. producers operated at about 84 percent of their rated capacity (excluding plants that were idle for the entire year). Four companies &mdash; CF Industries Holdings Inc.; Koch Nitrogen Co.; PCS Nitrogen Inc. and Agrium Inc., in descending order &mdash; accounted for 77 percent of the total U.S. ammonia production capacity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SME","usgsCitation":"Apodaca, L., 2012, Nitrogen: Mining Engineering, v. 64, no. 6, p. 78-79.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"78","endPage":"79","ipdsId":"IP-036328","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271582,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"517e44f2e4b0eff6bc003205","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Apodaca, L.E.","contributorId":73635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Apodaca","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70042289,"text":"70042289 - 2012 - Fluid‐driven seismicity response of the Rinconada fault near Paso Robles, California, to the 2003 M 6.5 San Simeon earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-13T19:25:48","indexId":"70042289","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid‐driven seismicity response of the Rinconada fault near Paso Robles, California, to the 2003 M 6.5 San Simeon earthquake","docAbstract":"The 2003 M 6.5 San Simeon, California, earthquake caused significant damage in the city of Paso Robles and a persistent cluster of aftershocks close to Paso Robles near the Rinconada fault. Given the importance of secondary aftershock triggering in sequences of large events, a concern is whether this cluster of events could trigger another damaging earthquake near Paso Robles. An epidemic‐type aftershock sequence (ETAS) model is fit to the Rinconada seismicity, and multiple realizations indicate a 0.36% probability of at least one M≥6.0 earthquake during the next 30 years. However, this probability estimate is only as good as the projection into the future of the ETAS model. There is evidence that the seismicity may be influenced by fluid pressure changes, which cannot be forecasted using ETAS. The strongest evidence for fluids is the delay between the San Simeon mainshock and a high rate of seismicity in mid to late 2004. This delay can be explained as having been caused by a pore pressure decrease due to an undrained response to the coseismic dilatation, followed by increased pore pressure during the return to equilibrium. Seismicity migration along the fault also suggests fluid involvement, although the migration is too slow to be consistent with pore pressure diffusion. All other evidence, including focal mechanisms and b‐value, is consistent with tectonic earthquakes. This suggests a model where the role of fluid pressure changes is limited to the first seven months, while the fluid pressure equilibrates. The ETAS modeling adequately fits the events after July 2004 when the pore pressure stabilizes. The ETAS models imply that while the probability of a damaging earthquake on the Rinconada fault has approximately doubled due to the San Simeon earthquake, the absolute probability remains low.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"El Cerrito, CA","doi":"10.1785/0120110169","usgsCitation":"Hardebeck, J.L., 2012, Fluid‐driven seismicity response of the Rinconada fault near Paso Robles, California, to the 2003 M 6.5 San Simeon earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 102, no. 1, p. 377-390, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120110169.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"377","endPage":"390","ipdsId":"IP-030353","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269280,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120110169"},{"id":269281,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.4,32.5 ], [ -124.4,42.0 ], [ -114.1,42.0 ], [ -114.1,32.5 ], [ -124.4,32.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"102","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-02-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51419ff9e4b0eefcba208d9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hardebeck, Jeanne L. 0000-0002-6737-7780 jhardebeck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6737-7780","contributorId":841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardebeck","given":"Jeanne","email":"jhardebeck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70042851,"text":"70042851 - 2012 - Geologic isolation of nuclear waste at high latitudes: the role of ice sheets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-26T11:55:15","indexId":"70042851","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1765,"text":"Geofluids","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic isolation of nuclear waste at high latitudes: the role of ice sheets","docAbstract":"Geologic isolation of high-level nuclear waste from the biosphere requires special consideration in countries at high latitudes (>40°N) owing to the possibility of future episodes of continental glaciation (Talbot 1999). It is now widely recognized that Pleistocene continental glaciations have had a profound effect on rates of sediment erosion (Cuffey & Paterson 2010) and deformation including tectonic thrusting (Pedersen 2005) as well as groundwater flow (Person et al. 2007; Lemieux et al. 2008a,b,c). In addition, glacial mechanical loads may have generated anomalous, or fossil, pore pressures within certain clay-rich confining units (e.g. Vinard et al. 2001). Because high-level nuclear wastes must be isolated from the biosphere as long as 1 million years (McMurry et al. 2003), the likelihood of one or more continental ice sheets overrunning high-latitude sites must be considered.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geofluids","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/j.1468-8123.2011.00358.x","usgsCitation":"Person, M., McIntosh, J., Iverson, N., Neuzil, C., and Bense, V., 2012, Geologic isolation of nuclear waste at high latitudes: the role of ice sheets: Geofluids, v. 12, no. 1, p. 1-6, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-8123.2011.00358.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","ipdsId":"IP-028684","costCenters":[{"id":146,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Eastern Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268368,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267169,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-8123.2011.00358.x"}],"volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-02-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5bc8e4b0b290850fa1e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, M.","contributorId":20876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McIntosh, J.","contributorId":58872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntosh","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Iverson, N.","contributorId":64965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Neuzil, C. E. 0000-0003-2022-4055","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2022-4055","contributorId":81078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuzil","given":"C. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bense, V.","contributorId":70624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bense","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70045123,"text":"70045123 - 2012 - Comparison of soil thickness in a zero-order basin in the Oregon Coast Range using a soil probe and electrical resistivity tomography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T15:55:19","indexId":"70045123","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2327,"text":"Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of soil thickness in a zero-order basin in the Oregon Coast Range using a soil probe and electrical resistivity tomography","docAbstract":"Accurate estimation of the soil thickness distribution in steepland drainage basins is essential for understanding ecosystem and subsurface response to infiltration. One important aspect of this characterization is assessing the heavy and antecedent rainfall conditions that lead to shallow landsliding. In this paper, we investigate the direct current (DC) resistivity method as a tool for quickly estimating soil thickness over a steep (33–40°) zero-order basin in the Oregon Coast Range, a landslide prone region. Point measurements throughout the basin showed bedrock depths between 0.55 and 3.2 m. Resistivity of soil and bedrock samples collected from the site was measured for degrees of saturation between 40 and 92%. Resistivity of the soil was typically higher than that of the bedrock for degrees of saturation lower than 70%. Results from the laboratory measurements and point-depth measurements were used in a numerical model to evaluate the resistivity contrast at the soil-bedrock interface. A decreasing-with-depth resistivity contrast was apparent at the interface in the modeling results. At the field site, three transects were surveyed where coincident ground truth measurements of bedrock depth were available, to test the accuracy of the method. The same decreasing-with-depth resistivity trend that was apparent in the model was also present in the survey data. The resistivity contour of between 1,000 and 2,000 Ωm that marked the top of the contrast was our interpreted bedrock depth in the survey data. Kriged depth-to-bedrock maps were created from both the field-measured ground truth obtained with a soil probe and interpreted depths from the resistivity tomography, and these were compared for accuracy graphically. Depths were interpolated as far as 16.5 m laterally from the resistivity survey lines with root mean squared error (RMSE) = 27 cm between the measured and interpreted depth at those locations. Using several transects and analysis of the subsurface material properties, the direct current (DC) resistivity method is shown to be able to delineate bedrock depth trends within the drainage basin.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000717","usgsCitation":"Morse, M.S., Lu, N., Godt, J.W., Revil, A., and Coe, J.A., 2012, Comparison of soil thickness in a zero-order basin in the Oregon Coast Range using a soil probe and electrical resistivity tomography: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, v. 138, no. 12, p. 1470-1482, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000717.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1470","endPage":"1482","ipdsId":"IP-036774","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":272205,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":272204,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000717"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.61,42.0 ], [ -124.61,46.29 ], [ -116.46,46.29 ], [ -116.46,42.0 ], [ -124.61,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"138","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5215e4b0b290850f4510","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morse, Michael S.","contributorId":66987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morse","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lu, Ning","contributorId":191360,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lu","given":"Ning","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12620,"text":"U.S. Army Corp. of Engineers","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":476872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Godt, Jonathan W. 0000-0002-8737-2493 jgodt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8737-2493","contributorId":1166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godt","given":"Jonathan","email":"jgodt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Revil, André","contributorId":38879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revil","given":"André","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Coe, Jeffrey A. 0000-0002-0842-9608 jcoe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0842-9608","contributorId":1333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coe","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jcoe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70043955,"text":"70043955 - 2012 - Development of a real-time PCR assay for detection of planktonic red king crab (<i>Paralithodes camtschaticus</i> (Tilesius 1815)) larvae","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-17T08:46:40","indexId":"70043955","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2455,"text":"Journal of Shellfish Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of a real-time PCR assay for detection of planktonic red king crab (<i>Paralithodes camtschaticus</i> (Tilesius 1815)) larvae","docAbstract":"<p>The Alaskan red king crab (<i>Paralithodes camtschaticus</i>) fishery was once one of the most economically important single-species fisheries in the world, but is currently depressed. This fishery would benefit from improved stock assessment capabilities. Larval crab distribution is patchy temporally and spatially, requiring extensive sampling efforts to locate and track larval dispersal. Large-scale plankton surveys are generally cost prohibitive because of the effort required for collection and the time and taxonomic expertise required to sort samples to identify plankton individually via light microscopy. Here, we report the development of primers and a dual-labeled probe for use in a DNA-based real-time polymerase chain reaction assay targeting the red king crab, mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I for the detection of red king crab larvae DNA in plankton samples. The assay allows identification of plankton samples containing crab larvae DNA and provides an estimate of DNA copy number present in a sample without sorting the plankton sample visually. The assay was tested on DNA extracted from whole red king crab larvae and plankton samples seeded with whole larvae, and it detected DNA copies equivalent to 1/10,000th of a larva and 1 crab larva/5mL sieved plankton, respectively. The real-time polymerase chain reaction assay can be used to screen plankton samples for larvae in a fraction of the time required for traditional microscopial methods, which offers advantages for stock assessment methodologies for red king crab as well as a rapid and reliable method to assess abundance of red king crab larvae as needed to improve the understanding of life history and population processes, including larval population dynamics.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Shellfisheries Association","doi":"10.2983/035.031.0402","usgsCitation":"Jensen, P.C., Purcell, M., Morado, J.F., and Eckert, G.L., 2012, Development of a real-time PCR assay for detection of planktonic red king crab (<i>Paralithodes camtschaticus</i> (Tilesius 1815)) larvae: Journal of Shellfish Research, v. 31, no. 4, p. 917-924, https://doi.org/10.2983/035.031.0402.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"917","endPage":"924","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-037763","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271443,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"517a5062e4b072c16ef14aeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jensen, Pamela C.","contributorId":38877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jensen","given":"Pamela","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Purcell, Maureen K.","contributorId":104214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Purcell","given":"Maureen K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morado, J. Frank","contributorId":10701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morado","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Frank","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eckert, Ginny L.","contributorId":87835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eckert","given":"Ginny","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70043553,"text":"70043553 - 2012 - Development of a quantitative assay to measure expression of transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß) in Lost River sucker (<i>Deltistes luxatus</i>) and shortnose sucker (<i>Chasmistes brevirostris</i>) and evaluation of potential pitfalls in use with field-collected samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-13T16:01:36","indexId":"70043553","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1653,"text":"Fish and Shellfish Immunology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of a quantitative assay to measure expression of transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß) in Lost River sucker (<i>Deltistes luxatus</i>) and shortnose sucker (<i>Chasmistes brevirostris</i>) and evaluation of potential pitfalls in use with field-collected samples","docAbstract":"The Nature Conservancy is in the process of restoring the Williamson River Delta in an attempt to recreate important juvenile habitat for the endangered shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris and the endangered Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus. Measurement of TGF-β mRNA expression level was one of the indicators chosen to evaluate juvenile sucker health during the restoration process. TGF-β mRNA expression level has been correlated with disease status in several laboratory studies and TGF-β mRNA expression level has been used as a species-specific indicator of immune status in field-based fish health assessments. We describe here the identification of TGF-β and a possible splice variant from shortnose sucker and from Lost River sucker. The performance of a quantitative RT-PCR assay to measure TGF-β mRNA expression level was evaluated in field-collected spleen and kidney tissue samples. The quality of extracted RNA was higher in tissues harvested in September compared to July and higher in tissues harvested at lower temperature compared to higher temperature. In addition, the expression level of both TGF-β and 18S as assessed by qRT-PCR was higher in samples with higher quality RNA. TGF-β mRNA expression was lower in kidney than in spleen in both Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fish and Shellfish Immunology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.fsi.2012.02.017","usgsCitation":"Robertson, L.S., Ottinger, C.A., Burdick, S.M., and VanderKooi, S., 2012, Development of a quantitative assay to measure expression of transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß) in Lost River sucker (<i>Deltistes luxatus</i>) and shortnose sucker (<i>Chasmistes brevirostris</i>) and evaluation of potential pitfalls in use with field-collected samples: Fish and Shellfish Immunology, v. 32, no. 5, p. 890-898, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2012.02.017.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"890","endPage":"898","ipdsId":"IP-034878","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268570,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268569,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2012.02.017"}],"volume":"32","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51308a84e4b04c194073add1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, Laura S. lrobertson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Laura","email":"lrobertson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":473820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ottinger, Christopher A. 0000-0003-2551-1985 cottinger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2551-1985","contributorId":2559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ottinger","given":"Christopher","email":"cottinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burdick, Summer M. 0000-0002-3480-5793 sburdick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3480-5793","contributorId":3448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burdick","given":"Summer","email":"sburdick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"VanderKooi, Scott P.","contributorId":106584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanderKooi","given":"Scott P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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