A geochemical atlas of North Carolina, U.S.A., was prepared using National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) stream-sediment data. Before termination of the NURE program, sampling of nearly the entire state (48,666 square miles of land area) was completed and geochemical analyses were obtained.
The NURE data are applicable to mineral exploration, agriculture, waste disposal siting issues, health, and environmental studies. Applications in state government include resource surveys to assist mineral exploration by identifying geochemical anomalies and areas of mineralization. Agriculture seeks to identify areas with favorable (or unfavorable) conditions for plant growth, disease, and crop productivity. Trace elements such as cobalt, copper, chromium, iron, manganese, zinc, and molybdenum must be present within narrow ranges in soils for optimum growth and productivity. Trace elements as a contributing factor to disease are of concern to health professionals. Industry can use pH and conductivity data for water samples to site facilities which require specific water quality.
The North Carolina NURE database consists of stream-sediment samples, groundwater samples, and stream-water analyses. The statewide database consists of 6,744 stream-sediment sites, 5,778 groundwater sample sites, and 295 stream-water sites. Neutron activation analyses were provided for U, Br, Cl, F, Mn, Na, Al, V, Dy in groundwater and stream water, and for U, Th, Hf, Ce, Fe, Mn, Na, Sc, Ti, V, Al, Dy, Eu, La, Sm, Yb, and Lu in stream sediments. Supplemental analyses by other techniques were reported on U (extractable), Ag, As, Ba, Be, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, K, Li, Mg, Mo, Nb, Ni, P, Pb, Se, Sn, Sr, W, Y, and Zn for 4,619 stream-sediment samples. A small subset of 334 stream samples was analyzed for gold.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(93)90056-R","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Reid, J., 1993, A geochemical atlas of North Carolina, USA: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 47, no. 1-3, p. 11-27, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(93)90056-R.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"27","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227066,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3f3e4b0c8380cd462ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reid, J.C.","contributorId":61052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017394,"text":"70017394 - 1993 - Geologic and hydrologic hazards in glacierized basins in North America resulting from 19th and 20th century global warming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:56","indexId":"70017394","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2822,"text":"Natural Hazards","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic and hydrologic hazards in glacierized basins in North America resulting from 19th and 20th century global warming","docAbstract":"Alpine glacier retreat resulting from global warming since the close of the Little Ice Age in the 19th and 20th centuries has increased the risk and incidence of some geologic and hydrologic hazards in mountainous alpine regions of North America. Abundant loose debris in recently deglaciated areas at the toe of alpine glaciers provides a ready source of sediment during rainstorms or outburst floods. This sediment can cause debris flows and sedimentation problems in downstream areas. Moraines built during the Little Ice Age can trap and store large volumes of water. These natural dams have no controlled outlets and can fail without warning. Many glacier-dammed lakes have grown in size, while ice dams have shrunk, resulting in greater risks of ice-dam failure. The retreat and thinning of glacier ice has left oversteepened, unstable valley walls and has led to increased incidence of rock and debris avalanches. ?? 1993 Kluwer Academic Publishers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Natural Hazards","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00605437","issn":"0921030X","usgsCitation":"O’Connor, J.E., and Costa, J.E., 1993, Geologic and hydrologic hazards in glacierized basins in North America resulting from 19th and 20th century global warming: Natural Hazards, v. 8, no. 2, p. 121-140, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00605437.","startPage":"121","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206166,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00605437"},{"id":228921,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a18f6e4b0c8380cd5585e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Connor, J. E.","contributorId":59489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connor","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Costa, J. E.","contributorId":28977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Costa","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017405,"text":"70017405 - 1993 - Generation of aliphatic acid anions and carbon dioxide by hydrous pyrolysis of crude oils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-14T12:23:58.754861","indexId":"70017405","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Generation of aliphatic acid anions and carbon dioxide by hydrous pyrolysis of crude oils","docAbstract":"Two crude oils with relatively high (0.60 wt%) and low (0.18 wt%) oxygen contents were heated in the presence of water in gold-plated reactors at 300??C for 2348 h. The high-oxygen oil was also heated at 200??C for 5711 h. The compositions of aqueous organic acid anions of the oils and of the headspace gases were monitored inn order to investigate the distribution of organic acids that can be generated from liquid petroleum. The oil with higher oxygen content generated about five times as much organic anions as the other oil. The dominant organic anions produced were acetate, propionate and butyrate. Small amounts of formate, succinate, methyl succinate and oxalate were also produced. The dominant oxygen-containing product was CO2, as has been observed in similar studies on the hydrous pyrolysis of kerogen. These results indicate that a significant portion (10-30%) of organic acid anions reported i be generated by thermal alteration of oils in reservoir rocks. The bulk of organic acid anions present in formation waters, however, is most likely generated by thermal alteration of kerogen in source rocks. Kerogen is more abundant than oil in sedimentary basins and the relative yields of organic acid anions reported from the hydrous pyrolysis of kerogen are much higher than the yields obtained for the two oils. ?? 1993.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(93)90001-W","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Kharaka, Y., Lundegard, P., Ambats, G., Evans, W.C., and Bischoff, J.L., 1993, Generation of aliphatic acid anions and carbon dioxide by hydrous pyrolysis of crude oils: Applied Geochemistry, v. 8, no. 4, p. 317-324, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(93)90001-W.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"324","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228369,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1551e4b0c8380cd54d5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kharaka, Y.K.","contributorId":23568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kharaka","given":"Y.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lundegard, P.D.","contributorId":71323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lundegard","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ambats, G.","contributorId":64825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ambats","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Evans, William C.","contributorId":104903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017403,"text":"70017403 - 1993 - Bimodal Density Distribution of Cryptodome Dacite from the 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:56","indexId":"70017403","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bimodal Density Distribution of Cryptodome Dacite from the 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"The explosion of a cryptodome at Mount St. Helens in 1980 produced two juvenile rock types that are derived from the same source magma. Their differences-color, texture and density-are due only to vesicularity differences. The vesicular gray dacite comprises bout 72% of the juvenile material; the black dacite comprises the other 28%. The density of juvenile dacite is bimodally distributed, with peaks at 1.6 g cm-3 (gray dacite) and 2.3 g cm-3 (black dacite). Water contents, deuterium abundances, and the relationship of petrographic structures to vapor-phase crystals indicate both rock types underwent pre-explosion subsurface vesiculation and degassing. The gray dacite underwent a second vesiculation event, probably during the 18 May explosion. In the subsurface, gases probably escaped through interconnected vesicles into the permeable volcanic edifice. We suggest that nonuniform degassing of an initially homogeneous magma produced volatile gradients in the cryptodome and that these gradients were responsible for the density bimodality. That is, water contents less than about 0.2-0.4 wt% produced vesicle growth rates that were slow in comparison to the pyroclast cooling rates; greater water contents produced vesicle growth rates that were fast in comparison to cooling rates. In this scheme, the dacite densities are bimodally distributed simply because, following decompression on 18 May 1980, one clast population vesiculated while the other did not. For clasts that did vesiculate, vesicle growth continued until it was arrested by fragmentation. ?? 1993 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00302002","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Hoblitt, R., and Harmon, R., 1993, Bimodal Density Distribution of Cryptodome Dacite from the 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 55, no. 6, p. 421-437, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302002.","startPage":"421","endPage":"437","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206183,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302002"}],"volume":"55","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f132e4b0c8380cd4aab3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoblitt, R.","contributorId":89536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoblitt","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harmon, R.S.","contributorId":6585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmon","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017348,"text":"70017348 - 1993 - Spectral Distinctions between the Leading and Trailing Hemispheres of Callisto: New Observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:47","indexId":"70017348","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spectral Distinctions between the Leading and Trailing Hemispheres of Callisto: New Observations","docAbstract":"An analysis of recent telescopic observations of Callisto results in new insights regarding spectral variations from the leading to the trailing hemisphere of Callisto. Examination of data in the wavelength range from 2.0 to 2.5 ??m indicates that previous suggestions of spectral differences are most likely the result of experimental uncertainty or error. Slight variations in the slope of this wavelength range are consistent with larger ice grain sizes on the trailing hemisphere. The new observations confirm the presence of an absorption feature centered on 3.4 ??m in the spectrum of the leading hemisphere. Theoretical spectral modeling indicates this feature is caused by small amounts of fine-grained water ice. Finally, an absorption feature near 3.1 ??m is indicated but cannot be confirmed due to the strong variation in the spectrum of water ice in this region. If this feature is real, rather than an artifact of the reflectance modeling, it is similar in location and bandwidth to a feature seen in the spectrum of Ceres, attributed to NH4-bearing clays. ?? 1993 Academic Press. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/icar.1993.1083","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Calvin, W.M., and Clark, R.N., 1993, Spectral Distinctions between the Leading and Trailing Hemispheres of Callisto: New Observations: Icarus, v. 104, no. 1, p. 69-78, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1993.1083.","startPage":"69","endPage":"78","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205596,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.1993.1083"},{"id":225064,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9534e4b08c986b31adc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calvin, W. M.","contributorId":17379,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calvin","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, R. N.","contributorId":6568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017803,"text":"70017803 - 1993 - The role of permafrost and seasonal frost in the hydrology of northern wetlands in North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T10:58:21","indexId":"70017803","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of permafrost and seasonal frost in the hydrology of northern wetlands in North America","docAbstract":"Wetlands are a common landscape feature in the Arctic, Subarctic, and north Temperate zones of North America. In all three-zones, the occurrnce of seasonal frost results in similar surface-water processes in the early spring. For example, surface ice and snow generally melt before the soil frost thaws, causing melt water to flow into depressions, over the land surface and at times, across low topographic divides. However, evapotranspiration and ground-water movement differ among the three climatic zones because they are more affected by permafrost than seasonal frost. The water source for plants in the Arctic is restricted to the small volume of subsurface water lying above the permafrost. Although this is also true in the Subarctic where permafrost exists, where it does not, plants may receive and possibly reflect, more regional ground-water sources. Where permafrost exists, the interaction of wetlands with subsurface water is largely restricted to shallow local flow systems. But where permafrost is absent in parts of the Subarctic and all of the Temperature zone, wetlands may have a complex interaction with ground-water-flow systems of all magnitudes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(93)90043-9","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Woo, M., and Winter, T.C., 1993, The role of permafrost and seasonal frost in the hydrology of northern wetlands in North America: Journal of Hydrology, v. 141, no. 1-4, p. 5-31, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(93)90043-9.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"31","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228398,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"141","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf8ee4b08c986b3248aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woo, M.-K.","contributorId":23704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woo","given":"M.-K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017407,"text":"70017407 - 1993 - Radionuclides in ground water of the Carson River Basin, western Nevada and eastern California, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-14T12:26:10.372875","indexId":"70017407","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radionuclides in ground water of the Carson River Basin, western Nevada and eastern California, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Ground water is the main source of domestic and public supply in the Carson River Basin. Ground water originates as precipitation primarily in the Sierra Nevada in the western part of Carson and Eagle Valleys, and flows down gradient in the direction of the Carson River through Dayton and Churchill Valleys to a terminal sink in the Carson Desert. Because radionuclides dissolved in ground water can pose a threat to human health, the distribution and sources of several naturally occurring radionuclides that contribute to gross-alpha and gross-beta activities in the study area were investigated. Generally, alpha and beta activities and U concentration increase from the up-gradient to down-gradient hydrographic areas of the Carson River Basin, whereas222Rn concentration decreases. Both226Ra and228Ra concentrations are similar throughout the study area. Alpha and beta activities and U concentration commonly exceed 100 pCi/l in the Carson Desert at the distal end of the flow system. Radon-222 commonly exceeds 2,000 pCi/l in the western part of Carson and Eagle Valleys adjacent to the Sierra Nevada. Radium-226 and228Ra concentrations are <5pCi/l. Four ground water samples were analyzed for210Po and one sample contained a high concentration of 21 pCi/l. Seven samples were analyzed for210Pb; six contained <3pCi/l and one contained 12 pCi/l. Thorium-230 was detected at concentrations of 0.15 and 0.20 pCi/l in two of four samples.
Alpha-emitting radionuclides in the ground water originated from the dissolution of U-rich granitic rocks in the Sierra Nevada by CO2, oxygenated water. Dissolution of primary minerals, mainly titanite (sphene) in the granitic rocks, releases U to the water. Dissolved U is probably removed from the water by adsorption on Fe- and Mn-oxide coatings on fracture surfaces and fine-grained sediment, by adsorption on organic matter, and by coprecipitation with Fe and Mn oxides. These coated sediments are transported throughout the basin by fluvial processes. Thus, U is transported as dissolved and adsorbed species. A rise in the water table in the Carson Desert because of irrigation has resulted in the oxidation of U-rich organic matter and dissolution of U-bearing coatings on sediments, producing unusually high U concentration in the ground water.
Alpha activity in the ground water is almost entirely from the decay of U dissolved in the water. Beta activity in ground water samples is primarily from the decay of40K dissolved in the water and ingrowth of238U progeny in the sample before analysis. Approximately one-half of the measured beta activity may not be present in ground water in the aquifer, but instead is produced in the sample after collection and before analysis. Potassium-40 is primarily from the dissolution of K-containing minerals, probably K-feldspar and biotite. Radon-222 is primarily from the decay of226Ra in the aquifer materials. Radium in the ground water is thought to be mainly from alpha recoil associated with the decay of Th in the aquifer material. Some Ra may be from dissolution (or desorption) or Ra-rich coatings on sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(93)90075-R","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Thomas, J.M., Welch, A., Lico, M., Hughes, J.L., and Whitney, R., 1993, Radionuclides in ground water of the Carson River Basin, western Nevada and eastern California, U.S.A.: Applied Geochemistry, v. 8, no. 5, p. 447-471, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(93)90075-R.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"447","endPage":"471","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228416,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Carson River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.77808191049472,\n 40.330949687966836\n ],\n [\n -120.77808191049472,\n 38.2575185828108\n ],\n [\n -118.25229909191118,\n 38.2575185828108\n ],\n [\n -118.25229909191118,\n 40.330949687966836\n ],\n [\n -120.77808191049472,\n 40.330949687966836\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a941ce4b0c8380cd811f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, J. M.","contributorId":62217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Welch, A. H.","contributorId":14836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"A. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lico, M.S.","contributorId":36573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lico","given":"M.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hughes, J. L.","contributorId":34940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Whitney, R.","contributorId":94808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017369,"text":"70017369 - 1993 - Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn) and nutrients in coastal waters adjacent to San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-04T18:59:23","indexId":"70017369","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn) and nutrients in coastal waters adjacent to San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"Samples collected in December 1990 and July 1991 show that dissolved Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn distributions in the Gulf of the Farallones are dominated by mixing of two end-members: (1) metal-enriched San Francisco Bay water and (2) offshore California Current water. The range of dissolved metal concentrations observed is 0.2–0.9 nmol kg−1 for Cd, 1–20 nmol kg−1 for Cu, 4–16 nmol kg−1 for Ni, and 0.2–20 nmol kg−1 for Zn. Effective concentrations in fresh water discharged into San Francisco Bay during 1990–1991 (estimated by extrapolation to zero salinity) are 740–860 μmol kg−1 for silicate, 21–44 μmol kg−1 for phosphate, 10–15 nmol kg−1for Cd, 210–450 nmol kg−1 for Cu, 210–270 nmol kg−1 for Ni, and 190–390 nmol kg−1 for Zn. Comparison with effective trace metal and nutrient concentrations for freshwater discharge reported by Flegal et al. (1991) shows that input of these constituents to the northern reaches of San Francisco Bay accounts for only a fraction of the input to Gulf of the Farallones from the estuary system as a whole. The nutrient and trace metal composition of shelf water outside a 30-km radius from the mouth of the estuary closely resembles that of California Current water further offshore. In contrast to coastal waters elsewhere, there is little evidence of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn input by sediment diagenesis in continental shelf waters of California.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1352603","issn":"15592723","usgsCitation":"VanGeen, A., and Luoma, S.N., 1993, Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn) and nutrients in coastal waters adjacent to San Francisco Bay, California: Estuaries, v. 16, no. 3, p. 559-566, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352603.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"559","endPage":"566","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb671e4b08c986b326c89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"VanGeen, A.","contributorId":84086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanGeen","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018249,"text":"70018249 - 1993 - Use of chemistry and stable sulfur isotopes to determine sources of trends in sulfate of Colorado lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-11T08:30:25","indexId":"70018249","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of chemistry and stable sulfur isotopes to determine sources of trends in sulfate of Colorado lakes","docAbstract":"The chemistry of lakes in the Mt. Zukel Wilderness Area (MZWA) and the Weminuche Wilderness Area (WWA) of Colorado has been monitored since 1985. The initial results indicate that changes have occurred in the chemistry of some lakes in both areas. Increased concentration of sulfate in lakes may be related to increased atmospheric deposition of sulfate or to changes of sulfate released by weathering and to changing dilution of sulfate by snowmelt. Stable S isotopes seem to be capable of separating the fraction of change in sulfate that is related to atmospheric and watershed sources. Because of the short period of record, it is not possible to determine whether the changes are part of a long-term trend or are merely natural fluctuations about some baseline.The chemistry of lakes in th Mt. Zirkel Wilderness Area (MZWA) and Weminche Wilderness Area (WWA) of Colorado has been monitored since 1985. The initial results indicate that changes have occurred in the chemistry of some lakes in both areas. Increased concentration of sulfate in lakes may be related to increased atmospheric deposition of sulfateor to changes of sulfate released by weathering and to changing dilution of sulfate by snowmelt. Stable S isotopes seem to be capable of separating the fraction of change in sulfate that is related to atmospheric and watershed sources. Because of the short period of record, it is not possible to determine whether the changes are part of long-term or are merely natural fluctuations about some baseline.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00478156","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Turk, J., Campbell, K., and Spahr, N., 1993, Use of chemistry and stable sulfur isotopes to determine sources of trends in sulfate of Colorado lakes: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 67, no. 3-4, p. 415-431, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00478156.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"431","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227372,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbed4e4b08c986b3297e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turk, J.T.","contributorId":94259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turk","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, K.","contributorId":63351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Campbell","given":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":47665,"text":"St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":379003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spahr, N.E.","contributorId":79476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spahr","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017958,"text":"70017958 - 1993 - Constraints in the hot-dry-rock resources of the united states","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:55","indexId":"70017958","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Constraints in the hot-dry-rock resources of the united states","docAbstract":"As with hydrothermal systems, the western U.S has higher HDR potential overall than the eastern U.S. because geothermal gradients on average are higher in the west. Nevertheless, some attractive exploration targets occur in the eastern U.S. The most favorable target in the eastern U.S. (defined here to include the Great Plains province) is one in which the heat flow from the basement rocks is higher than average, either due to heat generation from highly radioactive rocks or to a plume of hot water driven upwards from greater depths by convection, and where such basement rocks are blanketed by one or more kilometers of sedimentary material having a low thermal conductivity.","largerWorkTitle":"Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1993 Annual Meeting on Utilities and Geothermal: An Emerging Partnership","conferenceDate":"10 October 1993 through 13 October 1993","conferenceLocation":"Burlingame, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA, United States","issn":"01935933","isbn":"0934412715","usgsCitation":"Sass, J., and Guffanti, M., 1993, Constraints in the hot-dry-rock resources of the united states, in Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, v. 17, Burlingame, CA, USA, 10 October 1993 through 13 October 1993, p. 343-346.","startPage":"343","endPage":"346","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa09e4b0c8380cd4d8c0","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Anon","contributorId":128316,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Anon","id":536403,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Sass, John","contributorId":14130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guffanti, Marianne","contributorId":68257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guffanti","given":"Marianne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017444,"text":"70017444 - 1993 - Assessing the paradigm of mutually exclusive erosion and deposition of mud, with examples from upper Chesapeake Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-19T11:12:49.210996","indexId":"70017444","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing the paradigm of mutually exclusive erosion and deposition of mud, with examples from upper Chesapeake Bay","docAbstract":"A paradigm of cohesive sediment transport research is that erosion and deposition are mutually exclusive. Many laboratory studies have shown that there is a velocity/stress threshold below which erosion does not occur and a lower threshold above which deposition does not occur. In contrast, a deposition threshold is not included in standard noncohesive sediment transport models, allowing erosion and deposition to occur simultaneously. Several researchers have also modeled erosion and deposition of mud without a deposition threshold. This distinction can have important implications for suspended sediment transport predictions and for data interpretation.
Model-data comparisons based on observations of in situ erosion and deposition of upper Chesapeake Bay mud indicate poor agreement when the sediments are modeled as a single resuspended particle class and mutually exclusive erosion and deposition is assumed. The total resuspended sediment load increases in conjunction with increasing bottom shear stress as anticipated, but deposition is initiated soon after the shear stress begins to decrease and long before the stress falls below the value at which erosion had previously begun. Models assuming no critical stress for deposition, with continuous deposition proportional to the near bottom resuspended sediment concentration, describe the data better. Empirical parameter values estimated from these model fits are similar to other published values for estuarine cohesive sediments, indicating significantly greater erodability for higher water content surface sediments and settling velocities appropriate for large estuarine flocs.
The apparent failure of the cohesive paradigm when applied to in situ data does not mean that the concept of a critical stress for deposition is wrong. Two possibilities for explaining the observed discrepancies are that certain aspects of in situ conditions have not been replicated in the laboratory experiments underlying the cohesive paradigm, and that in situ sediment behavior is better described as a sequence of particle classes than as the single particle class modeled here. However, the in situ measurements needed to resolve these questions are very difficult and data generally are not available. For practical modeling purposes, allowing continuous deposition of a single resuspended particle class may often give quite satisfactory results.
Trace contaminants enter major estuaries such as San Francisco Bay from a variety of point and nonpoint sources and may then be repartitioned between solid and aqueous phases or altered in chemical speciation. Chemical speciation affects the bioavailability of metals as well as organic ligands to planktonic and benthic organisms, and the partitioning of these solutes between phases. Our previous, work in south San Francisco Bay indicated that sulfide complexation with metals may be of particular importance because of the thermodynamic stability of these complexes. Although the water column of the bay is consistently well-oxygenated and typically unstratified with respect to dissolved oxygen, the kinetics of sulfide oxidation could exert at least transient controls on metal speciation. Our initial data on dissolved sulfides in the main channel of both the northern and southern components of the bay consistently indicate submicromolar concenrations (from <1 nM to 162 nM), as one would expect in an oxidizing environment. However, chemical speciation calculations over the range of observed sulfide concentrations indicate that these trace concentrations in the bay water column can markedly affect chemical speciation of ecologically significant trace metals such as cadmium, copper, and zinc.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.2307/1352604","issn":"15592723","usgsCitation":"Kuwabara, J., and Luther, G., 1993, Dissolved sulfides in the oxic water column of San Francisco Bay, California: Estuaries, v. 16, no. 3, p. 567-573, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352604.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"567","endPage":"573","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229061,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206182,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02718304"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0241e4b0c8380cd4ff84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuwabara, J.S.","contributorId":57905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuwabara","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luther, G.W.","contributorId":37913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luther","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017442,"text":"70017442 - 1993 - Management and analysis of water-use data using a geographic information system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:55:22","indexId":"70017442","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Management and analysis of water-use data using a geographic information system","docAbstract":"As part of its mission, the U.S. Geological Survey conducts water-resources research. Site-specific and aggregate water-use data are used in the Survey's National Water-Use Information Program and in various hydrologic investigations. Both types of activities have specific requirements in terms of water-use data access, analysis, and display. In Kansas, the Survey obtains water-use information from several sources. Typically, this information is in a format that is not readily usable by the Survey. Geographic information system (GIS) technology is being used to restructure the available water-use data into a format that allows users to readily access and summarize site-specific water-use data by source (i.e., surface or ground water), type of use, and user-defined area.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1993.tb03259.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Juracek, K.E., and Kenny, J.F., 1993, Management and analysis of water-use data using a geographic information system: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 29, no. 6, p. 973-979, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1993.tb03259.x.","startPage":"973","endPage":"979","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267686,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1993.tb03259.x"},{"id":228975,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4c60e4b0c8380cd69bed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juracek, K. E. 0000-0002-2102-8980","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-8980","contributorId":44570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juracek","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kenny, J. F.","contributorId":100378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenny","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018347,"text":"70018347 - 1993 - Selenium source identification and biogeochemical processes controlling selenium in surface water and biota, Kendrick Reclamation Project, Wyoming, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-13T13:14:40.524345","indexId":"70018347","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selenium source identification and biogeochemical processes controlling selenium in surface water and biota, Kendrick Reclamation Project, Wyoming, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"The major tributaries draining the Kendrick Reclamation Project (KRP) account for an average of 52% of the total Se load measured in the North Platte River downstream from Casper, Wyoming. The Casper Creek drainage basin contributed the largest Se load of the five tributary sites to the North Platte River. The 4-d average Se concentration in water samples from one site in the part of the North Platte River that receives irrigation return flows exceeded the 5 μg/l U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's aquatic life criterion five time during a 50-d monitoring period in 1989. In agreement with the water-quality data, muscle and liver tissue rom rainbow trout collected from the same part of the North Platte River had Se concentrations exceeding levels known to cause reproductive failure and chronic Se poisoning. On the basis of Se: Cl, 18O/16O and D/H ratios in water from Goose and Rasmus Lee Lakes (closed-basin systems), the large Se concentrations in those lakes were derived by natural evaporation of irrigation water without leaching of soluble forms of Se from soil or rocks. Water samples from Thirtythree Mile Reservoir and Illco Pond (flow-through systems) showed considerable enrichment in Se over evaporative concentration, presumably due to leaching and desorption of Se from soil and rock. The Se: Cl ratios of irrigation drain water collected from the KRP indicate that leaching and desorption of soluble forms of Se from soils and rocks are the dominant processes in drain water. Results of a Wilcoxon matched-pairs test for 43 paired drain-water samples collected during June and August 1988, indicated there is a statistically larger concentration of Se (0.01 significance level) during the June sampling period. The larger concentrations of Se and other chemical constitutents during the early part of the irrigation season probably were due to dissolution of seleniferous salts that have accumulated in soils within the KRP since the last irrigation season. The large Se concentrations in water samples from wetland sites in the KRP were reflected in the aquatic-bird food chain. Most waterfowl and shorebirds nesting at the KRP showed Se concentrations in livers and eggs greater than levels suspected of causing adverse reproductive effects.
Pressure is the most important of the intensive parameters for relating epithermal mineralization to the geologic setting. This paper describes the limitations on pressure (and therefore depth) of mineralization that may reasonably be derived from simple observations of the behavior of fluid inclusions (i.e., the existence of ice or CO 2 clathrate on the liquidus, the amount of expansion or contraction of the bubble as the host inclusion is crushed in oil on the microscope stage, and the freezing and homogenization temperatures for the inclusion). It is based on the reasonable model that mineralization occurs from a hydrostatically pressured NaCl-CO 2 -H 2 O fluid, consistent with the probability that H 2 O and CO 2 are the only gases contributing significantly to the total pressure. The pressure of CO 2 is, of course, a function of CO 2 content, but, from 100 degrees to 300 degrees C, it is a surprisingly minor function of either temperature or salinity. The presence of the clathrate in freezing studies of fluid inclusions indicates pressures of CO 2 that add at least 1 km to the probable depth of inclusion trapping compared to that estimated from CO 2 -free water. Thus undetected (i.e., no clathrates on cooling) CO 2 in fluid inclusions can nonetheless contribute very significantly to the possible depth of epithermal mineralization. On the other hand, the observation that fluid inclusions crushed in oil have bubbles that do not expand (i.e., <1 atm P (sub CO 2 ) at 25 degrees C), demonstrates CO 2 contents that could add at most a few tens of meters to the depth of mineralization.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.88.4.873","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Barton, P., and Chou, I., 1993, Refinement of the evaluation of the role of CO2 in modifying estimates of the pressure of epithermal mineralization: Economic Geology, v. 88, no. 4, p. 873-884, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.4.873.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"873","endPage":"884","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228741,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a434e4b0e8fec6cdbab1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barton, P.B.","contributorId":78751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chou, I.-M. 0000-0001-5233-6479","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-6479","contributorId":44283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chou","given":"I.-M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":378265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018031,"text":"70018031 - 1993 - A finite-volume Eulerian-Lagrangian Localized Adjoint Method for solution of the advection-dispersion equation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-06T07:15:06","indexId":"70018031","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A finite-volume Eulerian-Lagrangian Localized Adjoint Method for solution of the advection-dispersion equation","docAbstract":"A new mass-conservative method for solution of the one-dimensional advection-dispersion equation is derived and discussed. Test results demonstrate that the finite-volume Eulerian-Lagrangian localized adjoint method (FVELLAM) outperforms standard finite-difference methods, in terms of accuracy and efficiency, for solute transport problems that are dominated by advection. For dispersion-dominated problems, the performance of the method is similar to that of standard methods. Like previous ELLAM formulations, FVELLAM systematically conserves mass globally with all types of boundary conditions. FVELLAM differs from other ELLAM approaches in that integrated finite differences, instead of finite elements, are used to approximate the governing equation. This approach, in conjunction with a forward tracking scheme, greatly facilitates mass conservation. The mass storage integral is numerically evaluated at the current time level, and quadrature points are then tracked forward in time to the next level. Forward tracking permits straightforward treatment of inflow boundaries, thus avoiding the inherent problem in backtracking, as used by most characteristic methods, of characteristic lines intersecting inflow boundaries. FVELLAM extends previous ELLAM results by obtaining mass conservation locally on Lagrangian space-time elements. Details of the integration, tracking, and boundary algorithms are presented. Test results are given for problems in Cartesian and radial coordinates.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR00403","usgsCitation":"Healy, R.W., and Russell, T., 1993, A finite-volume Eulerian-Lagrangian Localized Adjoint Method for solution of the advection-dispersion equation: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 7, p. 2399-2413, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00403.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2399","endPage":"2413","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228596,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3dbe4b0c8380cd46269","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Healy, R. W.","contributorId":89872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Russell, T.F.","contributorId":86811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017969,"text":"70017969 - 1993 - Large-scale deformation associated with ridge subduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-08T12:16:06.904265","indexId":"70017969","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-scale deformation associated with ridge subduction","docAbstract":"Continuum models are used to investigate the large-scale deformation associated with the subduction of aseismic ridges. Formulated in the horizontal plane using thin viscous sheet theory, these models measure the horizontal transmission of stress through the arc lithosphere accompanying ridge subduction. Modelling was used to compare the Tonga arc and Louisville ridge collision with the New Hebrides arc and d'Entrecasteaux ridge collision, which have disparate arc-ridge intersection speeds but otherwise similar characteristics. Models of both systems indicate that diffuse deformation (low values of the effective stress-strain exponent n) are required to explain the observed deformation. Deformation is somewhat insensitive to the vertically integrated strength of the arc (inversely proportional to the Argand number Ar), but indicates that the arc lithosphere is not extremely weak (Ar < 100). Low values of both Ar and n suggest that the thermal structure is typical of ‘cold’ or ‘normal’ arcs and that deformation is dominated by flow in the lower crust and mantle. In addition, low values of n (approaching Newtonian flow) may indicate that specific deformation mechanisms dictate deformation of the arc lithosphere. Possible mechanisms include low-stress, grain-size dependent creep, pyroxenite-controlled rheology and mechanisms associated with water weakening. Changes in the boundary conditions greatly affect deformation within island arcs. High rates of arc-ridge intersection speed (Tonga-Louisville system) yield arc-parallel tension and crustal thickening in the wake of ridge subduction. In contrast, low rates of arc-ridge intersection speed (New Hebrides-d'Entrecasteaux system) yield compressional deformation directly arcward of the collision zone and transverse strike-slip faulting adjacent to the region of compressional deformation. Localized regions of extensional deformation along the frontal part of the arc adjacent to the collision zone may contribute to the formation of re-entrants.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.1993.tb01191.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Geist, E., Fisher, M.A., and Scholl, D., 1993, Large-scale deformation associated with ridge subduction: Geophysical Journal International, v. 115, no. 2, p. 344-366, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1993.tb01191.x.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"344","endPage":"366","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480317,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1993.tb01191.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228496,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4494e4b0c8380cd66c10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, E.L. 0000-0003-0611-1150","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":71993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"E.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, M. A.","contributorId":69972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scholl, D.W.","contributorId":106461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017349,"text":"70017349 - 1993 - Aspects of numerical and representational methods related to the finite-difference simulation of advective and dispersive transport of freshwater in a thin brackish aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:36:34.484578","indexId":"70017349","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aspects of numerical and representational methods related to the finite-difference simulation of advective and dispersive transport of freshwater in a thin brackish aquifer","docAbstract":"The simulation of the transport of injected freshwater in a thin brackish aquifer, overlain and underlain by confining layers containing more saline water, is shown to be influenced by the choice of the finite-difference approximation method, the algorithm for representing vertical advective and dispersive fluxes, and the values assigned to parametric coefficients that specify the degree of vertical dispersion and molecular diffusion that occurs. Computed potable water recovery efficiencies will differ depending upon the choice of algorithm and approximation method, as will dispersion coefficients estimated based on the calibration of simulations to match measured data. A comparison of centered and backward finite-difference approximation methods shows that substantially different transition zones between injected and native waters are depicted by the different methods, and computed recovery efficiencies vary greatly. Standard and experimental algorithms and a variety of values for molecular diffusivity, transverse dispersivity, and vertical scaling factor were compared in simulations of freshwater storage in a thin brackish aquifer. Computed recovery efficiencies vary considerably, and appreciable differences are observed in the distribution of injected freshwater in the various cases tested. The results demonstrate both a qualitatively different description of transport using the experimental algorithms and the interrelated influences of molecular diffusion and transverse dispersion on simulated recovery efficiency. When simulating natural aquifer flow in cross-section, flushing of the aquifer occurred for all tested coefficient choices using both standard and experimental algorithms.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(93)90253-6","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Merritt, M.L., 1993, Aspects of numerical and representational methods related to the finite-difference simulation of advective and dispersive transport of freshwater in a thin brackish aquifer: Journal of Hydrology, v. 148, no. 1-4, p. 61-92, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(93)90253-6.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225065,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"148","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edbce4b0c8380cd49995","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merritt, M. L.","contributorId":47401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merritt","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1003171,"text":"1003171 - 1993 - Whole-lake burdens and spatial distribution of mercury in surficial sediments in Wisconsin seepage lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:57","indexId":"1003171","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Whole-lake burdens and spatial distribution of mercury in surficial sediments in Wisconsin seepage lakes","docAbstract":"We quantified total mercury in surficial sediments (uppermost 5 cm) of six small seepage lakes. Fifty cores were taken from each lake, based on a random sampling design stratified by water depth. Volumetric concentrations (mass per volume of wet sediment) more accurately portrayed the depth distribution of mercury in the lakes than did dry-weight concentrations, which underrepresented the significance of the shallow-water sediments as a reservoir of potentially available mercury. Estimates of whole-lake burdens (masses) of mercury in the surficial sediment, which represents the maximum amount of sedimentary mercury available for methylation, ranged from 45 to 149 g. We hypothesize that the observed variation in areal burdens of mercury was partly due to variation among lakes in the pH-related efflux of gaseous mercury (Hg super(0)) from the lakes to the atmosphere.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of Wisconsin River Studies Center","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Rada, R., Powell, D., and Wiener, J., 1993, Whole-lake burdens and spatial distribution of mercury in surficial sediments in Wisconsin seepage lakes: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 50, no. 4, p. 865-873.","productDescription":"pp. 865-873","startPage":"865","endPage":"873","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db545299","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rada, R.G.","contributorId":7651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rada","given":"R.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, D.E.","contributorId":72093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wiener, J.G.","contributorId":44107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiener","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017883,"text":"70017883 - 1993 - Natural gas hydrates of the Prudhoe Bay and Kuparuk River area, North Slope, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-19T18:00:20.943182","indexId":"70017883","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Natural gas hydrates of the Prudhoe Bay and Kuparuk River area, North Slope, Alaska","docAbstract":"Gas hydrates are crystalline substances composed of water and gas, mainly methane, in which a solid-water lattice accommodates gas molecules in a cage-like structure, or clathrate. These substances commonly have been regarded as a potential unconventional source of natural gas because of their enormous gas-storage capacity. Significant quantities of naturally occurring gas hydrates have been detected in many regions of the Arctic, including Siberia, the Mackenzie River Delta, and the North Slope of Alaska. On the North Slope, the methane-hydrate stability zone is areally extensive beneath most of the coastal plain province and has thicknesses greater than 1000 m in the Prudhoe Bay area.
Gas hydrates have been inferred to occur in 50 North Slope exploratory and production wells on the basis of well-log responses calibrated to the response of an interval in a well where gas hydrates were recovered in a core by ARCO and Exxon. Most North Slope gas hydrates occur in six laterally continuous lower Tertiary sandstones and conglomerates; all these gas hydrates are geographically restricted to the area overlying the eastern part of the Kuparuk River oil field and the western part of the Prudhoe Bay oil field. The volume of gas within these gas hydrates is estimated to be about 1.0 × 1012 to 1.2 × 1012 m3 (37 to 44 tcf), or about twice the volume of conventional gas in the Prudhoe Bay field.
Geochemical analyses of well samples suggest that the inferred hydrates probably contain a mixture of deep-source thermogenic gas and shallow, microbial gas that was either directly converted to gas hydrate or first concentrated in existing traps and later converted to gas hydrate. The thermogenic gas probably migrated from deeper reservoirs along the same faults thought to have been migration pathways for the large volumes of heavy oil that occur in the shallow reservoirs of this area.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/BDFF8D62-1718-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Collett, T.S., 1993, Natural gas hydrates of the Prudhoe Bay and Kuparuk River area, North Slope, Alaska: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 77, no. 5, p. 793-812, https://doi.org/10.1306/BDFF8D62-1718-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"793","endPage":"812","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228779,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kuparuk River area, North Slope, Prudhoe Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -141,\n 72\n ],\n [\n -168,\n 72\n ],\n [\n -168,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -141,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -141,\n 72\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"77","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6304e4b0c8380cd72251","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collett, Timothy S. 0000-0002-7598-4708 tcollett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":1698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"Timothy","email":"tcollett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018255,"text":"70018255 - 1993 - Application of mixed-mode, solid-phase extraction in environmental and clinical chemistry. Combining hydrogen-bonding, cation-exchange and Van der Waals interactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-06T06:41:59","indexId":"70018255","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2214,"text":"Journal of Chromatography A","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of mixed-mode, solid-phase extraction in environmental and clinical chemistry. Combining hydrogen-bonding, cation-exchange and Van der Waals interactions","docAbstract":"Silica- and styrene-divinylbenzene-based mixed-mode resins that contain C8, C18 and sulphonated cation-exchange groups were compared for their efficiency in isolation of neutral triazine compounds from water and of the basic drug, benzoylecgonine, from urine. The triazine compounds were isolated by a combination of Van der Waals and hydrogen-bonding interactions, and benzoylecgonine was isolated by Van der Waals interactions and cation exchange. All analytes were eluted with a polar organic solvent contaning 2% ammonium hydroxide. Larger recoveries (95%) were achieved on copolymerized mixed-mode resins where C18 and sulfonic acid are in closer proximity than on 'blended' mixed-mode resins (60-70% recovery).","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0021-9673(93)80349-D","issn":"00219673","usgsCitation":"Mills, M.S., Thurman, E., and Pedersen, M., 1993, Application of mixed-mode, solid-phase extraction in environmental and clinical chemistry. Combining hydrogen-bonding, cation-exchange and Van der Waals interactions: Journal of Chromatography A, v. 629, no. 1, p. 11-21, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(93)80349-D.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"21","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227459,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205925,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(93)80349-D"}],"volume":"629","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eca8e4b0c8380cd493f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, M. S.","contributorId":96279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pedersen, M.J.","contributorId":28483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pedersen","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014806,"text":"1014806 - 1993 - Effects of diet and environmental salinity on the growth, mortality, and tissue structure of juvenile striped bass","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-22T11:48:33.40776","indexId":"1014806","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of diet and environmental salinity on the growth, mortality, and tissue structure of juvenile striped bass","docAbstract":"Juvenile striped bass Morone saxatilis (approximately 60 d old) were fed either a commercial trout feed or an open-formula salmon feed for 16 weeks and reared in 24°C fresh water or saline water prepared from sodium chloride or synthetic sea salt. Fish that were fed salmon feed were larger, contained higher levels of body lipid, and had livers with uniform glycogen vacuolation. Fish that were fed trout feed were smaller, contained less body lipid, and had necrotic liver tissue. More than 95% of the fish fed the trout feed and reared in water containing sodium chloride at 10‰ salinity died within the first 2 weeks. Mortality of fish fed the salmon feed under the same rearing conditions was 3% in 2 weeks. An osmoregulatory dysfunction from an imbalance of environmental calcium and sodium is suggested as the cause of the mortality. Although no definitive cause was established for the diet-related histological changes in the livers of fish that were fed the trout feed, type and level of dietary essential fatty acids are suspected