Volcanic ash has several hazardous characteristics that may impact human and animal health. We report the results of a geochemical assessment of key hazardous characteristics of 16 volcanic ash samples erupted from Cumbre Vieja, La Palma, between 19 September – 16 October 2021. The analyses are an essential first step in assessing health risk from volcanic eruptions because they allow a rapid screening of the physicochemical characteristics that have the potential to cause harm. The report is in two sections: Part 1 presents analyses related to respiratory hazard, while Part 2 presents analyses relevant for contamination of drinking water and ingestion hazards for livestock. The main authors (Horwell, Damby & Stewart) are directors of the International Volcanic Health Hazard Network (www.ivhhn.org) and have conducted and published extensive research to develop and test techniques for rapid analysis of volcanic ash for health hazard assessment.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Volcanic Health Hazard Network (IVHHN)","usgsCitation":"Horwell, C.J., Damby, D., Stewart, C., Longley, C., Peek, S.E., Tunstall, N., Llewellin, E.W., Pankhurst, M., and Tramontano, S., 2021, Report on geochemical characterisation of volcanic ash from Cumbre Vieja, La Palma, for the assessment of respiratory health hazard, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","ipdsId":"IP-135542","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":402473,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ivhhn.org/crisis-management"},{"id":501241,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canary Islands","otherGeospatial":"Cumbre Vieja, La Palma","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -17.999997481890375,\n 28.72179379759396\n ],\n [\n -17.999997481890375,\n 28.480651139342868\n ],\n [\n -17.69671419551588,\n 28.480651139342868\n ],\n [\n -17.69671419551588,\n 28.72179379759396\n ],\n [\n -17.999997481890375,\n 28.72179379759396\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horwell, Claire J.","contributorId":177455,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Horwell","given":"Claire","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16770,"text":"Dept. Earth Sciences, Durham University, UK","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":845050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Damby, David 0000-0002-3238-3961 ddamby@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3238-3961","contributorId":177453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Damby","given":"David","email":"ddamby@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":845051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stewart, Carol","contributorId":236960,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stewart","given":"Carol","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":47573,"text":"Massey University, NZ","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":845052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Longley, Christopher","contributorId":292558,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Longley","given":"Christopher","affiliations":[{"id":25252,"text":"Durham University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":845053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Peek, Sara E. 0000-0002-9770-6557 speek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9770-6557","contributorId":5341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peek","given":"Sara","email":"speek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":845054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tunstall, Neil","contributorId":260111,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tunstall","given":"Neil","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37954,"text":"University of Durham","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":845055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Llewellin, Edward W. 0000-0003-2165-7426","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2165-7426","contributorId":247599,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Llewellin","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":25252,"text":"Durham University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":845056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pankhurst, Matt","contributorId":292559,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pankhurst","given":"Matt","affiliations":[{"id":62935,"text":"INVOLCAN","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":845057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Tramontano, Samantha","contributorId":292560,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tramontano","given":"Samantha","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":62936,"text":"CUNY","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":845058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70238745,"text":"70238745 - 2021 - Hydrometeorology and hydrology of flooding in Cape Fear River basin during Hurricane Florence in 2018","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-07T13:06:34.924368","indexId":"70238745","displayToPublicDate":"2021-12-06T07:01:03","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrometeorology and hydrology of flooding in Cape Fear River basin during Hurricane Florence in 2018","docAbstract":"Hurricanes are the major flood generating mechanism dominating the upper tail of the peak discharge distribution over the Cape Fear River Basin (CFRB). In 2018, Hurricane Florence swamped CFRB as the ninth-most-destructive hurricane ever hit the United States and set new records of peak discharges over the main river channel and three out of five of its major tributaries. In this study, we examined the hydrometeorology and hydrology of this flood via combined observation and numerical experiment analyses. Our results suggest that the slow-motion in combination to the “L-shaped” path was the most distinctive feature of the hurricane that incurred catastrophic and widespread rainfall and flooding over CFRB. The total rainfall from the storm played a controlling role in the magnitude and spatial distribution of the flood peaks at basin scale. Above that, the spatial heterogeneities of rainfall distribution and hydrologic characteristics was responsible for the distinctive flood responses within the basin. The bi-peak shape of the flood hydrograph for the Deep River was due to the combined effects of rainfall distribution, land cover, and topographic gradient. The exceptional unit peak discharge over the Black River basin was associated with its drainage network structure, topographic gradient and rainfall distribution. The floodplain downstream of the Cape Fear River temporarily stored flood water and attenuated both the riverine floods from upstream and the compound flood over the coastal area. Furthermore, numerical analyses found that re-infiltration accounted for 76% of the total infiltration on average. Re-infiltration was superior to local infiltration over CFRB during Hurricane Florence.
Saltwater intrusion and declining water levels have been a water-supply problem in Cape May County, New Jersey, for decades. Cape May County is surrounded by saltwater on three sides. Several communities in the county have only one aquifer from which freshwater withdrawals can be made, and that sole source is threatened by saltwater intrusion and (or) substantial declines in water levels caused by groundwater withdrawals. Growth of the year-round and summer tourism populations have caused water demand for some purveyors to approach the full-allocation withdrawal rates set by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, leading these purveyors to request increases in allocations. Simulated water levels resulting from withdrawals including proposed increases in allocations by four purveyors and a shift of some withdrawals from one aquifer to another by a fifth purveyor were compared to simulated baseline water levels with withdrawals at 2012 full-allocation rates.
The Lower Township Scenario simulates proposed full-allocation withdrawals of 1,079 million gallons per year (Mgal/yr) from the Cohansey aquifer, 211 Mgal/yr (24 percent) higher than the 2012 full allocation withdrawals. Lower Township Scenario simulated water levels are between 2 and 4 feet (ft) lower than those of the shallow-aquifer-system Baseline Scenario simulation in much of Lower Township. The simulated 250-milligrams per liter (mg/L) isochlor is a maximum of 750 ft farther eastward than the simulated position in the shallow-aquifer-system Baseline Scenario, and the isochlor is simulated to be 700 ft from the northwestern-most Lower Township Municipal Utility Authority well at the airport in 2050.
The Wildwood Scenario simulates proposed full-allocation withdrawals of 388 Mgal/yr at the Wildwood Water Utility Rio Grande well field in Middle Township from the Rio Grande water-bearing zone (upper Kirkwood Formation) and 776 Mgal/yr from the Atlantic City 800-foot sand (lower Kirkwood Formation). Simulated water levels in the Atlantic City 800-foot sand near the well field are 30–55 ft lower than in the deep-aquifer-system Baseline Scenario, more than 15 ft lower south and west of Cape May Court House, and 5–10 ft lower between Cape May Court House and Woodbine and Upper Township.
The Avalon Scenario simulates proposed full-allocation withdrawals from the Atlantic City 800-foot sand in Avalon Borough of 495 Mgal/yr, which is 141 Mgal/yr (40 percent) higher than the 2012 full-allocation withdrawals. The Cape May Court House Scenario simulates proposed full-allocation withdrawals near Cape May Court House from the Atlantic City 800-foot sand of 495 Mgal/yr, which is 150 Mgal/yr (64 percent) higher than 2012 full-allocation withdrawals. The Strathmere Scenario simulates proposed full-allocation withdrawals in Strathmere from the Atlantic City 800-foot sand of 30 Mgal/yr, which is 11 Mgal/yr (58 percent) higher than 2012 full-allocation withdrawals. All three of these scenarios generally show simulated water levels to be less than 10 ft lower compared to the deep-aquifer-system Baseline Scenario.
The Combined Scenario simulates proposed full-allocation withdrawals, including increased withdrawals from the Atlantic City 800-foot sand in all four locations—the Rio Grande well field, Avalon, Cape May Court House, and Strathmere. Water levels from the Combined Scenario are 40–65 ft lower than those from the deep-aquifer-system Baseline Scenario near the Wildwood Water Utility Rio Grande well field, 15–40 ft lower south of Dennis Township, and 5–15 ft lower in much of the rest of Cape May County.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205052","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Carleton, G.B., 2021, Simulation of potential water allocation changes, Cape May County, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5052, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205052.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 39 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"39","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-044323","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392461,"rank":6,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20205052/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":392262,"rank":5,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5052/sir20205052.XML"},{"id":392260,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9KC1PGV","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"SEAWAT, MODFLOW-2000, and SHARP models used to simulate potential water-allocation changes, Cape May County, New Jersey"},{"id":392261,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5052/images/"},{"id":392259,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5052/sir20205052.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.35 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020-5052"},{"id":392258,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5052/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","county":"Cape May County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.99404907226562,\n 38.92843409820933\n ],\n [\n -74.91439819335938,\n 38.91133881927712\n ],\n [\n -74.82376098632812,\n 38.92629741358616\n ],\n [\n -74.77844238281249,\n 38.9807627650163\n ],\n [\n -74.74925994873047,\n 39.041319605445445\n ],\n [\n -74.95010375976561,\n 39.0882354732187\n ],\n [\n -74.99404907226562,\n 38.92843409820933\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Jersey Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3450 Princeton Pike, Suite 110
Lawrenceville, NJ 08648
From October 1, 1999, through September 30, 2009, water-quality samples were collected, and discharge was measured at 13 streamgages within the Catskill and Delaware watersheds of the New York City water supply system. The Catskill and Delaware watersheds supply about 90 percent of the water needed by 9 million customers. On average, 59 water-quality samples were collected at each station during each year of the study and analyzed for major ions and nutrients. At six stations, suspended-sediment samples were collected during 2001–09, and turbidity samples were collected during 2003–09. Surficial geology exerted a strong influence on the water quality of streams in the region. Stations in the Cannonsville Reservoir watershed, which has a high percentage of glacial till, had circumneutral stream water, whereas stations in the Neversink Reservoir watershed, which has a high percentage of sedimentary bedrock outcrops, had acidic stream water. All stations showed significant decreases in stream water sulfate concentrations during the study period; however, only the most acidic watersheds showed decreases in hydrogen-ion concentration. Two of the most acidic stations, East Branch Neversink River northeast of Denning and Rondout Creek above Red Brook at Peekamoose also had significant decreasing trends in inorganic monomeric aluminum concentrations, a form of aluminum that is toxic to some aquatic biota at concentrations greater than 0.05 milligram per liter. Three stations in the Neversink Reservoir watershed had inorganic monomeric aluminum concentrations that commonly exceeded 0.05 milligram per liter during the study period. At the West Branch Neversink River at Winnisook Lake near Frost Valley station concentrations of inorganic monomeric aluminum exceeded 0.3 milligram per liter at the beginning of the study, but never exceeded that level during the last 2 water years of the study. The East Branch Neversink River northeast of Denning and Rondout Creek above Red Brook at Peekamoose stations also showed decreases in inorganic monomeric aluminum concentrations during the study. The reduction in inorganic monomeric aluminum concentrations were the result of reductions in stream acidity. The reductions in stream acidity were driven by reductions in sulfate concentrations in precipitation in response to emission regulations included in title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (42 USC §7651).
Results indicated increasing trends in sodium and chloride concentrations for all stations with high road density relative to other stations included in the study, which could be a future water-quality concern in the region. The Town Brook watershed southeast of Hobart, the only study watershed that contained dairy farms, had a significant decreasing trend in total dissolved phosphorus concentration that may have been a result of agricultural best management practices implemented on farms by the Watershed Agricultural Program. The watershed with the second highest total phosphorus and total dissolved phosphorus concentrations was a completely forested, but previously agricultural, watershed (Town Brook tributary southeast of Hobart) that had not been actively farmed in about 80 years. The phosphorus concentrations at the Town Brook tributary southeast of Hobart station indicated that previously agricultural watersheds may continue to leach phosphorus to streams for many decades after farming has ceased.
At six of the study watersheds, samples of suspended-sediment and turbidity were also collected. The watersheds with the highest suspended-sediment concentrations and turbidity also had the strongest relations between discharge and suspended-sediment concentrations. In general, the relations between discharge and turbidity were not as strong as the relations between discharge and suspended-sediment concentrations. Results indicated strong relations between suspended-sediment concentrations and turbidity levels at each station; however, relations were less strong in the agricultural watersheds. Suspended-sediment concentrations appeared to decrease at the Stony Clove Creek below Ox Clove at Chichester station following a stream stabilization project completed during the study period. However, we were unable to directly attribute the decrease to the stabilization project; there were many complicating variables that made a direct attribution difficult, such as a series of large storms shortly after the stabilization project was completed and differences in flow conditions before and after the project. However, the results have led to additional monitoring within the watershed specifically designed to determine the effectiveness of stream stabilization projects for reducing suspended-sediment concentrations and turbidity in the upper Esopus Creek watershed, the primary source of water to the Ashokan Reservoir. Water quality in the Catskill and Delaware watersheds is generally improving, and although sodium and chloride concentrations increased at some of the stations from 1999 to 2009, the concentrations in 2009 were still well below U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking water standards.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205049","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with New York City Department of Environmental Protection and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"McHale, M.R., Siemion, J., and Murdoch, P.S., 2021, The water quality of selected streams in the Catskill and Delaware water-supply watersheds in New York, 1999–2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5049, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205049.","productDescription":"viii, 48 p.","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060224","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392036,"rank":5,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20205049/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":391750,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5049/sir20205049.XML"},{"id":391749,"rank":3,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5049/images/"},{"id":391748,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5049/sir20205049.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.70 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020-5049"},{"id":391747,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5049/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Catskill Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.16845703125001,\n 41.672911819602085\n ],\n [\n -73.93798828125,\n 41.672911819602085\n ],\n [\n -73.93798828125,\n 42.43156587257916\n ],\n [\n -75.16845703125001,\n 42.43156587257916\n ],\n [\n -75.16845703125001,\n 41.672911819602085\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Road
Troy, NY 12180–8349
Responsible stewardship of native fish populations and riparian plants in the Meduxnekeag River watershed in northeastern Maine is a high priority for the Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians. Understanding the potential changes in hydrology and water temperature as a result of climate change is important to this priority for evaluating future habitat conditions in the watershed. This report, prepared in cooperation with the Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians, documents and presents the results of a model using the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS), a hydrologic model designed to provide streamflow and water temperature simulations under predicted changes in precipitation and air temperature during the next century.
To estimate streamflows and water temperature in the Meduxnekeag River watershed, a PRMS model was developed and calibrated. By using the calibrated PRMS model, simulations were made for projected scenarios of 0, 5, 10, and 15 percent increases in precipitation and for increases in air temperature of 0.0, 3.6, 7.0, and 10.4 degrees Fahrenheit (°F). The increases in precipitation and temperature were applied to all the daily input values uniformly. These scenarios were based upon the results from 30 climate change models summarized in the National Climate Change Viewer. Streamflows and water temperatures modeled for different climate scenarios were compared with streamflows and water temperatures modeled with unadjusted climate inputs.
Overall, streamflow increased with increasing precipitation and decreased with increasing air temperature. Water temperature increased with increasing air temperature. At the outlet of the studied Meduxnekeag River watershed, with both a 15 percent increase in precipitation and a 10.4 °F increase in air temperature, the mean annual streamflow increased by 17 percent from 489 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) to 572 ft3/s, and the mean annual maximum streamflow decreased by 8.3 percent from 3,870 ft3/s to 3,550 ft3/s. At the same location and under the same scenario, the mean annual water temperature increased by 17.5 percent from 47.4 °F to 55.7 °F.
Significant changes in mean monthly streamflows were found with increasing air temperature. The PRMS model results showed that when air temperature was increased, there was an increase in mean monthly streamflow during the winter months and a decrease in mean monthly streamflow during the spring months. In addition, with a 10.4 °F increase in the air temperature, the month with the greatest monthly streamflow changed from April to December. In addition, the PRMS model estimated that the mean annual maximum snowpack in snow water equivalent for the watershed would decrease from 7.67 inches to 1.26 inches, and the mean annual date of the maximum snowpack would change from March 21 to January 28 with a 15 percent increase in precipitation and a 10.4 °F increase in air temperature.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215104","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians","usgsCitation":"Bjerklie, D.M., and Olson, S.A., 2021, Simulating the effects of climate-related changes to air temperature and precipitation on streamflow and water temperature in the Meduxnekeag River watershed, Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5104, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215104.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 35 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"35","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-123224","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392380,"rank":6,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20215104/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":392032,"rank":5,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5104/sir20215104.XML"},{"id":392030,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9EB4H6H","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data for simulating the effects of air temperature and precipitation changes on streamflow and water temperature in the Meduxnekeag River watershed, Maine"},{"id":392029,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5104/sir20215104.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2021-5104"},{"id":392031,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5104/images/"},{"id":392028,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5104/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","otherGeospatial":"Meduxnekeag River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -68.302001953125,\n 45.92154267288144\n ],\n [\n -67.78289794921875,\n 45.92154267288144\n ],\n [\n -67.78289794921875,\n 46.26913887119721\n ],\n [\n -68.302001953125,\n 46.26913887119721\n ],\n [\n -68.302001953125,\n 45.92154267288144\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Bearfoot Road
Northborough, MA 01532
The autumn and winter flood season of western Washington coincides with the incubation period of many Pacific salmon (Onchorhynchus spp.) populations. During this period, salmon embryos incubating within gravel nests called “redds” are vulnerable to mobilization of surrounding sediment during floods. As overlying sediment is transported downstream, the vertical position of the streambed can be lowered, a process termed streambed scour; thus developing salmon embryos may be destroyed resulting in decreasing egg-to-fry survival rates. The Sauk River, which drains a 1,900 km2 (733.5 mi2) area of the central Cascade Range of Washington State, provides spawning and rearing habitat for several species of Pacific salmon including Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), which were listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in 1999. In order to assess the hydrologic conditions when streambed scour and concomitant geomorphic changes occur, accelerometer scour monitors (ASMs), which record the time when streambed scour lowers the streambed to the level of salmon egg pockets, were deployed in two geomorphically different reaches of the Sauk River to monitor scour during water year 2018. Nineteen ASMs were deployed in an upstream reach, which was largely confined by valley walls with vegetated, stable banks and low channel-migration rates near the confluence of the Sauk and White Chuck Rivers. Twelve additional ASMs were deployed in a downstream reach within an unconfined valley with unvegetated, unstable banks and high channel-migration rates between the town of Darrington and the confluence of the Sauk and Suiattle Rivers. During the ASM deployment, discharge measured at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamgage Sauk River above White Chuck River, near Darrington, Washington (12186000), peaked at 479 m3/s (16,900 ft3/s) with an estimated 0.18 probability of annual exceedance (5.7-year recurrence interval). During the flood season, large-scale geomorphic changes, including channel migration and bar deposition, were measured at the downstream reach, but only minimal geomorphic changes were measured at the upstream reach. ASMs deployed at the downstream reach were not recovered after the flood season and total scour depth was presumed to have exceeded ASM anchor depth. At the upstream reach, 7 of the 19 deployed ASMs were recovered after the flood season and all recovered ASMs recorded scour at discharges that equaled or exceeded 204 m3/s (7,210 ft3/s). The remaining 12 ASMs deployed at the upstream reach were not recovered and total scour depth was presumed to have exceeded ASM anchor depth. Collectively, this analysis enhances the ability of fisheries managers to forecast egg-to-fry survival rates of salmonids by determining the hydrologic conditions at which scour at the level of salmon redds initiates.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215133","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe","usgsCitation":"Gendaszek, A.S., 2021, Streambed scour of salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) redds in the Sauk River, Northwestern Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5133, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215133.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 19 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-124695","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392362,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P95KOMTC","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release.","linkHelpText":"Accelerometer scour monitor data on the Sauk River, Washington, Water Year 2018"},{"id":392360,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5133/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":392361,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5133/sir20215133.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2021-5133"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Sauk River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.80816650390625,\n 48.31060120649363\n ],\n [\n -121.36871337890625,\n 48.31060120649363\n ],\n [\n -121.36871337890625,\n 48.6927734325279\n ],\n [\n -121.80816650390625,\n 48.6927734325279\n ],\n [\n -121.80816650390625,\n 48.31060120649363\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Washington Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
934 Broadway, Suite 300
Tacoma, Washington 98402
This study addresses the characteristics, potential hazards, and both eruptive and non-eruptive role of water at selected volcanic crater lakes in Alaska. Crater lakes are an important feature of some stratovolcanoes in Alaska. Of the volcanoes in the state with known Holocene eruptive activity, about one third have summit crater lakes. Also included are two volcanoes with small caldera lakes (Katmai, Kaguyak). The lakes play an important but not well studied role in influencing eruptive behavior and pose some significant hydrologic hazards. Floods from crater lakes in Alaska are evaluated by estimating maximum potential crater lake water volumes and peak outflow discharge with a dam-break model. Some recent eruptions and hydrologic events that involved crater lakes also are reviewed. The large volumes of water potentially hosted by crater lakes in Alaska indicate that significant flowage hazards resulting from catastrophic breaching of crater rims are possible. Estimates of maximum peak flood discharge associated with breaching of lake-filled craters derived from dam-break modeling indicate that flood magnitudes could be as large as 103–106 m3/s if summit crater lakes drain rapidly when at maximum volume. Many of the Alaska crater lakes discussed are situated in hydrothermally altered craters characterized by complex assemblages of stratified unconsolidated volcaniclastic deposits, in a region known for large magnitude (>M7) earthquakes. Although there are only a few historical examples of eruptions involving crater lakes in Alaska, these provide noteworthy examples of the role of external water in cooling pyroclastic deposits, acidic crater-lake drainage, and water-related hazards such as lahars and base surge.
","language":"English","publisher":"Frontiers Media","doi":"10.3389/feart.2021.751216","usgsCitation":"Waythomas, C.F., 2021, Selected crater and small caldera lakes in Alaska: Characteristics and hazards: Frontiers in Earth Science, v. 9, 751216, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.751216.","productDescription":"751216, 23 p.","ipdsId":"IP-132664","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467219,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.751216","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":463360,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -142.4292614840023,\n 61.7867815706897\n ],\n [\n -179,\n 61.7867815706897\n ],\n [\n -179,\n 49.606118935666444\n ],\n [\n -144.99994877731635,\n 56.83072738947416\n ],\n [\n -142.4292614840023,\n 61.7867815706897\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-01-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waythomas, Christopher F. 0000-0002-3898-272X cwaythomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-272X","contributorId":640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"Christopher","email":"cwaythomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":917093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70226845,"text":"70226845 - 2021 - A characterization of deep-sea coral and sponge communities along the California and Oregon coast using a remotely operated vehicle on the EXPRESS 2018 expedition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-20T17:47:27.706118","indexId":"70226845","displayToPublicDate":"2021-12-01T11:47:06","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5134,"text":"NOAA Technical Memorandum","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"NMFS-SWFSC 657","title":"A characterization of deep-sea coral and sponge communities along the California and Oregon coast using a remotely operated vehicle on the EXPRESS 2018 expedition","docAbstract":"Deep-sea coral and sponge (DSCS) communities serve as essential fish habitats (EFH) by providing shelter and nursery habitat, increasing diversity, and increasing prey availability (Freese and Wing, 2003; Bright, 2007; Baillon et al., 2012; Henderson et al., 2020). Threats to these long-lived, fragile organisms from bottom contact fishing gear, potential offshore renewable energy development, and ocean warming and acidification have increased the need for DSCS research along the U.S. West Coast (Gomez et al., 2018; Salgado et al., 2018; Yoklavich, et al., 2018; Gugliotti et al., 2019). The focus of these studies has varied from species distribution and abundance (Yoklavich and Love, 2005; Tissot et al., 2006) to developing and validating predictive distribution models (Huff et al., 2013; Rooper et al., 2017; Kreidler, 2020) to finding medicinal uses for corals and sponges (Essack et al., 2011; Shrestha et al., 2018). Due to the vast area of unexplored seafloor within the U.S. exclusive economic zone (EEZ; 200 nautical miles off the coast) and the technological requirements and expanse of deep-sea research, there is still much to learn about the distributions and biology of DSCS. This information is critical to resource managers for effective conservation and management of DSCS habitats. Protections are provided by the Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC) designation of groundfish EFH conservation areas (EFHCA) and the National Marine Sanctuaries Act (NMSA). Areas designated as EFHCA are closed to bottom trawl fishing to protect and preserve seafloor habitats. Recently the PFMC adopted Amendment 28 to the Groundfish Fishery Management Plan (GFMP; Pacific Fishery Management Council, 2019) which modified EFHCAs by closing new areas identified as vulnerable and reopening areas deemed not vulnerable. The NMSA prohibits bottom disturbance from certain activities within areas designated as national marine sanctuaries, such as oil and gas exploration or extraction, cable laying, and other forms of seabed alteration or construction that disturb benthic communities. \n\nNOAA’s Deep-Sea Coral and Research Technology Program (DSCRTP) began a 4-yr funding initiative for the U.S. West Coast in 2017. The goals of the West Coast Deep-Sea Coral Initiative (WCDSCI) were to: 1) gather baseline information on areas subject to fishing regulation changes prior to the implementation of Amendment 28; 2) improve our understanding of known DSCS bycatch “hot spots”; and 3) explore and assess DSCS resources within NOAA National Marine Sanctuaries with emphasis on areas of sanctuary resource protection and management concerns. During the first year of the program, a research cruise was developed to survey the West Coast from Oregon to California studying the DSCS ecosystems in priority areas. The 31-day expedition (9 Oct – 8 Nov, 2018) was launched from the NOAA Ship Bell M. Shimada, beginning in Newport, OR and ending in San Diego, CA. \n\nThe science team assembled for this cruise were members of the EXpanding Pacific Research and Exploration of Submerged Systems (EXPRESS) campaign, which brings together researchers from federal and nonfederal institutions to collaborate on scientific expeditions targeting the deepwater areas off California, Oregon, and Washington. EXPRESS supports researchers leveraging funding, resources, personnel, and expertise to accomplish more science than would have been possible by a single entity alone. The 2018 coastwide expedition included research partners from National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC) and Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NWFSC), National Ocean Service (Channel Islands, Cordell Bank, Greater Farallones, and Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuaries), Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI). \n\nResearch objectives for the cruise were to:\n\n1) Collect DSCS baseline information at 10 of the EFHCA sites undergoing protection modifications by the Pacific Fishery Management Council.\n\n2) Collect DSCS and fish data at previously unexplored sites within West Coast National Marine Sanctuaries.\n\n3) Revisit a subset of previously surveyed sites to document if changes in DCSC have occurred over time.\n\n4) Collect information to validate BOEM supported cross-shelf habitat suitability models for DSCS.\n\n5) Collect samples to help in identifying (and understanding) West Coast DSCS and expand use of new technologies (ROV, AUV, and environmental DNA [eDNA]).\n\n6) Collect water samples for coastwide eDNA, nutrient, and carbon chemistry studies.","language":"English","publisher":"NOAA","doi":"10.25923/sd6f-j739","usgsCitation":"Laidig, T., Watters, D., Prouty, N.G., Everett, M., Duncan, L., Clarke, L., Caldow, C., and Demopoulos, A., 2021, A characterization of deep-sea coral and sponge communities along the California and Oregon coast using a remotely operated vehicle on the EXPRESS 2018 expedition: NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SWFSC 657, 122 p., https://doi.org/10.25923/sd6f-j739.","productDescription":"122 p.","ipdsId":"IP-134460","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":394597,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -126.01318359375001,\n 34.288991865037524\n ],\n [\n -120.498046875,\n 34.288991865037524\n ],\n [\n -120.498046875,\n 46.08847179577592\n ],\n [\n -126.01318359375001,\n 46.08847179577592\n ],\n [\n -126.01318359375001,\n 34.288991865037524\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laidig, Tom","contributorId":270131,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Laidig","given":"Tom","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":56090,"text":"NOAA Fisheries, SWFSC, Fisheries Ecology Division, Santa Cruz, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":828462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watters, Diana","contributorId":270132,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Watters","given":"Diana","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":56090,"text":"NOAA Fisheries, SWFSC, Fisheries Ecology Division, Santa Cruz, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":828463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prouty, Nancy G. 0000-0002-8922-0688 nprouty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8922-0688","contributorId":3350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prouty","given":"Nancy","email":"nprouty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Everett, Meredith","contributorId":270133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Everett","given":"Meredith","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":56092,"text":"NOAA Fisheries, NWFSC, Seattle WA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":828465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Duncan, Lizzie","contributorId":270134,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duncan","given":"Lizzie","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":56094,"text":"NOAA, NOS, Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary, Santa Barbara, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":828466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Clarke, Liz","contributorId":270135,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clarke","given":"Liz","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":56092,"text":"NOAA Fisheries, NWFSC, Seattle WA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":828467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Caldow, Chris","contributorId":270136,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caldow","given":"Chris","affiliations":[{"id":56094,"text":"NOAA, NOS, Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary, Santa Barbara, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":828468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Demopoulos, Amanda 0000-0003-2096-4694","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2096-4694","contributorId":222185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demopoulos","given":"Amanda","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70226621,"text":"ofr20211078 - 2021 - Quantification of metal loading using tracer dilution and instantaneous synoptic sampling and importance of diel cycling in Leavenworth Creek, Clear Creek County, Colorado, 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-16T21:16:26.305379","indexId":"ofr20211078","displayToPublicDate":"2021-12-01T11:10:00","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2021-1078","displayTitle":"Quantification of Metal Loading Using Tracer Dilution and Instantaneous Synoptic Sampling and Importance of Diel Cycling in Leavenworth Creek, Clear Creek County, Colorado, 2012","title":"Quantification of metal loading using tracer dilution and instantaneous synoptic sampling and importance of diel cycling in Leavenworth Creek, Clear Creek County, Colorado, 2012","docAbstract":"Leavenworth Creek, a tributary of South Clear Creek and Clear Creek near Georgetown, Colorado, contains copper, lead, and zinc at concentrations close to or in excess of aquatic-life standards. In the summer of 2012, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and the Colorado Division of Reclamation, Mining and Safety, conducted monitoring to (1) quantify the effects of diel cycling and perform synoptic sampling in a way to minimize those effects, (2) separate “point” or distinct single tributaries or sources of load from diffuse load sources along the study reach to aid remediation planning, and (3) quantify metal loading from transmountain diversion of water from Peru Creek through the Vidler Tunnel into Leavenworth Creek. The study included monitoring for diel cycles in June 2012 and diel and synoptic sampling in August 2012 along an approximately 2-kilometer stream reach. Synoptic samples were collected at 26 stream and 35 inflow, tributary, mine waste seep, and mine tunnel sites from August 28 to 30, 2012.
In June 2012, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH showed strong diel signals at two sites in Leavenworth Creek, with temperature and pH having minimum values near dawn and maximum values during the afternoon and dissolved oxygen having maximum values in the early morning and minimum values in late afternoon. Concentrations of zinc, cadmium, cobalt, manganese, and yttrium showed strong diel fluctuations at both sites with minimum concentrations during daytime and maximum concentrations during nighttime. Because of these diel cycles, all stream sites were sampled during synoptic sampling at 1200 hours on August 30, 2012. During synoptic sampling from August 28 to 30, 2012, zinc showed maximum concentrations at nighttime and minimum concentrations at midday and diel variation ranged from 26 to 33 percent.
Inflows from the Wilcox Tunnel and Waldorf seep area were the greatest source of zinc load to the stream (about 45 percent), and a left-bank inflow in the dispersed tailings area was the greatest source of lead (about 45 percent) and manganese (about 25 percent) loads to the stream, and a secondary source for zinc (about 40 percent). Copper load was almost equally divided (about 35 percent) between these two sources. Diffuse loading, likely from left-bank sources, was evident for copper, lead, manganese, and zinc in the stream reach from approximately 800 to 1,200 meters, and for copper, lead, and, to a lesser extent, manganese in the reach containing left-bank dispersed tailings (from approximately 1,300 to 1,800 meters). The load values reported herein are minimum estimates because the stream synoptic samples were collected at 1200 hours when positively charged elements, including copper, lead, manganese, and zinc, have minimum concentrations. Diel patterns measured for zinc during the synoptic sampling indicate maximum daily zinc loads were as much as 33 percent greater than those measured at 1200 hours on August 30, 2012.
Transmountain diversion of water through Vidler Tunnel negatively affects water quality in Leavenworth Creek as indicated by much greater metal loads and concentrations and a visually evident mixing zone where Vidler Tunnel water joins Leavenworth Creek when diversion is active compared to when it is not.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20211078","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and the Colorado Division of Reclamation, Mining and Safety","usgsCitation":"Walton-Day, K., Runkel, R.L., Smith, C.D., and Kimball, B.A., 2021, Quantification of metal loading using tracer dilution and instantaneous synoptic sampling and importance of diel cycling in Leavenworth Creek, Clear Creek County, Colorado, 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1078, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211078.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 37 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-102543","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392247,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HGC2V4","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Stream discharge, sodium, bromide, and specific conductance data for stream and hyporheic zone samples affected by injection of sodium bromide tracer, Leavenworth Creek, Clear Creek County, Colorado, August 2012"},{"id":392246,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1078/ofr20211078.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.21 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2021-1078"},{"id":392245,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1078/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Clear Creek County","otherGeospatial":"Leavenworth Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.86219787597655,\n 39.595371402863655\n ],\n [\n -105.69602966308594,\n 39.595371402863655\n ],\n [\n -105.69602966308594,\n 39.71405356154611\n ],\n [\n -105.86219787597655,\n 39.71405356154611\n ],\n [\n -105.86219787597655,\n 39.595371402863655\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Colorado Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS 415
Denver, CO 80225
The South Loup River in central Nebraska has been impaired by bacteria since at least 2004, which has resulted in the river not meeting its intended use as a recreational waterway. As part of a strategy for reducing the bacterial load in the river, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Lower Loup Natural Resources District, made continuous estimates of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and nutrient concentrations during seasonal monitoring at the South Loup River at Saint Michael, Nebraska, during 2017–18. Continuous turbidity data were collected from mid-April through October in 2017 and 2018 and were paired with 35 co-occurring discrete water samples that were analyzed for E. coli, nutrients, and suspended solids. Surrogate models relating the discrete concentrations to the continuous turbidity data were developed using ordinary-least-squares regression and were evaluated for model performance and uncertainty. Although the model assumptions were met for E. coli, the imprecision of the E. coli model was considerably higher than the other constituents, probably because of measurement imprecision and greater sensitivity to environmental factors. Once the models were developed, the turbidity data were used to predict continuous constituent concentrations and corresponding prediction intervals, which were made available online as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System database. It is expected that results from these models will provide stakeholders with an understanding of constituent concentrations during the 2017–18 monitoring period and the results will also provide a good reference point for any future comparisons.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215120","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lower Loup Natural Resources District","usgsCitation":"Rus, D.L., and Densmore, B.K., 2021, Continuous turbidity data used to compute constituent concentrations in the South Loup River, Nebraska, 2017–18: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5120, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215120.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 10 p.; 2 Datasets","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-127801","costCenters":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392236,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5120/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":392237,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5120/sir20215120.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.54 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2021–5120"},{"id":392238,"rank":3,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://www.waterqualitydata.us/","text":"National Water Quality Monitoring Council website and digital data","linkHelpText":"— Water quality portal"},{"id":392239,"rank":4,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System database","linkHelpText":"— USGS water data for the Nation"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"South Loup River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100.667724609375,\n 40.93841495689795\n ],\n [\n -98.2177734375,\n 40.93841495689795\n ],\n [\n -98.2177734375,\n 42.02481360781777\n ],\n [\n -100.667724609375,\n 42.02481360781777\n ],\n [\n -100.667724609375,\n 40.93841495689795\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Nebraska Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
5231 South 19th Street
Lincoln, NE 68512
—Double-Crested Cormorants (Nannopterum auritum) and Neotropic Cormorants (Nannopterum brasilianum) are thought to be expanding their populations across Texas. This expansion is cause for a concern for both fish stocking and fisheries management in public waters. To examine the historic and current populations and distributions of cormorants, we first evaluated the temporal and spatial patterns of cormorants in Texas. Also, because cormorants are thought to depredate public fisheries, we conducted a small observational field study to assess cormorant presence and behavior at lakes relative to fish stocking. We compiled Christmas Bird Count (CBC) data for both species over a period of fifty years (1970 to 2019). We assessed changes in detection rates at CBCs among years as evidence of population trends during the winter, and changes in distance from the Gulf Coast of CBCs reporting cormorants for evidence of changes in distribution. Our results suggest that winter populations of Double-Crested Cormorants are relatively stable, with no meaningful change in distribution. In contrast, Neotropic Cormorants appear to be both increasing in number and expanding their range. Our assessment of cormorant abundance and behavior at stocked and unstocked lakes from December through February revealed a significant difference in detections among the stocked lakes during pre- and post-stocking but no significant difference among the control lakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Texas Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Morris, S.A., Boal, C.W., and Patino, R., 2021, Assessing cormorant populations and association with fish stocking in Texas: Bulletin of the Texas Ornithological Society, v. 54, no. 1-2, p. 1-8.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"8","ipdsId":"IP-135215","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":432308,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://texasbirds.org/publications/bulletin-of-the-texas-ornithological-society/"},{"id":433509,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"54","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morris, Sophie A.","contributorId":341918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morris","given":"Sophie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":36331,"text":"Texas Tech University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":909160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boal, Clint W. 0000-0001-6008-8911 cboal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6008-8911","contributorId":1909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boal","given":"Clint","email":"cboal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":909159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Patino, Reynaldo 0000-0002-4831-8400 r.patino@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4831-8400","contributorId":2311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patino","given":"Reynaldo","email":"r.patino@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":909161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70226872,"text":"70226872 - 2021 - Dispersion and stratification dynamics in the upper Sacramento River deep water ship channel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-17T14:52:22.814771","indexId":"70226872","displayToPublicDate":"2021-12-01T08:45:51","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3331,"text":"San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dispersion and stratification dynamics in the upper Sacramento River deep water ship channel","docAbstract":"Hydrodynamics control the movement of water and material within and among habitats, where time-scales of mixing can exert bottom-up regulatory effects on aquatic ecosystems through their influence on primary production. The San Francisco Estuary (estuary) is a low-productivity ecosystem, which is in part responsible for constraining higher trophic levels, including fishes. Many research and habitat-restoration efforts trying to increase primary production have been conducted, including, as described here, a whole-ecosystem nutrient addition experiment where calcium nitrate was applied in the Sacramento River Deep Water Ship Channel (DWSC) to see if phytoplankton production could be increased and exported out of the DWSC. As an integral part of this experiment, we investigated the physical mechanisms that control mixing, and how these mechanisms affect the strength and duration of thermal stratification, which we revealed as critical for controlling phytoplankton dynamics in the relatively turbid upper DWSC. Analysis of a suite of mixing mechanisms and time-scales show that both tidal currents and wind control mixing rates and stratification dynamics in the DWSC. Longitudinal and vertical dispersion increased during periods of high wind, during which wind speed influenced dispersion more than tidal currents. Thermal stratification developed most days, which slowed vertical mixing but was rapidly broken down by wind-induced mixing. Stratification rarely persisted for longer than 24 hours, limiting phytoplankton production in the study area. The interaction between physical mechanisms that control mixing rates, mediate stratification dynamics, and ultimately limit primary production in the DWSC may be useful in informing habitat restoration elsewhere in the Delta and in other turbid aquatic environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of California Davis","doi":"10.15447/sfews.2021v19iss4art5","usgsCitation":"Lenoch, L., Stumpner, P., Burau, J.R., Loken, L.C., and Sadro, S., 2021, Dispersion and stratification dynamics in the upper Sacramento River deep water ship channel: San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science, v. 19, no. 4, 5, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.15447/sfews.2021v19iss4art5.","productDescription":"5, 30 p.","ipdsId":"IP-125060","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":450107,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.15447/sfews.2021v19iss4art5","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":393047,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"upper Sacramento River Deep Water Ship Channel","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.87683105468749,\n 38.05890484918669\n ],\n [\n -121.5472412109375,\n 38.05890484918669\n ],\n [\n -121.5472412109375,\n 38.617943458629746\n ],\n [\n -121.87683105468749,\n 38.617943458629746\n ],\n [\n -121.87683105468749,\n 38.05890484918669\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lenoch, Leah 0000-0003-4613-0858","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4613-0858","contributorId":270181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenoch","given":"Leah","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stumpner, Paul 0000-0002-0933-7895 pstump@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0933-7895","contributorId":5667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stumpner","given":"Paul","email":"pstump@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burau, Jon R. 0000-0002-5196-5035 jrburau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":1500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"Jon","email":"jrburau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Loken, Luke C. 0000-0003-3194-1498 lloken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3194-1498","contributorId":195600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loken","given":"Luke","email":"lloken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sadro, Steven 0000-0002-6416-3840","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6416-3840","contributorId":139662,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sadro","given":"Steven","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12871,"text":"Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":828560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70236081,"text":"70236081 - 2021 - Changes in liquefaction severity in the San Francisco Bay Area with sea-level rise","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-29T12:15:11.769298","indexId":"70236081","displayToPublicDate":"2021-12-01T07:11:23","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Changes in liquefaction severity in the San Francisco Bay Area with sea-level rise","docAbstract":"This paper studies the impacts of sea-level rise on liquefaction triggering and severity around the San Francisco Bay Area, California, for the M 7.0 “HayWired” earthquake scenario along the Hayward fault. This work emerged from stakeholder engagement for the US Geological Survey releases of the HayWired earthquake scenario and the Coastal Storm Modeling System projects, in which local planners and engineers asked where, why, and by how much liquefaction hazards may change due to sea-level rise in the future. We assess the impacts of sea-level rise on liquefaction by computing changes in liquefaction potential index (LPI) for over 400 cone penetration test (CPT) soundings around the San Francisco Bay for groundwater table models developed for current and increased sea levels of up to 5 m. For the M 7.0 HayWired earthquake scenario, we find that while the majority of sites are insensitive to sea-level changes of less than 1 m, some sites are highly sensitive to small changes in water levels. We then repeat these analyses for a uniform shaking scenario to isolate the effects of sea-level rise and we find similar patterns of change. For both earthquake scenarios, modest changes in overall LPI are expected for increases in sea level, but individual sites may see significant increases in liquefaction likelihood and severity.
Climate change poses an increasing threat to achieving development goals and is often considered in development plans and project designs. However, there have been challenges in the effective implementation of those plans, particularly in the sustained engagement of the communities to undertake adaptive actions, but also due to insufficient scientific information to inform management decisions. Madagascar is a country rich in natural capital and biodiversity but with high levels of poverty, food insecurity, population growth, and exploitation of natural resources. The country faces development and environmental challenges that may be intensified by climate change. The objective of this review is to provide a synthesis of the best-available information regarding climate change impacts on sectoral interests in Madagascar. To do this, we conducted a review of recent literature and conducted formal discussions with development agencies, non-government organizations (NGOs), and other stakeholders. Climate risks in Madagascar include increasing temperatures, reduced and more variable precipitation, more frequent droughts, more intense cyclones, and rising sea levels. We synthesized the observed and projected impacts of climate change on water resources, agriculture, human health, coastal ecosystems, fisheries, and terrestrial ecosystems and ecosystem services, and we discuss ongoing climate adaptation and mitigation activities. Because sectoral challenges and opportunities are linked, coordination among development organizations would be beneficial as they create new climate adaptation and mitigation initiatives.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecology and Society","doi":"10.5751/ES-12816-260436","usgsCitation":"Weiskopf, S.R., Cushing, J.A., Morelli, T.L., and Myers, B., 2021, Climate change risks and adaptation options for Madagascar: Ecology and Society, v. 26, no. 4, 36, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-12816-260436.","productDescription":"36, 35 p.","ipdsId":"IP-120206","costCenters":[{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36940,"text":"National Climate Adaptation Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":450117,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5751/es-12816-260436","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":393008,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Madagascar","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 50.185546875,\n -12.125264218331578\n ],\n [\n 49.482421875,\n -11.350796722383672\n ],\n [\n 47.4609375,\n -12.297068292853805\n ],\n [\n 45.703125,\n -14.179186142354169\n ],\n [\n 43.154296875,\n -15.792253570362446\n ],\n [\n 42.978515625,\n -18.22935133838667\n ],\n [\n 42.01171875,\n -21.207458730482642\n ],\n [\n 42.099609375,\n -24.367113562651262\n ],\n [\n 43.59375,\n -25.562265014427492\n ],\n [\n 47.109375,\n -26.667095801104804\n ],\n [\n 49.130859375,\n -22.836945920943844\n ],\n [\n 51.591796875,\n -15.876809064146757\n ],\n [\n 50.185546875,\n -12.125264218331578\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weiskopf, Sarah R. 0000-0002-5933-8191","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5933-8191","contributorId":207699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiskopf","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cushing, Janet Alice 0000-0001-6494-8747","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6494-8747","contributorId":247514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cushing","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"Alice","affiliations":[{"id":36940,"text":"National Climate Adaptation Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morelli, Toni Lyn 0000-0001-5865-5294 tmorelli@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5865-5294","contributorId":197458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morelli","given":"Toni","email":"tmorelli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Lyn","affiliations":[{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5080,"text":"Northeast Climate Adaptation Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Myers, Bonnie 0000-0002-3170-2633","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3170-2633","contributorId":219702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"Bonnie","affiliations":[{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70256744,"text":"70256744 - 2021 - Factors limiting reproductive success of American Oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus) in Florida's southern Big Bend region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-08-13T11:26:30.016312","indexId":"70256744","displayToPublicDate":"2021-12-01T06:23:31","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Factors limiting reproductive success of American Oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus) in Florida's southern Big Bend region","title":"Factors limiting reproductive success of American Oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus) in Florida's southern Big Bend region","docAbstract":"Florida's Big Bend region hosts the second largest concentration of breeding American Oystercatchers in the state, but reproductive success is low. Nest site characteristics and predation were examined to determine their influence on survival of nests and broods at two areas in the southern Big Bend (Cedar Key and Barge Canal). The probability of a nest surviving in Cedar Key was low (x̄ = 0.25, CI = 0.13–0.41) and limited by nest overwash (46% of known nest attempts); survival of nests at Barge Canal was much higher (x̄ = 0.45, CI = 0.31–0.58). However, 40% of chicks that survived to fledge (35 days) at Barge Canal died before reaching independence (60 days). Raccoon presence and hatch date were negatively correlated with brood survival at Barge Canal. Finally, chicks at Barge Canal weighed less and were smaller compared to chicks at an Atlantic Coast site, which may be related to low abundance of live oysters within 100 m of their nest sites. Efforts to enhance oystercatcher reproductive success may require different approaches for each site: habitat restoration to increase elevation of nest sites in Cedar Key and reduction of predators at Barge Canal.
Aquatic systems in and around the Long Island Sound (LIS) provide a variety of ecological and economic benefits, but in some areas of the LIS, aquatic ecosystems have become degraded by excess nitrogen. A substantial fraction of the nitrogen inputs to the LIS are transported through the groundwater-flow system. Because groundwater travel times in surficial aquifers can exceed 100 years, multiyear lags are introduced between inputs at the water table in recharge areas and discharge to inland or coastal receiving waters. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Long Island Sound Study, developed a steady-state groundwater model of the watersheds draining from the northern shore of the LIS for the purpose of calculating groundwater budgets and travel times to coastal waters.
The model was developed by using the MODFLOW–NWT software and existing spatial data on aquifers, river networks, land-surface altitudes, land cover, groundwater recharge, and water use. Coastal waters were delineated on the basis of the National Wetland Inventory; all non-coastal waters were collectively termed “inland waters.” A coarse-resolution model was calibrated by using the PEST++ software, long-term records of water levels in 65 wells, stream altitudes from 477 streams, base-flow records for 14 streamgages that are relatively unaffected by withdrawals, and error metrics based on incorrectly simulated flooding and incorrectly simulated dry streams. The calibrated values were used in a fine-resolution model in which the mean absolute residuals were 4.5 meters for groundwater levels, 1.3 meters for stream altitudes, and 7,200 cubic meters per day (2.9 cubic feet per second) for base flow. About 89 percent of the terrestrial cells were correctly simulated with the water table below land surface, and nearly 90 percent of the cells representing streams were correctly simulated as having the water table above the stream bottom. Together, these metrics suggest that this model is robust for simulating regional-scale groundwater patterns.
Simulated groundwater budgets were compiled for the entire study area, for each HUC12 (Hydrologic Unit Code no. 12) watershed and its adjacent coastal waters, if applicable, within the study area, and for 14 coastal-embayment watersheds. Most groundwater (90.6 percent of inflows) discharged to inland waters, with smaller fractions to coastal waters (7.0 percent) and well withdrawals (2.4 percent). When computed for HUC12 watersheds with coastal discharge, the portions of groundwater discharging to coastal waters ranged from 0.02 to 66 percent of groundwater outflows, with a median of 13 percent. Within priority-embayment watersheds, the portions of groundwater discharging to coastal waters ranged from 2 to 56 percent, with a median of 15 percent.
Groundwater travel times also were simulated for the entire study area, for each HUC12 watershed and its adjacent coastal waters, if applicable, within the study area and for 14 priority coastal embayments. Within the entire study area, the median groundwater travel time was 1.9 years, with an interquartile range of 0.1 to 5.9 years. Sensitivity analysis of groundwater travel times within a subbasin in the study area indicates that the travel times are a function of the grid resolution, with coarser grids resulting in shorter median travel times. Travel times for groundwater discharging to coastal waters were similar to travel times for groundwater discharging to inland waters, with a median of 1.9 years. Median travel times for the HUC12 watersheds ranged from 0.9 to 53.5 years, with a median of 1.8 years. Among HUC12 watersheds that include coastal areas, travel times for groundwater discharging to coastal waters ranged from less than 1 to 61.6 years, with a median of 2.8 years. The HUC12 watersheds with the longest simulated travel times were in the urban area near New York City where the model performance is less accurate. Median travel times for groundwater discharging to coastal waters within the priority-embayment watersheds ranged from less than 1 to 18.6 years, with a median of 2.3 years.
A more focused analysis was conducted for the Niantic River watershed to demonstrate the applicability of the regional model to local-scale nitrogen-transport analyses by using nitrogen-input and -attenuation rates from literature sources. Nitrogen inputs were estimated by using land-cover-based loading factors, and attenuation was estimated by using attenuation factors based on geologic zones and soil properties. Based on this analysis, groundwater transports an estimated 22,000 kilograms of nitrogen per year (2.9 kilograms of nitrogen per hectare per year) to streams, rivers, and coastal waters within the Niantic River watershed. Approximately 36 percent of discharging nitrogen is from atmospheric-deposition sources, 38 percent is from fertilizers, and 26 percent is from septic systems. Most of the groundwater-transported nitrogen (88 percent) discharges first to streams and rivers, with only 12 percent discharging directly to coastal waters. Travel times for groundwater-transported nitrogen ranged from less than 1 day to more than 100 years, with a median of 1.6 years.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215116","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s Long Island Sound Study and the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Barclay, J.R., and Mullaney, J.R., 2021, Simulation of groundwater budgets and travel times for watersheds on the north shore of Long Island Sound, with implications for nitrogen-transport studies: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5116, 84 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215116.","productDescription":"Report: x, 84 p.; 2 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"84","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-117840","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":391933,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P91TQ895","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Summary data on groundwater budgets and travel times for watersheds on the north shore of Long Island Sound"},{"id":391932,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BLHPIT","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW–NWT and MODPATH groundwater flow models of steady-state conditions in coastal Connecticut and adjacent areas of New York and Rhode Island, as well as a nitrogen transport model of the Niantic River watershed"},{"id":391931,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5116/sir20215116.pdf","text":"Report","size":"30.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2021-5116"},{"id":391930,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5116/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, New York, Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Long island Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.9324951171875,\n 40.826280356677124\n ],\n [\n -71.45782470703125,\n 40.826280356677124\n ],\n [\n -71.45782470703125,\n 41.50857729743935\n ],\n [\n -73.9324951171875,\n 41.50857729743935\n ],\n [\n -73.9324951171875,\n 40.826280356677124\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Bearfoot Road
Northborough, MA 01532
Evaluations of resource use among native piscivores in natural lakes have consistently documented significant partitioning that supports coexistence. Partitioning may be less prominent in reservoirs where water-level fluctuations can compress habitat and trophic diversity, but studies are lacking. Stable isotopes and bioenergetic models were used to quantify trophic interactions within a native piscivore assemblage inhabiting a temperate irrigation reservoir and explore implications for coexistence with a focus on threatened bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus). As hypothesised, adult bull trout exhibited the greatest degree of trophic specialisation by consuming mostly coldwater pelagic forage fish, which were consumed seasonally by the more abundant burbot (Lota lota) and northern pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis). Numerous trophic niche overlap probabilities exceeded 70%, were as high as 93% and greatest between bull trout and burbot. Bioenergetics simulations demonstrated the high seasonal consumption capacity of burbot relative to northern pikeminnow. As a result, threefold to fourfold fewer burbot were required to consume the annual productivity of coldwater prey important for bull trout, particularly in the absence of small-bodied mesothermic or eurythermal fish as a buffer. Collectively, our analysis elucidated relatively strong trophic niche overlap among similarly sized piscivores, the importance of maintaining a diverse forage fish community for promoting coexistence and the greatest potential for competitive interactions between adult bull trout and burbot if key prey were limited or less diverse. More studies in regulated systems are needed to test for consistent patterns and identify mechanisms that limit or promote coexistence amid growing human-induced environmental change and demands on freshwater.
Managers of our Nation’s resources face unprecedented challenges driven by the convergence of increasing, competing societal demands and a changing climate that affects the stability, vulnerability, and predictability of those resources. To help meet these challenges, the scientific community must take advantage of all available technologies, data, and integrative Earth systems modeling capacity to better inform resource and risk management decisions. This is the overarching goal of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Monitoring, Analysis, and Prediction (EarthMAP) vision: “By 2030, the USGS will deliver well integrated observations and predictions of the future state of natural systems—water, ecosystems, energy, minerals, hazards—at regional and national scales, working primarily with federal, state, and academic partners to develop and operate the capability” (U.S. Geological Survey, 2021).
Providing more integrated Earth systems science and actionable information to decision makers, stakeholders, and the public requires a better understanding of the depth and distribution of existing capacity (capabilities, tools, and techniques) across the Bureau. Identifying existing capacity is also a critical first step toward gap analysis and targeted investments to increase capacity over time. The USGS formed a Capacity Assessment Team (CAT) and charged it with (1) conducting a Request for Information (RFI) to identify existing USGS expertise and activities supportive of integrated and predictive science to inform decision making, (2) developing a strategy and proof-of-concept for a continuously updated capacity assessment capability, and (3) identifying lessons learned to inform development of best practices for future capacity assessment efforts.
The RFI took the form of a survey, with content guided by the science and technology needs identified in a USGS report titled “Grand Challenges for Integrated U.S. Geological Survey Science—A Workshop Report” (Jenni and others, 2017). The 44-question survey provided respondents the ability to rate their level of experience with a suite of priority disciplines, analysis and modeling approaches, technologies, and stakeholder engagement strategies and to enter optional narrative text for supporting context. An introductory portion focused on general science capacity assessment, followed by three sections targeting capabilities related to the foundational components of EarthMAP: (1) data and information integration, (2) integrated predictive science, and (3) actionable information.
The survey results provided a high-level snapshot of USGS capacity in the targeted areas. Respondents (1,035 individuals) represented approximately 13 percent of the USGS across all mission areas and regions. Seventy-four percent of the respondents held a science-focused position title and the remainder had position titles in information technology, computer science, management, administrative, or other (contractors, volunteers, emeritus, and unknown). To provide greater insight into respondent capabilities and activities, information from the U.S. Department of the Interior and USGS enterprise information systems were used to further characterize topical expertise and organizational associations of survey respondents. To address the ongoing need to assess the Bureau’s capacity to address integrated predictive science priorities, the CAT developed a software-based proof-of-concept called the Integrated Science Assessment Information Database (iSAID) for assembling various information sources together toward making the full extent of USGS capabilities and scientific assets available for routine capacity assessment. This proof-of-concept is intended to serve as a catalyst for further development. The process of implementing the EarthMAP capacity assessment survey, analyzing survey responses, and developing the proof-of-concept resulted in lessons learned, findings, and recommendations. Example scenarios throughout the report demonstrate how capacity assessment data can inform science planning. Three overarching findings and recommendations are:
(1) Finding: Capacity is limited in some critical disciplines, skills, and technology applications, but “sufficient” depends on the question and the need relative to availability at a given point in time.
Recommendation: Develop an on-demand capacity assessment framework that enables rapid identification and evaluation of existing and available expertise to support decision needs as they arise.
(2) Finding: Institutional barriers and lack of awareness constrain the ability of USGS staff to adopt new technologies, collaborate across administrative boundaries, and deliver actionable information to stakeholders in a timely manner. However, these barriers are not universally experienced.
Recommendation: Pursue more targeted inquiries to clarify which institutional barriers are obstructing the adoption of new technologies and approaches or the sharing of expertise and equipment across organizational and regional boundaries. These inquiries should inform USGS leadership, mission areas, and regions whether policies can be revised or whether a lack of understanding is creating perceived obstacles. Highlight cases when staff have successfully adopted new technologies and approaches to advance EarthMAP priorities and provide actionable information in a timely manner to spread awareness of how perceived obstacles can be navigated and overcome when appropriate.
(3) Finding: Examples of people and projects integrating across disciplines and scales and applying advanced approaches to meet complex stakeholder needs exist. Such examples provide transfer value across the spectrum from approach to decision making. Many projects, already underway, appear to meet elements of the EarthMAP vision, and the USGS has people who can provide leadership in multiple types of specific integrated science efforts.
Recommendation: Use these findings as a starting point for near-term strategic planning for integrated science. Highlight, incentivize, and build on existing interdisciplinary predictive science and information delivery activities across the USGS to advance toward further realization of an EarthMAP capacity.
The CAT efforts to develop and assess existing USGS capacity to advance the EarthMAP vision revealed a fundamental challenge for not only this effort but any effort to assess existing capacity: A considerable amount of thought, time, and effort is required to survey and assess capabilities and tools available to support a given need, yet best results are still likely to provide an incomplete assessment. To better meet the frequent need to assess capabilities, tools, products, and projects that address an expressed strategic priority, the CAT proposes the concept of an on-demand capacity assessment framework supported by a software package that dynamically pulls and integrates information from existing USGS information systems and public domain registries. Although existing USGS enterprise information systems currently lack the structure, cross-system consistency, interoperability, and stability to support a continuously updated capacity assessment capability, we identify reasonable near-term steps to improve the utility of information gathered on expertise and project capacity and to improve the consistency and completeness of information and the ability of USGS systems to share that information. The ability to search and characterize this information will make future assessments of capacity faster, more complete, more efficient, and more targeted. This approach would grow the Bureau’s capacity knowledge over time, iteratively improving the ability to access, leverage, and synthesize existing capabilities and assets as well as identify and fill critical gaps. The greatest promise for developing integrated science could lie in linking across existing projects and expertise to create a multi-project capacity for addressing large, complex environmental issues.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20211102","usgsCitation":"Keisman, J.L., Bristol, S., Brown, D.S., Flickinger, A.K., Gunther, G., Murdoch, P.S., Musgrove, M., Nelson, J.C., Steyer, G.D., Thomas, K.A., and Waite, I.R., 2021, Capacity assessment for Earth Monitoring, Analysis, and Prediction (EarthMAP) and future integrated monitoring and predictive science at the U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021-1102, 110 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211102.","productDescription":"Report: v, 110 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"110","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-129970","costCenters":[{"id":208,"text":"Core Science Analytics and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392008,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BB5NMZ","linkHelpText":"USGS Earthmap Capacity Assessment Dataset"},{"id":392006,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1102/images"},{"id":392005,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1102/ofr20211102.xml"},{"id":392004,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1102/ofr20211102.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":392003,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1102/covrthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director,
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
The widespread application of directional drilling and hydraulic fracturing technologies expanded oil and gas (OG) development to previously inaccessible resources. A single OG well can generate millions of liters of wastewater, which is a mixture of brine produced from the fractured formations and injected hydraulic fracturing fluids (HFFs). With thousands of wells completed each year, safe management of OG wastewaters has become a major challenge to the industry and regulators. OG wastewaters are commonly disposed of by underground injection, and previous research showed that surface activities at an Underground Injection Control (UIC) facility in West Virginia affected stream biogeochemistry and sediment microbial communities immediately downstream from the facility. Because microbially driven processes can control the fate and transport of organic and inorganic components of OG wastewater, we designed a series of aerobic microcosm experiments to assess the influence of high total dissolved solids (TDS) and two common HFF additives—the biocide 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (DBNPA) and ethylene glycol (an anti-scaling additive)—on microbial community structure and function. Microcosms were constructed with sediment collected upstream (background) or downstream (impacted) from the UIC facility in West Virginia. Exposure to elevated TDS resulted in a significant decrease in aerobic respiration, and microbial community analysis following incubation indicated that elevated TDS could be linked to the majority of change in community structure. Over the course of the incubation, the sediment layer in the microcosms became anoxic, and addition of DBNPA was observed to inhibit iron reduction. In general, disruptions to microbial community structure and function were more pronounced in upstream and background sediment microcosms than in impacted sediment microcosms. These results suggest that the microbial community in impacted sediments had adapted following exposure to OG wastewater releases from the site. Our findings demonstrate the potential for releases from an OG wastewater disposal facility to alter microbial communities and biogeochemical processes. We anticipate that these studies will aid in the development of useful models for the potential impact of UIC disposal facilities on adjoining surface water and shallow groundwater.
Reproducing populations of invasive carps (Hypophthalmichthys spp.) could alter aquatic food webs and negatively affect native fishes in the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area (MISS) and the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway (SACN). However, proposed invasive carp barriers may also threaten populations of native migratory fishes by preventing movements of fish between rivers that are necessary for life history requirements. In this study, nonlethal chemical techniques were used to provide baseline data related to the condition, trophic position, and migratory histories of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) captured in the Mississippi and St. Croix Rivers.
Fish length and weight measurements and age estimates determined from pectoral fin rays demonstrated that lake sturgeon from the Mississippi River had greater lengths-at-age compared to sturgeon from the St. Croix River. However, length–weight relations were similar for sturgeon from the Mississippi and St. Croix Rivers. Lake sturgeon captured from different locations had distinguishable fatty acid signatures, and stable isotope analyses demonstrated that lake sturgeon from the Mississippi River generally feed at a higher trophic level than those in the St. Croix River. Strontium-to-calcium ratios (Sr:Ca) from fin ray cross sections indicated that sturgeon captured from the Mississippi River had higher Sr:Ca values than sturgeon captured from the St. Croix River, and natal origins and capture locations were not significantly different among sturgeon captured within individual rivers. Most sturgeon were captured in water with a similar Sr:Ca signature as their natal waters, indicating that there is some separation between populations of lake sturgeon in the St. Croix and Mississippi Rivers. However, Sr:Ca data indicated substantial variation in movement patterns among individual lake sturgeon, indicating that populations interact through migrations of individual fish between rivers.
Study results provide baseline condition and food web structure index data for assessing changes in lake sturgeon populations should invasive carps become established in these areas of the Mississippi and St. Croix Rivers. Controlled-exposure and telemetry studies would help verify and enhance the relations between Sr:Ca signatures in water and lake sturgeon pectoral fin rays to further assess mixing of sturgeons between rivers.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1186/s13717-021-00344-y","usgsCitation":"Ziegeweid, J.R., Bartsch, M., Bartsch, L., Zigler, S., Kennedy, R., and Love, S.A., 2021, Assessing the migratory histories, trophic positions, and conditions of lake sturgeon in the St. Croix and Mississippi Rivers using fin ray microchemistry, stable isotopes, and fatty acid profiles: Ecological Processes, v. 10, 72, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-021-00344-y.","productDescription":"72, 22 p.","ipdsId":"IP-131342","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":450133,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-021-00344-y","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":394505,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River, St. Croix River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.22998046875,\n 44.64911632343077\n ],\n [\n -92.51312255859375,\n 44.64911632343077\n ],\n [\n -92.51312255859375,\n 45.31159750379206\n ],\n [\n -93.22998046875,\n 45.31159750379206\n ],\n [\n -93.22998046875,\n 44.64911632343077\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ziegeweid, Jeffrey R. 0000-0001-7797-3044 jrziege@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7797-3044","contributorId":4166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ziegeweid","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jrziege@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":831106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bartsch, Michelle 0000-0002-9571-5564 mbartsch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9571-5564","contributorId":3165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartsch","given":"Michelle","email":"mbartsch@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":831107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bartsch, Lynn A. 0000-0002-1483-4845 lbartsch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1483-4845","contributorId":149360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartsch","given":"Lynn A.","email":"lbartsch@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":831108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zigler, Steven J. 0000-0002-4153-0652","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4153-0652","contributorId":244025,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zigler","given":"Steven J.","affiliations":[{"id":48800,"text":"Former USGS, UMESC employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":831109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kennedy, Robert J 0000-0003-2135-5022","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2135-5022","contributorId":215686,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Robert J","affiliations":[{"id":39305,"text":"Former UMESC employee - 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U.S. Geological Survey, Water Mission Area
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, MS 432
Reston, Virginia 20192
The noble gas temperature climate proxy is an established tool that has previously been applied to determine the source of groundwater recharge, however, unanswered questions remain. In fractured media (e.g., volcanic islands) recharge can be so rapid that groundwater is significantly depleted in heavy noble gases, indicating that the water has retained noble gas concentrations from higher elevations. Previous studies of rain samples have confirmed a match to patterns seen in fractured-rock groundwater for heavy noble gases along with a significant helium excess. Snow has been shown to be a credible source for both the helium excess and the observed heavy noble gas pattern. Here, liquid cloud water samples were collected at two mountainous sites and analyzed for noble gas concentrations. A pattern like that of rainwater was found. However, an analysis of diffusive uptake of noble gases into cloud water demonstrates that droplets of 1 mm diameter and smaller should be in constant solubility equilibrium with the atmosphere. To explain this, we present a novel hypothesis that relies on the assumption that liquid water consists of two types of water molecule clusters bounded by hydrogen bonds: a low-density ice-like structure and a high-density condensed structure. In this model, the pressure gradient near the surface of a droplet resulting from surface tension could allow for the formation of a surface layer that is rich in ice-like low density clusters. This can explain both the helium excess and the heavy noble gas depletion seen in the samples.
Indicator species are species which can be monitored as an index to measure the overall health of an ecosystem. Crocodylians have been shown to be good indicators of wetland condition as they respond to changes in hydrology, can be efficiently monitored, and are a key part of ecosystem trophic relationships. Eye shine surveys at night are a standard method used to sample alligators, but because some individuals that are present in a study area may go undetected and the proportion of individuals counted is not constant over time, appropriate modeling is required to convert counts to estimates of abundance. We analyzed 13 years of American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) survey count data from South Florida using an N-mixture model. Alligator abundance estimates were assigned to quartiles that were then represented as color coded categories of red, yellow, or green to provide a straightforward rating of Everglades restoration based on familiar stoplight coloring. These results were then compared to a previously used method in which unadjusted counts of these same data were assigned to color coded quartile categories. Water depth played a major role in the detection probability of alligators and the stoplight colors between the two methods matched 76% of the time. This suggests that the original stoplight score method provided a good overall snapshot of the trends in alligator abundance in the Everglades; however, the hierarchical models estimate abundance and trends of alligator abundance by incorporating detection probability thus providing unbiased estimates of abundance.