This report identifies key technical issues related to hydrologic assessment of water flow in the unsaturated zone at low-level radioactive waste (LLW) disposal facilities. In addition, a methodology for incorporating these issues in the performance assessment of proposed LLW disposal facilities is identified and evaluated. The issues discussed fall into four areas:
An estimate of recharge at a LLW site is important since recharge is a principal factor in controlling the release of contaminants via the groundwater pathway. The most common methods for estimating recharge are discussed in Chapter 2. Many factors affect recharge; the natural recharge at an undisturbed site is not necessarily representative either of the recharge that will occur after the site has been disturbed or of the flow of water into a disposal facility at the site. Factors affecting recharge are discussed in Chapter 2.
At many sites engineered components are required for a LLW facility to meet performance requirements. Chapter 3 discusses the use of engineered barriers to control the flow of water in a LLW facility, with a particular emphasis on cover systems. Design options and the potential performance and degradation mechanisms of engineered components are also discussed.
Water flow in a LLW disposal facility must be evaluated before construction of the facility. In addition, hydrologic performance must be predicted over a very long time frame. For these reasons, the hydrologic evaluation relies on the use of predictive modeling. In Chapter 4, the evaluation of unsaturated water flow modeling is discussed. A checklist of items is presented to guide the evaluation. Several computer simulation codes that were used in the examples (Chapter 6) are discussed with respect to this checklist. The codes used include HELP, UNSAT-H, and VAM3DCG.
To provide a defensible estimate of water flow in a LLW disposal facility, the uncertainty associated with model predictions must be considered. Uncertainty arises because of the highly heterogeneous nature of most subsurface environments and the long time frame required in the analysis. Sources of uncertainty in hydrologic evaluation of the unsaturated zone and several approaches for analysis are discussed in Chapter 5. The methods of analysis discussed include a bounding approach, sensitivity analysis, and Monte Carlo simulation.
To illustrate the application of the discussion in Chapters 2 through 5, two examples are presented in Chapter 6. The first example is of a below ground vault located in a humid environment. The second example looks at a shallow land burial facility located in an arid environment. The examples utilize actual site-specific data and realistic facility designs. The two examples illustrate the issues unique to humid and arid sites as well as the issues common to all LLW sites. Strategies for addressing the analytical difficulties arising in any complex hydrologic evaluation of the unsaturated zone are demonstrated.
The report concludes with some final observations and recommendations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comission","usgsCitation":"Meyer, P., Rockhold, M., Nichols, W., and Gee, G., 1996, Hydrologic evaluation methodology for estimating water movement through the unsaturated zone at commercial low-level radioactive waste disposal site, Report: xxii, 102 p.; Appendicies A, B, C.","productDescription":"Report: xxii, 102 p.; Appendicies A, B, C","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350760,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350759,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/contract/cr6346/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a7040d9e4b06e28e9cae507","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, P.D.","contributorId":84860,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meyer","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rockhold, M.L.","contributorId":189624,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rockhold","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, W.E.","contributorId":100579,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nichols","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gee, G.W.","contributorId":189340,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gee","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018445,"text":"70018445 - 1996 - Uranium-series disequilibrium, sedimentation, diatom frustules, and paleoclimate change in Lake Baikal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-09T00:46:15.253825","indexId":"70018445","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium-series disequilibrium, sedimentation, diatom frustules, and paleoclimate change in Lake Baikal","docAbstract":"The large volume of water, approximately one-fifth of the total surface fresh water on the planet, contained in Lake Baikal in southeastern Siberia is distinguished by having a relatively high concentration of uranium (ca. 2 nM), and, together with the surface sediments, an unusually high234U238U alpha activity ratio of 1.95. About 80% of the input of uranium to the lake, with a234U238U ratio of 2.0, comes from the Selenga River. Profiles of uranium, as well as the extent of isotopic disequilibrium in a 9 m sediment core collected on Academic Ridge, generally show high values during interglacial periods corresponding to high diatom frustule numbers (DiFr) and biogenic silica (BSi) data that have been reported elsewhere. During glacial periods (low DiFr and BSi), uranium progeny (234U and230Th) were in secular equilibrium with low concentrations of their parent238U. Radionuclide distributions were interpreted in terms of a quantitative model allowing for adsorption of riverine inputs of uranium onto two classes of sedimenting particles with differing238U232Th ratios and uranium progeny in secular equilibrium. If the234U238U activity ratio of adsorbed uranium has remained constant, mean sedimentation rates can be independently estimated as 3.6 ± 0.6 and 3.7 ± 0.9 cm · kyr−1 for the decay of234U and in-growth of230Th, respectively. These rates are consistent with a mean rate of 3.76 cm · kyr−1, calculated by optimization of the correspondence between adsorbed238U and δ18O in dated oceanic sediments. The adsorbed uranium apparently tracks variable river flow during interglacials and is drastically reduced during periods of glaciation. Evidently, uranium has not been significantly redistributed within Baikal sediments over at least the past 250 kyr and is a unique, biologically non-essential, tracer for climate-sensitive processes, which provide their own internal geochronometers, potentially useful for ages up to 1 Myr BP.
An investigation of the geohydrology and of the potential for water-supply development on several of the Boston Harbor Islands, eastern Massachusetts, was conducted to evaluate the possibility of developing a permanent small-capacity water supply to support recreational activities, such as camping, hiking, and swimming. The Boston Harbor Islands, including Bumkin, Gallops, Georges, Grape, Lovell, and Peddocks Islands are part of a larger group of glacially deposited drumlins, which are composed of thick, dense, homogeneous till in their core that are overlain by a thin layer of stratified-beach deposits. The surficial materials over-lie a weathered zone of the metasedimentary Cambridge Argillite in the Boston Harbor area and were deposited by continental ice sheets that covered New England twice during the late Pleistocene Epoch, and by near-shore processes in the Holocene Epoch. The thickness of these materials range from less than 1 to about 300 feet where present.
The till was deposited by glacial ice and is characterized as an unsorted matrix of sand, silt, and clay with variable amounts of stones and large boulders. The stratified deposits primarily consist of sorted and layered sand and gravel that accumulated and formed the beaches and tombolos of the harbor islands. These deposits overlie the till at altitudes generally less than 10 feet above sea level.
A cross-sectional, ground-water-flow model was developed to estimate depth to the water table for a hypothetical drumlin-island flow system, which was assumed to be representative of the drumlin islands in Boston Harbor. Areas were identified in each island flow system with the greatest potential for small-capacity water-supply development based on the model-calculated depth to water and surficial geology of the islands. Model-calculated depth to water estimates were used because of the lack of available hydrologic data for the islands. Model results indicate that the simulated depth to water is less than 20 feet within 240 feet from the shore of the hypothetical drumlin-island flow system. This area on the topographic maps of the six Boston Harbor Islands roughly coincides with the high transmissivity zones of stratified-beach deposits and weathered till on the lower slopes of the drumlins where ground-water discharge and surface and subsurface runoff occurs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96117","usgsCitation":"Masterson, J., Stone, B.D., and Rendigs, R., 1996, Geohydrology and potential water-supply development on Bumkin, Gallops, Georges, Grape, Lovell, and Peddocks Islands, eastern Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-117, iii, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96117.","productDescription":"iii, 22 p.","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":53024,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0117/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156815,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0117/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Bumkin Island, Gallops Island, Georges Island, Grape Island, Lovells Island, Peddocks Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": 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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":190773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Byron D. 0000-0001-6092-0798 bdstone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6092-0798","contributorId":1702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Byron","email":"bdstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rendigs, R.R.","contributorId":50506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rendigs","given":"R.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28875,"text":"wri944161 - 1996 - Hydrology, water quality, and effects of drought in Monroe County, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-12T11:02:38","indexId":"wri944161","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4161","title":"Hydrology, water quality, and effects of drought in Monroe County, Michigan","docAbstract":"Monroe County relies heavily on its aquifers and streams for drinking water, irrigation, and other ~ses; however, increased water use, high concentrations of certain constituents in ground water, and droughts may limit the availability of water resources. Although the most densely populated parts of the county use water from the Great Lakes, large amounts of ground water are withdrawn for quarry dewatering, domestic supply, and irrigation.
Unconsolidated deposits and bedrock of Silurian and Devonian age underlie Mon_roe County. The unconsolidated deposits are mostly clayey and less than 50 feet thick. Usable amounts of ground water generally are obtained from thin, discontinuous surficial sand deposits or, in the northwestern part of the county, from deep glaciofluvial deposits. In most of the county, however, ground water in unconsolidated deposits is highly susceptible to effects of droughts and to contamination.
The bedrock is mostly carbonate rock, and usable quantities of ground water can be obtained from fractures and other secondary openings throughout the county. Transmissivities of the Silurian-Devonian aquifer range from 10 to 6,600 feet squared per day. Aquifer tests and historical informati.on indicate that the Silurian-Devonian aquifer is confmed throughout most of the county. The major recharge area for the Silurian-Devonian aquifer in Monroe County is in the southwest, and groundwater flow is mostly southeastward toward Lake Erie. In the northeastern and southeastern parts of the county, the potentiometric surface of the SilurianDevonian aquifers has been lowered by pumpage to below the elevation of Lake Erie.
Streams and artificial drains in Monroe County are tributary to Lake Erie. Most streams are perennial because of sustained discharge from the sand aquifer and the Silurian-Devonian aquifer; however, the lower reaches of River Raisin and Plum Creek lost water to the Silurian-Devonian aquifer in July 1990.
The quality of ground water and of streamwater at low flow is suitable for most domestic u~es, irrigation, and recreation. In ground water, dissolved solids and hydrogen sulfide are present at concentrations objectionable to some users. Indicators of ground-water contamination from agricultural activities-pesticides and nitrates-were not present at detectable concentrations or were below U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) limits. In streamwater, some treatment to remove bacteria may be necessary in summer months; nitrate concentrations, however, were found to be below USEPA limits.
Tritium concentrations indicative of recent recharge to the Silurian-Devonian aquifer are present in a southwest-to-northeast-trending band from Whiteford to Berlin Townships. Generally, where glacial deposits are thicker than 30 feet, rech~rge.takes more than 40 years. Carbon isotope data md1cate that some of the ground water in the Silurian-Devonian aquifer is more than 14,000 years old.
Mild droughts are common in Michigan, but long severe droughts, such as those during 1930-37 and 1960-67, are infrequent. The most recent drought, during 1988, was severe but short. Ground-water levels declined throughout the county; the largest declines were probably in the southwest. Shallow bedrock wells completed in only the upper part of the Silurian-Devonian aquifer and near large uses of ground water were especially susceptible to the effects of drought. Deep bedrock wells continued to produce water through the drought of 1988.
During droughts, streamflow is reduced because of low ground-water levels and high consumptive uses of surface water. In 1988, annual discharge on the River Raisin was near normal, but monthly averages were below normal from March through August. The quality of surface water during droughts is similar to that during normal lowflow conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944161","usgsCitation":"Nicholas, J., Rowe, G.L., and Brannen, J., 1996, Hydrology, water quality, and effects of drought in Monroe County, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4161, x, 169 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944161.","productDescription":"x, 169 p.","numberOfPages":"186","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159493,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4161/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":343690,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4161/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Monroe County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-83.2756,42.0749],[-83.2665,42.0719],[-83.2584,42.0731],[-83.2514,42.0647],[-83.2466,42.0614],[-83.2362,42.0593],[-83.2301,42.056],[-83.2272,42.0518],[-83.2217,42.0503],[-83.2176,42.0475],[-83.2141,42.0429],[-83.2047,42.044],[-83.1887,42.0309],[-83.1923,42.0323],[-83.1942,42.031],[-83.1972,42.0329],[-83.2008,42.0348],[-83.2046,42.0344],[-83.2055,42.0281],[-83.2027,42.0212],[-83.2048,42.0158],[-83.2079,42.0159],[-83.2039,42.0085],[-83.2084,42.0046],[-83.2068,41.9995],[-83.2182,41.9934],[-83.2278,41.9864],[-83.2386,41.9799],[-83.2425,41.9763],[-83.2463,41.9751],[-83.2512,41.9752],[-83.2571,41.9808],[-83.2626,41.9818],[-83.2633,41.9809],[-83.2646,41.9801],[-83.2508,41.9715],[-83.249,41.9688],[-83.2518,41.9634],[-83.2551,41.9576],[-83.256,41.9526],[-83.2525,41.9484],[-83.252,41.9457],[-83.2533,41.9434],[-83.259,41.9408],[-83.2616,41.9382],[-83.2629,41.9355],[-83.2653,41.9369],[-83.2768,41.9427],[-83.2927,41.9453],[-83.2946,41.9449],[-83.3008,41.9437],[-83.3128,41.9376],[-83.3225,41.9283],[-83.3278,41.9217],[-83.3295,41.9099],[-83.3307,41.8986],[-83.3327,41.8941],[-83.336,41.8887],[-83.3369,41.8842],[-83.3392,41.8861],[-83.3408,41.892],[-83.3445,41.8925],[-83.3484,41.889],[-83.3514,41.8909],[-83.3556,41.8933],[-83.3617,41.8952],[-83.3656,41.8903],[-83.3632,41.8875],[-83.356,41.8837],[-83.3556,41.8796],[-83.3581,41.8788],[-83.3636,41.8789],[-83.3675,41.8749],[-83.3731,41.8741],[-83.3807,41.8689],[-83.3891,41.86],[-83.3943,41.8538],[-83.3978,41.8461],[-83.405,41.8363],[-83.4122,41.8251],[-83.4186,41.8216],[-83.4235,41.8213],[-83.4253,41.8214],[-83.438,41.813],[-83.4416,41.8027],[-83.4396,41.7913],[-83.4353,41.7775],[-83.4304,41.7633],[-83.4236,41.7482],[-83.4214,41.7431],[-83.4222,41.7381],[-83.426,41.7364],[-83.4302,41.7383],[-83.4294,41.7433],[-83.4291,41.7506],[-83.4326,41.7543],[-83.4324,41.7593],[-83.4335,41.7611],[-83.4445,41.7768],[-83.443,41.7841],[-83.4459,41.7891],[-83.4438,41.7936],[-83.4463,41.7937],[-83.4534,41.7861],[-83.4589,41.7872],[-83.459,41.7854],[-83.4547,41.7834],[-83.4551,41.7762],[-83.4446,41.7618],[-83.4465,41.7596],[-83.4538,41.7625],[-83.4655,41.7632],[-83.4711,41.7602],[-83.4707,41.7565],[-83.4744,41.7553],[-83.4739,41.753],[-83.4665,41.7533],[-83.4624,41.7495],[-83.4637,41.7464],[-83.4675,41.7442],[-83.4737,41.7435],[-83.4774,41.7435],[-83.4781,41.7422],[-83.4751,41.7403],[-83.4796,41.7363],[-83.484,41.7328],[-83.7663,41.7229],[-83.7714,41.9068],[-83.7763,42.0823],[-83.6563,42.0833],[-83.5399,42.0853],[-83.4235,42.0876],[-83.4233,42.0921],[-83.3088,42.0943],[-83.2952,42.0944],[-83.2885,42.0906],[-83.2849,42.0892],[-83.2802,42.0827],[-83.2779,42.0786],[-83.2756,42.0749]]],[[[-83.4507,41.7338],[-83.4611,41.7338],[-83.4586,41.7367],[-83.4566,41.7403],[-83.4535,41.7416],[-83.4505,41.7402],[-83.4487,41.7383],[-83.4494,41.737],[-83.4507,41.7338]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Monroe\",\"state\":\"MI\"}}]}\n","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc70f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nicholas, J.R.","contributorId":26673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholas","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rowe, Gary L. glrowe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"Gary","email":"glrowe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":200542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brannen, J.R.","contributorId":37376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brannen","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":23657,"text":"ofr95754 - 1996 - Bridge-Scour Data Management System user's manual","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-13T14:33:28","indexId":"ofr95754","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-754","title":"Bridge-Scour Data Management System user's manual","docAbstract":"The Bridge-Scour Data Management System (BSDMS) supports preparation, compilation, and analysis of bridge-scour data. The BSDMS provides interactive storage, retrieval, selection, editing, and display of bridge-scour data sets. Bridge-scour data sets include more than 200 site and measurement attributes of the channel geometry, flow hydraulics, hydrology, sediment, geomorphic-setting, location, and bridge specifications.
\nThis user's manual provides a general overview of the structure and organization of BSDMS data sets and detailed instructions to operate the program. Attributes stored by the BSDMS are described along with an illustration of the input screen where the attribute can be entered or edited. Measured scour depths can be compared with scour depths predicted by selected published equations using the BSDMS. The selected published equations available in the computational portion of the BSDMS are described. This manual is written for BSDMS, version 2.0. The data base will facilitate: (1) developing improved estimators of scour for specific regions or conditions; (2) describing scour processes; and (3) reducing risk from scour at bridges.
\nBSDMS is available in DOS and UNIX versions. The program was written to be portable and, therefore, can be used on multiple computer platforms. Installation procedures depend on the computer platform, and specific installation instructions are distributed with the software. Sample data files and data sets of 384 pier-scour measurements from 56 bridges in 14 States are also distributed with the software.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr95754","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Landers, M.N., Mueller, D.S., and Martin, G.R., 1996, Bridge-Scour Data Management System user's manual: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-754, viii, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95754.","productDescription":"viii, 11 p.","numberOfPages":"78","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156362,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0754/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":277682,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0754/application.zip"},{"id":279460,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0754/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb3f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landers, Mark N. 0000-0002-3014-0480 landers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3014-0480","contributorId":1103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landers","given":"Mark","email":"landers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, David S. dmueller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"David","email":"dmueller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, Gary R. 0000-0002-3274-5846 grmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3274-5846","contributorId":3413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Gary","email":"grmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":23248,"text":"ofr96491 - 1996 - Initiation and frequency of debris flows in Grand Canyon, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-01T22:02:28.399609","indexId":"ofr96491","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-491","displayTitle":"Initiation and Frequency of Debris Flows in Grand Canyon, Arizona","title":"Initiation and frequency of debris flows in Grand Canyon, Arizona","docAbstract":"Debris flows occur in 600 tributaries of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona when intense precipitation causes slope failures in bedrock or colluvium. These slurries transport poorly sorted sediment, including very large boulders that form rapids at the mouths of tributaries and control the longitudinal profile of the Colorado River. Although the amount of rainfall on the days of historic debris flows typically is not unusual, the storm rainfall on consecutive days before the debris flows typically had recurrence intervals greater than 10 yrs. Four types of failure mechanisms initiate debris flows: bedrock failure (12 percent), failure of colluvial wedges by rainfall (21 percent), failure of colluvial wedges by runoff (the \"firehose effect;\" 36 percent), and combinations of these failure mechanisms (30 percent). Failure points are directly or indirectly associated with terrestrial shales, particularly the Permian Hermit Shale, shale units within the Permian Esplanade Sandstone of the Supai Group, and the Cambrian Bright Angel Shale. Shales either directly fail, produce colluvial wedges downslope that contain clay, or form benches that store poorly sorted colluvium in wedge-shaped deposits. Terrestrial shales provide the fine particles and clay minerals?particularly kaolinite and illite?essential to long-distance debris-flow transport, whereas marine shales mostly contain smectites, which inhibit debris-flow initiation. Using repeat photography, we determined whether or not a debris flow occurred in the last century in 164 of 600 tributaries in Grand Canyon. We used logistic regression to model the binomial frequency data using 21 morphometric and lithologic variables. The location of shale units, particularly the Hermit Shale, within the tributary is the most consistent variable related to debris-flow frequency in Grand Canyon. Other statistically significant variables vary with large scale changes in canyon morphology. Standard morphometric measures such as drainage-basin area, channel gradient, and aspect of the river corridor are the most significant variables in the narrow and deep eastern section of Grand Canyon. Measures of the location of source lithologies are more important in western Grand Canyon, which has broader and low-gradient drainages. Measures of geologic structure, and other standard hydrologic variates, were not significant. Our results show that the probability of debris-flow occurrence is highest in eastern Grand Canyon. Throughout Grand Canyon, the probability of debris-flow occurrence is highest in reaches of the Colorado River that trend south-southwest. This direction is significant because most summer storms originate from a southerly direction, and the maximum slope of the regional structure is to the southwest. The binomial frequency of debris flows is not random in Grand Canyon, and tributaries of similar debris-flow frequency are clustered in distinct reaches.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96491","usgsCitation":"Griffiths, P.G., Webb, R., and Melis, T., 1996, Initiation and frequency of debris flows in Grand Canyon, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-491, ii, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96491.","productDescription":"ii, 35 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154267,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1398,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr96-491","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.01611328125,\n 35.68407153314097\n ],\n [\n -111.192626953125,\n 35.68407153314097\n ],\n [\n -111.192626953125,\n 36.958671131530316\n ],\n [\n -114.01611328125,\n 36.958671131530316\n ],\n [\n -114.01611328125,\n 35.68407153314097\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e5cf0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffiths, Peter G. 0000-0002-8663-8907 pggriffi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8663-8907","contributorId":187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffiths","given":"Peter","email":"pggriffi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":189728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webb, Robert H. rhwebb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"Robert H.","email":"rhwebb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12625,"text":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":189729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Melis, Theodore S. 0000-0003-0473-3968 tmelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0473-3968","contributorId":1829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melis","given":"Theodore S.","email":"tmelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27282,"text":"wri964072 - 1996 - Peak-flow frequency and extreme flood potential for streams in the vicinity of the Highland Lakes, central Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T10:50:53","indexId":"wri964072","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4072","title":"Peak-flow frequency and extreme flood potential for streams in the vicinity of the Highland Lakes, central Texas","docAbstract":"The Highland Lakes on the Colorado River are in an area periodically threatened by large storms and floods. Many storms exceeding 10 inches (in.) in depth have been documented in the area, including some with depths approaching 40 in. These storms typically produce large peak discharges that often threaten lives and property. The storms sometimes occur with little warning. Steep stream slopes and thin soils characteristic of the area often cause large peak discharges and rapid movement of floods through watersheds. A procedure to predict the discharge associated with large floods is needed for the area so that appropriate peak discharges can be used in the design of flood plains, bridges, and other structures.
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Lower Colorado River Authority (LCRA), studied flood peaks for streams in the vicinity of the Highland Lakes of central Texas. The Highland Lakes are a series of reservoirs constructed on the Colorado River. The chain of lakes (and year each was completed) comprises Lake Buchanan (1937), Inks Lake (1938), Lake Lyndon B. Johnson (1950), Lake Marble Falls (1951), Lake Travis (1942), and lake Austin (1890). The study area (fig. 1), which includes all or parts of 21 counties in the vicinity of the Highland Lakes, was selected because most streams in the area have flood characteristics similar to streams entering the Highland Lakes. The entire study area is in a region subject to large storms.
The purpose of this report is to present (1) peak-flow frequency data for stations and equations to estimate peak-flow frequency for large streams with natural drainage basins in the vicinity of the Highland Lakes, and (2) a technique to estimate the extreme flood peak discharges for the large streams in the vicinity of the Highland Lakes. Peak-flow frequency in this report refers to the peak discharges for recurrence intervals of 2,5, 10,25,50, and 100 years. A large stream is defined as having a contributing drainage area of at least0.5 square mile (mi’); and a natural drainage basin has less than 10 percent impervious cover and less than 10 percent of its drainage area controlled by reservoirs.
The mean annual precipitation in the study area for 1951–80 ranges from about 20 in, in western Kimble County to about 34 in. at the eastern edge of Williamson County (Riggio and others, 1987, p. 23). Many large storms and catastrophic floods have occurred along or in the adjacent area west of the Balcones escarpment (fig. 1) (Dalrymple and others, 1939, Breeding and Dalrymple, 1944; Breeding and Montgomery, 1954; Schroeder and others, 1979; Caran and Baker, 1986; Slade, 1986; and Hejl and others, 1996). About a dozen storms with precipitation depths exceeding 15 in. in a few days or less have been documented in this area during the past 60 years. Some of these storms have produced world-record precipitation depths for durations less than 48 hours. The documentation for these and for other large storms indicates that they are not uniformly distributed temporally or spatially; therefore, the recurrence intervals for such storms cannot be verified (Slade, 1986, p. 17). These large storms can cause flood peaks that would exceed those that can be predicted accurately by analyses of available precipitation or flood data.
The peak-flow frequency was estimated for each of 55 qualified stations in the study area (table 1) following guidelines established by the Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data (1982). Qualified streamflow-gaging stations for the study area are those with at least 8 years of data from natural drainage basins (sites 1–55, fig. 1). Equations to estimate peak-flow frequency for large streams with natural drainage basins in the vicinity of the Highland Lakes were developed. These equations were developed from selected stations on the basis of the relation between peak-flow frequency and basin characteristics for each station. The entire period of systematic record (through 1993) was used in the frequency analyses for each qualified station except for stations at which streamflow was regulated during part of the record. These stations are Leon River near Belton (site 1): Lampasas River near Youngsport (site 5); North Fork San Gabriel River near Georgetown (site 6); San Gabriel River at Laneport (site 12); Brady Creek at Brady (site 16); San Saba River at San Saba (site 18); Rebecca Creek near Spring Branch (site 51); and Cibolo Creek near Boerne (site 54). One or more reservoirs were completed in the basin of each of these stations during the period of systematic record. These reservoirs caused the annual peak discharges to become regulated. The annual peak discharges for 1994 and 1995 at Sandy Creek near Kingsland (site 28) were used to include data associated with extreme flooding that occurred in 1995.
The extreme flood potential in the study area was investigated using an \"envelope\" or \"extreme flood potential\" curve. This curve is based on the relation between the contributing drainage area and (1) the maximum peak discharge of record for each qualified station (table 1); (2) substantial peak discharges documented for 84 sites without stations (sites 56–139, fig. 1, table 2); and (3) 100-year peak discharges from peak-flow frequency for stations (table 1). Peak discharges estimated from this curve represent the extreme flood potential for the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri964072","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lower Colorado River Authority","usgsCitation":"Asquith, W.H., Slade, R., and Lanning-Rush, J., 1996, Peak-flow frequency and extreme flood potential for streams in the vicinity of the Highland Lakes, central Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4072, Plate: 40.00 x 32.86 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964072.","productDescription":"Plate: 40.00 x 32.86 inches","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327240,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri964072.JPG"},{"id":56161,"rank":399,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4072/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688a55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Asquith, William H. 0000-0002-7400-1861 wasquith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-1861","contributorId":1007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asquith","given":"William","email":"wasquith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slade, R.M.","contributorId":84364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slade","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lanning-Rush, Jennifer","contributorId":38981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanning-Rush","given":"Jennifer","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":54836,"text":"wdrNV951 - 1996 - Water Resources Data, Nevada, Water Year 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-23T13:07:35","indexId":"wdrNV951","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NV-95-1","title":"Water Resources Data, Nevada, Water Year 1995","docAbstract":"Water resources data published herein for the 1995 water year comprise the following records:
Additional water-data, collected at various sites that are not part of the systematic data-collection program, are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Nevada.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrNV951","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Nevada and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Bauer, D.J., Foster, B.J., Joyner, J.D., and Swanson, R.A., 1996, Water Resources Data, Nevada, Water Year 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NV-95-1, xviii, 734 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNV951.","productDescription":"xviii, 734 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174877,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1995/nv-95-1/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":367632,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1995/nv-95-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":\"37\",\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Nevada\",\"nation\":\"USA 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,{"id":49822,"text":"ofr96405 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 37 (BARTTH00080037) on Town Highway 8, crossing Willoughby River, Barton, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-10T14:23:31","indexId":"ofr96405","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-405","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 37 (BARTTH00080037) on Town Highway 8, crossing Willoughby River, Barton, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nBARTTH00080037 on town highway 8 crossing the Willoughby River, Barton, Vermont \n(figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a \nquantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this \nreport. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the \nstudy site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation \n(VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is \nfound in Appendix D.
\nThe site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province\nof north-central Vermont in the town of Barton. The 60.4-mi2\n drainage area is in a \npredominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the banks have \nsparse to moderate woody vegetation coverage.
\nIn the study area, the Willoughby River is probably incised, has a sinuous channel with a \nslope of approximately 0.009 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 108 ft and an average \nchannel depth of 6 ft. The predominant channel bed material is cobble (D50 is 95.1 mm or \n0.312 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on \nOctober 20, 1994, indicated that the reach was stable.
\nThe town highway 8 crossing of the Willoughby River is a 96-ft-long, two-lane bridge \nconsisting of one 94-foot steel-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written \ncommunication, August 4, 1994). The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments \nwith wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 15 degrees to the opening while the \nopening-skew-to-roadway is 10 degrees.
\nNo scour was reported in the channel or along abutments or wingwalls during the Level I \nassessment. Type-2 stone fill (less than 24 inches diameter) was reported at each abutment \nand all four wingwalls. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in \nthe Level II Summary and Appendices D and E.
\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1993). Scour depths were \ncalculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size \ndistribution. Data in appendix D (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written \ncommunication, August 4, 1994) indicate that the right abutment may be founded on or near \nmarble bedrock which may limit scour depths. Bedrock was not detected by borings in the \nvicinity of the left abutment. The scour analysis results are presented in tables 1 and 2 and a \ngraph of the scour depths is presented in figure 8.
\nContraction scour for all modelled flows was 0 ft. Abutment scour ranged from 7.3 to 10.7 \nft and the worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional \ninformation on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour \nResults”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented \nin tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure \n8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a \nhomogeneous particle-size distribution.
\nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively \nconservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1993, p. 47). Usually, \ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but \nnot limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability \nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. \nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values \ndocumented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96405","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Ayotte, J., and Boehmler, E.M., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 37 (BARTTH00080037) on Town Highway 8, crossing Willoughby River, Barton, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-405, iv, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96405.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p.","numberOfPages":"53","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178733,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96405.PNG"},{"id":279344,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0405/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Barton","otherGeospatial":"Willoughby River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.25,44.75 ], [ -72.25,44.875 ], [ -72.125,44.875 ], [ -72.125,44.75 ], [ -72.25,44.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a63bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayotte, Joseph D. jayotte@usgs.gov","contributorId":1802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayotte","given":"Joseph D.","email":"jayotte@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boehmler, Erick M.","contributorId":96303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"Erick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54163,"text":"wdrCO961 - 1996 - Water Resources Data, Colorado, Water Year 1996--Volume 1. Missouri River Basin, Arkansas River Basin, and Rio Grande Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:07","indexId":"wdrCO961","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CO-96-1","title":"Water Resources Data, Colorado, Water Year 1996--Volume 1. Missouri River Basin, Arkansas River Basin, and Rio Grande Basin","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for Colorado for the 1996 water year consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of wells and springs. This report (Volumes 1 and 2) contains discharge records for 321 gaging stations, stage and contents of 26 lakes and reservoirs, 1 partial-record low-flow station, peak-flow information for 30 crest-stage partial-record stations; water quality for 135 gaging stations and for 11 lakes and reservoirs, supplemental water quality for 175 gaged sites; water quality for 34 miscellaneous sites and 14 observation wells; water levels for 2 observation wells, and meteorological data for 30 sites. Nine pertinent stations operated by bordering States also are included in this report. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of W.F. Horak, District Chief. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrCO961","usgsCitation":"Crowfoot, R., Paillet, A., Ritz, G., Smith, M., Steger, R., and O’Neill, G.B., 1996, Water Resources Data, Colorado, Water Year 1996--Volume 1. Missouri River Basin, Arkansas River Basin, and Rio Grande Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CO-96-1, 512 p.; 5 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCO961.","productDescription":"512 p.; 5 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5609,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wdrCO961","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":181072,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbe00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crowfoot, R.M.","contributorId":6116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowfoot","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paillet, A.V.","contributorId":89217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ritz, G.F.","contributorId":69581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritz","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, M.E.","contributorId":104525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Steger, R.D.","contributorId":78008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steger","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"O’Neill, G. B.","contributorId":72450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neill","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":54439,"text":"wdrCA954 - 1996 - Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1995. Volume 4. Northern Central Valley Basins and the Great Basin from Honey Lake Basin to Oregon State Line","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-01T01:01:51","indexId":"wdrCA954","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CA-95-4","title":"Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1995. Volume 4. Northern Central Valley Basins and the Great Basin from Honey Lake Basin to Oregon State Line","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 1995 water year for California consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams, stage and contents in lakes and reservoirs, and water levels and water quality in wells. Volume 4 contains discharge records for 181 gaging stations, stage and contents for 47 lakes and reservoirs, precipitation data for 3 stations, and water quality for 6 stations. Also included is one low-flow partial-record station. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in California.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA","doi":"10.3133/wdrCA954","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources and with other agencies.","usgsCitation":"Markham, K., Anderson, S., Rockwell, G., and Friebel, M., 1996, Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1995. Volume 4. Northern Central Valley Basins and the Great Basin from Honey Lake Basin to Oregon State Line (Legacy Report): U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CA-95-4, xvii, 407 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCA954.","productDescription":"xvii, 407 p.","numberOfPages":"434","costCenters":[{"id":631,"text":"Water Resources Division-California District","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177355,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wdr_CA_95_4.jpg"},{"id":260095,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1995/ca-95/WRD-1995-vol4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin;Honey Lake Basin;Northern Central Valley Basins","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123,38 ], [ -123,42 ], [ -120,42 ], [ -120,38 ], [ -123,38 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Legacy Report","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fc109","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markham, K.L.","contributorId":14041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markham","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, S.W.","contributorId":25628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rockwell, G.L.","contributorId":47408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rockwell","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Friebel, M.F.","contributorId":23207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friebel","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":44374,"text":"ofr96651 - 1996 - Evaluation of shorelines along Lake Mohave, Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Nevada and Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:10","indexId":"ofr96651","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-651","title":"Evaluation of shorelines along Lake Mohave, Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Nevada and Arizona","docAbstract":"The hdpw (head-in-a-pumping-well) program described in this report is a post-processor that calculates the head in a pumping well based on thesimulated head at a finite-difference model cell that contains the well. The calculations are based on the Thiem equation. The hdpw code works with the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference ground-water flow model, which is commonly called MODFLOW. The hdpw code is a complete program that has incorporated many of MODFLOW subroutines to read data. Code was added to the well package to calculate the head and drawdown in a fully-penetrating well of finite radius.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96651","usgsCitation":"Workman, J.B., 1996, Evaluation of shorelines along Lake Mohave, Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Nevada and Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-651, 1 map : col. ; 113 x 46 cm., folded in envelope 22 x 24 cm. + 1 text (4 leaves ; 28 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96651.","productDescription":"1 map : col. ; 113 x 46 cm., folded in envelope 22 x 24 cm. + 1 text (4 leaves ; 28 cm.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":168839,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0651/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":81662,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0651/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81663,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0651/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"100000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.86666666666666,35 ], [ -114.86666666666666,36 ], [ -114.36749999999999,36 ], [ -114.36749999999999,35 ], [ -114.86666666666666,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fab96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Workman, Jeremiah B. 0000-0001-7816-6420 jworkman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7816-6420","contributorId":714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Workman","given":"Jeremiah","email":"jworkman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":229659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54650,"text":"wdrMARI951 - 1996 - Water resources data, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, water year 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-22T17:21:33.029689","indexId":"wdrMARI951","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MA-RI-95-1","title":"Water resources data, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, water year 1995","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1995 water year for Massachusetts and Rhode Island consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; contents of lakes and reservoirs; and ground-water levels. This report contains discharge records for 87 gaging stations, monthend contents of 3 lakes and reservoirs, water quality at 32 gaging stations, and water levels for 136 observation wells. Data also are included for 47 low-flow partial-record stations. Miscellaneous hydrologic data were collected at various sites that were not a part of the systematic data-collection program and are published as miscellaneous discharge measurements and quality of ground water. A few pertinent stations in bordering States are also included in this report. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Massachusetts and Rhode Island.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrMARI951","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the States of Massachusetts and Rhode Island and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Socolow, R., Comeau, L., Casey, R., and Ramsbey, L., 1996, Water resources data, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, water year 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MA-RI-95-1, xvi, 428 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMARI951.","productDescription":"xvi, 428 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":492733,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1995/mari-95-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":181399,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1995/mari-95-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts, Rhode Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.61942990666182,\n 42.90282170145497\n ],\n [\n -73.61942990666182,\n 41.086508397370466\n ],\n [\n -69.6441324266006,\n 41.086508397370466\n ],\n [\n -69.6441324266006,\n 42.90282170145497\n ],\n [\n -73.61942990666182,\n 42.90282170145497\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb69a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Socolow, R.S.","contributorId":17639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Socolow","given":"R.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Comeau, L.Y.","contributorId":52254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Comeau","given":"L.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Casey, R.G.","contributorId":68823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ramsbey, L.R.","contributorId":78393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsbey","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":54437,"text":"wdrCA952 - 1996 - Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1995. Volume 2. Pacific Slope Basins from Arroyo Grande to Oregon State Line except Central Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-01T01:01:51","indexId":"wdrCA952","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CA-95-2","title":"Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1995. Volume 2. Pacific Slope Basins from Arroyo Grande to Oregon State Line except Central Valley","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 1995 water year for California consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents in lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality in wells. Volume 2 contains discharge records for 111 streamflow-gaging stations, 1 low-flow partial-record streamflow station; and 2 miscellaneous measurement stations; stage and contents for 6 lakes and reservoirs; precipitation records for 1 station; and water-quality records for 22 streamflow-gaging stations. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and with other agencies.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA","doi":"10.3133/wdrCA952","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources and with other agencies.","usgsCitation":"Friebel, M., Trujillo, L., and Markham, K., 1996, Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1995. Volume 2. Pacific Slope Basins from Arroyo Grande to Oregon State Line except Central Valley (Legacy Report): U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CA-95-2, xvii, 339 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCA952.","productDescription":"xvii, 339 p.","numberOfPages":"364","costCenters":[{"id":631,"text":"Water Resources Division-California District","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177353,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wdr_CA_95_2.jpg"},{"id":260092,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1995/ca-95/WRD-1995-vol2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Arroyo Grande;Pacific Slope Basins","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.4,35 ], [ -124.4,42 ], [ -119.83333333333333,42 ], [ -119.83333333333333,35 ], [ -124.4,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Legacy Report","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fc0d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friebel, M.F.","contributorId":23207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friebel","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trujillo, L.F.","contributorId":71959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trujillo","given":"L.F.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":250360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Markham, K.L.","contributorId":14041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markham","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":54164,"text":"wdrCO962 - 1996 - Water Resources Data, Colorado, Water Year 1996--Volume 2. Colorado River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:07","indexId":"wdrCO962","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CO-96-2","title":"Water Resources Data, Colorado, Water Year 1996--Volume 2. Colorado River Basin","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for Colorado for the 1996 water year consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of wells and springs. This report (Volumes 1 and 2) contains discharge records for 321 gaging stations, stage and contents of 26 lakes and reservoirs, 1 partial-record low-flow station, peak-flow information for 30 crest-stage partial-record stations; water quality for 135 gaging stations and for 11 lakes and reservoirs, supplemental water quality for 175 gaged sites; water quality for 34 miscellaneous sites and 14 observation wells; water levels for 2 observation wells, and meteorological data for 30 sites. Nine pertinent stations operated by bordering States also are included in this report. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of W.F. Horak, District Chief. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrCO962","usgsCitation":"Crowfoot, R., Paillet, A., Ritz, G., Smith, M., Jenkins, R., and O’Neill, G.B., 1996, Water Resources Data, Colorado, Water Year 1996--Volume 2. Colorado River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CO-96-2, 551 p.; 5 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCO962.","productDescription":"551 p.; 5 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5610,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wdrCO962","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":181171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbe16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crowfoot, R.M.","contributorId":6116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowfoot","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paillet, A.V.","contributorId":89217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ritz, G.F.","contributorId":69581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritz","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, M.E.","contributorId":104525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jenkins, R.A.","contributorId":48192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"O’Neill, G. B.","contributorId":72450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neill","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":49831,"text":"ofr96565 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 42 (HARDELMSTR0042) on Elm Street, crossing Cooper Brook, Hardwick, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-10T13:41:46","indexId":"ofr96565","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-565","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 42 (HARDELMSTR0042) on Elm Street, crossing Cooper Brook, Hardwick, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure HARDELMSTR0042 on Elm Street crossing Cooper Brook, Hardwick, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in Appendix D.
\nThe site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province in north-central Vermont. The 16.6-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the overbanks are primarily grass covered with some brush along the immediate channel banks except the upstream right bank and overbank which is forested and the downstream left overbank which has a lumberyard.
\nIn the study area, Cooper Brook has a sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.005 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 50 ft and an average channel depth of 6 ft. The predominant channel bed materials are sand and gravel with a median grain size (D50) of 1.25 mm (0.00409 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on July 24, 1995, indicated that the reach was stable.
\nThe Elm Street crossing of Cooper Brook is a 39-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting of one 37-foot concrete span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, March 17, 1995). The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 40 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is 45 degrees.
\nOn August 17, 1995 the site was revisited to investigate the effect of the August 4-5, 1995 flood on the structure. Channel features such as scour holes and point bars were shifted by the high flow event. Details of these changes can be found in the Level I data form in Appendix E. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D and G.
\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1993). Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
\nContraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.0 to 3.4 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the incipient-overtopping discharge which was less than the 100-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 7.1 to 10.4 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
\nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and others, 1993, p. 48). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96565","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Olson, S.A., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 42 (HARDELMSTR0042) on Elm Street, crossing Cooper Brook, Hardwick, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-565, iv, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96565.","productDescription":"iv, 55 p.","numberOfPages":"60","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162471,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96565.PNG"},{"id":279296,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0565/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Hardwick","otherGeospatial":"Cooper Brook","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.5,44.375 ], [ -72.5,44.625 ], [ -72.25,44.625 ], [ -72.25,44.375 ], [ -72.5,44.375 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a5fc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54688,"text":"wdrMI951 - 1996 - Water resources data, Michigan, water year 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-29T08:56:19","indexId":"wdrMI951","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MI-95-1","title":"Water resources data, Michigan, water year 1995","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1995 water year for Michigan consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs; and ground water levels. This report contains discharge records for 148 streamflow-gaging stations; stage only records for 2 stream-gaging stations and 19 lake-gaging stations; stage and contents for 4 lakes and reservoirs; water-quality records for 16 streamflow-gaging stations and 1 lake-gaging station; water-level records for 42 ground-water wells. Also included are 29 crest-stage partial-record stations and 2 low-flow partial-record stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program. Miscellaneous data were collected at 74 measuring sites. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State, local, and Federal agencies in Michigan.
14.
Water-resources data for the 1989 water year for other Pacific areas consist of records of discharge, and water quality of streams and stage of a lake and reservoir; water levels and water quality in wells; stage in a tide gage; and rainfall. This report volume 2 contains discharge records for 26 gaging stations; stage only for 2 gaging stations; water quality at 11 gaging stations, one streamflow partial record station, and 54 wells; water levels for 28 observation wells; and tide stages for one tide gage station. Also included are 2 crest-stage partial record stations, 4 miscellaneous partial-record stations, 15 low-flow partial-record stations, and 19 rainfall stations. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating Federal, State, and other agencies in other Pacific areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrHI892","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Governments of Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, American Samoa, and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Fontaine, R.A., Kunishige, V., and Lum, M., 1996, Water Resources Data, Hawaii and other Pacific Areas, Water Year 1989. Volume 2. Guam; Northern Mariana Islands; Federated States of Micronesia; Palau; and American Samoa: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report HI-89-2, 184 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrHI892.","productDescription":"ix, 172 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":500995,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1989/hi-89-2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":180871,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1989/hi-89-2/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"American Samoa, Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fba42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fontaine, R. A.","contributorId":78331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fontaine","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kunishige, V.E.","contributorId":44980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunishige","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lum, M.G.H.S.","contributorId":99631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lum","given":"M.G.H.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":44713,"text":"wri934057 - 1995 - Bathymetry, freshwater flow, and specific conductance of Matlacha Pass, southwestern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-13T12:08:02.444396","indexId":"wri934057","displayToPublicDate":"2021-12-12T21:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4057","title":"Bathymetry, freshwater flow, and specific conductance of Matlacha Pass, southwestern Florida","docAbstract":"The Matlacha Pass estuary, a State of Florida aquatic preserve, is bounded by Pine Island to the west, Cape Coral to the east, Charlotte Harbor to the north, and the Caloosahatchee River to the south (fig. 1). The estuary is important for its aesthetic value; used for recreational boating, sport and commercial fishing, tourism, and residential development; and is a nursery for fish and invertebrates.
Historically, freshwater runoff from Cape Coral entered Matlacha Pass estuary as sheetflow. As development occurred on Cape Coral, canals were designed and constructed to collect the freshwater runoff and distribute it as sheetflow through two spreader canal systems into Matlacha Pass. Water managers have expressed concern that altering the freshwater runoff patterns into the pass could have a detrimental effect on salinity distribution which might adversely affect the aquatic system of the pass. Adequate data were not available to evaluate the freshwater flow, its movement, and mixing. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Cape Coral, Lee County, and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, conducted a study from July 1989 to September 1992 to identify three hydrodynamic aspects for managing the estuary.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri934057","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Cape Coral, Lee County, and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Russell, G.M., and Kane, R.L., 1995, Bathymetry, freshwater flow, and specific conductance of Matlacha Pass, southwestern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4057, 2 Plate: 32.00 x 22.18 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934057.","productDescription":"2 Plate: 32.00 x 22.18 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169591,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4057/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":82009,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4057/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.82 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","city":"Cape Coral","otherGeospatial":"Matlacha Pass","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.254638671875,\n 26.480407161007275\n ],\n [\n -81.94976806640625,\n 26.480407161007275\n ],\n [\n -81.94976806640625,\n 26.740704807127834\n ],\n [\n -82.254638671875,\n 26.740704807127834\n ],\n [\n -82.254638671875,\n 26.480407161007275\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
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3321 College Avenue
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U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
A three-dimensional, finite-difference, numerical model was developed to simulate ground-water flow in the basin-fill material in Salt Lake Valley, Utah. The model was calibrated to steady-state and transient-state conditions. The steady-state simulation was developed and calibrated using hydrologic data defining average conditions for 1968. The transient-state simulation was developed and calibrated using hydrologic data from 1969-91.
Areally the model grid is 94 rows by 62 columns, with each cell 0.35 mile on a side. Vertically, the aquifer system is divided into seven layers. The model simulates recharge to the basin-fill ground-water flow system from (1) consolidated rock, (2) streams and canals, (3) precipitation on the valley floor, (4) irrigated land, (5) reservoirs and evaporation ponds in the southwestern part of the valley, and (6) underflow at Jordan Narrows. Estimated discharge to wells, canals, and springs is incorporated in the model. During simulation, the model computes (1) ground-water flow to and seepage from the Jordan River and the lower reaches of its principal tributaries, (2) recharge from consolidated rock at the northern end of the Oquirrh Mountains, (3) discharge to drains, and (4) discharge by evapotranspiration.
During steady-state calibration, calibration variables were adjusted within probable ranges to minimize differences between model-computed and measured water levels, model-computed and estimated ground-water discharge to the Jordan River, and simulated and measured vertical hydraulic gradients. The transient-state simulation was calibrated to measured water-level changes and estimated annual gains in the Jordan River.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake city, UT","collaboration":"Prepared by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights, and the Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Quality","usgsCitation":"Lambert, P., 1995, Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in basin-fill material in Salt Lake Valley, Utah: Technical Publication 110-B, vi, 58 p.","productDescription":"vi, 58 p.","numberOfPages":"70","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332758,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332756,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Lake\",\"state\":\"UT\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"586cc6bce4b0f5ce109fa9a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lambert, P. M.","contributorId":74380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambert","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70179069,"text":"70179069 - 1995 - Hydrology of the Sevier-Sigurd ground-water basin and other ground-water basins, central Sevier Valley, Utah.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-14T17:14:50","indexId":"70179069","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":294,"text":"Technical Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"103","title":"Hydrology of the Sevier-Sigurd ground-water basin and other ground-water basins, central Sevier Valley, Utah.","docAbstract":"The hydrologic system in the central Sevier Valley, and more specifically the Sevier-Sigurd basin, is a complex system in which surface- and ground-water systems are interrelated. Seepage from an extensive irrigation system is the primary source of recharge to the basin-fill aquifer in the Sevier-Sigurd basin.
Water-quality data indicate that inflow from streams and subsurface inflow that intersect evaporite deposits in the Arapien Shale does not adversely affect ground-water quality in the Sevier-Sigurd basin. Stable-isotope data indicate that large sulfate concentrations in water from wells are from the dissolution of gypsum within the basin fill rather than inflow from the Arapien Shale.
A ground-water-flow model of the basin-fill aquifer in the Sevier-Sigurd basin was calibrated to steady-state conditions and transient conditions using yearly water-level changes from 1957-88 and monthly water-level changes from 1958-59. Predictive simulations were made to test the effects of reduced recharge from irrigation and increased well discharge. To simulate the effects of conversion from flood to sprinkler irrigation, recharge from irrigated fields was reduced by 50 percent. After twenty years, this reduction resulted in water-level declines of 1 to 8 feet in most of the basin, and a reduction in ground-water discharge to the Sevier River of 4,800 acre-ft/yr. Water-level declines of as much as 12 feet and a reduction in recharge to the Sevier River of 4,800 acre-ft/yr were the result of increasing well discharge near Richfield and Monroe by 25,000 acre-ft/yr.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared by the United State Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources Division of Water Rights","usgsCitation":"Lambert, P., Mason, J.L., and Puchta, R.W., 1995, Hydrology of the Sevier-Sigurd ground-water basin and other ground-water basins, central Sevier Valley, Utah.: Technical Publication 103, viii, 181 p.","productDescription":"viii, 181 p.","numberOfPages":"193","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332148,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332142,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/docSys/v919/v919/v91900d4.pdf"},{"id":332141,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=20-6-520"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Sevier River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.6263427734375,\n 38.095659755295614\n ],\n [\n -112.6263427734375,\n 39.40224434029275\n ],\n [\n -111.4178466796875,\n 39.40224434029275\n ],\n [\n -111.4178466796875,\n 38.095659755295614\n ],\n [\n -112.6263427734375,\n 38.095659755295614\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"585268e5e4b0e2663625eca0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lambert, P. M.","contributorId":74380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambert","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mason, J. L.","contributorId":24389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puchta, R. 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The project is also designed to determine lake levels and to provide discharge for floods, low-flow conditions, and for water-quality investigations. Requests for streamflow data and information relating to streamflow in Wisconsin are answered. Basic data are published annually in the report \"Water Resources Data-Wisconsin\".","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70039468","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, and Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 1995, Wisconsin: A summary of cooperative water-resources investigations 1995: Report, viii, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039468.","productDescription":"viii, 58 p.","numberOfPages":"69","costCenters":[{"id":676,"text":"Wisconsin Water Resource Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":261596,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039468/report.pdf"},{"id":261597,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039468/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -92.9,42.5 ], [ -92.9,47.05 ], [ -86.81666666666666,47.05 ], [ -86.81666666666666,42.5 ], [ -92.9,42.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd171e4b08c986b32f429","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","contributorId":127977,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","id":535312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}