Suspended-sediment and water samples were collected from San Francisco Bay in 1991 during low river discharge and after spring rains. All samples were analyzed for organophosphate, carbamate, and organochlorine pesticides; petroleum hydrocarbons; biomarkers; and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. The objectives were to determine the concentrations of these contaminants in water and suspended sediment during two different hydrologic conditions and to determine partition coefficients of the contaminants between water and sediment. Concentrations of hydrophobic contaminants, such as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, varied with location of sample collection, riverine discharge, and tidal cycle. Concentrations of hydrophobic contaminants in suspended sediments were highest during low river discharge but became diluted as agricultural soils entered the bay after spring rains. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons defined as dissolved in the water column were not detected. The concentrations sorbed on suspended sediments were variable and were dependent on sediment transport patterns in the bay. In contrast, the relatively hydrophilic organophosphate pesticides, such as chlorpyrifos and diazinon, has a more uniform concentration in suspended sediment. These pesticides were detected only after spring rains. Most of the measured diazinon, at least 98% for all samples, was in the dissolved phase. Measured partition coefficients for diazinon generally were uniform, which suggests that suspended-sediment concentrations were close to equilibrium with dissolved concentrations. The concentration of diazinon sorbed to suspended sediments, at any given sampling site, was driven primarily by the more abundant solution concentration. The concentrations of diazinon sorbed to suspended sediments, therefore, were independent of the patterns of sediment movement.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1352589","issn":"15592723","usgsCitation":"Domagalski, J.L., and Kuivila, K., 1993, Distributions of pesticides and organic contaminants between water and suspended sediment, San Francisco Bay, California: Estuaries, v. 16, no. 3, p. 416-426, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352589.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"416","endPage":"426","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224497,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.12377929687499,\n 37.33522435930639\n ],\n [\n -121.81640624999999,\n 37.33522435930639\n ],\n [\n -121.81640624999999,\n 38.272688535980976\n ],\n [\n -123.12377929687499,\n 38.272688535980976\n ],\n [\n -123.12377929687499,\n 37.33522435930639\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0328e4b0c8380cd50385","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Domagalski, Joseph L. 0000-0002-6032-757X joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuivila, K.M.","contributorId":34529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuivila","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014688,"text":"1014688 - 1993 - Morphometric differentiation of American shad and white sucker eggs from riverine samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-10T23:45:44.892039","indexId":"1014688","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphometric differentiation of American shad and white sucker eggs from riverine samples","docAbstract":"We developed a statistical method to distinguish the large demersal eggs of American shad from those of white sucker in riverine samples using egg morphometric analysis. Eggs were first screened by total diameter in deionized water according to ranges reported in the published literature. Differences in relative yolk diameter between the two species were then determined statistically from known museum sources. Only those eggs with relative yolk diameters greater than two standard deviations below the mean for white sucker eggs were considered to be American shad eggs. The criteria for American shad eggs were total diameter ≥2.3 nm and relative yolk diameter ≤66%. A partial test of the model showed predicted identity to agree with observed identity for 74 out of 75 shad eggs.
Wetlands are a common landscape feature in the Arctic, Subarctic, and north Temperate zones of North America. In all three-zones, the occurrnce of seasonal frost results in similar surface-water processes in the early spring. For example, surface ice and snow generally melt before the soil frost thaws, causing melt water to flow into depressions, over the land surface and at times, across low topographic divides. However, evapotranspiration and ground-water movement differ among the three climatic zones because they are more affected by permafrost than seasonal frost. The water source for plants in the Arctic is restricted to the small volume of subsurface water lying above the permafrost. Although this is also true in the Subarctic where permafrost exists, where it does not, plants may receive and possibly reflect, more regional ground-water sources. Where permafrost exists, the interaction of wetlands with subsurface water is largely restricted to shallow local flow systems. But where permafrost is absent in parts of the Subarctic and all of the Temperature zone, wetlands may have a complex interaction with ground-water-flow systems of all magnitudes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(93)90043-9","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Woo, M., and Winter, T.C., 1993, The role of permafrost and seasonal frost in the hydrology of northern wetlands in North America: Journal of Hydrology, v. 141, no. 1-4, p. 5-31, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(93)90043-9.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"31","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228398,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"141","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf8ee4b08c986b3248aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woo, M.-K.","contributorId":23704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woo","given":"M.-K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017404,"text":"70017404 - 1993 - Geophysical characteristics of the hydrothermal systems of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T14:19:06","indexId":"70017404","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geophysical characteristics of the hydrothermal systems of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Clues to the overall structure of Kilauea volcano can be obtained from spatial studies of gravity, magnetic, and seismic velocity variations. The rift zones and summit are underlain by dense, magnetic, high P-wave-velocity rocks at depths of about 2 km less. The gravity and seismic velocity studies indicate that the rift structures are broad, extending farther to the north than to the south of the surface features. The magnetic data give more definition to the rift structures by allowing separation into a narrow, highly-magnetized, shallow zone and broad, flanking, magnetic lows. The patterns of gravity, magnetic variations, and seismicity document the southward migration of the upper cast rift zone. Regional, hydrologic features of Kilauea can be determined from resistivity and self-potential studies. High-level groundwater exists beneath Kilauea summit to elevations of +800 m within a triangular area bounded by the west edge of the upper southwest rift zone, the east edge of the upper east rift zone, and the Koa'c fault system. High-level groundwater is present within the east rift zone beyond the triangular summit area. Self-potential mapping shows that areas of local heat produce local fluid circulation in the unconfined aquifer (water table). The dynamics of Kilauea eruptions are responsible for both the source of heat and the fracture permeability of the hydrothermal system. Shallow seismicity and surface deformation indicate that magma is intruding and that fractures are forming beneath the rift zones and summit area. Magma supply estimates are used to calculate the rate of heat input to Kilauea's hydrothermal systems. Heat flows of 370-820 mW/m2 are calculated from deep wells within the lower east rift zone. The estimated heat input rate for Kilauea of 9 gigawatts (GW) is at least 25 times higher than the conductive heat loss as estimated from the heat flow in wells extrapolated over the area of the summit caldera and rift zones. Heat must be dissipated by another mechanism, or the heat input rate estimates are much too high. ?? 1993.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(93)90004-7","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Kauahikaua, J., 1993, Geophysical characteristics of the hydrothermal systems of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Geothermics, v. 22, no. 4, p. 271-299, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(93)90004-7.","startPage":"271","endPage":"299","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268156,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(93)90004-7"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2811e4b0c8380cd59dd2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kauahikaua, J. 0000-0003-3777-503X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":26087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017348,"text":"70017348 - 1993 - Spectral Distinctions between the Leading and Trailing Hemispheres of Callisto: New Observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:47","indexId":"70017348","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spectral Distinctions between the Leading and Trailing Hemispheres of Callisto: New Observations","docAbstract":"An analysis of recent telescopic observations of Callisto results in new insights regarding spectral variations from the leading to the trailing hemisphere of Callisto. Examination of data in the wavelength range from 2.0 to 2.5 ??m indicates that previous suggestions of spectral differences are most likely the result of experimental uncertainty or error. Slight variations in the slope of this wavelength range are consistent with larger ice grain sizes on the trailing hemisphere. The new observations confirm the presence of an absorption feature centered on 3.4 ??m in the spectrum of the leading hemisphere. Theoretical spectral modeling indicates this feature is caused by small amounts of fine-grained water ice. Finally, an absorption feature near 3.1 ??m is indicated but cannot be confirmed due to the strong variation in the spectrum of water ice in this region. If this feature is real, rather than an artifact of the reflectance modeling, it is similar in location and bandwidth to a feature seen in the spectrum of Ceres, attributed to NH4-bearing clays. ?? 1993 Academic Press. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/icar.1993.1083","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Calvin, W.M., and Clark, R.N., 1993, Spectral Distinctions between the Leading and Trailing Hemispheres of Callisto: New Observations: Icarus, v. 104, no. 1, p. 69-78, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1993.1083.","startPage":"69","endPage":"78","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205596,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.1993.1083"},{"id":225064,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9534e4b08c986b31adc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calvin, W. M.","contributorId":17379,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calvin","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, R. N.","contributorId":6568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017444,"text":"70017444 - 1993 - Assessing the paradigm of mutually exclusive erosion and deposition of mud, with examples from upper Chesapeake Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-19T11:12:49.210996","indexId":"70017444","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing the paradigm of mutually exclusive erosion and deposition of mud, with examples from upper Chesapeake Bay","docAbstract":"A paradigm of cohesive sediment transport research is that erosion and deposition are mutually exclusive. Many laboratory studies have shown that there is a velocity/stress threshold below which erosion does not occur and a lower threshold above which deposition does not occur. In contrast, a deposition threshold is not included in standard noncohesive sediment transport models, allowing erosion and deposition to occur simultaneously. Several researchers have also modeled erosion and deposition of mud without a deposition threshold. This distinction can have important implications for suspended sediment transport predictions and for data interpretation.
Model-data comparisons based on observations of in situ erosion and deposition of upper Chesapeake Bay mud indicate poor agreement when the sediments are modeled as a single resuspended particle class and mutually exclusive erosion and deposition is assumed. The total resuspended sediment load increases in conjunction with increasing bottom shear stress as anticipated, but deposition is initiated soon after the shear stress begins to decrease and long before the stress falls below the value at which erosion had previously begun. Models assuming no critical stress for deposition, with continuous deposition proportional to the near bottom resuspended sediment concentration, describe the data better. Empirical parameter values estimated from these model fits are similar to other published values for estuarine cohesive sediments, indicating significantly greater erodability for higher water content surface sediments and settling velocities appropriate for large estuarine flocs.
The apparent failure of the cohesive paradigm when applied to in situ data does not mean that the concept of a critical stress for deposition is wrong. Two possibilities for explaining the observed discrepancies are that certain aspects of in situ conditions have not been replicated in the laboratory experiments underlying the cohesive paradigm, and that in situ sediment behavior is better described as a sequence of particle classes than as the single particle class modeled here. However, the in situ measurements needed to resolve these questions are very difficult and data generally are not available. For practical modeling purposes, allowing continuous deposition of a single resuspended particle class may often give quite satisfactory results.
Samples collected in December 1990 and July 1991 show that dissolved Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn distributions in the Gulf of the Farallones are dominated by mixing of two end-members: (1) metal-enriched San Francisco Bay water and (2) offshore California Current water. The range of dissolved metal concentrations observed is 0.2–0.9 nmol kg−1 for Cd, 1–20 nmol kg−1 for Cu, 4–16 nmol kg−1 for Ni, and 0.2–20 nmol kg−1 for Zn. Effective concentrations in fresh water discharged into San Francisco Bay during 1990–1991 (estimated by extrapolation to zero salinity) are 740–860 μmol kg−1 for silicate, 21–44 μmol kg−1 for phosphate, 10–15 nmol kg−1for Cd, 210–450 nmol kg−1 for Cu, 210–270 nmol kg−1 for Ni, and 190–390 nmol kg−1 for Zn. Comparison with effective trace metal and nutrient concentrations for freshwater discharge reported by Flegal et al. (1991) shows that input of these constituents to the northern reaches of San Francisco Bay accounts for only a fraction of the input to Gulf of the Farallones from the estuary system as a whole. The nutrient and trace metal composition of shelf water outside a 30-km radius from the mouth of the estuary closely resembles that of California Current water further offshore. In contrast to coastal waters elsewhere, there is little evidence of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn input by sediment diagenesis in continental shelf waters of California.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1352603","issn":"15592723","usgsCitation":"VanGeen, A., and Luoma, S.N., 1993, Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn) and nutrients in coastal waters adjacent to San Francisco Bay, California: Estuaries, v. 16, no. 3, p. 559-566, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352603.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"559","endPage":"566","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb671e4b08c986b326c89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"VanGeen, A.","contributorId":84086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanGeen","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017363,"text":"70017363 - 1993 - Differential equations governing slip-induced pore-pressure fluctuations in a water-saturated granular medium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:50","indexId":"70017363","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2700,"text":"Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differential equations governing slip-induced pore-pressure fluctuations in a water-saturated granular medium","docAbstract":"Macroscopic frictional slip in water-saturated granular media occurs commonly during landsliding, surface faulting, and intense bedload transport. A mathematical model of dynamic pore-pressure fluctuations that accompany and influence such sliding is derived here by both inductive and deductive methods. The inductive derivation shows how the governing differential equations represent the physics of the steadily sliding array of cylindrical fiberglass rods investigated experimentally by Iverson and LaHusen (1989). The deductive derivation shows how the same equations result from a novel application of Biot's (1956) dynamic mixture theory to macroscopic deformation. The model consists of two linear differential equations and five initial and boundary conditions that govern solid displacements and pore-water pressures. Solid displacements and water pressures are strongly coupled, in part through a boundary condition that ensures mass conservation during irreversible pore deformation that occurs along the bumpy slip surface. Feedback between this deformation and the pore-pressure field may yield complex system responses. The dual derivations of the model help explicate key assumptions. For example, the model requires that the dimensionless parameter B, defined here through normalization of Biot's equations, is much larger than one. This indicates that solid-fluid coupling forces are dominated by viscous rather than inertial effects. A tabulation of physical and kinematic variables for the rod-array experiments of Iverson and LaHusen and for various geologic phenomena shows that the model assumptions commonly are satisfied. A subsequent paper will describe model tests against experimental data. ?? 1993 International Association for Mathematical Geology.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00911548","issn":"08828121","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R., 1993, Differential equations governing slip-induced pore-pressure fluctuations in a water-saturated granular medium: Mathematical Geology, v. 25, no. 8, p. 1027-1048, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00911548.","startPage":"1027","endPage":"1048","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205514,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00911548"},{"id":224593,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00f8e4b0c8380cd4fa04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, R.M. 0000-0002-7369-3819","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":16435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017407,"text":"70017407 - 1993 - Radionuclides in ground water of the Carson River Basin, western Nevada and eastern California, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-14T12:26:10.372875","indexId":"70017407","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radionuclides in ground water of the Carson River Basin, western Nevada and eastern California, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Ground water is the main source of domestic and public supply in the Carson River Basin. Ground water originates as precipitation primarily in the Sierra Nevada in the western part of Carson and Eagle Valleys, and flows down gradient in the direction of the Carson River through Dayton and Churchill Valleys to a terminal sink in the Carson Desert. Because radionuclides dissolved in ground water can pose a threat to human health, the distribution and sources of several naturally occurring radionuclides that contribute to gross-alpha and gross-beta activities in the study area were investigated. Generally, alpha and beta activities and U concentration increase from the up-gradient to down-gradient hydrographic areas of the Carson River Basin, whereas222Rn concentration decreases. Both226Ra and228Ra concentrations are similar throughout the study area. Alpha and beta activities and U concentration commonly exceed 100 pCi/l in the Carson Desert at the distal end of the flow system. Radon-222 commonly exceeds 2,000 pCi/l in the western part of Carson and Eagle Valleys adjacent to the Sierra Nevada. Radium-226 and228Ra concentrations are <5pCi/l. Four ground water samples were analyzed for210Po and one sample contained a high concentration of 21 pCi/l. Seven samples were analyzed for210Pb; six contained <3pCi/l and one contained 12 pCi/l. Thorium-230 was detected at concentrations of 0.15 and 0.20 pCi/l in two of four samples.
Alpha-emitting radionuclides in the ground water originated from the dissolution of U-rich granitic rocks in the Sierra Nevada by CO2, oxygenated water. Dissolution of primary minerals, mainly titanite (sphene) in the granitic rocks, releases U to the water. Dissolved U is probably removed from the water by adsorption on Fe- and Mn-oxide coatings on fracture surfaces and fine-grained sediment, by adsorption on organic matter, and by coprecipitation with Fe and Mn oxides. These coated sediments are transported throughout the basin by fluvial processes. Thus, U is transported as dissolved and adsorbed species. A rise in the water table in the Carson Desert because of irrigation has resulted in the oxidation of U-rich organic matter and dissolution of U-bearing coatings on sediments, producing unusually high U concentration in the ground water.
Alpha activity in the ground water is almost entirely from the decay of U dissolved in the water. Beta activity in ground water samples is primarily from the decay of40K dissolved in the water and ingrowth of238U progeny in the sample before analysis. Approximately one-half of the measured beta activity may not be present in ground water in the aquifer, but instead is produced in the sample after collection and before analysis. Potassium-40 is primarily from the dissolution of K-containing minerals, probably K-feldspar and biotite. Radon-222 is primarily from the decay of226Ra in the aquifer materials. Radium in the ground water is thought to be mainly from alpha recoil associated with the decay of Th in the aquifer material. Some Ra may be from dissolution (or desorption) or Ra-rich coatings on sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(93)90075-R","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Thomas, J.M., Welch, A., Lico, M., Hughes, J.L., and Whitney, R., 1993, Radionuclides in ground water of the Carson River Basin, western Nevada and eastern California, U.S.A.: Applied Geochemistry, v. 8, no. 5, p. 447-471, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(93)90075-R.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"447","endPage":"471","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228416,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Carson River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.77808191049472,\n 40.330949687966836\n ],\n [\n -120.77808191049472,\n 38.2575185828108\n ],\n [\n -118.25229909191118,\n 38.2575185828108\n ],\n [\n -118.25229909191118,\n 40.330949687966836\n ],\n [\n -120.77808191049472,\n 40.330949687966836\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a941ce4b0c8380cd811f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, J. M.","contributorId":62217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Welch, A. H.","contributorId":14836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"A. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lico, M.S.","contributorId":36573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lico","given":"M.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hughes, J. L.","contributorId":34940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Whitney, R.","contributorId":94808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017920,"text":"70017920 - 1993 - Stable isotope enrichment in paleowaters of the southeast Atlantic coastal plain, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-06T10:22:57","indexId":"70017920","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable isotope enrichment in paleowaters of the southeast Atlantic coastal plain, United States","docAbstract":"Paleowaters from the Floridan aquifer system in the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain have higher D/H and 18O/16O ratios than local Holocene ground water. Maximum δ18O enrichments in ground water having adjusted radiocarbon ages of 20,000 to 26,000 years are 0.7 to 2.3 per mil. The trend in isotopic enrichment in paleowaters is the reverse of that normally observed in continental glacial age ground water. Dissolved nitrogen and argon concentrations indicate, however, that the average recharge temperature was 5.3°C cooler than that today. The data indicate cool conditions in the southeast Atlantic coastal plain during the last glacial maximum, with recharge limited primarily to late summer tropical cyclones and hurricanes.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(93)90239-F","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Kharaka, Y., Ambats, G., and Thordsen, J., 1993, Distribution and significance of dicarboxylic acid anions in oil field waters: Chemical Geology, v. 107, no. 3-4, p. 499-501, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(93)90239-F.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"499","endPage":"501","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228843,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266058,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(93)90239-F"}],"volume":"107","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a02a0e4b0c8380cd5012f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kharaka, Y.K.","contributorId":23568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kharaka","given":"Y.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ambats, G.","contributorId":64825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ambats","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thordsen, J.J.","contributorId":43121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thordsen","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017942,"text":"70017942 - 1993 - Evaluation of the extent of contaminated sediments in the west branch of the Grand Calumet river, Indiana-Illinois, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:56","indexId":"70017942","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Evaluation of the extent of contaminated sediments in the west branch of the Grand Calumet river, Indiana-Illinois, USA","docAbstract":"The extent of contamination in river sediments is often not rigorously evaluated. In many cases, only surface sediment samples are taken. In other cases, entire sediment cores are composited for analysis, an approach that limits the ability to identify discrete zones of contamination. In addition, few studies include information on the rate of sedimentation. Composited sediment cores, subsamples of cores made at discrete intervals, and surface samples were obtained from locations in the West Branch of the Grand Calumet River. The organic carbon content and concentrations of up to 26 major, minor, and trace elements were determined. Sedimentation rates at the ten locations were estimated using 137Cs. The mean concentrations of metals in the surface samples were considerably higher than concentrations in samples obtained by the two coring approaches. Only by analyzing discrete subsamples was it possible to plot the concentrations by depth and location. This approach was used to demonstrate that high levels of organic carbon and trace elements are confined between river miles 5 and 7.5. Sedimentation rate information combined with chemical analyses of the same cores indicate that contamination of this part of the river began in the 1930s.The extent of contamination in river sediments is often not rigorously evaluated. In many cases, only surface sediment samples are taken. In other cases, entire sediment cores are composited for analysis, an approach that limits the ability to identify discrete zones of contamination. In addition, few studies include information on the rate of sedimentation. Composited sediment cores, subsamples of cores made at discrete intervals, and surface samples were obtained from locations in the West Branch of the Grand Calumet River. The organic carbon content and concentrations of up to 26 major, minor, and trace elements were determined. Sedimentation rates at the ten locations were estimated using 137Cs. The mean concentrations of metals in the surface samples were considerably higher than concentrations in samples obtained by the two coring approaches. Only by analyzing discrete subsamples was it possible to plot the concentrations by depth and location. This approach was used to demonstrate that high levels of organic carbon and trace elements are confined between river miles 5 and 7.5. Sedimentation rate information combined with chemical analyses of the same cores indicate that contamination of this part of the river began in the 1930s.","largerWorkTitle":"Water Science and Technology","language":"English","issn":"02731223","usgsCitation":"Cahill, R., and Unger, M., 1993, Evaluation of the extent of contaminated sediments in the west branch of the Grand Calumet river, Indiana-Illinois, USA, in Water Science and Technology, v. 28, no. 8-9, p. 53-58.","startPage":"53","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228871,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"8-9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ce2e4b0c8380cd52d30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cahill, R.A.","contributorId":66393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahill","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Unger, M.T.","contributorId":43931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unger","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017402,"text":"70017402 - 1993 - Dissolved sulfides in the oxic water column of San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-06T06:13:22","indexId":"70017402","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dissolved sulfides in the oxic water column of San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"Trace contaminants enter major estuaries such as San Francisco Bay from a variety of point and nonpoint sources and may then be repartitioned between solid and aqueous phases or altered in chemical speciation. Chemical speciation affects the bioavailability of metals as well as organic ligands to planktonic and benthic organisms, and the partitioning of these solutes between phases. Our previous, work in south San Francisco Bay indicated that sulfide complexation with metals may be of particular importance because of the thermodynamic stability of these complexes. Although the water column of the bay is consistently well-oxygenated and typically unstratified with respect to dissolved oxygen, the kinetics of sulfide oxidation could exert at least transient controls on metal speciation. Our initial data on dissolved sulfides in the main channel of both the northern and southern components of the bay consistently indicate submicromolar concenrations (from <1 nM to 162 nM), as one would expect in an oxidizing environment. However, chemical speciation calculations over the range of observed sulfide concentrations indicate that these trace concentrations in the bay water column can markedly affect chemical speciation of ecologically significant trace metals such as cadmium, copper, and zinc.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.2307/1352604","issn":"15592723","usgsCitation":"Kuwabara, J., and Luther, G., 1993, Dissolved sulfides in the oxic water column of San Francisco Bay, California: Estuaries, v. 16, no. 3, p. 567-573, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352604.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"567","endPage":"573","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229061,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206182,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02718304"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0241e4b0c8380cd4ff84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuwabara, J.S.","contributorId":57905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuwabara","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luther, G.W.","contributorId":37913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luther","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017450,"text":"70017450 - 1993 - Crude oil in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer-II. Organic geochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-06T07:05:31","indexId":"70017450","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crude oil in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer-II. Organic geochemistry","docAbstract":"Crude oil spilled from a pipeline break in a remote area of north-central Minnesota has contaminated a shallow glacial outwash aquifer. Part of the oil was sprayed over a large area to the west of the pipeline and part of it accumulated in an oil body that floats at the water table to the east of the point of discharge. Total dissolved organic carbon (TDOC) concentrations in shallow groundwater collected in the oil spray area reach 16 mg/l. This is nearly an order of magnitude higher than the TDOC concentrations of native groundwater (∼2–3mg/l). The additional TDOC derives from the partial degradation of petroleum residues deposited at the land surface and transported to the aquifer by vertical recharge. In the vicinity of the oil body, TDOC concentrations in groundwater are 48 mg/l, 58% of the TDOC being composed of non-volatile organic C. The majority of the volatile DOC (63%) is a mixture of low-molecular-weight saturated, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons derived from the oil. Downgradient from the oil body along the direction of groundwater flow, concentrations of all measured constituents of the TDOC pool decrease. Concentrations begin to decline most rapidly, however, in the zone where dissolved O2 concentrations begin to increase, ∼50m downgradient from the leading edge of the oil. Within the anoxic zone near the oil body, removal rates of isometric monoaromatic hydrocarbons vary widely. This indicates that the removal processes are mediated mainly by microbiological activity. Molecular and spectroscopic characterization of the TDOC and its spatial and temporal variation provide evidence of the importance of biogeochemical processes in attenuating petroleum contaminants in this perturbed subsurface environment.
The sulfur geochemistry of the lacustrine Paleogene Green River Formation (Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming, USA) is unlike that of most marine and other lacustrine rocks. Distinctive chemical, isotopic, and mineralogical characteristics of the formation are pyrrhotite and marcasite, high contents of iron mineral sulfides strikingly enriched in34S, cyclical trends in sulfur abundance and δ34S values, and long-term evolutionary trends in δ34S values. Analyses that identified and quantified these characteristics include carbonate-free abundance of organic carbon (0.13–47 wt%), total iron (0.31–13 wt%), reactive iron (>70% of total iron), total sulfur (0.02–16 wt%), acid-volatile monosulfide (SAv), disulfide (SDi > 70% of total sulfur), sulfate (SSO4) and organosulfur (SOrg); isotopic composition of separated sulfur phases (δ34SDi,Av up to +49‰); and mineralogy, morphology and paragenesis of sulfide minerals.
Mineralogy, morphology, δ34SDi,Av, and δ34SOrg have a distinctive relation, reflecting variable and unique depositional and early diagenetic conditions in the Green River lakes. When the lakes were brackish, dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacteria in the sediment produced H2S, which initially reacted with labile iron to form pyrite framboids and more gradually with organic matter to form organosulfur compounds. During a long-lived stage of saline lake water, the amount of sulfate supplied by inflow decreased and alkalinity and pH of lake waters increased substantially. Extensive bacterial sulfate reduction in the water column kept lake waters undersaturated with sulfate minerals. A very high H2S:SO4 ratio developed in stagnant bottom water aided by the high pH that kinetically inhibited iron sulfidization. Progressive removal of H2S by coeval formation of iron sulfides and organosulfur compounds caused the isotopic composition of the entire dissolved sulfur reservoir to evolve to δ34S values much greater than that of inflow sulfate, which is estimated to have been +20‰ A six-million-year interval within Lake Uinta cores records this evolution as well as smaller systematic changes in δ34S, interpreted to reflect ~ 100,000-year lake-level cycles. When porewater was exceptionally reducing, unstable FeS phases eventually recrystallized to pyrrhotite during diagenesis. A much later reaction related to weathering altered pyrrhotite to marcasite.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(93)90291-4","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Tuttle, M.L., and Goldhaber, M., 1993, Sedimentary sulfur geochemistry of the Paleogene Green River Formation, western USA: Implications for interpreting depositional and diagenetic processes in saline alkaline lakes: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, no. 13, p. 3023-3039, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90291-4.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"3023","endPage":"3039","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228795,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8a41e4b08c986b3170e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tuttle, M. L.","contributorId":71992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuttle","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldhaber, M. B. 0000-0002-1785-4243","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-4243","contributorId":103280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldhaber","given":"M. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27271,"text":"wri924016 - 1993 - Preliminary hydrogeologic assessment of boreholes UE-25c #1, UE-25c #2, and UE-25c #3, Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-18T18:46:48.848163","indexId":"wri924016","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4016","title":"Preliminary hydrogeologic assessment of boreholes UE-25c #1, UE-25c #2, and UE-25c #3, Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"Boreholes UE-25c #1, UE-25c #2, and UE-25c #3 (collectively called the C-holes) each were drilled to a depth of 914.4 meters at Yucca Mountain, on the Nevada Test Site, in 1983 and 1984 for the purpose of conducting aquifer and tracer tests. Each of the boreholes penetrated the Paintbrush Tuff and the tuffs and lavas of Calico Hills and bottomed in the Crater Flat Tuff. The geologic units penetrated consist of devitrified to vitrophyric, nonwelded to densely welded, ash-flow tuff, tuff breccia, ash-fall tuff, and bedded tuff. Below the water table, which is at an average depth of 401.6 meters below land surface, the rocks are argillic and zeolitic. The geologic units at the C-hole complex strike N. 2° W. and dip 15° to 21° NE. They are cut by several faults, including the Paintbrush Canyon Fault, a prominent normal fault oriented S. 9° W., 52.2° NW.
The rocks at the C-hole complex are fractured extensively, with most fractures oriented approximately perpendicular to the direction of regional least horizontal principal stress. In the Crater Flat Tuff and the tuffs and lavas of Calico Hills, fractures strike predominantly between S. 20° E. and S. 20° W. and secondarily between S. 20° E. and S. 60° E. In the Topopah Spring Member of the Paintbrush Tuff, however, southeasterly striking fractures predominate. Most fractures are steeply dipping, although shallowly dipping fractures occur in nonwelded and reworked tuff intervals of the Crater Flat Tuff. Mineral-filled fractures are common in the tuff breccia zone of the Tram Member of the Crater Flat Tuff, and, also, in the welded tuff zone of the Bullfrog Member of the Crater Flat Tuff. The fracture density of geologic units in the C-holes was estimated to range from 1.3 to 7.6 fractures per cubic meter. Most of these estimates appear to be the correct order of magnitude when compared to transect measurements and core data from other boreholes 1.3 orders of magnitude too low.
Geophysical data and laboratory analyses were used to determine matrix hydrologic properties of the tuffs and lavas of Calico Hills and the Crater Flat Tuff in the C-holes. The porosity ranged from 12 to 43 percent and, on the average, was larger in nonwelded to partially welded, ash-flow tuff, ashfall tuff, and reworked tuff than in moderately to densely welded ash-flow tuff. The pore-scale horizontal permeability of nine samples ranged from 5.7x10-3 to 2.9 millidarcies, and the pore-scale vertical permeability of these samples ranged from 3.7x10-3 to 1.5 millidarcies. Ratios of pore-scale horizontal to vertical permeability generally ranged from 0.7 to 2. Although the number of samples was small, values of pore-scale permeability determined were consistent with samples from other boreholes at Yucca Mountain. The specific storage of nonwelded to partially welded ash-flow tuff, ash-fall tuff, and reworked tuff was estimated from porosity and elasticity to be 2x10-6 per meter, twice the specific storage of moderately to densely welded ash-flow tuff and tuff breccia. The storativity of geologic units, based on their average thickness (corrected for bedding dip) and specific storage, was estimated to range from 1x10-5 to 2x10-4.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924016","usgsCitation":"Geldon, A., 1993, Preliminary hydrogeologic assessment of boreholes UE-25c #1, UE-25c #2, and UE-25c #3, Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4016, vii, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924016.","productDescription":"vii, 85 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415930,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47599.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56150,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4016/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158908,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4016/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.5631,\n 36.9364\n ],\n [\n -116.5631,\n 36.6539\n ],\n [\n -116.3333,\n 36.6539\n ],\n [\n -116.3333,\n 36.9364\n ],\n [\n -116.5631,\n 36.9364\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6973a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geldon, A. L.","contributorId":46988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geldon","given":"A. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70162367,"text":"70162367 - 1993 - The Klamath Falls, Oregon, earthquakes on September 20, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-04T16:24:45","indexId":"70162367","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Klamath Falls, Oregon, earthquakes on September 20, 1993","docAbstract":"The strongest earthquake to strike Oregon in more than 50 yrs struck the southern part of the State on September 20, 1993. These shocks, a magnitude 5.9 earthquake at 8:28pm and a magnitude 6.0 earthquake at 10:45pm, were the opening salvo in a swarm of earthquakes that continued for more than three months. During this period, several thousand aftershocks, many strong enough to be felt, were recorded by seismographs.
\nThe mainshocks caused light moderate damage at Klamath Falls, a town of about 18,000 residents located only about 20 km east of the epicentral area. Damage included toppled chimneys, cracked masonry, and fallen parapets. Power outages occurred after the strongest shocks. In addition, strong shaking broke water mains, and landslides temporarily blocked highways. the earthquakes also caused two fatalities. A rockfall crushed an automobile, killing a motorist, and an elderly lady had a heart attack. the low population density in the epicentral area- less than five people per sq km- kept the toatl dollar loss to about 7.5 million dollars.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Brantley, S., 1993, The Klamath Falls, Oregon, earthquakes on September 20, 1993: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 24, no. 3, p. 104-146.","productDescription":"43 p.","startPage":"104","endPage":"146","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314647,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Falls","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.89743041992189,\n 42.27629267135368\n ],\n [\n -121.68182373046875,\n 42.30270602152243\n ],\n [\n -121.57745361328125,\n 42.12980284036181\n ],\n [\n -121.79443359375,\n 42.06050904321049\n ],\n [\n -121.92489624023436,\n 42.270195710001786\n ],\n [\n -121.89743041992189,\n 42.27629267135368\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a20f4fe4b0961cf2811c30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brantley, S.R.","contributorId":42611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brantley","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25737,"text":"wri924188 - 1993 - Reconnaissance investigation of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Pine River Project area, Southern Ute Indian Reservation, southwestern Colorado and northwestern New Mexico, 1988-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-03T21:03:48.496326","indexId":"wri924188","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4188","title":"Reconnaissance investigation of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Pine River Project area, Southern Ute Indian Reservation, southwestern Colorado and northwestern New Mexico, 1988-89","docAbstract":"During 1988-89, water, bottom sediment, biota, soil, and plants were sampled for a reconnaissance investigation of the Pine River Project area in southwestern Colorado. Irrigation drainage does not seem to be a major source of dissolved solids in streams. Concentrations of manganese, mercury, and selenium exceeded drinking-water regulations in some streams. The maximum selenium concentration in a stream sample was 94 microg/L in Rock Creek. Irrigation drainage and natural groundwater are sources of some trace elements to streams. Water from a well in a nonirrigated area had 4,800 microg/L of selenium. Selenium concentrations in soil on the Oxford Tract were greater in areas previously or presently irrigated than in areas never irrigated. Some forage plants on the Oxford Tract had large selenium concentrations, including 180 mg/km in alfalfa. Most fish samples had selenium concentrations greater than the National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program 85th percentile. Selenium concentrations in aquatic plants, aquatic inverte- brates, and small mammals may be of concern to fish and wildlife because of possible food-chain bioconcentration. Selenium concentrations in bird samples indicate selenium contamination of biota on the Oxford Tract. Mallard breasts had selenium concentrations exceeding a guideline for human consumption. The maximum selenium concentration in biota was 50 microg/g dry weight in a bird liver from the Oxford Tract. In some fish samples, arsenic, cadmium, copper, and zinc exceeded background concentrations, but concentrations were not toxic. Mercury concentrations in 16 fish samples exceeded the background concentration. Ten mercury concentrations in fish exceeded a guideline for mercury in food for consumption by pregnant women.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924188","usgsCitation":"Butler, D.L., Krueger, R.P., Osmundson, B.C., Thompson, A.L., Formea, J.J., and Wickman, D.W., 1993, Reconnaissance investigation of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Pine River Project area, Southern Ute Indian Reservation, southwestern Colorado and northwestern New Mexico, 1988-89: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4188, vi, 105 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924188.","productDescription":"vi, 105 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415110,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47730.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54499,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4188/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157025,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4188/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"southern Ute Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.695,\n 37.1692\n ],\n [\n -107.695,\n 37.1403\n ],\n [\n -107.6583,\n 37.1403\n ],\n [\n -107.6583,\n 37.1692\n ],\n [\n -107.695,\n 37.1692\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629746","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butler, D. L.","contributorId":36967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krueger, R. P.","contributorId":8890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krueger","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Osmundson, B. C.","contributorId":15655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osmundson","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thompson, A. L.","contributorId":70803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Formea, J. J.","contributorId":42620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Formea","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wickman, D. W.","contributorId":61074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wickman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}