{"pageNumber":"173","pageRowStart":"4300","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10462,"records":[{"id":70042287,"text":"70042287 - 2012 - The resilience and functional role of moss in boreal and arctic ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-13T19:12:29","indexId":"70042287","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2863,"text":"New Phytologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The resilience and functional role of moss in boreal and arctic ecosystems","docAbstract":"Mosses in northern ecosystems are ubiquitous components of plant communities, and strongly influence nutrient, carbon and water cycling. We use literature review, synthesis and model simulations to explore the role of mosses in ecological stability and resilience. Moss community responses to disturbance showed all possible responses (increases, decreases, no change) within most disturbance categories. Simulations from two process-based models suggest that northern ecosystems would need to experience extreme perturbation before mosses were eliminated. But simulations with two other models suggest that loss of moss will reduce soil carbon accumulation primarily by influencing decomposition rates and soil nitrogen availability. It seems clear that mosses need to be incorporated into models as one or more plant functional types, but more empirical work is needed to determine how to best aggregate species. We highlight several issues that have not been adequately explored in moss communities, such as functional redundancy and singularity, relationships between response and effect traits, and parameter vs conceptual uncertainty in models. Mosses play an important role in several ecosystem processes that play out over centuries – permafrost formation and thaw, peat accumulation, development of microtopography – and there is a need for studies that increase our understanding of slow, long-term dynamical processes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"New Phytologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04254.x","usgsCitation":"Turetsky, M., Bond-Lamberty, B., Euskirchen, E., Talbot, J.J., Frolking, S., McGuire, A., and Tuittila, E., 2012, The resilience and functional role of moss in boreal and arctic ecosystems: New Phytologist, v. 196, no. 1, p. 49-67, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04254.x.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"67","ipdsId":"IP-037711","costCenters":[{"id":108,"text":"Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474167,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04254.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":269278,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04254.x"},{"id":269279,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"196","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-08-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5141a016e4b0eefcba208e3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turetsky, M.","contributorId":108302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turetsky","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bond-Lamberty, B.","contributorId":74269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bond-Lamberty","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Euskirchen, E.S.","contributorId":44737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euskirchen","given":"E.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Talbot, J. J.","contributorId":21045,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Talbot","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Frolking, S.","contributorId":96565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frolking","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McGuire, A. D.","contributorId":16552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tuittila, E.S.","contributorId":51180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuittila","given":"E.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70044312,"text":"70044312 - 2012 - Post-fire land treatments and wind erosion -- lessons from the Milford Flat Fire, UT, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-12T14:54:39","indexId":"70044312","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":666,"text":"Aeolian Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Post-fire land treatments and wind erosion -- lessons from the Milford Flat Fire, UT, USA","docAbstract":"We monitored sediment flux at 25 plots located at the northern end of the 2007 Milford Flat Fire (Lake Bonneville Basin, west-central Utah) to examine the effectiveness of post-fire rehabilitation treatments in mitigating risks of wind erosion during the first 3 years post fire. Maximum values were recorded during Mar–Jul 2009 when horizontal sediment fluxes measured with BSNE samplers ranged from 16.3 to 1251.0 g m−2 d−1 in unburned plots (n = 8; data represent averages of three sampler heights per plot), 35.2–555.3 g m−2 d−1 in burned plots that were not treated (n = 5), and 21.0–44,010.7 g m−2 d−1 in burned plots that received one or more rehabilitation treatments that disturbed the soil surface (n = 12). Fluxes during this period exhibited extreme spatial variability and were contingent on upwind landscape characteristics and surficial soil properties, with maximum fluxes recorded in settings downwind of treated areas with long treatment length and unstable fine sand. Nonlinear patterns of wind erosion attributable to soil and fetch effects highlight the profound importance of landscape setting and soil properties as spatial factors to be considered in evaluating risks of alternative post-fire rehabilitation strategies. By Mar–Jul 2010, average flux for all plots declined by 73.6% relative to the comparable 2009 period primarily due to the establishment and growth of exotic annual plants rather than seeded perennial plants. Results suggest that treatments in sensitive erosion-prone settings generally exacerbated rather than mitigated wind erosion during the first 3 years post fire, although long-term effects remain uncertain.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aeolian Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.aeolia.2012.04.001","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.E., Bowker, M.A., Reynolds, R.L., and Goldstein, H., 2012, Post-fire land treatments and wind erosion -- lessons from the Milford Flat Fire, UT, USA: Aeolian Research, v. 7, p. 29-44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2012.04.001.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"44","ipdsId":"IP-028925","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269175,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269174,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2012.04.001"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.0,37.0 ], [ -114.0,42.0 ], [ -109.0,42.0 ], [ -109.0,37.0 ], [ -114.0,37.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51404e8ce4b089809dbf44c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Mark E.","contributorId":91580,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":6959,"text":"National Park Service Southeast Utah Group","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":475285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowker, Matthew A. mbowker@usgs.gov","contributorId":2875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowker","given":"Matthew","email":"mbowker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":475283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reynolds, Richard L. 0000-0002-4572-2942 rreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-2942","contributorId":441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Richard","email":"rreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":271,"text":"Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goldstein, Harland L.","contributorId":32999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"Harland L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70003678,"text":"70003678 - 2012 - How to overcome inter-electrode variability and instability to quantify dissolved oxygen, Fe(II), mn(II), and S(−II) in undisturbed soils and sediments using voltammetry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-21T10:57:22","indexId":"70003678","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1755,"text":"Geochemical Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"How to overcome inter-electrode variability and instability to quantify dissolved oxygen, Fe(II), mn(II), and S(−II) in undisturbed soils and sediments using voltammetry","docAbstract":"Background -\n\nAlthough uniquely capable of measuring multiple redox constituents nearly simultaneously with no or minimal sample pretreatment, voltammetry is currently underutilized in characterizing redox conditions in aquatic and terrestrial systems. Investigation of undisturbed media such as pore water requires a solid-state electrode, and such electrodes can be difficult to fabricate reproducibly. An approach to determine the concentrations of electroactive constituents using indirectly calibrated electrodes has been developed, but the protocol for and accuracy of this approach—the pilot ion method—has not been documented in detail.\nResults - \n\nA detailed procedure for testing electrode quality is provided, and the application and limitations of the pilot ion method have been documented. To quantify Fe(II) and Mn(II), subtraction of non-linear baseline functions from voltammetric signals produced better calibration curves than did linear baselines, enabled lower detection limits and reliable deconvolution of overlapping signals, and was successfully applied to sediment pore water signals. We observed that electrode sensitivities often vary by tens of percent, and that the sensitivity declines over time. The ratio of calibration slopes of Mn(II) to Fe(II) varied by no more than 11% from one Hg/Au electrode to another and Fe(II) concentrations predicted by the Mn(II) pilot ion were, on average, 13% different from their actual values. However, concentration predictions by the pilot ion method were worse for less than 15 μM Fe(II) (46% different on average). The ratio of calibration slopes of Mn(II) to S(−II) varied by almost 20% from one Hg/Au electrode to another, and S(−II) predicted concentrations were as much as 58% different from their actual values. These predictions of Fe(II) and S(−II) concentrations indicate that the accuracy of the pilot ion method depends on how independent calibration slope ratios are from the electrode used. At medium-to-high concentration for the ocean, naturally derived dissolved organic carbon did not significantly affect the baseline-corrected electrode response of Mn(II) and Fe(II), but did significantly affect the response of S(−II).\nConclusions -\n\nDespite their intrinsic variability, Hg/Au electrodes fabricated by hand can be used to quantify O2, S(−II), Fe(II), and Mn(II) without calibrating every electrode for every constituent of interest. The pilot ion method can achieve accuracies to within 20% or less, provided that the underlying principle—the independence of slope ratios—is demonstrated for all voltammetric techniques used, and effects of the physicochemical properties of the system on voltammetric signals are addressed through baseline subtraction.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochemical Transactions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.1186/1467-4866-13-6","usgsCitation":"Slowey, A.J., and Marvin-DiPasquale, M., 2012, How to overcome inter-electrode variability and instability to quantify dissolved oxygen, Fe(II), mn(II), and S(−II) in undisturbed soils and sediments using voltammetry: Geochemical Transactions, v. 13, no. 6, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.1186/1467-4866-13-6.","productDescription":"20 p.","ipdsId":"IP-026570","costCenters":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1467-4866-13-6","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":269848,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1467-4866-13-6"},{"id":269849,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-06-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"514c2be6e4b0cf4196fef30c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slowey, Aaron J.","contributorId":30706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slowey","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marvin-DiPasquale, Mark","contributorId":57423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marvin-DiPasquale","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70042851,"text":"70042851 - 2012 - Geologic isolation of nuclear waste at high latitudes: the role of ice sheets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-26T11:55:15","indexId":"70042851","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1765,"text":"Geofluids","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic isolation of nuclear waste at high latitudes: the role of ice sheets","docAbstract":"Geologic isolation of high-level nuclear waste from the biosphere requires special consideration in countries at high latitudes (>40°N) owing to the possibility of future episodes of continental glaciation (Talbot 1999). It is now widely recognized that Pleistocene continental glaciations have had a profound effect on rates of sediment erosion (Cuffey & Paterson 2010) and deformation including tectonic thrusting (Pedersen 2005) as well as groundwater flow (Person et al. 2007; Lemieux et al. 2008a,b,c). In addition, glacial mechanical loads may have generated anomalous, or fossil, pore pressures within certain clay-rich confining units (e.g. Vinard et al. 2001). Because high-level nuclear wastes must be isolated from the biosphere as long as 1 million years (McMurry et al. 2003), the likelihood of one or more continental ice sheets overrunning high-latitude sites must be considered.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geofluids","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/j.1468-8123.2011.00358.x","usgsCitation":"Person, M., McIntosh, J., Iverson, N., Neuzil, C., and Bense, V., 2012, Geologic isolation of nuclear waste at high latitudes: the role of ice sheets: Geofluids, v. 12, no. 1, p. 1-6, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-8123.2011.00358.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","ipdsId":"IP-028684","costCenters":[{"id":146,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Eastern Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268368,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267169,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-8123.2011.00358.x"}],"volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-02-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5bc8e4b0b290850fa1e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, M.","contributorId":20876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McIntosh, J.","contributorId":58872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntosh","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Iverson, N.","contributorId":64965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Neuzil, C. E. 0000-0003-2022-4055","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2022-4055","contributorId":81078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuzil","given":"C. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bense, V.","contributorId":70624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bense","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70044783,"text":"70044783 - 2012 - Estimating risks to aquatic life using quantile regression","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-21T14:19:06","indexId":"70044783","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1699,"text":"Freshwater Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating risks to aquatic life using quantile regression","docAbstract":"One of the primary goals of biological assessment is to assess whether contaminants or other stressors limit the ecological potential of running waters. It is important to interpret responses to contaminants relative to other environmental factors, but necessity or convenience limit quantification of all factors that influence ecological potential. In these situations, the concept of limiting factors is useful for data interpretation. We used quantile regression to measure risks to aquatic life exposed to metals by including all regression quantiles (τ  =  0.05–0.95, by increments of 0.05), not just the upper limit of density (e.g., 90th quantile). We measured population densities (individuals/0.1 m2) of 2 mayflies (Rhithrogena spp., Drunella spp.) and a caddisfly (Arctopsyche grandis), aqueous metal mixtures (Cd, Cu, Zn), and other limiting factors (basin area, site elevation, discharge, temperature) at 125 streams in Colorado. We used a model selection procedure to test which factor was most limiting to density. Arctopsyche grandis was limited by other factors, whereas metals limited most quantiles of density for the 2 mayflies. Metals reduced mayfly densities most at sites where other factors were not limiting. Where other factors were limiting, low mayfly densities were observed despite metal concentrations. Metals affected mayfly densities most at quantiles above the mean and not just at the upper limit of density. Risk models developed from quantile regression showed that mayfly densities observed at background metal concentrations are improbable when metal mixtures are at US Environmental Protection Agency criterion continuous concentrations. We conclude that metals limit potential density, not realized average density. The most obvious effects on mayfly populations were at upper quantiles and not mean density. Therefore, we suggest that policy developed from mean-based measures of effects may not be as useful as policy based on the concept of limiting factors.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Freshwater Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Society for Freshwater Science","doi":"10.1899/11-133.1","usgsCitation":"Schmidt, T., Clements, W.H., and Cade, B.S., 2012, Estimating risks to aquatic life using quantile regression: Freshwater Science, v. 31, no. 3, p. 709-723, https://doi.org/10.1899/11-133.1.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"709","endPage":"723","ipdsId":"IP-017391","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274071,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274070,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1899/11-133.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.06,36.99 ], [ -109.06,41.0 ], [ -102.04,41.0 ], [ -102.04,36.99 ], [ -109.06,36.99 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"31","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51c59e33e4b0c89b8f120e27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmidt, Travis S. 0000-0003-1400-0637 tschmidt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1400-0637","contributorId":1300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Travis S.","email":"tschmidt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clements, William H.","contributorId":39504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clements","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cade, Brian S. 0000-0001-9623-9849 cadeb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9623-9849","contributorId":1278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cade","given":"Brian","email":"cadeb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70041918,"text":"70041918 - 2012 - Habitat use by fishes of Lake Superior. II. Consequences of diel habitat use for habitat linkages and habitat coupling in nearshore and offshore waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-20T11:16:44","indexId":"70041918","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":865,"text":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat use by fishes of Lake Superior. II. Consequences of diel habitat use for habitat linkages and habitat coupling in nearshore and offshore waters","docAbstract":"

Diel migration patterns of fishes in nearshore (15–80 m depth) and offshore (>80 m) waters of Lake Superior were examined to assess the potential for diel migration to link benthic and pelagic, and nearshore and offshore habitats. In our companion article, we described three types of diel migration: diel vertical migration (DVM), diel bank migration (DBM), and no diel migration. DVM was expressed by fishes migrating from benthopelagic to pelagic positions and DBM was expressed by fishes migrating horizontally from deep to shallow waters at night. Fishes not exhibiting diel migration typically showed increased activity by moving from benthic to benthopelagic positions within demersal habitat. The distribution and biomass of fishes in Lake Superior was characterized by examining 704 bottom trawl samples collected between 2001 and 2008 from four depth zones: ≤40, 41–80, 81–160, and >160 m. Diel migration behaviors of fishes described in our companion article were applied to estimates of areal biomass (kg ha−1) for each species by depth zone. The relative strength of diel migrations were assessed by applying lake area to areal biomass estimates for each species by depth zone to yield estimates of lake-wide biomass (metric tonnes). Overall, species expressing DVM accounted for 83%, DBM 6%, and non-migration 11% of the total lake-wide community biomass. In nearshore waters, species expressing DVM represented 74% of the biomass, DBM 25%, and non-migration 1%. In offshore waters, species expressing DVM represented 85%, DBM 1%, and non-migration 14% of the biomass. Of species expressing DVM, 83% of total biomass occurred in offshore waters. Similarly, 97% of biomass of non-migrators occurred in offshore waters while 83% of biomass of species expressing DBM occurred in nearshore waters. A high correlation (R2 = 0.996) between lake area and community biomass by depth zone resulted in 81% of the lake-wide biomass occurring in offshore waters. Accentuating this nearshore-offshore trend was one of increasing estimated total areal biomass of the fish community with depth zone, which ranged from 13.71 kg ha−1 at depths ≤40 m to 18.81 kg ha−1 at depths >160 m, emphasizing the importance of the offshore fish community to the lake ecosystem. The prevalence of diel migration expressed by Lake Superior fishes increases the potential of fish to link benthic and pelagic and shallow and deepwater habitats. These linkages enhance the potential for habitat coupling, a condition where habitats become interconnected and interdependent through transfers of energy and nutrients. Habitat coupling facilitates energy and nutrient flow through a lake ecosystem, thereby increasing productivity, especially in large lakes where benthic and pelagic, and nearshore and offshore habitats are often well separated. We propose that the application of biomass estimates to patterns of diel migration in fishes can serve as a useful metric for assessing the potential for habitat linkages and habitat coupling in lake ecosystems, and provide an important indicator of ecosystem health and function. The decline of native Lake Trout and ciscoes and recent declines in exotic Alewife and Rainbow Smelt populations in other Great Lakes have likely reduced the capacity for benthic-pelagic coupling in these systems compared to Lake Superior. We recommend comparing the levels and temporal changes in diel migration in other Great Lakes as a means to assess changes in the relative health and function of these ecosystems.

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Consequences of diel habitat use for habitat linkages and habitat coupling in nearshore and offshore waters: Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, v. 15, no. 3, p. 355-368, https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2012.711664.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"355","endPage":"368","ipdsId":"IP-037747","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274156,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Superior","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.48486328124999,\n 46.49839225859763\n ],\n [\n -84.342041015625,\n 46.76244305208004\n ],\n [\n -84.4189453125,\n 47.040182144806664\n ],\n [\n -84.605712890625,\n 47.04766864046083\n ],\n [\n -84.495849609375,\n 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present the first study resolving the temporal evolution of δ2H and δ18O values in cloud droplets during 13 different cloud events. The cloud events were probed on a 937 m high mountain chain in Germany in the framework of the Hill Cap Cloud Thuringia 2010 campaign (HCCT-2010) in September and October 2010. The δ values of cloud droplets ranged from −77‰ to −15‰ (δ2H) and from −12.1‰ to −3.9‰ (δ18O) over the whole campaign. The cloud water line of the measured δ values was δ2H=7.8×δ18O+13×10−3, which is of similar slope, but with higher deuterium excess than other Central European Meteoric Water Lines. Decreasing δ values in the course of the campaign agree with seasonal trends observed in rain in central Europe. The deuterium excess was higher in clouds developing after recent precipitation revealing episodes of regional moisture recycling. The variations in δ values during one cloud event could either result from changes in meteorological conditions during condensation or from variations in the δ values of the water vapor feeding the cloud. To test which of both aspects dominated during the investigated cloud events, we modeled the variation in δ values in cloud water using a closed box model. We could show that the variation in δ values of two cloud events was mainly due to changes in local temperature conditions. For the other eleven cloud events, the variation was most likely caused by changes in the isotopic composition of the advected and entrained vapor. Frontal passages during two of the latter cloud events led to the strongest temporal changes in both δ2H (≈ 6‰ per hour) and δ18O (≈ 0.6‰ per hour). Moreover, a detailed trajectory analysis for the two longest cloud events revealed that variations in the entrained vapor were most likely related to rain out or changes in relative humidity and temperature at the moisture source region or both. This study illustrates the sensitivity of stable isotope composition of cloud water to changes in large scale air mass properties and regional recycling of moisture.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","publisherLocation":"Munich, Germany","doi":"10.5194/acp-12-11679-2012","usgsCitation":"Spiegel, J., Aemisegger, F., Scholl, M., Wienhold, F., Collett, J., Lee, T., van Pinxteren, D., Mertes, S., Tilgner, A., Herrmann, H., Werner, R., Buchmann, N., and Eugster, W., 2012, Temporal evolution of stable water isotopologues in cloud droplets in a hill cap cloud in central Europe (HCCT-2010): Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, v. 12, no. 23, p. 11679-11694, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11679-2012.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"11679","endPage":"11694","ipdsId":"IP-042392","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474159,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11679-2012","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":270722,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11679-2012"},{"id":270723,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Europe","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -28.0,33.9 ], [ -28.0,72.5 ], [ 74.1,72.5 ], [ 74.1,33.9 ], [ -28.0,33.9 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"12","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51653872e4b077fa94dae01e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spiegel, J.K.","contributorId":6738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spiegel","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aemisegger, F.","contributorId":105614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aemisegger","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scholl, M.","contributorId":32385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wienhold, F.G.","contributorId":11489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wienhold","given":"F.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Collett, J.L. Jr.","contributorId":42426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"J.L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lee, T.","contributorId":91720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"van Pinxteren, D.","contributorId":18646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Pinxteren","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mertes, S.","contributorId":85859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mertes","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Tilgner, A.","contributorId":14276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilgner","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Herrmann, H.","contributorId":12344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herrmann","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Werner, Roland A.","contributorId":103488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werner","given":"Roland A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Buchmann, N.","contributorId":11906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchmann","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Eugster, W.","contributorId":32701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eugster","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70045466,"text":"70045466 - 2012 - Impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on a deep-water coral community in the Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-05T15:13:19","indexId":"70045466","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2982,"text":"PNAS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on a deep-water coral community in the Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"To assess the potential impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on offshore ecosystems, 11 sites hosting deep-water coral communities were examined 3 to 4 mo after the well was capped. Healthy coral communities were observed at all sites >20 km from the Macondo well, including seven sites previously visited in September 2009, where the corals and communities appeared unchanged. However, at one site 11 km southwest of the Macondo well, coral colonies presented widespread signs of stress, including varying degrees of tissue loss, sclerite enlargement, excess mucous production, bleached commensal ophiuroids, and covering by brown flocculent material (floc). On the basis of these criteria the level of impact to individual colonies was ranked from 0 (least impact) to 4 (greatest impact). Of the 43 corals imaged at that site, 46% exhibited evidence of impact on more than half of the colony, whereas nearly a quarter of all of the corals showed impact to >90% of the colony. Additionally, 53% of these corals’ ophiuroid associates displayed abnormal color and/or attachment posture. Analysis of hopanoid petroleum biomarkers isolated from the floc provides strong evidence that this material contained oil from the Macondo well. The presence of recently damaged and deceased corals beneath the path of a previously documented plume emanating from the Macondo well provides compelling evidence that the oil impacted deep-water ecosystems. Our findings underscore the unprecedented nature of the spill in terms of its magnitude, release at depth, and impact to deep-water ecosystems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"PNAS","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1118029109","usgsCitation":"White, H.K., Hsing, P., Cho, W., Shank, T., Cordes, E.E., Quattrini, A., Nelson, R., Camilli, R., Demopoulos, A., German, C., Brooks, J.M., Roberts, H.H., Shedd, W., Reddy, C., and Fisher, C., 2012, Impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on a deep-water coral community in the Gulf of Mexico: PNAS, v. 109, no. 50, p. 20303-20308, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1118029109.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"20303","endPage":"20308","ipdsId":"IP-033619","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474302,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1118029109","text":"External Repository"},{"id":273340,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":273339,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1118029109"}],"otherGeospatial":"Gulf Of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.86,18.18 ], [ -97.86,30.4 ], [ -81.04,30.4 ], [ -81.04,18.18 ], [ -97.86,18.18 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"109","issue":"50","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-03-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51b05de7e4b030b51980123f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Helen 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E.","contributorId":37623,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cordes","given":"Erik","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":16710,"text":"Temple University, Department of Biology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":477548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Quattrini, Andrea M. 0000-0002-4247-3055","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4247-3055","contributorId":62339,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quattrini","given":"Andrea M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nelson, Robert K.","contributorId":47272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Robert K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Camilli, 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However, streambed water fluxes quantified using the thermal method are usually interpreted as representing either groundwater or hyporheic fluxes. Our purpose was to improve understanding of co-occurring groundwater and hyporheic fluxes using streambed temperature measurements and analysis of one-dimensional heat transport in shallow streambeds. First, we examined how changes in hyporheic and groundwater fluxes affect their relative magnitudes by reevaluating previously published simulations. These indicated that flux magnitudes are largely independent until a threshold is crossed, past which hyporheic fluxes are diminished by much larger (1000-fold) groundwater fluxes. We tested accurate quantification of co-occurring fluxes using one-dimensional approaches that are appropriate for analyzing streambed temperature data collected at field sites. The thermal analytical method, which uses an analytical solution to the one-dimensional heat transport equation, was used to analyze results from a numerical heat transport model, in which hyporheic flow was represented as increased thermal dispersion at shallow depths. We found that co-occurring groundwater and hyporheic fluxes can be quantified in streambeds, although not always accurately. For example, using a temperature time series collected in a sandy streambed, we found that hyporheic and groundwater flow could both be detected when thermal dispersion due to hyporheic flow was significant compared to thermal conduction. We provide guidance for when thermal data can be used to quantify both hyporheic and groundwater fluxes, and we show that neglecting thermal dispersion may affect accuracy and interpretation of estimated streambed water fluxes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"AGU","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2011WR011784","usgsCitation":"Bhaskar, A., Harvey, J.W., and Henry, E.J., 2012, Resolving hyporheic and groundwater components of streambed water flux: Water Resources Research, v. 48, no. 8, W08524, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011784.","productDescription":"W08524","ipdsId":"IP-039262","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474130,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011wr011784","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":270719,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011784"},{"id":270721,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-08-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51653872e4b077fa94dae017","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bhaskar, Aditi S.","contributorId":62488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bhaskar","given":"Aditi S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harvey, Judson W. 0000-0002-2654-9873 jwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":1796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Judson","email":"jwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Henry, Eric J.","contributorId":44810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70043437,"text":"70043437 - 2012 - Evaluation of nature-like and technical fishways for the passage of alewives at two coastal streams in New England","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-28T18:02:20.761588","indexId":"70043437","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of nature-like and technical fishways for the passage of alewives at two coastal streams in New England","docAbstract":"Nature-like fishways have been designed with the intent to reconnect river corridors and provide passage for all species occurring in a system. The approach is gaining popularity both in Europe and North America, but performance of these designs has not been quantitatively evaluated in a field setting for any North American species. Two nature-like fishways and three technical fishways in New England were evaluated for passage of anadromous adult alewives Alosa pseudoharengus by using passive integrated transponder (PIT) telemetry. A perturbation boulder rock ramp (32 m long; 4.2% slope) constructed in Town Brook (Plymouth, Massachusetts) passed 94% of the fish that made passage attempts, with most fish ascending the ramp in less than 22 min. In the East River (Guilford, Connecticut), a step-pool bypass design (48 m long; 7.1% slope) passed only 40% of attempting fish, with a median transit time of 75 min. In Town Brook, a technical pool-and-weir fishway (14 m long; 14.3% slope) exhibited poor entry and poor passage for the fish. In contrast, in the East River, two technical steeppass fishways (3 m long; 29.6% and 9.6% slopes) passed the majority of available fish, although one of these steeppass fishways may have lacked sufficient flow to attract fish to the entrance. In both Town Brook and the East River, tagged fish passed rapidly downstream through all fishways after spawning. In the East River, the amount of time fish spent in the spawning habitat before migrating downstream ranged from 1 to 41 d. These studies demonstrate that some nature-like and technical fishway designs can effectively facilitate passage of alewives, but a fishway's location in relation to a spillway is important, and further evaluations are required to more precisely identify the influence of the vertical drop per pool and the specific local hydraulics on alewife behaviors and passage performance.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00028487.2012.683469","usgsCitation":"Franklin, A.E., Haro, A., Castro-Santos, T.R., and Noreika, J., 2012, Evaluation of nature-like and technical fishways for the passage of alewives at two coastal streams in New England: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 141, no. 3, p. 624-637, https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2012.683469.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"624","endPage":"637","ipdsId":"IP-014329","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274067,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"New England","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.73,40.95 ], [ -73.73,47.46 ], [ -66.89,47.46 ], [ -66.89,40.95 ], [ -73.73,40.95 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"141","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-05-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51c59e33e4b0c89b8f120e2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franklin, Abigail E.","contributorId":46864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franklin","given":"Abigail","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haro, Alex 0000-0002-7188-9172","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-9172","contributorId":37223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haro","given":"Alex","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":473579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Castro-Santos, Theodore R. 0000-0003-2575-9120 tcastrosantos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2575-9120","contributorId":3321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castro-Santos","given":"Theodore","email":"tcastrosantos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Noreika, John","contributorId":27774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noreika","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70044280,"text":"70044280 - 2012 - Calibration and intercomparison of acetic acid measurements using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-05T09:44:59","indexId":"70044280","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":926,"text":"Atmospheric Measurement Techniques","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calibration and intercomparison of acetic acid measurements using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS)","docAbstract":"Acetic acid is one of the most abundant organic acids in the ambient atmosphere, with maximum mixing ratios reaching into the tens of parts per billion by volume (ppbv) range. The identities and associated magnitudes of the major sources and sinks for acetic acid are poorly characterized, due in part to the limitation in available measurement techniques. This paper demonstrates that Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) can reliably quantify acetic acid vapor in ambient air. Three different PTR-MS configurations were calibrated at low ppbv mixing ratios using permeation tubes, which yielded calibration factors between 7.0 and 10.9 normalized counts per second per ppbv (ncps ppbv−1) at a drift tube field strength of 132 townsend (Td). Detection limits ranged from 0.06 to 0.32 ppbv with dwell times of 5 s. These calibration factors showed negligible humidity dependence. Using the experimentally determined calibration factors, PTR-MS measurements of acetic acid during the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT) campaign were validated against results obtained using Mist Chambers coupled with Ion Chromatography (MC/IC). An orthogonal least squares linear regression of paired data yielded a slope of 1.14 ± 0.06 (2σ), an intercept of 0.049 ± 20 (2σ) ppbv, and an R2 of 0.78. The median mixing ratio of acetic acid on Appledore Island, ME during the ICARTT campaign was 0.530 ± 0.025 ppbv with a minimum of 0.075 ± 0.004 ppbv, and a maximum of 3.555 ± 0.171 ppbv.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Atmospheric Measurement Techniques","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","publisherLocation":"Munich, Germany","doi":"10.5194/amtd-5-4635-2012","usgsCitation":"Haase, K., Keene, W., Pszenny, A., Mayne, H., Talbot, R., and Sive, B., 2012, Calibration and intercomparison of acetic acid measurements using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS): Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, v. 5, no. 4, p. 4635-4665, https://doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-4635-2012.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"4635","endPage":"4665","ipdsId":"IP-041862","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474162,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-4635-2012","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":268741,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268740,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-4635-2012"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"513721f3e4b02ab8869bffbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haase, K.B.","contributorId":80940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haase","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keene, W.C.","contributorId":71457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keene","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pszenny, A.A.P.","contributorId":62482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pszenny","given":"A.A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mayne, H.R.","contributorId":21016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayne","given":"H.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Talbot, R.W.","contributorId":18645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sive, B.C.","contributorId":66518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sive","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70043584,"text":"70043584 - 2012 - New insights into gill ionocyte and ion transporter function in euryhaline and diadromous fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-05T15:09:25","indexId":"70043584","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3269,"text":"Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New insights into gill ionocyte and ion transporter function in euryhaline and diadromous fish","docAbstract":"Teleost fishes are able to acclimatize to seawater by secreting excess NaCl by means of specialized “ionocytes” in the gill epithelium. Antibodies against Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) have been used since 1996 as a marker for identifying branchial ionocytes. Immunohistochemistry of NKA by itself and in combination with Na+/K+/2Cl− cotransporter and CFTR Cl− channel provided convincing evidence that ionocytes are functional during seawater acclimation, and also revealed morphological variations in ionocytes among teleost species. Recent development of antibodies to freshwater- and seawater-specific isoforms of the NKA alpha-subunit has allowed functional distinction of ion absorptive and secretory ionocytes in Atlantic salmon. Cutaneous ionocytes of tilapia embryos serve as a model for branchial ionocytes, allowing identification of 4 types: two involved in ion uptake, one responsible for salt secretion and one with unknown function. Combining molecular genetics, advanced imaging techniques and immunohistochemistry will rapidly advance our understanding of both the unity and diversity of ionocyte function and regulation in fish osmoregulation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.resp.2012.07.019","usgsCitation":"Hiroi, J., and McCormick, S., 2012, New insights into gill ionocyte and ion transporter function in euryhaline and diadromous fish: Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology, v. 184, no. 3, p. 257-268, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2012.07.019.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"268","ipdsId":"IP-040742","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268797,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268796,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2012.07.019"}],"volume":"184","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5137220ce4b02ab8869c0009","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hiroi, Junya","contributorId":45982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hiroi","given":"Junya","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCormick, Stephen D. 0000-0003-0621-6200 smccormick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":39666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"Stephen D.","email":"smccormick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":473896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70044151,"text":"70044151 - 2012 - Ages of pre-rift basement and synrift rocks along the conjugate rift and transform margins of the Argintine Precordillera and Laurentia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-07T10:23:18","indexId":"70044151","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1820,"text":"Geosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ages of pre-rift basement and synrift rocks along the conjugate rift and transform margins of the Argintine Precordillera and Laurentia","docAbstract":"New geochronologic data from basement rocks support the interpretation that the Argentine Precordillera (Cuyania) terrane was rifted from the Ouachita embayment of the Iapetan margin of Laurentia. New data from the Ozark dome show a range of ages in two groups at 1466 ± 3 to 1462 ± 1 Ma and 1323 ± 2 to 1317 ± 2 Ma, consistent with existing data for the Eastern Granite-Rhyolite province and Southern Granite-Rhyolite province, respectively. Similarly, a newly determined age of 1364 ± 2 Ma for the Tishomingo Granite in the Arbuckle Mountains confirms previously published analyses for this part of the Southern Granite-Rhyolite province. Along with previously reported ages from basement olistoliths in Ordovician slope deposits in the Ouachita embayment, the data for basement ages support the interpretation that rocks of the Southern Granite-Rhyolite province form the margin of Laurentian crust around the corner of the Ouachita embayment, which is bounded by the Ouachita rift and Alabama-Oklahoma transform fault. In contrast, both west and east of the corner of the Ouachita embayment, Grenville-Llano basement (approximately 1325–1000 Ma) forms the rifted margin of Laurentia.\n\nNew U/Pb zircon data from basement rocks in the southern part of the Argentine Precordillera indicate crystallization ages of 1205 ± 1 Ma and 1204 ± 2 Ma, consistent with previously reported ages (approximately 1250–1000 Ma) of basement rocks from other parts of the Precordillera. These data document multiple events within the same time span as multiple events in the Grenville orogeny in eastern Laurentia, and are consistent with Grenville-age rocks along the conjugate margins of the Precordillera and Laurentia. Ages from one newly analyzed collection, however, are older than those from other basement rocks in the Precordillera. These ages, from granodioritic-granitic basement clasts in a conglomerate olistolith in Ordovician slope deposits, are 1370 ± 2 Ma and 1367 ± 5 Ma. These older ages from the Precordillera are consistent with indications that the Iapetan margin in the Ouachita embayment of Laurentia truncated the Grenville front and left older rocks of the Southern Granite-Rhyolite province (1390–1320 Ma) at the rifted margin.\n\nChronostratigraphic correlations of synrift and post-rift sedimentary deposits on the Precordillera and on the Texas promontory of Laurentia document initial rifting in the Early Cambrian. Previously published data from synrift plutonic and volcanic rocks in the Wichita and Arbuckle Mountains along the transform-parallel intracratonic Southern Oklahoma fault system inboard from the Ouachita embayment document crystallization ages of 539–530 Ma. New data from synrift volcanic rocks in the Arbuckle Mountains in the eastern part of the Southern Oklahoma fault system yield ages of 539 ± 5 Ma and 536 ± 5 Ma, confirming the age of synrift volcanism.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geosphere","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/GES00800.1","usgsCitation":"Thomas, W., Tucker, R.D., Astini, R.A., and Denison, R.E., 2012, Ages of pre-rift basement and synrift rocks along the conjugate rift and transform margins of the Argintine Precordillera and Laurentia: Geosphere, v. 8, no. 6, p. 1366-1383, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES00800.1.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1366","endPage":"1383","ipdsId":"IP-038677","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges00800.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":270642,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270641,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/GES00800.1"}],"country":"Argentina","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.6,-55.1 ], [ -73.6,-21.8 ], [ -53.6,-21.8 ], [ -53.6,-55.1 ], [ -73.6,-55.1 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"8","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-10-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5162956be4b0c25842758cef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, William A.","contributorId":77438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"William A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tucker, Robert D. 0000-0001-8463-4358 rtucker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8463-4358","contributorId":2007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucker","given":"Robert","email":"rtucker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":474912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Astini, Ricardo A.","contributorId":48067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Astini","given":"Ricardo","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Denison, Rodger E.","contributorId":42994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denison","given":"Rodger","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70004789,"text":"70004789 - 2012 - Evaluation of otoliths Salt Creek pupfish (Cyprinodon salinus salinus) for use in analyses of age and growth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-24T22:52:41","indexId":"70004789","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of otoliths Salt Creek pupfish (Cyprinodon salinus salinus) for use in analyses of age and growth","docAbstract":"We collected Salt Creek pupfish (Cyprinodon salinus salinus) from Salt Creek, Death Valley, California, in November 2009 and May 2010. The purpose of our study was to determine whether otoliths displayed interpretable marks that might be used for estimating age and growth. Otoliths exhibited alternating bands of opaque and translucent material. Kendall rank correlation between number of bands on otoliths and length of fish were high for two readers (τ = 0.65 and 0.79) and exact agreement between readers was 51%. Otoliths exhibited 0–5 bands, which provided evidence that longevity of Salt Creek pupfish likely is >1 year. Total length of fish collected in spring and autumn differed for fish with one and three bands on otoliths.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southwestern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Southwestern Association of Naturalists","publisherLocation":"http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/swan/","doi":"10.1894/0038-4909-57.4.412","usgsCitation":"Dzul, M.C., Gaines, D.B., Fischer, J., Quist, M.C., and Dinsmore, S., 2012, Evaluation of otoliths Salt Creek pupfish (Cyprinodon salinus salinus) for use in analyses of age and growth: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 57, no. 4, p. 412-416, https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909-57.4.412.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"412","endPage":"416","ipdsId":"IP-030807","costCenters":[{"id":342,"text":"Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269977,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269976,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909-57.4.412"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Death Valley;Salt Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.3,35.8 ], [ -117.3,37.0 ], [ -116.5,37.0 ], [ -116.5,35.8 ], [ -117.3,35.8 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"57","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5150207ee4b08df5cb131364","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dzul, Maria C. 0000-0002-4798-5930 mdzul@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4798-5930","contributorId":5469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzul","given":"Maria","email":"mdzul@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gaines, D. Bailey","contributorId":15455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaines","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Bailey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fischer, Jesse R.","contributorId":86618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"Jesse R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Quist, Michael C. mquist@usgs.gov","contributorId":4042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quist","given":"Michael","email":"mquist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":350,"text":"Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":351339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dinsmore, Stephen J.","contributorId":61718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinsmore","given":"Stephen J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70003830,"text":"70003830 - 2012 - Evidence of local adaptation in westslope cutthroat trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-25T10:08:23","indexId":"70003830","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence of local adaptation in westslope cutthroat trout","docAbstract":"An understanding of the process of local adaptation would allow managers to better protect and conserve species. Many salmonids are in need of such efforts, and because they often persist in differing, isolated environments, they are useful organisms for studying local adaptation. In addition, the temperature sensitivity of salmonids provides a likely target for natural selection. We studied thermal adaptation in four wild populations and one hatchery stock of westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi . The mean summer temperatures of source streams ranged from 6.7°C to 11.2°C. Embryos were collected from the wild, and embryonic development, embryonic survival, and juvenile growth were determined. A significant relationship between median embryonic survival and source stream temperature was detected. Based on a rank test, populations from colder streams had a greater decline in median embryonic survival at warm temperatures than populations from warmer streams. Embryonic development and juvenile growth did not appear to be influenced by source. These findings suggest that populations are thermally adapted to their source streams and this should be considered by managers. However, further study is necessary to sort out the potential confounding factors, whether genetic or epigenetic.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1080/00028487.2012.675907","usgsCitation":"Drinan, D.P., Zale, A.V., Webb, M.A., Taper, M.L., Shepard, B.B., and Kalinowski, S.T., 2012, Evidence of local adaptation in westslope cutthroat trout: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 141, no. 4, p. 872-880, https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2012.675907.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"872","endPage":"880","ipdsId":"IP-029234","costCenters":[{"id":398,"text":"Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269985,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269984,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2012.675907"}],"volume":"141","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-06-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"515171ede4b087909f0bbe9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drinan, Daniel P.","contributorId":37614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drinan","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zale, Alexander V. 0000-0003-1703-885X zale@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1703-885X","contributorId":3010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zale","given":"Alexander","email":"zale@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":349076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Webb, Molly A.H.","contributorId":64121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"Molly","email":"","middleInitial":"A.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taper, Mark L.","contributorId":105192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taper","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shepard, Bradley B.","contributorId":57327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shepard","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kalinowski, Steven T.","contributorId":78465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalinowski","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70004728,"text":"70004728 - 2012 - Sensitivity of spring phenology to warming across temporal and spatial climate gradients in two independent databases","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-30T15:15:50","indexId":"70004728","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-31T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sensitivity of spring phenology to warming across temporal and spatial climate gradients in two independent databases","docAbstract":"

Disparate ecological datasets are often organized into databases post hoc and then analyzed and interpreted in ways that may diverge from the purposes of the original data collections. Few studies, however, have attempted to quantify how biases inherent in these data (for example, species richness, replication, climate) affect their suitability for addressing broad scientific questions, especially in under-represented systems (for example, deserts, tropical forests) and wild communities. Here, we quantitatively compare the sensitivity of species first flowering and leafing dates to spring warmth in two phenological databases from the Northern Hemisphere. One—PEP725—has high replication within and across sites, but has low species diversity and spans a limited climate gradient. The other—NECTAR—includes many more species and a wider range of climates, but has fewer sites and low replication of species across sites. PEP725, despite low species diversity and relatively low seasonality, accurately captures the magnitude and seasonality of warming responses at climatically similar NECTAR sites, with most species showing earlier phenological events in response to warming. In NECTAR, the prevalence of temperature responders significantly declines with increasing mean annual temperature, a pattern that cannot be detected across the limited climate gradient spanned by the PEP725 flowering and leafing data. Our results showcase broad areas of agreement between the two databases, despite significant differences in species richness and geographic coverage, while also noting areas where including data across broader climate gradients may provide added value. Such comparisons help to identify gaps in our observations and knowledge base that can be addressed by ongoing monitoring and research efforts. Resolving these issues will be critical for improving predictions in understudied and under-sampled systems outside of the temperature seasonal mid-latitudes.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1007/s10021-012-9584-5","issn":"1432-9840","usgsCitation":"Cook, B., Wolkovich, E., Davies, T., Ault, T., Betancourt, J.L., Allen, J.M., Bolmgren, K., Cleland, E., Crimmins, T., Kraft, N., Lancaster, L.T., Mazer, S., McCabe, G., McGill, B.J., Parmesan, C., Pau, S., Regetz, J., Salamin, N., Schwartz, M., and Travers, S.E., 2012, Sensitivity of spring phenology to warming across temporal and spatial climate gradients in two independent databases: Ecosystems, v. 15, no. 8, p. 1283-1294, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-012-9584-5.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1283","endPage":"1294","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-030715","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306575,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"UNITED STATES","otherGeospatial":"Northern Hemisphere","volume":"15","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55cb1cafe4b08400b1fdd47c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cook, Benjamin I.","contributorId":81237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"Benjamin I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":567792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolkovich, Elizabeth M.","contributorId":69288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolkovich","given":"Elizabeth M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":567793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davies, T. Jonathan","contributorId":84062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"T. Jonathan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":567794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ault, Toby R.","contributorId":48852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ault","given":"Toby R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":567795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Betancourt, Julio L. 0000-0002-7165-0743 jlbetanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":3376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"Julio","email":"jlbetanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":567796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Allen, Jenica M.","contributorId":146420,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"Jenica","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13006,"text":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":567812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bolmgren, Kjell","contributorId":80001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bolmgren","given":"Kjell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":567798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Cleland, Elsa E.","contributorId":92790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleland","given":"Elsa E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":567799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Crimmins, Theresa","contributorId":103579,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Crimmins","given":"Theresa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":567800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Kraft, Nathan J. B.","contributorId":86471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraft","given":"Nathan J. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":567801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Lancaster, Lesley T.","contributorId":146421,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lancaster","given":"Lesley","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":12486,"text":"National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State St. Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":567813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Mazer, Susan J.","contributorId":96564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mazer","given":"Susan J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":567803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"McCabe, Gregory J. 0000-0002-9258-2997 gmccabe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2997","contributorId":1453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"Gregory J.","email":"gmccabe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":567804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"McGill, Brian J.","contributorId":146422,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McGill","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":7063,"text":"University of Maine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":567814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Parmesan, Camille","contributorId":146423,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parmesan","given":"Camille","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12430,"text":"University of Texas at Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":567815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Pau, Stephanie","contributorId":86094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pau","given":"Stephanie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":567807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Regetz, James","contributorId":20596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Regetz","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":567808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Salamin, Nicolas","contributorId":146424,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Salamin","given":"Nicolas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":567816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Schwartz, Mark D.","contributorId":11092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Mark D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":567810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Travers, Steven E.","contributorId":146419,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Travers","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":16604,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":567811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20}]}} ,{"id":70048356,"text":"70048356 - 2012 - Extended Kalman Filter framework for forecasting shoreline evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-23T11:29:52","indexId":"70048356","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-31T11:24:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extended Kalman Filter framework for forecasting shoreline evolution","docAbstract":"A shoreline change model incorporating both long- and short-term evolution is integrated into a data assimilation framework that uses sparse observations to generate an updated forecast of shoreline position and to estimate unobserved geophysical variables and model parameters. Application of the assimilation algorithm provides quantitative statistical estimates of combined model-data forecast uncertainty which is crucial for developing hazard vulnerability assessments, evaluation of prediction skill, and identifying future data collection needs. Significant attention is given to the estimation of four non-observable parameter values and separating two scales of shoreline evolution using only one observable morphological quantity (i.e. shoreline position).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2012GL052180","usgsCitation":"Long, J., and Plant, N.G., 2012, Extended Kalman Filter framework for forecasting shoreline evolution: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 39, no. 13, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052180.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","ipdsId":"IP-037643","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474179,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2012gl052180","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":278002,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278001,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052180"},{"id":277997,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2012GL052180/abstract"}],"volume":"39","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-07-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"524162e5e4b0ec672f073ae8","chorus":{"doi":"10.1029/2012gl052180","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012gl052180","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Long Joseph W., Plant Nathaniel G.","journalName":"Geophysical Research Letters","publicationDate":"7/2012"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, Joseph","contributorId":15106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Joseph","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plant, Nathaniel G. 0000-0002-5703-5672 nplant@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5703-5672","contributorId":3503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plant","given":"Nathaniel","email":"nplant@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":484405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70259358,"text":"70259358 - 2012 - Bedrock basins in the Sierra Nevada, Alta California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-07T11:04:29.20218","indexId":"70259358","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-31T09:02:47","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5361,"text":"California Archaeology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bedrock basins in the Sierra Nevada, Alta California","docAbstract":"A 360-km-long belt of more than 1,400 meter-sized granitic bedrock\nbasins occurs at 1,200 to 2,500 m elevation on the west flank of the Sierra Nevada.\nThe circular, smooth basins are 0.7 to 1.7 min diameter and are commonly\n50 to 1,000 liters in volume. They are man-made as shown by their restricted size\nand elevation range, uniform circular shape, distinct basin shapes in different\ncultural areas, and the presence of bedrock mortars at 80 percent of the basin\nsites. Moreover, the juxtaposition of a northern cluster of basins to the vicinity\nof a rare salt spring suggests that these basins were constructed to evaporate salt.\nSeveral basins contain an A.O. 1350 volcanic ash, indicating that some existed\nbefore the end of the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (MCA; A.O. 800-1350). The basin\nbelt was more productive in terms of food sources during the MCA, and it is\npostulated that warmer, drier conditions promoted the construction of cisterns\nto contain fresh water in order to prolong the time of occupation of mountain\ncamps in late summer. Construction of the granitic basins required enormous\nenergy and produced one of the largest and better preserved sets of Native\nCalifornian features.","language":"English","publisher":"Society for California Archaeology","usgsCitation":"Moore, J.G., Gorden, M., and Sisson, T.W., 2012, Bedrock basins in the Sierra Nevada, Alta California: California Archaeology, v. 4, no. 1, p. 99-122.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"122","ipdsId":"IP-029928","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":462595,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gorden, Mary A.","contributorId":344940,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gorden","given":"Mary A.","affiliations":[{"id":82438,"text":"Southern Sierra Archeological Society","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":915030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sisson, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3380-6425 tsisson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3380-6425","contributorId":2341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"Thomas","email":"tsisson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70041931,"text":"70041931 - 2012 - Significant motions between GPS sites in the New Madrid region: implications for seismic hazard","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-31T14:16:23","indexId":"70041931","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Significant motions between GPS sites in the New Madrid region: implications for seismic hazard","docAbstract":"Position time series from Global Positioning System (GPS) stations in the New Madrid region were differenced to determine the relative motions between stations. Uncertainties in rates were estimated using a three‐component noise model consisting of white, flicker, and random walk noise, following the methodology of Langbein, 2004. Significant motions of 0.37±0.07 (one standard error) mm/yr were found between sites PTGV and STLE, for which the baseline crosses the inferred deep portion of the Reelfoot fault. Baselines between STLE and three other sites also show significant motion. Site MCTY (adjacent to STLE) also exhibits significant motion with respect to PTGV. These motions are consistent with a model of interseismic slip of about 4  mm/yr on the Reelfoot fault at depths between 12 and 20 km. If constant over time, this rate of slip produces sufficient slip for an M 7.3 earthquake on the shallow portion of the Reelfoot fault, using the geologically derived recurrence time of 500 years. This model assumes that the shallow portion of the fault has been previously loaded by the intraplate stress. A GPS site near Little Rock, Arkansas, shows significant southward motion of 0.3–0.4  mm/yr (±0.08  mm/yr) relative to three sites to the north, indicating strain consistent with focal mechanisms of earthquake swarms in northern Arkansas.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"El Cerrito, CA","doi":"10.1785/0120100219","usgsCitation":"Frankel, A., Smalley, R., and Paul, J., 2012, Significant motions between GPS sites in the New Madrid region: implications for seismic hazard: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 102, no. 2, p. 479-489, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120100219.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"479","endPage":"489","ipdsId":"IP-024949","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264985,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120100219"},{"id":264986,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.5,18.9 ], [ 172.5,71.4 ], [ -66.9,71.4 ], [ -66.9,18.9 ], [ 172.5,18.9 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"102","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-03-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4c530e4b0e8fec6ce0c31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frankel, Arthur","contributorId":103761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"Arthur","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smalley, Robert","contributorId":39670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smalley","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paul, J.","contributorId":7024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paul","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70042265,"text":"70042265 - 2012 - A general theory of multimetric indices and their properties","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-31T11:28:26","indexId":"70042265","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2717,"text":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A general theory of multimetric indices and their properties","docAbstract":"1. Stewardship of biological and ecological resources requires the ability to make integrative assessments of ecological integrity. One of the emerging methods for making such integrative assessments is multimetric indices (MMIs). These indices synthesize data, often from multiple levels of biological organization, with the goal of deriving a single index that reflects the overall effects of human disturbance. Despite the widespread use of MMIs, there is uncertainty about why this approach can be effective. An understanding of MMIs requires a quantitative theory that illustrates how the properties of candidate metrics relates to MMIs generated from those metrics. \n2. We present the initial basis for such a theory by deriving the general mathematical characteristics of MMIs assembled from metrics. We then use the theory to derive quantitative answers to the following questions: Is there an optimal number of metrics to comprise an index? How does covariance among metrics affect the performance of the index derived from those metrics? And what are the criteria to decide whether a given metric will improve the performance of an index? \n3. We find that the optimal number of metrics to be included in an index depends on the theoretical distribution of signal of the disturbance gradient contained in each metric. For example, if the rank-ordered parameters of a metric-disturbance regression can be described by a monotonically decreasing function, then an optimum number of metrics exists and can often be derived analytically. We derive the conditions by which adding a given metric can be expected to improve an index. \n4. We find that the criterion defining such conditions depends nonlinearly of the signal of the disturbance gradient, the noise (error) of the metric and the correlation of the metric errors. Importantly, we find that correlation among metric errors increases the signal required for the metric to improve the index. \n5. The theoretical framework presented in this study provides the basis for understanding the properties of MMIs. It can also be useful throughout the index construction process. Specifically, it can be used to aid understanding of the benefits and limitations of combining metrics into indices; it can inform selection/collection of candidate metrics; and it can be used directly as a decision aid in effective index construction.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/j.2041-210X.2012.00200.x","usgsCitation":"Schoolmaster, D.R., Grace, J.B., and Schweiger, E.W., 2012, A general theory of multimetric indices and their properties: Methods in Ecology and Evolution, v. 3, no. 4, p. 773-781, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2012.00200.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"773","endPage":"781","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-032416","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474181,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210x.2012.00200.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":264951,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264942,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2012.00200.x"}],"country":"United States","volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-05-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e5cfd2e4b0a4aa5bb0ae47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoolmaster, Donald R. Jr. 0000-0003-0910-4458 schoolmasterd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0910-4458","contributorId":4746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoolmaster","given":"Donald","suffix":"Jr.","email":"schoolmasterd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grace, James B. 0000-0001-6374-4726 gracej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"James","email":"gracej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schweiger, E. William","contributorId":53635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweiger","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70041972,"text":"70041972 - 2012 - Sources of shaking and flooding during the Tohoku-Oki earthquake: a mixture of rupture styles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-13T15:45:07","indexId":"70041972","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sources of shaking and flooding during the Tohoku-Oki earthquake: a mixture of rupture styles","docAbstract":"Modeling strong ground motions from great subduction zone earthquakes is one of the great challenges of computational seismology. To separate the rupture characteristics from complexities caused by 3D sub-surface geology requires an extraordinary data set such as provided by the recent Mw9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. Here we combine deterministic inversion and dynamically guided forward simulation methods to model over one thousand high-rate GPS and strong motion observations from 0 to 0.25 Hz across the entire Honshu Island. Our results display distinct styles of rupture with a deeper generic interplate event (~Mw8.5) transitioning to a shallow tsunamigenic earthquake (~Mw9.0) at about 25 km depth in a process driven by a strong dynamic weakening mechanism, possibly thermal pressurization. This source model predicts many important features of the broad set of seismic, geodetic and seafloor observations providing a major advance in our understanding of such great natural hazards.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2012.04.006","usgsCitation":"Wei, S., Graves, R., Helmberger, D., Avouac, J., and Jiang, J., 2012, Sources of shaking and flooding during the Tohoku-Oki earthquake: a mixture of rupture styles: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 333-334, p. 91-100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.04.006.","startPage":"91","endPage":"100","numberOfPages":"10","ipdsId":"IP-036931","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474187,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120827-114719257","text":"External Repository"},{"id":264979,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264977,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.04.006"}],"country":"Japan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 122.7,20.2 ], [ 122.7,45.7 ], [ 154.2,45.7 ], [ 154.2,20.2 ], [ 122.7,20.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"333-334","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4ccd1e4b0e8fec6ce1f73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wei, Shengji","contributorId":31652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wei","given":"Shengji","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graves, Robert","contributorId":78406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graves","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Helmberger, Don","contributorId":75410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helmberger","given":"Don","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Avouac, Jean-Philippe","contributorId":98195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avouac","given":"Jean-Philippe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jiang, Junle","contributorId":88632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jiang","given":"Junle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70041894,"text":"70041894 - 2012 - Evidence for occurrence, persistence, and growth potential of Escherichia coli and enterococci in Hawaii’s soil environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-31T17:02:09","indexId":"70041894","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2728,"text":"Microbes and Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for occurrence, persistence, and growth potential of Escherichia coli and enterococci in Hawaii’s soil environments","docAbstract":"

High densities of Escherichia coli and enterococci are common in freshwaters on Oahu and other Hawaiian Islands. Soil along stream banks has long been suspected as the likely source of these bacteria; however, the extent of their occurrence and distribution in a wide range of soils remained unknown until the current investigation. Soil samples representing the seven major soil associations were collected on the island of Oahu and analyzed for fecal coliforms, E. coli, and enterococci by the most probable number method. Fecal coliforms, E. coli, and enterococci were found in most of the samples analyzed; log mean densities (MPN ± SE g soil−1) were 1.96±0.18, n=61; 1.21±0.17, n=57; and 2.99±0.12, n=62, respectively. Representative, presumptive cultures of E. coli and enterococci collected from the various soils were identified and further speciated using the API scheme; at least six species of Enterococcus, including Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, were identified. In mesocosm studies, E. coli and enterococci increased by 100-fold in 4 days, after mixing sewage-spiked soil (one part) with autoclaved soil (nine parts). E. coli remained metabolically active in the soil and readily responded to nutrients, as evidenced by increased dehydrogenase activity. Collectively, these findings indicate that populations of E. coli and enterococci are part of the natural soil microflora, potentially influencing the quality of nearby water bodies.

","language":"English","publisher":"Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology","doi":"10.1264/jsme2.ME11305","usgsCitation":"Byappanahalli, M., Roll, B.M., and Fujioka, R.S., 2012, Evidence for occurrence, persistence, and growth potential of Escherichia coli and enterococci in Hawaii’s soil environments: Microbes and Environments, v. 27, no. 2, p. 164-170, https://doi.org/10.1264/jsme2.ME11305.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"164","endPage":"170","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-029083","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474188,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1264/jsme2.me11305","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":264835,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", 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S.","contributorId":72679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fujioka","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70042073,"text":"70042073 - 2012 - Using spatially detailed water-quality data and solute-transport modeling to improve support total maximum daily load development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-17T10:35:43","indexId":"70042073","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using spatially detailed water-quality data and solute-transport modeling to improve support total maximum daily load development","docAbstract":"Spatially detailed mass-loading studies and solute-transport modeling using OTIS (One-dimensional Transport with Inflow and Storage) demonstrate how natural attenuation and loading from distinct and diffuse sources control stream water quality and affect load reductions predicted in total maximum daily loads (TMDLs). Mass-loading data collected during low-flow from Cement Creek (a low-pH, metal-rich stream because of natural and mining sources, and subject to TMDL requirements) were used to calibrate OTIS and showed spatially variable effects of natural attenuation (instream reactions) and loading from diffuse (groundwater) and distinct sources. OTIS simulations of the possible effects of TMDL-recommended remediation of mine sites showed less improvement to dissolved zinc load and concentration (14% decrease) than did the TMDL (53-63% decrease). The TMDL (1) assumed conservative transport, (2) accounted for loads removed by remediation by subtracting them from total load at the stream mouth, and (3) did not include diffuse-source loads. In OTIS, loads were reduced near their source; the resulting concentration was decreased by natural attenuation and increased by diffuse-source loads during downstream transport. Thus, by not including natural attenuation and loading from diffuse sources, the TMDL overestimated remediation effects at low flow. Use of the techniques presented herein could improve TMDLs by incorporating these processes during TMDL development.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2012.00662.x","usgsCitation":"Walton-Day, K., Runkel, R.L., and Kimball, B.A., 2012, Using spatially detailed water-quality data and solute-transport modeling to improve support total maximum daily load development: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 48, no. 5, p. 949-969, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2012.00662.x.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"949","endPage":"969","ipdsId":"IP-027724","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264814,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-05-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e5650ce4b0a4aa5bb04b66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walton-Day, Katherine 0000-0002-9146-6193","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9146-6193","contributorId":68339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walton-Day","given":"Katherine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkel, Robert L. 0000-0003-3220-481X runkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-481X","contributorId":685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"Robert","email":"runkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kimball, Briant A. bkimball@usgs.gov","contributorId":533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimball","given":"Briant","email":"bkimball@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70175343,"text":"70175343 - 2012 - Reversion to virulence and efficacy of an attenuated canarypox vaccine in Hawai'i 'Amakihi (Hemignathus Virens)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T12:54:55","indexId":"70175343","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-26T18:30:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2514,"text":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reversion to virulence and efficacy of an attenuated canarypox vaccine in Hawai'i 'Amakihi (Hemignathus Virens)","docAbstract":"

Vaccines may be effective tools for protecting small populations of highly susceptible endangered, captive-reared, or translocated Hawaiian honeycreepers from introduced Avipoxvirus, but their efficacy has not been evaluated. An attenuated Canarypox vaccine that is genetically similar to one of two passerine Avipoxvirus isolates from Hawai‘i and distinct from Fowlpox was tested to evaluate whether Hawai‘i ‘Amakihi (Hemignathus virens) can be protected from wild isolates of Avipoxvirus from the Hawaiian Islands. Thirty-one (31) Hawai‘i ‘Amakihi were collected from high-elevation habitats on Mauna Kea Volcano, where pox transmission is rare, and randomly divided into two groups. One group was vaccinated with Poximune C®, whereas the other group received a sham vaccination with sterile water. Four of 15 (27%) vaccinated birds developed life-threatening disseminated lesions or lesions of unusually long duration, whereas one bird never developed a vaccine-associated lesion or “take.” After vaccine lesions healed, vaccinated birds were randomly divided into three groups of five and challenged with either a wild isolate of Fowlpox (FP) from Hawai‘i, a Hawai‘i ‘Amakihi isolate of a Canarypox-like virus (PV1), or a Hawai‘i ‘Amakihi isolate of a related, but distinct, passerine Avipoxvirus (PV2). Similarly, three random groups of five unvaccinated ‘Amakihi were challenged with the same virus isolates. Vaccinated and unvaccinated ‘Amakihi challenged with FP had transient infections with no clinical signs of infection. Mortality in vaccinated ‘Amakihi challenged with PV1 and PV2 ranged from 0% (0/5) for PV1 to 60% (3/5) for PV2. Mortality in unvaccinated ‘Amakihi ranged from 40% (2/5) for PV1 to 100% (5/5) for PV2. Although the vaccine provided some protection against PV1, both potential for vaccine reversion and low efficacy against PV2 preclude its use in captive or wild honeycreepers.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","doi":"10.1638/2011-0196R1.1","usgsCitation":"Atkinson, C.T., Wiegand, K.C., Triglia, D., and Jarvi, S.I., 2012, Reversion to virulence and efficacy of an attenuated canarypox vaccine in Hawai'i 'Amakihi (Hemignathus Virens): Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, v. Vol. 43, no. No. 4, p. 808-819, https://doi.org/10.1638/2011-0196R1.1.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"808","endPage":"819","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326131,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","volume":"Vol. 43","issue":"No. 4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a5b8d4e4b0ebae89b789fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Atkinson, Carter T. 0000-0002-4232-5335 catkinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4232-5335","contributorId":1124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkinson","given":"Carter","email":"catkinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":644791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiegand, Kimberly C.","contributorId":94142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiegand","given":"Kimberly","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Triglia, Dennis","contributorId":77780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triglia","given":"Dennis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jarvi, Susan I.","contributorId":47748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarvi","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70042207,"text":"70042207 - 2012 - Genetic structure of lake whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis, populations in the northern main basin of Lake Huron","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-13T21:24:49.247142","indexId":"70042207","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":656,"text":"Advances in Limnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Genetic structure of lake whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis, populations in the northern main basin of Lake Huron","title":"Genetic structure of lake whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis, populations in the northern main basin of Lake Huron","docAbstract":"Genetic analysis of spawning lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) from six sites in the main basin of Lake Huron was conducted to determine population structure. Samples from fisheryindependent assessment surveys in the northwest main basin were analyzed to determine the relative contributions of lake whitefish genetic populations. Genetic population structure was identified using data from seven microsatellite DNA loci. One population was identified at Manitoulin Island, one to two were observed in the east-central main basin (Fishing Island and Douglas Point), and one to two populations were found in the northwest (Thunder Bay and Duncan Bay). The genetic identity of collections from Duncan Bay and Thunder Bay was not consistent among methods used to analyze population structure. Low genetic distances suggested that they comprised one population, but genic differences indicated that they may constitute separate populations. Simulated data indicated that the genetic origins of samples from a mixed-fishery could be accurately identified, but accuracy could be improved by incorporating additional microsatellite loci. Mixture analysis and individual assignment tests performed on mixed-stock samples collected from the western main basin suggested that genetic populations from the east-central main basin contributed less than those from the western main basin and that the proportional contribution of each baseline population was similar in each assessment sample. Analysis of additional microsatellite DNA loci may be useful to help improve the precision of the estimates, thus increasing our ability to manage and protect this valuable resource.","language":"English","publisher":"Schweizerbart Science Publishers","doi":"10.1127/advlim/63/2012/241","usgsCitation":"Stott, W., Ebener, M.P., Mohr, L., Schaeffer, J., Roseman, E., Harford, W.J., Johnson, J.E., and Fietsch, C., 2012, Genetic structure of lake whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis, populations in the northern main basin of Lake Huron: Advances in Limnology, v. 63, p. 241-260, https://doi.org/10.1127/advlim/63/2012/241.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"241","endPage":"260","ipdsId":"IP-014526","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265038,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Michigan, 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