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This investigation was made as part of the Central Midwest Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (CMRASA). The CMRASA is one of several major investigations by the U.S. Geological Survey of regional aquifer systems in the United States. These regional investigations are designed to increase knowledge of the flow regime and hydrologic properties of major aquifer systems and to provide quantitative information for the assessment, development, and management of water supplies. The CMRASA study area includes all or parts of 10 Central Midwestern States (Jorgensen and Signor, 1981), as shown of the envelope cover.</p><p><br>This Hydrologic Investigations Atlas, which consists of a series of chapters, presents a description of the physical framework and geohydrology of principal aquifers and confining systems in Kansas. Chapter H presents the geohydrology of the upper aquifer unit in the Western Interior Plains aquifer system. The physical framework of the aquifer system in relation to other systems is described by maps and sections showing areal extent and the thickness of rocks that compose the unit. The physical framework of the upper aquifer unit is described in detail in chapter D of the atlas (Hansen and others, in press). The hydrology of the system in relation to that of other systems is described in this chapter by maps showing the altitude of fluid levels and the direction of water movement within the unit. The chemical composition of water in the system is described by maps that show the distribution of dissolved-solids concentrations and the differences in water types on the basis of principal chemical constituents. Chapter A of this atlas series (Wolf and others, 1990) describes the relation of principal geohydrologic systems in Kansas and presents a more detailed discussion of the methods and data used to prepare and ensure consistency among the sets of maps.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha722H","usgsCitation":"Kenny, J.F., Hansen, C.V., and Wolf, R.J., 1993, Geohydrologic systems in Kansas — Geohydrology of the lower aquifer unit in the western interior plains aquifer system: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 722, 2 Plates: 44.64 × 36.72 inches and 46.43 × 39.47 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha722H.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 44.64 × 36.72 inches and 46.43 × 39.47 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":400186,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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F.","contributorId":100378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenny","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansen, Cristi V. chansen@usgs.gov","contributorId":435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Cristi","email":"chansen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":277935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolf, R. J.","contributorId":21518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018337,"text":"70018337 - 1993 - Significant bed elevation changes related to Gulf Stream dynamics on the South Carolina continental shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-30T00:27:27.502397","indexId":"70018337","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Significant bed elevation changes related to Gulf Stream dynamics on the South Carolina continental shelf","docAbstract":"<p>Photographs of the seabed taken from an instrumented bottom tripod located approximately 100 km east of Charleston, South Carolina, reveal bed elevation changes of over 20 cm between July and November 1978. The tripod was in 85 m of water and was equipped with two current meters at 38.7 and 100 cm from the bed, a pressure sensor, a transmissometer, which fouled early during the deployment, a temperature sensor and a camera. The sediment under the tripod was composed of poorly sorted sand, some shell debris and numerous small biological tubes. Bed roughness varied throughout the deployment from biologically-produced mounds (2-5 cm high and 5-20 cm diameter) to streaks to a smooth bed, depending upon the frequency and magnitude of the sediment transporting events. Even though these events were common, especially during the later part of the deployment, the bed was rarely rippled, and there was no evidence of large bedforms such as dunes or sand waves migrating through the field of view of the camera. Photographs did clearly show, however, a gradual net deposition of the bed of nearly 20 cm, followed by erosion of approximately 5 cm. The flow field near the bed was dominated by sub-tidal period currents. Hourly-averaged currents at 100 cm from the bed typically varied between 10 and 30 cm s-1 and occasionally were as high as 60 cm s-1. The large flow events were predominantly toward the southwest along the shelf in the opposite direction of the northeast flowing Gulf Stream. The cross-shore component of the flow near the bed was predominantly directed offshore due to a local topographic steering effect. Current, temperature and satellite data suggest that the largest flow events were associated with the advection of Gulf Stream filaments past the tripod. Erosion events, as seen from the photographs, were highly correlated with the passage of these Gulf Stream filaments past the tripod. Gradual deposition of sediment, which occurred during the first half of the deployment, appears to have been associated with the convergence of the near-bed sediment flux near the shelf break.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(93)90057-5","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Gelfenbaum, G., and Noble, M., 1993, Significant bed elevation changes related to Gulf Stream dynamics on the South Carolina continental shelf: Continental Shelf Research, v. 13, no. 4, p. 385-405, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(93)90057-5.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"385","endPage":"405","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227243,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -79.90372380268226,\n              34.348186148805695\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.90372380268226,\n              31.076683479298694\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.65177067768249,\n              31.076683479298694\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.65177067768249,\n              34.348186148805695\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.90372380268226,\n              34.348186148805695\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f26e4b08c986b318d5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gelfenbaum, G.","contributorId":72429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noble, M.","contributorId":15340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018338,"text":"70018338 - 1993 - Biological interference of optical backscatterance sensors in Tampa Bay, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-18T11:15:01.800943","indexId":"70018338","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biological interference of optical backscatterance sensors in Tampa Bay, Florida","docAbstract":"<p><span>Optical backscatterance (OBS, D&amp;A Instruments, Inc.</span><a class=\"anchor u-display-inline-flex anchor-primary\" name=\"bFN1\" href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/002532279390090I#FN1\" data-sd-ui-side-panel-opener=\"true\" data-xocs-content-type=\"reference\" data-xocs-content-id=\"FN1\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/002532279390090I#FN1\"><span class=\"anchor-text-container\"><span class=\"anchor-text\"><sup>1</sup></span></span></a><span>) sensors for measuring suspended-solids concentrations have been deployed in Tampa Bay to monitor resuspension of bottom sediments. This paper describes biological factors that affected the OBS sensors deployed in Tampa Bay and discusses deployment strategies that minimize biological interference. Phytoplankton may interfere with the OBS sensors when the suspended-solids concentration is near or below the sensor response threshold. Fish swimming in front of the OBS sensors caused spikes in the OBS sensor output, so the median average was more appropriate than the mean average. An algal slime on the OBS sensors caused excessive backscatterance that dominated the backscatterance from suspended material. Because of the fouling problem, deployments were limited to less than a week, and OBS sensors were cleaned daily, if possible. Calibration of OBS sensors with water samples collected from Tampa Bay was satisfactory when biological interference was not significant. When properly deployed, the OBS sensors can successfully monitor sediment resuspension in Tampa Bay and similar subtropical estuaries.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(93)90090-I","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Schoellhamer, D., 1993, Biological interference of optical backscatterance sensors in Tampa Bay, Florida: Marine Geology, v. 110, no. 3-4, p. 303-313, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(93)90090-I.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"303","endPage":"313","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227244,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f169e4b0c8380cd4ac54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoellhamer, D. H. 0000-0001-9488-7340","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":85624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"D. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018345,"text":"70018345 - 1993 - South Platte River Basin - Colorado, Nebraska, and Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T18:30:38","indexId":"70018345","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"South Platte River Basin - Colorado, Nebraska, and Wyoming","docAbstract":"<p>The South Platte River Basin was one of 20 study units selected in 1991 for investigation under the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. One of the initial tasks undertaken by the study unit team was to review the environmental setting of the basin and assemble ancillary data on natural and anthropogenic factors in the basin. The physical, chemical, and biological quality of the water in the South Platte River Basin is explicitly tied to its environmental setting. The resulting water quality is the product of the natural conditions and human factors that make up the environmental setting of the basin.</p><p>This description of the environmental setting of the South Platte River Basin and its implications to the water quality will help guide the design of the South Platte NAWQA study. Natural conditions such as physiography, climate, geology, and soils affect the ambient water quality while anthropogenic factors such as water use, population, land use and water-management practices can have a pronounced effect on water quality in the basin. The relative effects of mining, urban, and agricultural land- and water-uses on water-quality constituents are not well understood. The interrelation of the surface-water and ground-water systems and the chemical and biological processes that affect the transport of constituents needs to be addressed. Interactions between biological communities and the water resources also should be considered. The NAWQA program and the South Platte River Basin study will provide information to minimize existing knowledge gaps, so that we may better understand the effect these natural conditions and human factors have on the water-quality conditions in the basin, now and in the future.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1993.tb03231.x","usgsCitation":"Dennehy, K.F., Litke, D.W., Tate, C.M., and Heiny, J.S., 1993, South Platte River Basin - Colorado, Nebraska, and Wyoming: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 29, no. 4, p. 647-683, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1993.tb03231.x.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"647","endPage":"683","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227333,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b93cae4b08c986b31a6ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dennehy, Kevin F. kdennehy@usgs.gov","contributorId":1128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennehy","given":"Kevin","email":"kdennehy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":379290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Litke, David W.","contributorId":19145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litke","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tate, Cathy M. cmtate@usgs.gov","contributorId":3438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tate","given":"Cathy","email":"cmtate@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":379287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heiny, Janet S.","contributorId":93468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heiny","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018348,"text":"70018348 - 1993 - Nitrogen isotopes as indicators of nitrate sources in Minnesota sand-plain aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T12:31:20","indexId":"70018348","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen isotopes as indicators of nitrate sources in Minnesota sand-plain aquifers","docAbstract":"<p><span>Nitrate concentrations in excess of national drinking-water standards (10 mg/1 as N) are present in certain sand-plain aquifers in central Minnesota. To investigate nitrate sources in the aquifers, nitrogen-isotope values of nitrate (&delta;</span><sup><span>15</span></sup><span>N</span><sup><span>NO3</span></sup><span>No3) were measured in shallow ground water from 51 wells in five land-use settings. The land-use settings and corresponding average nitrate concentrations (as N) and &delta;</span><sup><span>15</span></sup><span>N</span><sup><span>NO3</span></sup><span>&nbsp;values are: livestock feedlots, 12.7 mg/1, 21.3%</span><sub><span>0</span></sub><span>; cultivated-irrigated fields, 13 mg/1, 7.4%</span><sub><span>0</span></sub><span>; residential areas with septic systems, 8.3 mg/1, 6.0%</span><sub><span>0</span></sub><span>; cultivated-nonirrigated fields, 15.5 mg/1, 3.4%</span><sub><span>0</span></sub><span>; and natural, undeveloped areas, 3.8 mg/1, 3.1%</span><sub><span>0</span></sub><span>. Values of &delta;</span><sup><span>15</span></sup><span>N</span><sup><span>NO3</span></sup><span>&nbsp;less than 2%</span><sub><span>0</span></sub><span>&nbsp;suggest that nitrogen from commercial inorganic fertilizers exists in ground water beneath all settings except the feedlots. Values of &delta;</span><sup><span>15</span></sup><span>N</span><sup><span>NO3</span></sup><span>&nbsp;greater than 10%</span><sub><span>0</span></sub><span>&nbsp;suggest that nitrogen from animal waste is present in ground water beneath certain feedlots, cultivated-irrigated fields that are fertilized with manure, and residential areas with septic systems. Values of &delta;</span><sup><span>15</span></sup><span>N</span><sup><span>NO3</span></sup><span>&nbsp;between 22 and 43%</span><sub><span>0</span></sub><span>&nbsp;in ground water beneath the feedlots probably result from denitrification. Values of &delta;</span><sup><span>15</span></sup><span>N</span><sup><span>NO3</span></sup><span>&nbsp;increase with depth in many locations in the sand-plain aquifers. These increases may be caused by progressive denitrification with depth or by changes with depth in the proportions of nitrate from different sources. Similarly, variations of &delta;</span><sup><span>15</span></sup><span>N</span><sup><span>NO3</span></sup><span>&nbsp;values from 1986 to 1987 in certain locations may be due to temporal variations in the amounts of denitrification or to changes in the proportions of nitrate from different sources. Ambiguities in the interpretation of changes in &delta;</span><sup><span>15</span></sup><span>N</span><span><sup>NO3</sup>&nbsp;</span><span>values could be eliminated by increasing the spatial and temporal frequency of sampling.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Ground Water Association","publisherLocation":"Worthington, OH","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb01818.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Komor, S., and Anderson, H.W., 1993, Nitrogen isotopes as indicators of nitrate sources in Minnesota sand-plain aquifers: Ground Water, v. 31, no. 2, p. 260-270, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb01818.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"260","endPage":"270","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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Jr.","contributorId":69730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Henry","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018354,"text":"70018354 - 1993 - Speciation and isotopic composition of sulfur in sediments from Jellyfish Lake, Palau","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T18:53:05","indexId":"70018354","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Speciation and isotopic composition of sulfur in sediments from Jellyfish Lake, Palau","docAbstract":"Jellyfish Lake, Palau, is a meromictic marine lake with high organic productivity, low reactive Fe content, and anoxic bottom waters. Sediment samples from Jellyfish Lake were examined for the distribution of sulfur species and their isotopic signatures in order to gain a better understanding of sedimentary sulfur incorporation in Fe-poor environments. Surface samples were taken along a transect from a near-shore site to the center of the lake, and include a sample below oxic water, a sample below the chemocline layer, and samples below anoxic waters. Three additional samples were taken from a core, 2 m long, collected near the lake center. Sulfur to organic carbon weight ratios in all samples were lower than the expected value of 0.36 for normal marine sediment, probably because the lake water is deficient in reactive Fe to form iron sulfides. Total sulfur contents in the surface sediments indicated no changes with distance from shore; however, the sulfur content of the surface sample at the chemocline layer may be slightly higher. Total sulfur content increased with depth in the core and is inversely related to organic carbon content. Organic sulfur is the major sulfur species in the samples, followed in descending order by sulfate, disulfides and monosulfides. Sulfate sulfur isotope ??34S-values are positive (from +20.56 to +12.04???), reflecting the marine source of sulfate in Jellyfish Lake. Disulfide and monosulfide ??34S-values are negative (from -25.07 to -7.60???), because of fractionation during bacterial reduction of sulfate. Monosulfide ??34S-values are somewhat higher than those of disulfides, and they are close to the ??34S-values of organic sulfur. These results indicate that most of the organic sulfur is formed by reaction of bacteriogenic monosulfides, or possibly monosulfide-derived polysulfides, with organic matter in the sediment. ?? 1993.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(93)90166-G","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Bates, A., Spiker, E., Orem, W., and Burnett, W.C., 1993, Speciation and isotopic composition of sulfur in sediments from Jellyfish Lake, Palau: Chemical Geology, v. 106, no. 1-2, p. 63-76, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(93)90166-G.","startPage":"63","endPage":"76","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266064,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(93)90166-G"},{"id":227508,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94e8e4b08c986b31acb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bates, A. L. 0000-0002-4875-4675","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4875-4675","contributorId":42357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bates","given":"A. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spiker, E.C.","contributorId":103275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spiker","given":"E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Orem, W. H. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":93084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orem","given":"W. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burnett, W. C.","contributorId":39779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burnett","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018356,"text":"70018356 - 1993 - Observations of currents and density structure across a buoyant plume front","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-14T09:53:04","indexId":"70018356","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations of currents and density structure across a buoyant plume front","docAbstract":"<p><span>Observations of the Mobile Bay, Alabama, plume during a flood event in April 1991 reveal significant differences in the current field on either side of a front associated with the buoyant plume. During a strong southeasterly wind, turbid, low salinity water from Mobile Bay was pushed through an opening in the west side of the ebb-tidal delta and moved parallel to the coast. A stable front developed between the low salinity water of the buoyant plume (11‰) and the high salinity coastal water (&gt;23‰) that was being forced landward by the prevailing winds. Despite the shallow water depth of 6 m, measurements of currents, temperature, and salinity show large shears and density gradients in both the vertical and the horizontal directions. At a station outside of the buoyant plume, currents at 0.5 m and 1.5 m below the surface were in the same direction as the wind. Inside the plume, however, currents at 0.5 m below the surface were parallel to the coast, 45°, off the direction of the wind and the magnitude was 45% larger than the magnitude of the surface currents outside the plume. Beneath the level of the plume, the currents were identical to the wind-driven currents in the ambient water south of the front. Our observations suggest that the wind-driven surface currents of the ambient water converged with the buoyant plume at the front and were subducted beneath the plume. The motion of the ambient coastal surface water was in the direction of the local wind stress, however, the motion of the plume had no northerly component of motion. The plume also did not show any flow toward the front, suggesting a balance between the northerly component of wind stress and the southerly component of buoyant spreading. In addition, the motion of the plume did not appear to affect the motion of the underlying ambient water, suggesting a lack of mixing between the two waters.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estuaries","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.2307/1352762","issn":"15592723","usgsCitation":"Gelfenbaum, G., and Stumpf, R.P., 1993, Observations of currents and density structure across a buoyant plume front: Estuaries, v. 16, no. 1, p. 40-52, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352762.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"40","endPage":"52","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227556,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205945,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02690224"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama","otherGeospatial":"Mobile Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.7091064453125,\n              29.95969381418452\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.2259521484375,\n              29.95969381418452\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.2259521484375,\n              31.16580958786196\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.7091064453125,\n              31.16580958786196\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.7091064453125,\n              29.95969381418452\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6a8ce4b0c8380cd74225","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gelfenbaum, G.","contributorId":72429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stumpf, R. P.","contributorId":30649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stumpf","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018263,"text":"70018263 - 1993 - Geothermometry and water-rock interaction in selected thermal systems in the Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau, western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-15T00:45:20.711563","indexId":"70018263","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geothermometry and water-rock interaction in selected thermal systems in the Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau, western United States","docAbstract":"<p><span>The sulfate—water isotope geothermometer indicates higher equilibrium temperatures than the silica or cation ratio geothermometers for the Na—Cl and Na—Ca—Cl thermal waters of the Cascade Range, Oregon and the Na—SO</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;thermal waters of the Modoc Plateau, northeastern California. Sulfate concentrations in the Na—Ca—Cl waters decrease as σ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O values of the dissolved sulfate become more depleted; conversely, sulfate concentrations in the Na—SO</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;waters increase as σ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O values of the sulfate become more depleted. Calculations show that the thermal waters are theoretically saturated with respect to anhydrite (CaSO</span><sub>4</sub><span>) at temperatures very close to those calculated from the sulfate—water isotope geothermometer.</span></p>","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(93)90017-H","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Mariner, R.H., Presser, T.S., and Evans, W.C., 1993, Geothermometry and water-rock interaction in selected thermal systems in the Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau, western United States: Geothermics, v. 22, no. 1, p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(93)90017-H.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227594,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -104.08179075870768,\n              49.01305545005866\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.37064072471117,\n              49.09124389995313\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.07242756551253,\n              48.35126975115185\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.54718133309274,\n              48.17981559140745\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.90194552086723,\n              48.60548841780184\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.96809011283699,\n              47.9700228777767\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.43159985331926,\n              46.68992622804694\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.23191840086236,\n              45.83735863310821\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.50034582629752,\n              43.924281548280106\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.93806911221031,\n              42.818187316257024\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.41859424354618,\n              41.99451143011876\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.33339115732275,\n              40.92018446979361\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.68083034757936,\n              40.462382667300716\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.46018480358208,\n              40.11598895687092\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.03988240375259,\n              39.67134802697302\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.00026229877062,\n              38.851131724693346\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.00871852638849,\n              37.826756622520634\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.51894915758311,\n              37.1114321187184\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.06963464059453,\n              36.8003869808709\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.16985901631972,\n              36.17568296466938\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.99550610026989,\n              34.978625461486374\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.84086105832898,\n              34.3045441960051\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.41299930283802,\n              32.37759249244873\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.51719802933178,\n              32.71422333405674\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.7915045902534,\n              32.49196210046915\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.00090507785,\n              31.295865566702176\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.17185587848911,\n              31.36076021784902\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.2204435873615,\n              31.763885929199134\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.09143151411493,\n              31.901582110755896\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.99517632812842,\n              36.94269509057756\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.00090472116403,\n              36.93866422145706\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.08164181923993,\n              41.011318377505035\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.97711569022101,\n              40.993694842842245\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.08179075870768,\n              49.01305545005866\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a28dfe4b0c8380cd5a4b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mariner, Robert H.","contributorId":81075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mariner","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Presser, T. S.","contributorId":93875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presser","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, William C.","contributorId":104903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018389,"text":"70018389 - 1993 - Unique laminar-flow stability limit based shallow-water theory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-12T16:52:04.548776","indexId":"70018389","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unique laminar-flow stability limit based shallow-water theory","docAbstract":"<p><span>Two approaches are generally taken in deriving the stability limit for the Froude number&nbsp;</span><span>(\uD835\uDC39\uD835\uDC60)</span><span>&nbsp;for laminar sheet flow: The first approach uses the Orr‐Sommerfeld equation, while the second uses the cross‐section‐averaged equations of continuity and motion. Because both approaches are based on shallow‐water theory, the values of&nbsp;</span><span>\uD835\uDC39<sub>\uD835\uDC60</sub></span><span>&nbsp;obtained from both approaches should be identical, yet in the literature they are not. This suggests that a defect exists in at least one of the two approaches. After examining the governing equations used in both approaches, one finds that the existing cross‐section‐averaged equation of motion is dependent on the frame of reference. To correct this defect, one can formulate a frame‐independent equation of motion relative to a coordinate system moving with constant velocity, then derive a new expression for&nbsp;</span><span>\uD835\uDC39<sub>\uD835\uDC60</sub></span><span>&nbsp;that is generally applicable to both laminar and turbulent flows in prismatic channels of arbitrary cross‐sectional geometry. For laminar sheet flow, the new expression for&nbsp;</span><span>\uD835\uDC39<sub>\uD835\uDC60</sub></span><span>&nbsp;obtained from the second approach yields&nbsp;</span><span>\uD835\uDC39<sub>\uD835\uDC60</sub>≃0.527</span><span>, which agrees with that obtained from the first approach.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1993)119:7(816)","issn":"07339429","usgsCitation":"Chen, C., 1993, Unique laminar-flow stability limit based shallow-water theory: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 119, no. 7, p. 816-829, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1993)119:7(816).","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"816","endPage":"829","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227336,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"119","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbc86e4b08c986b328c9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, Cheng-lung","contributorId":30752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"Cheng-lung","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018390,"text":"70018390 - 1993 - Active volcanism beneath the West Antarctic ice sheet and implications for ice-sheet stability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-16T09:03:39","indexId":"70018390","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Active volcanism beneath the West Antarctic ice sheet and implications for ice-sheet stability","docAbstract":"IT is widely understood that the collapse of the West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS) would cause a global sea level rise of 6 m, yet there continues to be considerable debate about the detailed response of this ice sheet to climate change1-3. Because its bed is grounded well below sea level, the stability of the WAIS may depend on geologically controlled conditions at the base which are independent of climate. In particular, heat supplied to the base of the ice sheet could increase basal melting and thereby trigger ice streaming, by providing the water for a lubricating basal layer of till on which ice streams are thought to slide4,5. Ice streams act to protect the reservoir of slowly moving inland ice from exposure to oceanic degradation, thus enhancing ice-sheet stability. Here we present aerogeophysical evidence for active volcanism and associated elevated heat flow beneath the WAIS near the critical region where ice streaming begins. If this heat flow is indeed controlling ice-stream formation, then penetration of ocean waters inland of the thin hot crust of the active portion of the West Antarctic rift system could lead to the disappearance of ice streams, and possibly trigger a collapse of the inland ice reservoir.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/361526a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Blankenship, D.D., Bell, R., Hodge, S.M., Brozena, J., Behrendt, J.C., and Finn, C., 1993, Active volcanism beneath the West Antarctic ice sheet and implications for ice-sheet stability: Nature, v. 361, no. 6412, p. 526-529, https://doi.org/10.1038/361526a0.","startPage":"526","endPage":"529","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227379,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"361","issue":"6412","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6ade4b0c8380cd475aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blankenship, D. D.","contributorId":29012,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blankenship","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bell, R.E.","contributorId":70010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hodge, S. M.","contributorId":94665,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hodge","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brozena, J. M.","contributorId":29590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brozena","given":"J. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Behrendt, John C. jbehrendt@usgs.gov","contributorId":25945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrendt","given":"John","email":"jbehrendt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":379407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Finn, C. A. 0000-0002-6178-0405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":93917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70018243,"text":"70018243 - 1993 - Interactions of frazil and anchor ice with sedimentary particles in a flume","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T15:08:46.344184","indexId":"70018243","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1264,"text":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactions of frazil and anchor ice with sedimentary particles in a flume","docAbstract":"<p><span>Frazil and anchor ice forming in turbulent, supercooled water have been studied extensively because of problems posed to man-made hydraulic structures. In spite of many incidental observations of interactions of these ice forms with sediment, their geologic effects remain unknown. The present flume study was designed to learn about the effects of salinity, current speed, and sediment type on sediment dynamics in supercooled water. In fresh-water, frazil ice formed flocs as large as 8 cm in diameter that tended to roll along a sandy bottom and collect material from the bed. The heavy flocs often came to rest in the shelter of ripples, forming anchor ice that subsequently was buried by migrating ripples. Burial compressed porous anchor ice into ice-bonded, sediment-rich masses. This process disrupts normal ripple cross-bedding and may produce unique sedimentary structures. Salt-water flocs were smaller, incorporated less bed load, and formed less anchor ice than their fresh-water counterparts. In four experiments, frazil carried a high sediment load only for a short period in supercooled salt water, but released it with slight warming. This suggests that salt-water frazil is either sticky or traps particles only while surrounded by supercooled water (0.05 to 0.1 °C supercooling), a short-lived phase in simple, small tanks. Salt water anchor ice formed readily on blocks of ice-bonded sediment, which may be common in nature. The theoretical maximum sediment load in neutrally-buoyant ice/sediment mixture is 122 g/l, never reported in nature so far. The maximum sediment load measured in this laboratory study was 88 g/l. Such high theoretical and measured sediment concentrations suggest that frazil and anchor ice are important sediment transport agents in rivers and oceans.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0165-232X(93)90003-Q","usgsCitation":"Kempema, E., Reimnitz, E., Clayton, J.R., and Payne, J.R., 1993, Interactions of frazil and anchor ice with sedimentary particles in a flume: Cold Regions Science and Technology, v. 21, no. 2, p. 137-149, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232X(93)90003-Q.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"149","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227282,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ccce4b0c8380cd63058","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kempema, E. W.","contributorId":105314,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kempema","given":"E. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reimnitz, E.","contributorId":61557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimnitz","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clayton, J. R. Jr.","contributorId":96030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clayton","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Payne, J. R.","contributorId":43508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70164319,"text":"70164319 - 1993 - Freshwater mussels of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-01T10:43:29","indexId":"70164319","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Freshwater mussels of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 1993 Georgia Water Resources Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"1993 Georgia Water Resources Conference","conferenceDate":"April 20-21, 1993","conferenceLocation":"Athens, GA","language":"English","publisher":"University of Georgia","usgsCitation":"Williams, J., and Brim-Box, J., 1993, Freshwater mussels of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the 1993 Georgia Water Resources Conference, Athens, GA, April 20-21, 1993, p. 296-297.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"296","endPage":"297","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316371,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b08fcfe4b010e2af2a5d93","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hatcher, Kathryn J.","contributorId":113326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597005,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Williams, J.D.","contributorId":74701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brim-Box, J.","contributorId":37695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brim-Box","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70186592,"text":"70186592 - 1993 - Ancient climate from deuterium content of water in volcanic glass","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T16:17:13","indexId":"70186592","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Ancient climate from deuterium content of water in volcanic glass","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available&nbsp;</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Climate change in continental isotopic records","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/GM078p0309","usgsCitation":"Friedman, I., Gleason, J., and Warden, A., 1993, Ancient climate from deuterium content of water in volcanic glass, chap. <i>of</i> Climate change in continental isotopic records, p. 309-319, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM078p0309.","startPage":"309","endPage":"319","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339272,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-04-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60279e4b09da6799ac6c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, Irving","contributorId":90664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Irving","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gleason, J.D.","contributorId":27072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleason","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warden, Augusta awarden@usgs.gov","contributorId":1774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warden","given":"Augusta","email":"awarden@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":689674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70185758,"text":"70185758 - 1993 - Application of borehole geophysics in defining the wellhead protection area for a fractured crystalline bedrock aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-28T16:22:46","indexId":"70185758","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2631,"text":"Log Analyst","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of borehole geophysics in defining the wellhead protection area for a fractured crystalline bedrock aquifer","docAbstract":"<p><span>Wellbore geophysical techniques were used to characterize fractures and flow in a bedrock aquifer at a site near Blackwater Brook in Dover, New Hampshire. The primary focus ofthis study was the development of a model to assist in evaluating the area surrounding a planned water supply well where contaminants introduced at the land surface might be induced to flow towards a pumping well. Well logs and geophysical surveys used in this study included lithologic logs based on examination of cuttings obtained during drilling; conventional caliper and natural gamma logs; video camera and acoustic televiewer surveys; highresolution vertical flow measurements under ambient conditions and during pumping; and borehole fluid conductivity logs obtained after the borehole fluid was replaced with deionized water. These surveys were used for several applications: 1) to define a conceptual model of aquifer structure to be used in groundwater exploration; 2) to estimate optimum locations for test and observation wells; and 3) to delineate a wellhead protection area (WHPA) for a planned water supply well. Integration of borehole data with surface geophysical and geological mapping data indicated that the study site lies along a northeast-trending intensely fractured contact zone between surface exposures of quartz monzonite and metasedimentary rocks. Four of five bedrock boreholes at the site were estimated to produce more than 150 gallons per minute (gpm) (568 L/min) of water during drilling. Aquifer testing and other investigations indicated that water flowed to the test well along fractures parallel to the northeast-trending contact zone and along other northeast and north-northwest-trending fractures. Statistical plots of fracture strikes showed frequency maxima in the same northeast and north-northwest directions, although additional maxima occurred in other directions. Flowmeter surveys and borehole fluid conductivity logging after fluid replacement were used to identify water-producing zones in the boreholes; fractures associated with inflow into boreholes showed a dominant northeast orientation. Borehole fluid conductivity logging after fluid replacement also gave profiles of such water-quality parameters as fluid electrical conductivity (FEC), pH, temperature, and oxidation-reduction potential, strengthening the interpretation of crossconnection of boreholes by certain fracture zones. The results of this study showed that the application of these borehole geophysical techniques at the Blackwater Brook site led to an improved understanding of such parameters as fracture location, attitude, flow direction and velocity, and water quality; all of which are important in the determination of a WHPA.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Petrophysicists and Well-Log Analysts","usgsCitation":"Vernon, J., Paillet, F., Pedler, W., and Griswold, W., 1993, Application of borehole geophysics in defining the wellhead protection area for a fractured crystalline bedrock aquifer: Log Analyst, v. 34, no. 1, p. 41-57.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"57","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338504,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338503,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.onepetro.org/journal-paper/SPWLA-1993-v34n1a3"}],"volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7639e4b0ee37af29e4ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vernon, J.H.","contributorId":189986,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vernon","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paillet, F.L.","contributorId":189369,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paillet","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pedler, W.H.","contributorId":26456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pedler","given":"W.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Griswold, W.J.","contributorId":189985,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Griswold","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":29022,"text":"wri934108 - 1993 - Evaluation of subsurface exploration, sampling, and water-quality-analysis methods at an abandoned wood-preserving plant site at Jackson, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-23T18:39:22.824994","indexId":"wri934108","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4108","title":"Evaluation of subsurface exploration, sampling, and water-quality-analysis methods at an abandoned wood-preserving plant site at Jackson, Tennessee","docAbstract":"Direct Push Technology (DPT) and a modified-auger method of sampling were used at an abandoned wood-preserving plant site at Jackson, Tennessee, to collect lithologic data and ground-water samples in an area known to be affected by a subsurface creosote plume. The groundwater samples were analyzed using (1) gas chromatography with photo-ionization detection (GS/PID), (2) high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), (3) colonmetric phenol analysis, and (4) toxicity bioassay. DPT piezocone and cone-penetrometer-type tools provided lithologic data and ground-water samples at two onsite stations to a depth of refusal of about 35 feet below land surface. With the assistance of an auger rig, this depth was extended to about 65 feet by pushing the tools in advance of the augers. Following the DPT work, a modified-auger method was tested by the USGS. This method left doubt as to the integrity of the samples collected once zones of contamination were penetrated. GC/PID and HPLC methods of water-quality analysis provided the most data concerning contaminants in the ground-water and proved to be the most effective in creosote plume detection. Analyses from these methods showed that the highest concentrations of contaminants were detected at depths less than about 35 feet below land surface. Phenol analyses provided data supplemental to the HPLC analyses. Bioassay data indicated that toxicity associated with the plume extended to depths of about 55 feet below land surface.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934108","usgsCitation":"Parks, W.S., Carmichael, J.K., and Mirecki, J., 1993, Evaluation of subsurface exploration, sampling, and water-quality-analysis methods at an abandoned wood-preserving plant site at Jackson, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4108, v, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934108.","productDescription":"v, 22 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414638,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47822.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":57886,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4108/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122681,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4108/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","city":"Jackson","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.8244,\n              35.6158\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.8394,\n              35.6158\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.8394,\n              35.6036\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.8244,\n              35.6036\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.8244,\n              35.6158\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fab30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parks, W. S.","contributorId":99555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parks","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carmichael, J. K.","contributorId":90276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carmichael","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mirecki, J. E.","contributorId":97152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mirecki","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70180466,"text":"70180466 - 1993 - Survival in pond water of four reoviruses isolated from aquatic animals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T14:12:02","indexId":"70180466","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2161,"text":"Journal of Applied Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival in pond water of four reoviruses isolated from aquatic animals","docAbstract":"<p><span>The viabilities of golden shiner virus (GSV), chum salmon virus (CSV), oyster reovirus 13P2 (13P2). and catfish reovirus (CRV) were compared following viruses incubation in pond water samples held at 4°. 20°, 25°, and 30°C for one month. At the three higher temperatures tested, viral infectivity was lost by day 15 for GSV, day 20 for CSV, and day 10 for CRV and 13P2. At 4°C. no infectious GSV was detected at day 15, while the other viruses showed little or no loss of infectivity during the 30-day incubation period. The survival of these viruses in natural waters appears to be sufficient to sustain fish-to-fish transmission.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1300/J028v02n02_08","usgsCitation":"Brady, Y.J., Plumb, J.A., and Winton, J., 1993, Survival in pond water of four reoviruses isolated from aquatic animals: Journal of Applied Aquaculture, v. 2, no. 2, p. 85-92, https://doi.org/10.1300/J028v02n02_08.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"85","endPage":"92","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334362,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58905efce4b072a7ac0cadb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brady, Yolanda J.","contributorId":178943,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brady","given":"Yolanda","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plumb, John A.","contributorId":61880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumb","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winton, J. R. 0000-0002-3505-5509","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-5509","contributorId":82441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1014806,"text":"1014806 - 1993 - Effects of diet and environmental salinity on the growth, mortality, and tissue structure of juvenile striped bass","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-22T11:48:33.40776","indexId":"1014806","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of diet and environmental salinity on the growth, mortality, and tissue structure of juvenile striped bass","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Juvenile striped bass<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Morone saxatilis</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(approximately 60 d old) were fed either a commercial trout feed or an open-formula salmon feed for 16 weeks and reared in 24°C fresh water or saline water prepared from sodium chloride or synthetic sea salt. Fish that were fed salmon feed were larger, contained higher levels of body lipid, and had livers with uniform glycogen vacuolation. Fish that were fed trout feed were smaller, contained less body lipid, and had necrotic liver tissue. More than 95% of the fish fed the trout feed and reared in water containing sodium chloride at 10‰ salinity died within the first 2 weeks. Mortality of fish fed the salmon feed under the same rearing conditions was 3% in 2 weeks. An osmoregulatory dysfunction from an imbalance of environmental calcium and sodium is suggested as the cause of the mortality. Although no definitive cause was established for the diet-related histological changes in the livers of fish that were fed the trout feed, type and level of dietary essential fatty acids are suspected</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8667(1993)005<0294:EODAES>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Lemm, C.A., Herman, R.L., Lemarie, D.P., and Arzapalo, A., 1993, Effects of diet and environmental salinity on the growth, mortality, and tissue structure of juvenile striped bass: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 5, p. 294-305, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(1993)005<0294:EODAES>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"294","endPage":"305","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131629,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2fe4b07f02db615d5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lemm, C. A.","contributorId":42162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemm","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herman, R. L.","contributorId":21101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lemarie, D. P.","contributorId":23100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemarie","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Arzapalo, A.","contributorId":59762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arzapalo","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017450,"text":"70017450 - 1993 - Crude oil in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer-II. Organic geochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-06T07:05:31","indexId":"70017450","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crude oil in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer-II. Organic geochemistry","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"ab1\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id7\"><p>Crude oil spilled from a pipeline break in a remote area of north-central Minnesota has contaminated a shallow glacial outwash aquifer. Part of the oil was sprayed over a large area to the west of the pipeline and part of it accumulated in an oil body that floats at the water table to the east of the point of discharge. Total dissolved organic carbon (TDOC) concentrations in shallow groundwater collected in the oil spray area reach 16 mg/l. This is nearly an order of magnitude higher than the TDOC concentrations of native groundwater (∼2–3mg/l). The additional TDOC derives from the partial degradation of petroleum residues deposited at the land surface and transported to the aquifer by vertical recharge. In the vicinity of the oil body, TDOC concentrations in groundwater are 48 mg/l, 58% of the TDOC being composed of non-volatile organic C. The majority of the volatile DOC (63%) is a mixture of low-molecular-weight saturated, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons derived from the oil. Downgradient from the oil body along the direction of groundwater flow, concentrations of all measured constituents of the TDOC pool decrease. Concentrations begin to decline most rapidly, however, in the zone where dissolved O<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>concentrations begin to increase, ∼50m downgradient from the leading edge of the oil. Within the anoxic zone near the oil body, removal rates of isometric monoaromatic hydrocarbons vary widely. This indicates that the removal processes are mediated mainly by microbiological activity. Molecular and spectroscopic characterization of the TDOC and its spatial and temporal variation provide evidence of the importance of biogeochemical processes in attenuating petroleum contaminants in this perturbed subsurface environment.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(93)90013-7","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Eganhouse, R., Baedecker, M., Cozzarelli, I., Aiken, G., Thorn, K.A., and Dorsey, T., 1993, Crude oil in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer-II. Organic geochemistry: Applied Geochemistry, v. 8, no. 6, p. 551-567, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(93)90013-7.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"551","endPage":"567","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228371,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fccae4b0c8380cd4e438","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eganhouse, R.P.","contributorId":67555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eganhouse","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baedecker, M.J.","contributorId":42702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baedecker","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cozzarelli, I.M. 0000-0002-5123-1007","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":22343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"I.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aiken, G. R. 0000-0001-8454-0984","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":14452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thorn, K. A.","contributorId":33294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorn","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dorsey, T.F.","contributorId":34278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorsey","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":1014820,"text":"1014820 - 1993 - Fin condition of Atlantic salmon reared at high densities in heated water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-22T11:36:53.103764","indexId":"1014820","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fin condition of Atlantic salmon reared at high densities in heated water","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>We assessed the condition of dorsal and pectoral fins of parr of Atlantic salmon<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Salmo salar</i><span>&nbsp;</span>that were reared for 70 d at 17.5°C to final densities of 14–55 kg/M<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>(rearing-unit bottom area) or 80–310 kg/m<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>(rearing-unit volume). Pectoral fins were not significantly affected by rearing density, but dorsal fins were more eroded in fish reared at the highest density than in fish checked before the rearing experiments or in those reared at lower densities. Densities as great as 41 kg/m<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>(229 kg/m<sup>3</sup>) did not affect fin quality of Atlantic salmon reared at 17.5°C.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8667(1993)005<0077:FCOASR>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Soderberg, R.W., Meade, J.W., and Redell, L.A., 1993, Fin condition of Atlantic salmon reared at high densities in heated water: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 5, no. 1, p. 77-79, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(1993)005<0077:FCOASR>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"79","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129197,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f72ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soderberg, R. W.","contributorId":93855,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Soderberg","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meade, J. W.","contributorId":38082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meade","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Redell, Lori A.","contributorId":66204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redell","given":"Lori","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017453,"text":"70017453 - 1993 - Interface dissolution control of the 14C profile in marine sediment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-01T17:41:22.964314","indexId":"70017453","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Interface dissolution control of the <sup>14</sup>C profile in marine sediment","title":"Interface dissolution control of the 14C profile in marine sediment","docAbstract":"<p><span>The process of carbonate dissolution at the sediment-water interface has two possible endmember boundary conditions. Either the carbonate particles dissolve mostly before they are incorporated into the sediment by bioturbation (interface dissolution), or the vertical mixing is rapid relative to their extermination rate (homogeneous dissolution). In this study, a detailed radiocarbon profile was determined in deep equatorial Pacific sediment that receives a high rate of carbonate supply. In addition, a box model of sediment mixing was used to simulate radiocarbon, carbonate content and excess thorium profiles that result from either boundary process following a dissolution increase. Results from homogeneous dissolution imply a strong, very recent erosional event, while interface dissolution suggests that moderately increased dissolution began about 10,000 years ago. In order to achieve the observed mixed layer radiocarbon age, increased homogeneous dissolution would concentrate a greater amount of clay and&nbsp;</span><sup>230</sup><span>Th than is observed, while for interface dissolution the predicted concentrations are too small. These results together with small discontinuities beneath the mixed layer in&nbsp;</span><sup>230</sup><span>Th profiles suggest a two-stage increase in interface dissolution in the deep Pacific, the first occurring near the beginning of the Holocene and the second more recently, roughly 5000 years ago.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(93)90139-N","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Keir, R., and Michel, R.L., 1993, Interface dissolution control of the 14C profile in marine sediment: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, no. 15, p. 3563-3573, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90139-N.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"3563","endPage":"3573","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228420,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cf8e4b0c8380cd631c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keir, R.S.","contributorId":28025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keir","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michel, R. L.","contributorId":86375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018384,"text":"70018384 - 1993 - Breakpoint-forced and bound long waves in the nearshore: A model comparison","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:24","indexId":"70018384","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Breakpoint-forced and bound long waves in the nearshore: A model comparison","docAbstract":"A finite-difference model is used to compare long wave amplitudes arising from two-group forced generation mechanisms in the nearshore: long waves generated at a time-varying breakpoint and the shallow-water extension of the bound long wave. Plane beach results demonstrate that the strong frequency selection in the outgoing wave predicted by the breakpoint-forcing mechanism may not be observable in field data due to this wave's relatively small size and its predicted phase relation with the bound wave. Over a bar/trough nearshore, it is shown that a strong frequency selection in shoreline amplitudes is not a unique result of the time-varying breakpoint model, but a general result of the interaction between topography and any broad-banded forcing of nearshore long waves.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Coastal Engineering","conferenceDate":"4 October 1992 through 9 October 1992","conferenceLocation":"Venice, Italy","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","issn":"08938717","isbn":"0872629333","usgsCitation":"List, J., 1993, Breakpoint-forced and bound long waves in the nearshore: A model comparison, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference, v. 1, Venice, Italy, 4 October 1992 through 9 October 1992, p. 860-867.","startPage":"860","endPage":"867","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227293,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f253e4b0c8380cd4b104","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Anon","contributorId":128316,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Anon","id":536425,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"List, Jeffrey H. jlist@usgs.gov","contributorId":2416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"List","given":"Jeffrey H.","email":"jlist@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":379392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017495,"text":"70017495 - 1993 - Evaluation of the energy budget method of determining evaporation at Williams Lake, Minnesota, using alternative instrumentation and study approaches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-06T14:25:03","indexId":"70017495","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of the energy budget method of determining evaporation at Williams Lake, Minnesota, using alternative instrumentation and study approaches","docAbstract":"<p><span>Best estimates of evaporation at Williams Lake, north central Minnesota, were determined by the energy budget method using optimum sensors and optimum placement of sensors. These best estimates are compared with estimates derived from using substitute data to determine the effect of using less accurate sensors, simpler methods, or remotely measured data. Calculations were made for approximately biweekly periods during five open water seasons. For most of the data substitutions that affected the Bowen ratio, new values of evaporation differed little from best estimates. The three data substitution methods that caused the largest deviations from the best evaporation estimates were (1) using changes in the daily average surface water temperature as an indicator of the lake heat storage term, (2) using shortwave radiation, air temperature, and atmospheric vapor pressure data from a site 110 km away, and (3) using an analog surface water temperature probe. Recalculations based on these data substitutions resulted in differences from the best estimates as much as 89%, 21%, and 10%, respectively. The data substitution method that provided evaporation values that most closely matched the best estimates was measurement of the lake heat storage term at one location in the lake, rather than at 16 locations. Evaporation values resulting from this substitution method usually were within 2% of the best estimates.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR00743","usgsCitation":"Rosenberry, D., Sturrock, A., and Winter, T.C., 1993, Evaluation of the energy budget method of determining evaporation at Williams Lake, Minnesota, using alternative instrumentation and study approaches: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 8, p. 2473-2483, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00743.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2473","endPage":"2483","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228325,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Williams Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -94.6766996383667,\n              46.94873885817681\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.66219425201415,\n              46.94873885817681\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.66219425201415,\n              46.9591673117941\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.6766996383667,\n              46.9591673117941\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.6766996383667,\n              46.94873885817681\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ce2e4b0c8380cd52d2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenberry, D.O. 0000-0003-0681-5641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":38500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"D.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":376654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sturrock, A.M.","contributorId":25947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sturrock","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winter, T. C.","contributorId":23485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017703,"text":"70017703 - 1993 - Reduction of uranium by cytochrome c3 of Desulfovibrio vulgaris","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-20T16:25:48.101724","indexId":"70017703","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Reduction of uranium by cytochrome <i>c</i><sub>3</sub> of <i>Desulfovibrio vulgaris</i>","title":"Reduction of uranium by cytochrome c3 of Desulfovibrio vulgaris","docAbstract":"<p>The mechanism for U(VI) reduction by <i>Desulfovibrio vulgaris</i> (Hildenborough) was investigated. The H<sub>2</sub>-dependent U(VI) reductase activity in the soluble fraction of the cells was lost when the soluble fraction was passed over a cationic exchange column which extracted cytochrome <i>c</i><sub>3</sub>. Addition of cytochrome <i>c</i><sub>3</sub> back to the soluble fraction that had been passed over the cationic exchange column restored the U(VI)-reducing capacity. Reduced cytochrome <i>c</i><sub>3</sub> was oxidized by U(VI), as was a <i>c</i>-type cytochrome(s) in whole-cell suspensions. When cytochrome <i>c</i><sub>3</sub> was combined with hydrogenase, its physiological electron donor, U(VI) was reduced in the presence of H<sub>2</sub>. Hydrogenase alone could not reduce U(VI). Rapid U(VI) reduction was followed by a subsequent slow precipitation of the U(IV) mineral uraninite. Cytochrome <i>c</i><sub>3</sub> reduced U(VI) in a uranium-contaminated surface water and groundwater. Cytochrome <i>c</i><sub>3</sub> provides the first enzyme model for the reduction and biomineralization of uranium in sedimentary environments. Furthermore, the finding that cytochrome <i>c</i><sub>3</sub> can catalyze the reductive precipitation of uranium may aid in the development of fixed-enzyme reactors and/or organisms with enhanced U(VI)-reducing capacity for the bioremediation of uranium- contaminated waters and waste streams.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.59.11.3572-3576.1993","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Lovley, D.R., Widman, P., Woodward, J., and Phillips, E.J., 1993, Reduction of uranium by cytochrome c3 of Desulfovibrio vulgaris: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 59, no. 11, p. 3572-3576, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.59.11.3572-3576.1993.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"3572","endPage":"3576","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480295,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/182500","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228390,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3e7e4b0e8fec6cdba14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lovley, Derek R.","contributorId":107852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovley","given":"Derek","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Widman, P.K.","contributorId":19589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Widman","given":"P.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woodward, J.C.","contributorId":62590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Phillips, Elizabeth J.P.","contributorId":37475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Elizabeth","middleInitial":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":2000081,"text":"2000081 - 1993 - Distribution and abundance of predators that affect duck production--prairie pothole region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-05T10:44:40","indexId":"2000081","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":79,"text":"Resource Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"194","title":"Distribution and abundance of predators that affect duck production--prairie pothole region","docAbstract":"During 1983-88, the relative abundance of 18 species and species-groups of mammalian and avian predators affecting duck production in the prairie pothole region was determined in 33 widely scattered study areas ranging in size from 23-26 km2. Accounts of each studied species and species-group include habitat and history, population structure and reported densities, and information on distribution and abundance from the present study. Index values of undetected, scarce, uncommon, common, or numerous were used to rate abundance of nearly all species in each study area. Principal survey methods were livetrapping of striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) and Franklin's ground squirrels (Spermophilus franklinii), systematic searches for carnivore tracks in quarter sections (0.65 km2), daily records of sightings of individual predator species, and systematic searches for occupied nests of tree-nesting avian predators. Abundances of predators in individual areas were studied 1-3 years.The distribution and abundance of predator species throughout the prairie pothole region have undergone continual change since settlement of the region by Europeans in the late 1800's. Predator populations in areas we studied differed markedly from those of pristine times. The changes occurred from habitat alterations, human-inflicted mortality of predators, and interspecific relations among predator species. Indices from surveys of tracks revealed a decline in the abundance of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and an albeit less consistent decline in the abundance of raccoons (Procyon lotor) with an increase in the abundance of coyotes (Canis latrans). Records of locations of occupied nests revealed great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) and red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) tended to nest 0.5 km apart, and American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) tended to avoid nesting 0.5 km of nests of red-tailed hawks. Excluding large gulls, for which no measurements of abundance were obtained, the number of predator species averaged 12.2 (SD = 1.60) per study area; common or numerous predator species averaged 6.0 (SD = 1.54) per study area (minimal because the abundance of weasels [Mustela erminea; M. frenata] in all areas and of minks [Mustela vison] and raptors in some areas was not rated). Major changes in relative abundance of individual predator species studied >1 year were few. Predator species most restricted to the aspen parkland were the Franklin's ground squirrel, black-billed magpie (Pica pica), American crow (Corvus brachyrlus), and red-tailed hawk; species most restricted to the prairie were the badger (Taxidea taxus), Swainson's hawk (Buteo swainsoni), and ferruginous hawk (B. regalis). The coyote, black-billed magpie, and American crow were most numerous in Canada, whereas the red fox, raccoon, mink, ferruginous hawk, and great horned owl were most numerous in the United States. The number of common or numerous egg-eating predator species (excludes large gulls and weasels, which were not rated) averaged 4.6 (SD = 0.90) per study area. The average numbers of common or numerous egg-eating species per study area did not differ among provinces and states, but birds gradually replaced mammals from southeast to northwest across the region. Investigators are urged to assess composition of predator populations and relative abundance of predator species for evaluations of waterfowl recruitment.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Sargeant, A., Greenwood, R.J., Sovada, M., and Shaffer, T., 1993, Distribution and abundance of predators that affect duck production--prairie pothole region: Resource Publication 194, 96 p.","productDescription":"96 p.","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198779,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a013","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sargeant, A.B.","contributorId":13171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sargeant","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greenwood, R. J.","contributorId":74326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenwood","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sovada, M.A.","contributorId":54534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sovada","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shaffer, T.L.","contributorId":98245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaffer","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017489,"text":"70017489 - 1993 - Mercury, arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River, Bethel, Alaska, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70017489","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury, arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River, Bethel, Alaska, USA","docAbstract":"The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources. ?? 1993 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00789322","issn":"01775146","usgsCitation":"Belkin, H., and Sparck, H., 1993, Mercury, arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River, Bethel, Alaska, USA: Environmental Geology, v. 22, no. 2, p. 106-110, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00789322.","startPage":"106","endPage":"110","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206172,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00789322"},{"id":228978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5435e4b0c8380cd6cef4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belkin, H. E. 0000-0001-7879-6529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":38160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"H. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sparck, H.M.","contributorId":43518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparck","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}