In April, 1991, we witnessed from the submersible Alvin a suite of previously undocumented seafloor phenomena accompanying an in-progress eruption of the mid-ocean ridge on the East Pacific Rise crest at 9°45′N–52′N. The volume of the eruption could not be precisely determined, although comparison of pre- and post-eruption SeaBeam bathymetry indicate that any changes in ridge crest morphology resulting from the eruption were < 10 m high.
\nEffects of the eruption included: (1) increased abundance and redistribution of hydrothermal vents, disappearance of numerous vent communities, and changes in characteristics of vent fauna and mineral deposits within the eruption area since December, 1989; (2) murkiness of bottom waters up to tens of meters above the seafloor due to high densities of suspended mineral and biogenic particulates; (3) destruction of a vent community by lava flows, mass wasting, and possible hydrovolcanic explosion at a site known as ‘Tubeworm Barbecue’ in the axial summit caldera (ASC) at 9°50.6′N; (4) near-critical temperatures of hydrothermal vent fluids, ranging up to 403°C; (5) temporal variations over a 2 week interval in both temperatures and chemical/isotopic compositions of hydrothermal fluids; (6) unusual compositions of end-member vent fluids, with pH values ranging to a record low of 2.5, salinities ranging as low as 0.3 wt% NaCl (one-twelfth that of seawater), and dissolved gases reaching high concentrations (> 65 mmol/l for both CO2 and H2S); (7) venting at temperatures above 380°C of visually detectable white vapor that transformed to plumes of gray smoke a few centimeters above vent orifices; (8) disorganized venting of both high-temperature fluids (black and gray smoke) and large volumes of cooler, diffuse hydrothermal fluids directly from the basaltic seafloor, rather than from hydrothermal mineral constructions; (9) rapid and extensive growth of flocculent white bacterial mats (species unknown) on and under the seafloor in areas experiencing widespread venting of diffuse hydrothermal fluid; and (10) subseafloor downslope migration of magma normal to the ridge axis in a network of small-scale (1–5 m diameter) lava tubes and channels to distances at least 100–200 m outside the ASC.
\nWe suggest that, in April, 1991, intrusion of dikes in the eruption area to < 200 m beneath the ASC floor resulted in phase separation of fluids near the tops of the dikes and a large flux of vapor-rich hydrothermal fluids through the overlying rubbly, cavernous lavas. Low salinities and gas-rich compositions of hydrothermal fluids sampled in the eruption area are appropriate for a vapor phase in a seawater system undergoing subcritical liquid-vapor phase separation (boiling) and phase segregation. Hydrothermal fluids streamed directly from fissures and pits that may have been loci of lava drainback and/or hydrovolcanic explosions. These fissures and pits were lined with white mats of a unique fast-growing bacteria that was the only life associated with the brand-new vents. The prolific bacteria, which covered thousands of square meters on the ridge crest and were also abundant in subseafloor voids, may thrive on high levels of gases in the vapor-rich hydrothermal fluids initially escaping the hydrothermal system. White bacterial particulates swept from the seafloor by hydrothermal vents swirled in an unprecedented biogenic ‘blizzard’ up to 50 m above the bottom. The bacterial proliferation of April, 1991 is likely to be a transient bloom that will be checked quickly either by decline of dissolved gas concentrations in the fluids as rapid heat loss brings about cessation of boiling, and/or by grazing as other organisms are re-established in the biologically devastated area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(93)90008-W","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Haymon, R., Fornari, D., Von Damm, K.L., Lilley, M., Perfit, M., Edmond, J., Shanks, W.C., Lutz, R., Grebmeier, J., Carbotte, S., Wright, D., McLaughlin, E., Smith, M., Beedle, N., and Olson, E., 1993, Volcanic eruption of the mid-ocean ridge along the East Pacific Rise crest at 9°45-52'N: direct submersible observations of seafloor phenomena associated with an eruption event in April, 1991: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 119, no. 1-2, p. 85-101, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(93)90008-W.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"101","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479498,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.268748","text":"External Repository"},{"id":229063,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"119","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2e4e4b08c986b32ae29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haymon, R.M.","contributorId":17772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haymon","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fornari, D.J.","contributorId":49520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fornari","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Von Damm, Karen L.","contributorId":87701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Von Damm","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lilley, M.D.","contributorId":21299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lilley","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Perfit, M.R.","contributorId":45467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perfit","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Edmond, J.M.","contributorId":24920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edmond","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Shanks, Wayne C. III","contributorId":100527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"Wayne","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lutz, R.A.","contributorId":30388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutz","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Grebmeier, J.M.","contributorId":43932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grebmeier","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Carbotte, S.","contributorId":90490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carbotte","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Wright, D.","contributorId":6158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"McLaughlin, E.","contributorId":86509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Smith, M.","contributorId":32658,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Beedle, N.","contributorId":51933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beedle","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Olson, E.","contributorId":53974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}} ,{"id":70017444,"text":"70017444 - 1993 - Assessing the paradigm of mutually exclusive erosion and deposition of mud, with examples from upper Chesapeake Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-19T11:12:49.210996","indexId":"70017444","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing the paradigm of mutually exclusive erosion and deposition of mud, with examples from upper Chesapeake Bay","docAbstract":"A paradigm of cohesive sediment transport research is that erosion and deposition are mutually exclusive. Many laboratory studies have shown that there is a velocity/stress threshold below which erosion does not occur and a lower threshold above which deposition does not occur. In contrast, a deposition threshold is not included in standard noncohesive sediment transport models, allowing erosion and deposition to occur simultaneously. Several researchers have also modeled erosion and deposition of mud without a deposition threshold. This distinction can have important implications for suspended sediment transport predictions and for data interpretation.
Model-data comparisons based on observations of in situ erosion and deposition of upper Chesapeake Bay mud indicate poor agreement when the sediments are modeled as a single resuspended particle class and mutually exclusive erosion and deposition is assumed. The total resuspended sediment load increases in conjunction with increasing bottom shear stress as anticipated, but deposition is initiated soon after the shear stress begins to decrease and long before the stress falls below the value at which erosion had previously begun. Models assuming no critical stress for deposition, with continuous deposition proportional to the near bottom resuspended sediment concentration, describe the data better. Empirical parameter values estimated from these model fits are similar to other published values for estuarine cohesive sediments, indicating significantly greater erodability for higher water content surface sediments and settling velocities appropriate for large estuarine flocs.
The apparent failure of the cohesive paradigm when applied to in situ data does not mean that the concept of a critical stress for deposition is wrong. Two possibilities for explaining the observed discrepancies are that certain aspects of in situ conditions have not been replicated in the laboratory experiments underlying the cohesive paradigm, and that in situ sediment behavior is better described as a sequence of particle classes than as the single particle class modeled here. However, the in situ measurements needed to resolve these questions are very difficult and data generally are not available. For practical modeling purposes, allowing continuous deposition of a single resuspended particle class may often give quite satisfactory results.
Two small (100 ha) watersheds located on Catoctin Mountain in north-central Maryland were intensively instrumented in 1990 and have been hydrologically, chemically, and isotopically monitored for 3 years. Dissolved concentrations of major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, total AI, CI-, NO3-, SO42- , HCO3-, and SiO2) and stable isotopic (D and 18O) values have been analyzed for most types of water (precipitation, throughfall, two depths of soil water, shallow groundwater, and streamwater) that enter, travel through, and exit each watershed. The major objectives of the study were to characterize the chemical and isotopic signatures of all aqueous components of the watersheds and to interpret the causes of the changes in chemical and isotopic compositions of streamwater during storm runoff. This paper describes selected results of the study.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(93)90200-3","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Rice, K.C., and Bricker, O., 1993, Hydrologic, chemical, and isotopic characterization of two small watersheds on Catoctin Mountain, north-central Maryland, U.S.A.: Chemical Geology, v. 107, no. 3-4, p. 319-321, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(93)90200-3.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"321","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Catoctin Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.52021789550781,\n 39.57049901310693\n ],\n [\n -77.52021789550781,\n 39.69001640474053\n ],\n [\n -77.3880386352539,\n 39.69001640474053\n ],\n [\n -77.3880386352539,\n 39.57049901310693\n ],\n [\n -77.52021789550781,\n 39.57049901310693\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3698e4b0c8380cd6083d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rice, Karen C. 0000-0002-9356-5443 kcrice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-5443","contributorId":1998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Karen","email":"kcrice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":376452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bricker, O.P.","contributorId":33717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"O.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017435,"text":"70017435 - 1993 - Distribution and significance of dicarboxylic acid anions in oil field waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-07T06:54:07","indexId":"70017435","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and significance of dicarboxylic acid anions in oil field waters","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(93)90239-F","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Kharaka, Y., Ambats, G., and Thordsen, J., 1993, Distribution and significance of dicarboxylic acid anions in oil field waters: Chemical Geology, v. 107, no. 3-4, p. 499-501, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(93)90239-F.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"499","endPage":"501","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228843,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266058,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(93)90239-F"}],"volume":"107","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a02a0e4b0c8380cd5012f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kharaka, Y.K.","contributorId":23568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kharaka","given":"Y.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ambats, G.","contributorId":64825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ambats","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thordsen, J.J.","contributorId":43121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thordsen","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017429,"text":"70017429 - 1993 - Sedimentary sulfur geochemistry of the Paleogene Green River Formation, western USA: Implications for interpreting depositional and diagenetic processes in saline alkaline lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-01T17:47:42.26043","indexId":"70017429","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sedimentary sulfur geochemistry of the Paleogene Green River Formation, western USA: Implications for interpreting depositional and diagenetic processes in saline alkaline lakes","docAbstract":"The sulfur geochemistry of the lacustrine Paleogene Green River Formation (Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming, USA) is unlike that of most marine and other lacustrine rocks. Distinctive chemical, isotopic, and mineralogical characteristics of the formation are pyrrhotite and marcasite, high contents of iron mineral sulfides strikingly enriched in34S, cyclical trends in sulfur abundance and δ34S values, and long-term evolutionary trends in δ34S values. Analyses that identified and quantified these characteristics include carbonate-free abundance of organic carbon (0.13–47 wt%), total iron (0.31–13 wt%), reactive iron (>70% of total iron), total sulfur (0.02–16 wt%), acid-volatile monosulfide (SAv), disulfide (SDi > 70% of total sulfur), sulfate (SSO4) and organosulfur (SOrg); isotopic composition of separated sulfur phases (δ34SDi,Av up to +49‰); and mineralogy, morphology and paragenesis of sulfide minerals.
Mineralogy, morphology, δ34SDi,Av, and δ34SOrg have a distinctive relation, reflecting variable and unique depositional and early diagenetic conditions in the Green River lakes. When the lakes were brackish, dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacteria in the sediment produced H2S, which initially reacted with labile iron to form pyrite framboids and more gradually with organic matter to form organosulfur compounds. During a long-lived stage of saline lake water, the amount of sulfate supplied by inflow decreased and alkalinity and pH of lake waters increased substantially. Extensive bacterial sulfate reduction in the water column kept lake waters undersaturated with sulfate minerals. A very high H2S:SO4 ratio developed in stagnant bottom water aided by the high pH that kinetically inhibited iron sulfidization. Progressive removal of H2S by coeval formation of iron sulfides and organosulfur compounds caused the isotopic composition of the entire dissolved sulfur reservoir to evolve to δ34S values much greater than that of inflow sulfate, which is estimated to have been +20‰ A six-million-year interval within Lake Uinta cores records this evolution as well as smaller systematic changes in δ34S, interpreted to reflect ~ 100,000-year lake-level cycles. When porewater was exceptionally reducing, unstable FeS phases eventually recrystallized to pyrrhotite during diagenesis. A much later reaction related to weathering altered pyrrhotite to marcasite.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(93)90291-4","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Tuttle, M.L., and Goldhaber, M., 1993, Sedimentary sulfur geochemistry of the Paleogene Green River Formation, western USA: Implications for interpreting depositional and diagenetic processes in saline alkaline lakes: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, no. 13, p. 3023-3039, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90291-4.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"3023","endPage":"3039","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228795,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8a41e4b08c986b3170e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tuttle, M. L.","contributorId":71992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuttle","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldhaber, M. B. 0000-0002-1785-4243","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-4243","contributorId":103280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldhaber","given":"M. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017417,"text":"70017417 - 1993 - Geology of kilauea volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T14:18:27","indexId":"70017417","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology of kilauea volcano","docAbstract":"This paper summarizes studies of the structure, stratigraphy, petrology, drill holes, eruption frequency, and volcanic and seismic hazards of Kilauea volcano. All the volcano is discussed, but the focus is on its lower cast rift zone (LERZ) because active exploration for geothermal energy is concentrated in that area. Kilauea probably has several separate hydrothermal-convection systems that develop in response to the dynamic behavior of the volcano and the influx of abundant meteoric water. Important features of some of these hydrothermal-convection systems are known through studies of surface geology and drill holes. Observations of eruptions during the past two centuries, detailed geologic mapping, radiocarbon dating, and paleomagnetic secular-variation studies indicate that Kilauea has erupted frequently from its summit and two radial rift zones during Quaternary time. Petrologic studies have established that Kilauea erupts only tholeiitic basalt. Extensive ash deposits at Kilauea's summit and on its LERZ record locally violent, but temporary, disruptions of local hydrothermal-convection systems during the interaction of water or steam with magma. Recent drill holes on the LERZ provide data on the temperatures of the hydrothermal-convection systems, intensity of dike intrusion, porosity and permeability, and an increasing amount of hydrothermal alteration with depth. The prehistoric and historic record of volcanic and seismic activity indicates that magma will continue to be supplied to deep and shallow reservoirs beneath Kilauea's summit and rift zones and that the volcano will be affected by eruptions and earthquakes for many thousands of years. ?? 1993.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(93)90002-5","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Moore, R.B., and Trusdell, F., 1993, Geology of kilauea volcano: Geothermics, v. 22, no. 4, p. 243-254, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(93)90002-5.","startPage":"243","endPage":"254","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228554,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268155,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(93)90002-5"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a24c9e4b0c8380cd583b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, R. B.","contributorId":98720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trusdell, F. A.","contributorId":57471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trusdell","given":"F. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017416,"text":"70017416 - 1993 - Non-parametric trend analysis of water quality data of rivers in Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:33:36.125435","indexId":"70017416","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Non-parametric trend analysis of water quality data of rivers in Kansas","docAbstract":"Surface water quality data for 15 sampling stations in the Arkansas, Verdigris, Neosho, and Walnut river basins inside the state of Kansas were analyzed to detect trends (or lack of trends) in 17 major constituents by using four different non-parametric methods. The results show that concentrations of specific conductance, total dissolved solids, calcium, total hardness, sodium, potassium, alkalinity, sulfate, chloride, total phosphorus, ammonia plus organic nitrogen, and suspended sediment generally have downward trends. Some of the downward trends are related to increases in discharge, while others could be caused by decreases in pollution sources. Homogeneity tests show that both station-wide trends and basinwide trends are non-homogeneous.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(93)90156-4","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Yu, Y., Zou, S., and Whittemore, D., 1993, Non-parametric trend analysis of water quality data of rivers in Kansas: Journal of Hydrology, v. 150, no. 1, p. 61-80, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(93)90156-4.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"80","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228553,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"150","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6761e4b0c8380cd732d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yu, Y.-S.","contributorId":98892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yu","given":"Y.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zou, S.","contributorId":68898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zou","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whittemore, D.","contributorId":39530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whittemore","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017415,"text":"70017415 - 1993 - Heavy metal anomalies in the Tinto and Odiel River and estuary system, Spain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-02T18:54:40.955161","indexId":"70017415","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heavy metal anomalies in the Tinto and Odiel River and estuary system, Spain","docAbstract":"The Tinto and Odiel rivers drain 100 km from the Rio Tinto sulphide mining district, and join at a 20-km long estuary entering the Atlantic Ocean. A reconnaissance study of heavy metal anomalies in channel sand and overbank mud of the river and estuary by semi-quantitative emission dc-arc spectrographic analysis shows the following upstream to downstream ranges in ppm (??g g-1): As 3,000 to <200, Cd 30 to <0.1, Cu 1,500 to 10, Pb 2,000 to <10, Sb 3000 to <150, and Zn 3,000 to <200. Organic-rich (1.3-2.6% total organic carbon, TOC), sandysilty overbank clay has been analyzed to represent suspended load materials. The high content of heavy metals in the overbank clay throughout the river and estuary systems indicates the importance of suspended sediment transport for dispersing heavy metals from natural erosion and anthropogenic mining activities of the sulfide deposit. The organic-poor (0.21-0.37% TOC) river bed sand has been analyzed to represent bedload transport of naturally-occurring sulfide minerals. The sand has high concentrations of metals upstream but these decrease an order of magnitude in the lower estuary. Although heavy metal contamination of estuary mouth beach sand has been diluted to background levels estuary mud exhibits increased contamination apparently related to finer grain size, higher organic carbon content, precipitation of river-borne dissolved solids, and input of anthropogenic heavy metals from industrial sources. The contaminated estuary mud disperses to the inner shelf mud belt and offshore suspended sediment, which exhibit metal anomalies from natural erosion and mining of upstream Rio Tinto sulphide lode sources (Pb, Cu, Zn) and industrial activities within the estuary (Fe, Cr, Ti). Because heavy metal contamination of Tinto-Odiel river sediment reaches or exceeds the highest levels encountered in other river sediments of Spain and Europe, a detailed analysis of metals in water and suspended sediment throughout the system, and epidemiological analysis of heavy metal effects in humans is appropriate. ?? 1993 Estuarine Research Federation.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.2307/1352597","issn":"15592723","usgsCitation":"Nelson, C., and Lamothe, P.J., 1993, Heavy metal anomalies in the Tinto and Odiel River and estuary system, Spain: Estuaries, v. 16, no. 3, p. 496-511, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352597.","startPage":"496","endPage":"511","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228508,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a300de4b0c8380cd5d32d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, C.H.","contributorId":88346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamothe, P. J.","contributorId":45672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamothe","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017407,"text":"70017407 - 1993 - Radionuclides in ground water of the Carson River Basin, western Nevada and eastern California, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-14T12:26:10.372875","indexId":"70017407","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radionuclides in ground water of the Carson River Basin, western Nevada and eastern California, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Ground water is the main source of domestic and public supply in the Carson River Basin. Ground water originates as precipitation primarily in the Sierra Nevada in the western part of Carson and Eagle Valleys, and flows down gradient in the direction of the Carson River through Dayton and Churchill Valleys to a terminal sink in the Carson Desert. Because radionuclides dissolved in ground water can pose a threat to human health, the distribution and sources of several naturally occurring radionuclides that contribute to gross-alpha and gross-beta activities in the study area were investigated. Generally, alpha and beta activities and U concentration increase from the up-gradient to down-gradient hydrographic areas of the Carson River Basin, whereas222Rn concentration decreases. Both226Ra and228Ra concentrations are similar throughout the study area. Alpha and beta activities and U concentration commonly exceed 100 pCi/l in the Carson Desert at the distal end of the flow system. Radon-222 commonly exceeds 2,000 pCi/l in the western part of Carson and Eagle Valleys adjacent to the Sierra Nevada. Radium-226 and228Ra concentrations are <5pCi/l. Four ground water samples were analyzed for210Po and one sample contained a high concentration of 21 pCi/l. Seven samples were analyzed for210Pb; six contained <3pCi/l and one contained 12 pCi/l. Thorium-230 was detected at concentrations of 0.15 and 0.20 pCi/l in two of four samples.
Alpha-emitting radionuclides in the ground water originated from the dissolution of U-rich granitic rocks in the Sierra Nevada by CO2, oxygenated water. Dissolution of primary minerals, mainly titanite (sphene) in the granitic rocks, releases U to the water. Dissolved U is probably removed from the water by adsorption on Fe- and Mn-oxide coatings on fracture surfaces and fine-grained sediment, by adsorption on organic matter, and by coprecipitation with Fe and Mn oxides. These coated sediments are transported throughout the basin by fluvial processes. Thus, U is transported as dissolved and adsorbed species. A rise in the water table in the Carson Desert because of irrigation has resulted in the oxidation of U-rich organic matter and dissolution of U-bearing coatings on sediments, producing unusually high U concentration in the ground water.
Alpha activity in the ground water is almost entirely from the decay of U dissolved in the water. Beta activity in ground water samples is primarily from the decay of40K dissolved in the water and ingrowth of238U progeny in the sample before analysis. Approximately one-half of the measured beta activity may not be present in ground water in the aquifer, but instead is produced in the sample after collection and before analysis. Potassium-40 is primarily from the dissolution of K-containing minerals, probably K-feldspar and biotite. Radon-222 is primarily from the decay of226Ra in the aquifer materials. Radium in the ground water is thought to be mainly from alpha recoil associated with the decay of Th in the aquifer material. Some Ra may be from dissolution (or desorption) or Ra-rich coatings on sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(93)90075-R","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Thomas, J.M., Welch, A., Lico, M., Hughes, J.L., and Whitney, R., 1993, Radionuclides in ground water of the Carson River Basin, western Nevada and eastern California, U.S.A.: Applied Geochemistry, v. 8, no. 5, p. 447-471, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(93)90075-R.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"447","endPage":"471","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228416,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Carson River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.77808191049472,\n 40.330949687966836\n ],\n [\n -120.77808191049472,\n 38.2575185828108\n ],\n [\n -118.25229909191118,\n 38.2575185828108\n ],\n [\n -118.25229909191118,\n 40.330949687966836\n ],\n [\n -120.77808191049472,\n 40.330949687966836\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a941ce4b0c8380cd811f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, J. M.","contributorId":62217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Welch, A. H.","contributorId":14836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"A. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lico, M.S.","contributorId":36573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lico","given":"M.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hughes, J. L.","contributorId":34940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Whitney, R.","contributorId":94808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017405,"text":"70017405 - 1993 - Generation of aliphatic acid anions and carbon dioxide by hydrous pyrolysis of crude oils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-14T12:23:58.754861","indexId":"70017405","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Generation of aliphatic acid anions and carbon dioxide by hydrous pyrolysis of crude oils","docAbstract":"Two crude oils with relatively high (0.60 wt%) and low (0.18 wt%) oxygen contents were heated in the presence of water in gold-plated reactors at 300??C for 2348 h. The high-oxygen oil was also heated at 200??C for 5711 h. The compositions of aqueous organic acid anions of the oils and of the headspace gases were monitored inn order to investigate the distribution of organic acids that can be generated from liquid petroleum. The oil with higher oxygen content generated about five times as much organic anions as the other oil. The dominant organic anions produced were acetate, propionate and butyrate. Small amounts of formate, succinate, methyl succinate and oxalate were also produced. The dominant oxygen-containing product was CO2, as has been observed in similar studies on the hydrous pyrolysis of kerogen. These results indicate that a significant portion (10-30%) of organic acid anions reported i be generated by thermal alteration of oils in reservoir rocks. The bulk of organic acid anions present in formation waters, however, is most likely generated by thermal alteration of kerogen in source rocks. Kerogen is more abundant than oil in sedimentary basins and the relative yields of organic acid anions reported from the hydrous pyrolysis of kerogen are much higher than the yields obtained for the two oils. ?? 1993.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(93)90001-W","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Kharaka, Y., Lundegard, P., Ambats, G., Evans, W.C., and Bischoff, J.L., 1993, Generation of aliphatic acid anions and carbon dioxide by hydrous pyrolysis of crude oils: Applied Geochemistry, v. 8, no. 4, p. 317-324, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(93)90001-W.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"324","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228369,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1551e4b0c8380cd54d5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kharaka, Y.K.","contributorId":23568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kharaka","given":"Y.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lundegard, P.D.","contributorId":71323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lundegard","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ambats, G.","contributorId":64825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ambats","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Evans, William C.","contributorId":104903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017404,"text":"70017404 - 1993 - Geophysical characteristics of the hydrothermal systems of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T14:19:06","indexId":"70017404","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geophysical characteristics of the hydrothermal systems of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Clues to the overall structure of Kilauea volcano can be obtained from spatial studies of gravity, magnetic, and seismic velocity variations. The rift zones and summit are underlain by dense, magnetic, high P-wave-velocity rocks at depths of about 2 km less. The gravity and seismic velocity studies indicate that the rift structures are broad, extending farther to the north than to the south of the surface features. The magnetic data give more definition to the rift structures by allowing separation into a narrow, highly-magnetized, shallow zone and broad, flanking, magnetic lows. The patterns of gravity, magnetic variations, and seismicity document the southward migration of the upper cast rift zone. Regional, hydrologic features of Kilauea can be determined from resistivity and self-potential studies. High-level groundwater exists beneath Kilauea summit to elevations of +800 m within a triangular area bounded by the west edge of the upper southwest rift zone, the east edge of the upper east rift zone, and the Koa'c fault system. High-level groundwater is present within the east rift zone beyond the triangular summit area. Self-potential mapping shows that areas of local heat produce local fluid circulation in the unconfined aquifer (water table). The dynamics of Kilauea eruptions are responsible for both the source of heat and the fracture permeability of the hydrothermal system. Shallow seismicity and surface deformation indicate that magma is intruding and that fractures are forming beneath the rift zones and summit area. Magma supply estimates are used to calculate the rate of heat input to Kilauea's hydrothermal systems. Heat flows of 370-820 mW/m2 are calculated from deep wells within the lower east rift zone. The estimated heat input rate for Kilauea of 9 gigawatts (GW) is at least 25 times higher than the conductive heat loss as estimated from the heat flow in wells extrapolated over the area of the summit caldera and rift zones. Heat must be dissipated by another mechanism, or the heat input rate estimates are much too high. ?? 1993.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(93)90004-7","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Kauahikaua, J., 1993, Geophysical characteristics of the hydrothermal systems of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Geothermics, v. 22, no. 4, p. 271-299, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(93)90004-7.","startPage":"271","endPage":"299","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268156,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(93)90004-7"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2811e4b0c8380cd59dd2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kauahikaua, J. 0000-0003-3777-503X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":26087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017403,"text":"70017403 - 1993 - Bimodal Density Distribution of Cryptodome Dacite from the 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:56","indexId":"70017403","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bimodal Density Distribution of Cryptodome Dacite from the 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"The explosion of a cryptodome at Mount St. Helens in 1980 produced two juvenile rock types that are derived from the same source magma. Their differences-color, texture and density-are due only to vesicularity differences. The vesicular gray dacite comprises bout 72% of the juvenile material; the black dacite comprises the other 28%. The density of juvenile dacite is bimodally distributed, with peaks at 1.6 g cm-3 (gray dacite) and 2.3 g cm-3 (black dacite). Water contents, deuterium abundances, and the relationship of petrographic structures to vapor-phase crystals indicate both rock types underwent pre-explosion subsurface vesiculation and degassing. The gray dacite underwent a second vesiculation event, probably during the 18 May explosion. In the subsurface, gases probably escaped through interconnected vesicles into the permeable volcanic edifice. We suggest that nonuniform degassing of an initially homogeneous magma produced volatile gradients in the cryptodome and that these gradients were responsible for the density bimodality. That is, water contents less than about 0.2-0.4 wt% produced vesicle growth rates that were slow in comparison to the pyroclast cooling rates; greater water contents produced vesicle growth rates that were fast in comparison to cooling rates. In this scheme, the dacite densities are bimodally distributed simply because, following decompression on 18 May 1980, one clast population vesiculated while the other did not. For clasts that did vesiculate, vesicle growth continued until it was arrested by fragmentation. ?? 1993 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00302002","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Hoblitt, R., and Harmon, R., 1993, Bimodal Density Distribution of Cryptodome Dacite from the 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 55, no. 6, p. 421-437, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302002.","startPage":"421","endPage":"437","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206183,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302002"}],"volume":"55","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f132e4b0c8380cd4aab3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoblitt, R.","contributorId":89536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoblitt","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harmon, R.S.","contributorId":6585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmon","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017402,"text":"70017402 - 1993 - Dissolved sulfides in the oxic water column of San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-06T06:13:22","indexId":"70017402","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dissolved sulfides in the oxic water column of San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"Trace contaminants enter major estuaries such as San Francisco Bay from a variety of point and nonpoint sources and may then be repartitioned between solid and aqueous phases or altered in chemical speciation. Chemical speciation affects the bioavailability of metals as well as organic ligands to planktonic and benthic organisms, and the partitioning of these solutes between phases. Our previous, work in south San Francisco Bay indicated that sulfide complexation with metals may be of particular importance because of the thermodynamic stability of these complexes. Although the water column of the bay is consistently well-oxygenated and typically unstratified with respect to dissolved oxygen, the kinetics of sulfide oxidation could exert at least transient controls on metal speciation. Our initial data on dissolved sulfides in the main channel of both the northern and southern components of the bay consistently indicate submicromolar concenrations (from <1 nM to 162 nM), as one would expect in an oxidizing environment. However, chemical speciation calculations over the range of observed sulfide concentrations indicate that these trace concentrations in the bay water column can markedly affect chemical speciation of ecologically significant trace metals such as cadmium, copper, and zinc.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.2307/1352604","issn":"15592723","usgsCitation":"Kuwabara, J., and Luther, G., 1993, Dissolved sulfides in the oxic water column of San Francisco Bay, California: Estuaries, v. 16, no. 3, p. 567-573, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352604.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"567","endPage":"573","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229061,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206182,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02718304"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0241e4b0c8380cd4ff84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuwabara, J.S.","contributorId":57905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuwabara","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luther, G.W.","contributorId":37913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luther","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017395,"text":"70017395 - 1993 - Amino acid composition of suspended particles, sediment-trap material, and benthic sediment in the Potomac Estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-02T18:51:43.158094","indexId":"70017395","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Amino acid composition of suspended particles, sediment-trap material, and benthic sediment in the Potomac Estuary","docAbstract":"Sediment trap deployments in estuaries provide a method for estimating the amount of organic material transported to the sediments from the euphotic zone. The amino acid composition of suspended particles, benthic sediment, and sediment-trap material collected at 2.4 m, 5.8 m, and 7.9 m depths in the Potomac Estuary was determined in stratified summer waters, and in well-mixed oxygenated waters (DO) in late fall. The total vertical flow, or flux, of material into the top traps ranged from 3 g m-2 d-1 in August to 4.9 g m-2 d-1 in October. The carbon and nitrogen fluxes increased in the deepest traps relative to the surface traps during both sampling periods, along with that of the total material flux (up to 47.3 g m-2 d-1 in the deepest trap), although the actual weight percent of organic carbon and organic nitrogen decreased with depth. Amino acid concentrations ranged from 129 mg g-1 in surface water particulate material to 22 mg g-1 in particulate material in 9-m-deep waters and in the benthic sediment. Amino acid concentrations from 2.4-mg-depth sediment traps averaged 104??29 mg g-1 in stratified waters and 164??81 mg g-1 in well-mixed waters. The deep trap samples averaed, 77.3??4.8 mg g-1 amino acids in summer waters and 37??16 mg g-1 in oxygenated fall waters. Amino acids comprised 13% to 39% of the organic carbon and 12% to 89% of the orgnaic nitrogen in these samples. Analysis of the flux results suggest that resuspension combined with lateral advection from adjacent slopes can account for up to 27% of the material in the deep traps when the estuary was well-mixed and unstratified. When the estuary was stratified in late summer, the amino acid carbon produced by primary productivity in the euphotic zone decreased by 85% (86% for total organic carbon) at the pycnocline at 6 m depth, leaving up to 15% of the vertical organic flux available for benthic sediment deposition. ?? 1993 Estuarine Research Federation.","largerWorkTitle":"Estuaries","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.2307/1352588","issn":"15592723","usgsCitation":"Sigleo, A., and Shultz, D., 1993, Amino acid composition of suspended particles, sediment-trap material, and benthic sediment in the Potomac Estuary: Estuaries, v. 16, no. 3, p. 405-415, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352588.","startPage":"405","endPage":"415","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228922,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9b8e4b0c8380cd483e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sigleo, A.C.","contributorId":20899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sigleo","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shultz, D.J.","contributorId":60246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shultz","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017394,"text":"70017394 - 1993 - Geologic and hydrologic hazards in glacierized basins in North America resulting from 19th and 20th century global warming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:56","indexId":"70017394","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2822,"text":"Natural Hazards","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic and hydrologic hazards in glacierized basins in North America resulting from 19th and 20th century global warming","docAbstract":"Alpine glacier retreat resulting from global warming since the close of the Little Ice Age in the 19th and 20th centuries has increased the risk and incidence of some geologic and hydrologic hazards in mountainous alpine regions of North America. Abundant loose debris in recently deglaciated areas at the toe of alpine glaciers provides a ready source of sediment during rainstorms or outburst floods. This sediment can cause debris flows and sedimentation problems in downstream areas. Moraines built during the Little Ice Age can trap and store large volumes of water. These natural dams have no controlled outlets and can fail without warning. Many glacier-dammed lakes have grown in size, while ice dams have shrunk, resulting in greater risks of ice-dam failure. The retreat and thinning of glacier ice has left oversteepened, unstable valley walls and has led to increased incidence of rock and debris avalanches. ?? 1993 Kluwer Academic Publishers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Natural Hazards","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00605437","issn":"0921030X","usgsCitation":"O’Connor, J.E., and Costa, J.E., 1993, Geologic and hydrologic hazards in glacierized basins in North America resulting from 19th and 20th century global warming: Natural Hazards, v. 8, no. 2, p. 121-140, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00605437.","startPage":"121","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206166,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00605437"},{"id":228921,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a18f6e4b0c8380cd5585e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Connor, J. E.","contributorId":59489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connor","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Costa, J. E.","contributorId":28977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Costa","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017393,"text":"70017393 - 1993 - Geologic research in support of sustainable agriculture","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-21T17:11:49.002888","indexId":"70017393","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":682,"text":"Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic research in support of sustainable agriculture","docAbstract":"The importance and role of the geosciences in studies of sustainable agriculture include such traditional research areas as, agromineral resource assessments, the mapping and classification of soils and soil amendments, and the evaluation of landscapes for their vulnerability to physical and chemical degradation. Less traditional areas of study, that are increasing in societal importance because of environmental concerns and research into sustainable systems in general, include regional geochemical studies of plant and animal trace element deficiencies and toxicities, broad-scale water quality investigations, agricultural chemicals and the hydrogeologic interface, and minimally processed and ion-exchange agrominerals. We discuss the importance and future of phosphate in the US and world based on human population growth, projected agromineral demands in general, and the unavailability of new, high-quality agricultural lands. We also present examples of studies that relate geochemistry and the hydrogeologic characteristics of a region to the bioavailability and cycling of trace elements important to sustainable agricultural systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0167-8809(93)90013-F","usgsCitation":"Gough, L.P., and Herring, J., 1993, Geologic research in support of sustainable agriculture: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, v. 46, no. 1-4, p. 55-68, https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(93)90013-F.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"55","endPage":"68","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228883,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a21cbe4b0c8380cd56ac3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gough, L. P.","contributorId":64198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herring, J. R.","contributorId":43348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herring","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017374,"text":"70017374 - 1993 - Central Nebraska river basins Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:58:42","indexId":"70017374","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Central Nebraska river basins Nebraska","docAbstract":"The Central Nebraska Basins (NAWQA) study unit includes the Platte River and two major tributaries, the Loup and Elkhorn Rivers. Platte River flows are variable of diversions, but the Loup and Elkhorn Rivers originate in an area of dune sand covered by grassland that generates consistent base flows. Ground water has no regional confining units and the system is a water table aquifer throughout. Macroinvertebrate and fish taxa were related to stream flow. One of the four wetland complexes includes habitat for threatened and endangered bird species. A water quality assessments will be based on the differences in environmental setting in each of four subunits within the study unit.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1993.tb03228.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Huntzinger, T.L., and Ellis, M.J., 1993, Central Nebraska river basins Nebraska: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 29, no. 4, p. 533-574, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1993.tb03228.x.","startPage":"533","endPage":"574","numberOfPages":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267690,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1993.tb03228.x"},{"id":228603,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f3f1e4b0c8380cd4ba40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huntzinger, Thomas L.","contributorId":104054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntzinger","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellis, Michael J.","contributorId":40360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017372,"text":"70017372 - 1993 - Thermal stability of hydrocarbons in nature: Limits, evidence, characteristics, and possible controls","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-01T17:44:13.027266","indexId":"70017372","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal stability of hydrocarbons in nature: Limits, evidence, characteristics, and possible controls","docAbstract":"Numerous petroleum-geochemical analyses of deeply buried, high-rank, fine-grained rocks from ultra-deep wellbores by different investigators demonstrate that C15+ hydrocarbons (HCs) persist in moderate to high concentrations at vitrinite reflectance (R0) values of 2.0–5.0% and persist in measurable concentrations up to R0 = 7.0–8.0%, at which point the thermal deadline for C15+ HC's is finally approached. Qualitative analyses have been carried out on
(1) high-rank gas condensates which have been exposed to the HC-thermal-destructive phase,
(2) bitumens from high-temperature aqueous-pyrolysis experiments in the HC-thermal-destructive phase, and
(3) bitumens from high-rank, fine-grained rocks near the HC-thermal-destructive phase.
These analyses clearly demonstrate that well-defined compositional suites are established in the saturated, aromatic, and sulfur-bearing aromatic HCs in and near the HC-thermal-destructive phase.
On the other hand, accepted petroleum-geochemical paradigms place rigid limits on HC thermal stability: C15+ HCs begin thermal cracking at R0 values of 0.9% and are completely thermally destroyed by R0 = 1.35%; C2-C4 HC gases are thermally destroyed by R0 = 2.0% and methane is thermally destroyed by R0 = 4.0%. Furthermore, published data and observations in many HC basins worldwide support these models; for example,
(1) sharp basinal zonations of gas and oil deposits vs. maturation rank in HC basins and
(2) decreasing C15+ HC concentrations in some fine-grained rocks at ranks of R0 ≥ 0.9%.
The fact that observed data (C15+ HCs thermally stable to R0 = 7.0–8.0%) is so far removed from predicted behavior (C15+) HCs expected to be thermally destroyed by R0 = 1.35%) may be due to
(1) a lack of recognition of some important possible controlling parameters of organic matter (OM) metamorphism and too much importance given to other assumed controlling parameters; and
(2) assigning HC distribution patterns in petroleum basins to HC thermal cracking when such patterns may be due to other causes.
In the first case, laboratory experiments strongly suggest that the presence of water, increasing fluid pressures, and closed systems (product retention) all suppress OM metamorphic reactions. Conversely, the absence of water, low fluid pressures, and open systems (product escape) all promote OM metamorphic reactions. These experiments also demonstrate that OM metamorphic reactions proceed by reaction kinetics greater than first order. Thus, the effect of geologic time appears to have been over-estimated in OM metamorphism. In the second case, the strong decreases in C15+ HC concentrations in fine-grained rocks with Type III OM over R0 = 0.9−1.35% are most probably due to intense primary migration and loss of HCs to drilling muds during the trip uphole in drilling operations. Data from coals demonstrate that these decreases in HC concentrations cannot be due to C15+ HC thermal destruction. Oil deposits are generally found at shallow depths in basins, and “dry gas” (methane ≤ 98% of all HC gases) deposits are found at the greatest depths. This HC distribution pattern would be caused by methane, generated during the late stages of C15+ HC generation, flushing oil (including C2–C4 HC gases condensed into the liquid phase) out of deep basinal traps by Gussow's (1954) principle of differential entrapment. Hence, only “dry gas” deposits are left in the basin deeps. Oil emplacement processes in traps during expulsion and secondary migration could also contribute to the HC distribution pattern observed in petroleum basins.
Samples collected in December 1990 and July 1991 show that dissolved Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn distributions in the Gulf of the Farallones are dominated by mixing of two end-members: (1) metal-enriched San Francisco Bay water and (2) offshore California Current water. The range of dissolved metal concentrations observed is 0.2–0.9 nmol kg−1 for Cd, 1–20 nmol kg−1 for Cu, 4–16 nmol kg−1 for Ni, and 0.2–20 nmol kg−1 for Zn. Effective concentrations in fresh water discharged into San Francisco Bay during 1990–1991 (estimated by extrapolation to zero salinity) are 740–860 μmol kg−1 for silicate, 21–44 μmol kg−1 for phosphate, 10–15 nmol kg−1for Cd, 210–450 nmol kg−1 for Cu, 210–270 nmol kg−1 for Ni, and 190–390 nmol kg−1 for Zn. Comparison with effective trace metal and nutrient concentrations for freshwater discharge reported by Flegal et al. (1991) shows that input of these constituents to the northern reaches of San Francisco Bay accounts for only a fraction of the input to Gulf of the Farallones from the estuary system as a whole. The nutrient and trace metal composition of shelf water outside a 30-km radius from the mouth of the estuary closely resembles that of California Current water further offshore. In contrast to coastal waters elsewhere, there is little evidence of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn input by sediment diagenesis in continental shelf waters of California.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1352603","issn":"15592723","usgsCitation":"VanGeen, A., and Luoma, S.N., 1993, Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn) and nutrients in coastal waters adjacent to San Francisco Bay, California: Estuaries, v. 16, no. 3, p. 559-566, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352603.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"559","endPage":"566","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb671e4b08c986b326c89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"VanGeen, A.","contributorId":84086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanGeen","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017364,"text":"70017364 - 1993 - Computation of type curves for flow to partially penetrating wells in water-table aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-04T18:56:48","indexId":"70017364","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Computation of type curves for flow to partially penetrating wells in water-table aquifers","docAbstract":"Evaluation of Neuman's analytical solution for flow to a well in a homogeneous, anisotropic, water-table aquifer commonly requires large amounts of computation time and can produce inaccurate results for selected combinations of parameters. Large computation times occur because the integrand of a semi-infinite integral involves the summation of an infinite series. Each term of the series requires evaluation of the roots of equations, and the series itself is sometimes slowly convergent. Inaccuracies can result from lack of computer precision or from the use of improper methods of numerical integration. In this paper it is proposed to use a method of numerical inversion of the Laplace transform solution, provided by Neuman, to overcome these difficulties. The solution in Laplace space is simpler in form than the real-time solution; that is, the integrand of the semi-infinite integral does not involve an infinite series or the need to evaluate roots of equations. Because the integrand is evaluated rapidly, advanced methods of numerical integration can be used to improve accuracy with an overall reduction in computation time. The proposed method of computing type curves, for which a partially documented computer program (WTAQ1) was written, was found to reduce computation time by factors of 2 to 20 over the time needed to evaluate the closed-form, real-time solution.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb00870.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Moench, A.F., 1993, Computation of type curves for flow to partially penetrating wells in water-table aquifers: Ground Water, v. 31, no. 6, p. 966-971, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb00870.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"966","endPage":"971","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224594,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f950e4b0c8380cd4d565","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moench, Allen F. afmoench@usgs.gov","contributorId":3903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moench","given":"Allen","email":"afmoench@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":376245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017363,"text":"70017363 - 1993 - Differential equations governing slip-induced pore-pressure fluctuations in a water-saturated granular medium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:50","indexId":"70017363","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2700,"text":"Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differential equations governing slip-induced pore-pressure fluctuations in a water-saturated granular medium","docAbstract":"Macroscopic frictional slip in water-saturated granular media occurs commonly during landsliding, surface faulting, and intense bedload transport. A mathematical model of dynamic pore-pressure fluctuations that accompany and influence such sliding is derived here by both inductive and deductive methods. The inductive derivation shows how the governing differential equations represent the physics of the steadily sliding array of cylindrical fiberglass rods investigated experimentally by Iverson and LaHusen (1989). The deductive derivation shows how the same equations result from a novel application of Biot's (1956) dynamic mixture theory to macroscopic deformation. The model consists of two linear differential equations and five initial and boundary conditions that govern solid displacements and pore-water pressures. Solid displacements and water pressures are strongly coupled, in part through a boundary condition that ensures mass conservation during irreversible pore deformation that occurs along the bumpy slip surface. Feedback between this deformation and the pore-pressure field may yield complex system responses. The dual derivations of the model help explicate key assumptions. For example, the model requires that the dimensionless parameter B, defined here through normalization of Biot's equations, is much larger than one. This indicates that solid-fluid coupling forces are dominated by viscous rather than inertial effects. A tabulation of physical and kinematic variables for the rod-array experiments of Iverson and LaHusen and for various geologic phenomena shows that the model assumptions commonly are satisfied. A subsequent paper will describe model tests against experimental data. ?? 1993 International Association for Mathematical Geology.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00911548","issn":"08828121","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R., 1993, Differential equations governing slip-induced pore-pressure fluctuations in a water-saturated granular medium: Mathematical Geology, v. 25, no. 8, p. 1027-1048, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00911548.","startPage":"1027","endPage":"1048","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205514,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00911548"},{"id":224593,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00f8e4b0c8380cd4fa04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, R.M. 0000-0002-7369-3819","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":16435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017360,"text":"70017360 - 1993 - Distributions of pesticides and organic contaminants between water and suspended sediment, San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-08T06:38:20","indexId":"70017360","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distributions of pesticides and organic contaminants between water and suspended sediment, San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"Suspended-sediment and water samples were collected from San Francisco Bay in 1991 during low river discharge and after spring rains. All samples were analyzed for organophosphate, carbamate, and organochlorine pesticides; petroleum hydrocarbons; biomarkers; and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. The objectives were to determine the concentrations of these contaminants in water and suspended sediment during two different hydrologic conditions and to determine partition coefficients of the contaminants between water and sediment. Concentrations of hydrophobic contaminants, such as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, varied with location of sample collection, riverine discharge, and tidal cycle. Concentrations of hydrophobic contaminants in suspended sediments were highest during low river discharge but became diluted as agricultural soils entered the bay after spring rains. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons defined as dissolved in the water column were not detected. The concentrations sorbed on suspended sediments were variable and were dependent on sediment transport patterns in the bay. In contrast, the relatively hydrophilic organophosphate pesticides, such as chlorpyrifos and diazinon, has a more uniform concentration in suspended sediment. These pesticides were detected only after spring rains. Most of the measured diazinon, at least 98% for all samples, was in the dissolved phase. Measured partition coefficients for diazinon generally were uniform, which suggests that suspended-sediment concentrations were close to equilibrium with dissolved concentrations. The concentration of diazinon sorbed to suspended sediments, at any given sampling site, was driven primarily by the more abundant solution concentration. The concentrations of diazinon sorbed to suspended sediments, therefore, were independent of the patterns of sediment movement.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1352589","issn":"15592723","usgsCitation":"Domagalski, J.L., and Kuivila, K., 1993, Distributions of pesticides and organic contaminants between water and suspended sediment, San Francisco Bay, California: Estuaries, v. 16, no. 3, p. 416-426, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352589.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"416","endPage":"426","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224497,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.12377929687499,\n 37.33522435930639\n ],\n [\n -121.81640624999999,\n 37.33522435930639\n ],\n [\n -121.81640624999999,\n 38.272688535980976\n ],\n [\n -123.12377929687499,\n 38.272688535980976\n ],\n [\n -123.12377929687499,\n 37.33522435930639\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0328e4b0c8380cd50385","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Domagalski, Joseph L. 0000-0002-6032-757X joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuivila, K.M.","contributorId":34529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuivila","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017349,"text":"70017349 - 1993 - Aspects of numerical and representational methods related to the finite-difference simulation of advective and dispersive transport of freshwater in a thin brackish aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:36:34.484578","indexId":"70017349","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aspects of numerical and representational methods related to the finite-difference simulation of advective and dispersive transport of freshwater in a thin brackish aquifer","docAbstract":"The simulation of the transport of injected freshwater in a thin brackish aquifer, overlain and underlain by confining layers containing more saline water, is shown to be influenced by the choice of the finite-difference approximation method, the algorithm for representing vertical advective and dispersive fluxes, and the values assigned to parametric coefficients that specify the degree of vertical dispersion and molecular diffusion that occurs. Computed potable water recovery efficiencies will differ depending upon the choice of algorithm and approximation method, as will dispersion coefficients estimated based on the calibration of simulations to match measured data. A comparison of centered and backward finite-difference approximation methods shows that substantially different transition zones between injected and native waters are depicted by the different methods, and computed recovery efficiencies vary greatly. Standard and experimental algorithms and a variety of values for molecular diffusivity, transverse dispersivity, and vertical scaling factor were compared in simulations of freshwater storage in a thin brackish aquifer. Computed recovery efficiencies vary considerably, and appreciable differences are observed in the distribution of injected freshwater in the various cases tested. The results demonstrate both a qualitatively different description of transport using the experimental algorithms and the interrelated influences of molecular diffusion and transverse dispersion on simulated recovery efficiency. When simulating natural aquifer flow in cross-section, flushing of the aquifer occurred for all tested coefficient choices using both standard and experimental algorithms.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(93)90253-6","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Merritt, M.L., 1993, Aspects of numerical and representational methods related to the finite-difference simulation of advective and dispersive transport of freshwater in a thin brackish aquifer: Journal of Hydrology, v. 148, no. 1-4, p. 61-92, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(93)90253-6.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225065,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"148","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edbce4b0c8380cd49995","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merritt, M. L.","contributorId":47401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merritt","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017348,"text":"70017348 - 1993 - Spectral Distinctions between the Leading and Trailing Hemispheres of Callisto: New Observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:47","indexId":"70017348","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spectral Distinctions between the Leading and Trailing Hemispheres of Callisto: New Observations","docAbstract":"An analysis of recent telescopic observations of Callisto results in new insights regarding spectral variations from the leading to the trailing hemisphere of Callisto. Examination of data in the wavelength range from 2.0 to 2.5 ??m indicates that previous suggestions of spectral differences are most likely the result of experimental uncertainty or error. Slight variations in the slope of this wavelength range are consistent with larger ice grain sizes on the trailing hemisphere. The new observations confirm the presence of an absorption feature centered on 3.4 ??m in the spectrum of the leading hemisphere. Theoretical spectral modeling indicates this feature is caused by small amounts of fine-grained water ice. Finally, an absorption feature near 3.1 ??m is indicated but cannot be confirmed due to the strong variation in the spectrum of water ice in this region. If this feature is real, rather than an artifact of the reflectance modeling, it is similar in location and bandwidth to a feature seen in the spectrum of Ceres, attributed to NH4-bearing clays. ?? 1993 Academic Press. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/icar.1993.1083","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Calvin, W.M., and Clark, R.N., 1993, Spectral Distinctions between the Leading and Trailing Hemispheres of Callisto: New Observations: Icarus, v. 104, no. 1, p. 69-78, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1993.1083.","startPage":"69","endPage":"78","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205596,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.1993.1083"},{"id":225064,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9534e4b08c986b31adc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calvin, W. M.","contributorId":17379,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calvin","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, R. N.","contributorId":6568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}