Antarctica, a vast region encompassing 13.2 million km2 (5.1 million mi2), is considered to be one of the most important scientific laboratories on Earth. During the past 60 years, the USGS, in collaboration and with logistical support from the National Science Foundation's Office of Polar Programs, has sent 325 USGS scientists to Antarctica to work on a wide range of projects: 169 personnel from the NMD (mostly aerial photography, surveying, and geodesy, primarily used for the modern mapping of Antarctica), 138 personnel from the GD (mostly geophysical and geological studies onshore and offshore), 15 personnel from the WRD (mostly hydrological/glaciological studies in the McMurdo Dry Valleys), 2 personnel from the BRD (microbiological studies in the McMurdo Dry Valleys), and 1 person from the Director's Office (P. Patrick Leahy, Acting Director, 2005–06 austral field season). Three GD scientists and three NMD scientists have carried out field work in Antarctica 9 or more times: John C. Behrendt (15), who started in 1956–57 and published two memoirs (Behrendt, 1998, 2005), Arthur B. Ford (10), who started in 1960–61, and Gary D. Clow (9), who started in 1985–86; Larry D. Hothem (12), who began as a winter-over geodesist at Mawson Station in 1968–69, and Jerry L. Mullins (12), who started in 1982–83 and followed in the legendary footsteps of his NMD predecessor, William R. MacDonald (9), who started in 1960–61 and supervised the acquisition of more than 1,000,000 square miles of aerial photography of Antarctica. This report provides a record as complete as possible, of USGS and non-USGS collaborating personnel in Antarctica from 1946–2006, the geographic locations of their work, and their scientific/engineering disciplines represented. Postal cachets for each year follow the table of personnel and scientific activities in the exploration of Antarctica during those 60 years.
\nTo commemorate special events and projects in Antarctica, it became an international practice to create postal cachets. A cachet is defined as a seal, emblem, or commemorative design printed or stamped on an envelope to mark a philatelic or special event. All stamp collectors are familiar with engraved cachets on envelopes of \"First-Day-of-Issue\" stamps. For Antarctica, a stamped (inked) impression informs the scientist, historian, stamp collector, and general public about the multidisciplinary science projects staffed by USGS scientists and other specialists during a specific austral summer field season. Because philatelic cachets were created by team members for each USGS field season, in most cases depicting the specific areas and scientific objectives, the cachets have become a convenient documentation of the people, projects, and geographic places for that year. Because the cachets are representative of USGS activities, each year's cachet is included in that year's Open-File Report (1960–61 to 2005–06). Starting with the 1983–84 season, however, two USGS cachets were prepared for the next seven years, one for the winter team at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, until 1992–93, and the other for all other field sites. Multiple cachets were created by USGS divisional programs during the 1962–63, 1963–64, 1970–71, 1972–73, 1975–76, 1978–79, 1979–80, 1983–84, 1984–85, 1986–87, 1995–96, 2003–04, and the 2005–06 years.
\nThis report includes facsimiles of each annual postal cachet (or postal cachets) designed by USGS graphic specialists and provides a record of USGS personnel (and non-USGS collaborating scientists) and their science division affiliation for each austral field season. In addition, cachets used by USGS personnel for U.S. Navy Operation Highjump (1946–47), U.S. Navy Operation Windmill (1947–48), U.S. Navy U.S.S. Atka reconnaissance cruise (1954–55), U.S. Navy Operation Deep Freeze (DF) (I, 1955–56; II, 1956–57; III, 1957–58; IV, 1958–59; and DF 60, 1959–60), and the International Geophysical Year (1957–58) are included, because USGS scientists made use of these cachets when involved in each of the field activities during these austral field seasons.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061116","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with United States Antarctic Program, National Science Foundation","usgsCitation":"Meunier, T.K., Williams, R.S., and Ferrigno, J.G., 2007, U.S. Geological Survey scientific activities in the exploration of Antarctica: 1946-2006 record of personnel in Antarctica and their postal cachets: U.S. Navy (1946-48, 1954-60), International Geophysical Year (1957-58), and USGS (1960-2006): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1116, ii, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061116.","productDescription":"ii, 57 p.","numberOfPages":"60","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194510,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20061116.png"},{"id":293495,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1116/pdf/2006-1116.pdf"},{"id":9413,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1116/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180.0,-85.1 ], [ -180.0,-60.0 ], [ 180.0,-60.0 ], [ 180.0,-85.1 ], [ -180.0,-85.1 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2be4b07f02db612f84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meunier, Tony K.","contributorId":52662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meunier","given":"Tony","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Richard S. Jr.","contributorId":19946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Richard","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ferrigno, Jane G. jferrign@usgs.gov","contributorId":39825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"Jane","email":"jferrign@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79741,"text":"ofr20061114 - 2007 - U.S. Geological Survey scientific activities in the exploration of Antarctica: 1995-96 field season","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-23T14:43:34","indexId":"ofr20061114","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1114","title":"U.S. Geological Survey scientific activities in the exploration of Antarctica: 1995-96 field season","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) mapping program in Antarctica is one of the longest continuously funded projects in the United States Antarctic Program (USAP). This is the 46th U.S. expedition to Antarctica in which USGS scientists have participated. The financial support from the National Science Foundation, which extends back to the time of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) in 1956-57, can be attributed to the need for accurate maps of specific field areas or regions where NSF-funded science projects were planned. The epoch of Antarctic exploration during the IGY was being driven by science and, in a spirit of peaceful cooperation, the international scientific community wanted to limit military activities on the continent to logistical support. The USGS, a Federal civilian science agency in the Department of the Interior, had, since its founding in 1879, carried out numerous field-based national (and some international) programs in biology, geology, hydrology, and mapping. Therefore, the USGS was the obvious choice for these tasks, because it already had a professional staff of experienced mapmakers and program managers with the foresight, dedication, and understanding of the need for accurate maps to support the science programs in Antarctica when asked to do so by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Public Laws 85-743 and 87-626, signed in August 1958 and in September 1962, respectively, authorized the Secretary, U.S. Department of the Interior, through the USGS, to support mapping and scientific work in Antarctica. The USGS mapping and science programs still play a significant role in the advancement of science in Antarctica today. Antarctica is the planet's 5th largest continent (13.2 million km2 (5.1 million mi2)), it contains the world's largest (of two) remaining ice sheet, and it is considered to be one of the most important scientific laboratories on Earth. This report provides documentation of USGS scientific activities in the exploration of Antarctica during the 1995-96 field season (Mullins and Meunier, 1995).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061114","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with United States Antarctic Program, National Science Foundation","usgsCitation":"Meunier, T.K., Williams, R.S., and Ferrigno, J.G., 2007, U.S. Geological Survey scientific activities in the exploration of Antarctica: 1995-96 field season: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1114, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061114.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1995-01-01","temporalEnd":"1996-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190970,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20061114.png"},{"id":9412,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1114/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":293500,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1114/pdf/2006-1114.pdf"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180.0,-85.1 ], [ -180.0,-60.0 ], [ 180.0,-60.0 ], [ 180.0,-85.1 ], [ -180.0,-85.1 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ae4b07f02db61282a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meunier, Tony K.","contributorId":52662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meunier","given":"Tony","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Richard S. Jr.","contributorId":19946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Richard","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ferrigno, Jane G. jferrign@usgs.gov","contributorId":39825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"Jane","email":"jferrign@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79738,"text":"ofr20071071 - 2007 - Preliminary Assessment of Volcanic and Hydrothermal Hazards in Yellowstone National Park and Vicinity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T09:45:13","indexId":"ofr20071071","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1071","title":"Preliminary Assessment of Volcanic and Hydrothermal Hazards in Yellowstone National Park and Vicinity","docAbstract":"Possible future violent events in the active hydrothermal, magmatic, and tectonic system of Yellowstone National Park pose potential hazards to park visitors and infrastructure. Most of the national park and vicinity are sparsely populated, but significant numbers of people as well as park resources could nevertheless be at risk from these hazards. Depending on the nature and magnitude of a particular hazardous event and the particular time and season when it might occur, 70,000 to more than 100,000 persons could be affected; the most violent events could affect a broader region or even continent-wide areas. This assessment of such hazards is presented both as a guide for future activities of the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO) and to aid appropriate response planning by the National Park Service and surrounding agencies and communities. Although the assessment is presented here in some technical detail, this summary is intended to be understandable to non-scientists. The principal conclusions also will be made available in other forms, more accessible to general readers.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071071","usgsCitation":"Christiansen, R.L., Lowenstern, J.B., Smith, R.B., Heasler, H., Morgan, L.A., Nathenson, M., Mastin, L.G., Muffler, L.P., and Robinson, J., 2007, Preliminary Assessment of Volcanic and Hydrothermal Hazards in Yellowstone National Park and Vicinity (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1071, iv, 94 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071071.","productDescription":"iv, 94 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":686,"text":"Yellowstone Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194689,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9409,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1071/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111,44 ], [ -111,45 ], [ -110,45 ], [ -110,44 ], [ -111,44 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbce8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christiansen, Robert L. 0000-0002-8017-3918 rchris@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8017-3918","contributorId":4412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"Robert","email":"rchris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowenstern, Jacob B. 0000-0003-0464-7779 jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0464-7779","contributorId":2755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"Jacob","email":"jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Robert B.","contributorId":90824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heasler, Henry","contributorId":62683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heasler","given":"Henry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Morgan, Lisa A.","contributorId":66300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nathenson, Manuel 0000-0002-5216-984X mnathnsn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5216-984X","contributorId":1358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nathenson","given":"Manuel","email":"mnathnsn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mastin, Larry G. 0000-0002-4795-1992 lgmastin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4795-1992","contributorId":555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"Larry","email":"lgmastin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Muffler, L.J. Patrick","contributorId":72739,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Muffler","given":"L.J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Patrick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Robinson, Joel E. 0000-0002-5193-3666 jrobins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5193-3666","contributorId":2757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Joel E.","email":"jrobins@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":79740,"text":"ofr20061113 - 2007 - U.S. Geological Survey scientific activities in the exploration of Antarctica: 2002-03 field season","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-23T14:43:55","indexId":"ofr20061113","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1113","title":"U.S. Geological Survey scientific activities in the exploration of Antarctica: 2002-03 field season","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) mapping program in Antarctica is one of the longest continuously funded projects in the United States Antarctic Program (USAP). This is the 53rd U.S. expedition to Antarctica in which USGS scientists have participated. The financial support from the National Science Foundation, which extends back to the time of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) in 1956–57, can be attributed to the need for accurate maps of specific field areas or regions where NSF-funded science projects were planned. The epoch of Antarctic exploration during the IGY was being driven by science, and, in a spirit of peaceful cooperation, the international scientific community wanted to limit military activities on the continent to logistical support. The USGS, a Federal civilian science agency in the Department of the Interior, had, since its founding in 1879, carried out numerous field-based national (and some international) programs in biology, geology, hydrology, and mapping. Therefore, the USGS was the obvious choice for these tasks, because it already had a professional staff of experienced mapmakers and program managers with the foresight, dedication, and understanding of the need for accurate maps to support the science programs in Antarctica when asked to do so by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Public Laws 85-743 and 87-626, signed in August 1958 and in September 1962, respectively, authorized the Secretary, U.S. Department of the Interior, through the USGS, to support mapping and scientific work in Antarctica. The USGS mapping and science programs still play a significant role in the advancement of science in Antarctica today. Antarctica is the planet's 5th largest continent [13.2 million km2 (5.1 million mi2)], it contains the world's largest (of two) remaining ice sheets, and it is considered to be one of the most important scientific laboratories on Earth. This report provides documentation of USGS scientific activities in the exploration of Antarctica during the 2002–03 field season (Mullins, 2002).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061113","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with United States Antarctic Program, National Science Foundation","usgsCitation":"Meunier, T.K., Williams, R.S., and Ferrigno, J.G., 2007, U.S. Geological Survey scientific activities in the exploration of Antarctica: 2002-03 field season: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1113, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061113.","productDescription":"5 p.","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194721,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20061113.png"},{"id":9411,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1113/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":293506,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1113/pdf/2006-1113.pdf"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180.0,-85.1 ], [ -180.0,-60.0 ], [ 180.0,-60.0 ], [ 180.0,-85.1 ], [ -180.0,-85.1 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ae4b07f02db612ad8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meunier, Tony K.","contributorId":52662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meunier","given":"Tony","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Richard S. Jr.","contributorId":19946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Richard","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ferrigno, Jane G. jferrign@usgs.gov","contributorId":39825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"Jane","email":"jferrign@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79743,"text":"ofr20071084 - 2007 - Heavy oil and natural bitumen resources in geological basins of the world","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-18T14:28:27","indexId":"ofr20071084","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1084","title":"Heavy oil and natural bitumen resources in geological basins of the world","docAbstract":"Heavy oil and natural bitumen are oils set apart by their high viscosity (resistance to flow) and high density (low API gravity). These attributes reflect the invariable presence of up to 50 weight percent asphaltenes, very high molecular weight hydrocarbon molecules incorporating many heteroatoms in their lattices. Almost all heavy oil and natural bitumen are alteration products of conventional oil. Total resources of heavy oil in known accumulations are 3,396 billion barrels of original oil in place, of which 30 billion barrels are included as prospective additional oil. The total natural bitumen resource in known accumulations amounts to 5,505 billion barrels of oil originally in place, which includes 993 billion barrels as prospective additional oil. This resource is distributed in 192 basins containing heavy oil and 89 basins with natural bitumen. Of the nine basic Klemme basin types, some with subdivisions, the most prolific by far for known heavy oil and natural bitumen volumes are continental multicyclic basins, either basins on the craton margin or closed basins along convergent plate margins. The former includes 47 percent of the natural bitumen, the latter 47 percent of the heavy oil and 46 percent of the natural bitumen. Little if any heavy oil occurs in fore-arc basins, and natural bitumen does not occur in either fore-arc or delta basins.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071084","usgsCitation":"Meyer, R.F., Attanasi, E.D., and Freeman, P., 2007, Heavy oil and natural bitumen resources in geological basins of the world: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1084, iv, 36 p.; 3 Plates: 66x36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071084.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p.; 3 Plates: 66x36 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192109,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9414,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1084/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8774","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, Richard F.","contributorId":67963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":193092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freeman, Philip A. 0000-0002-0863-7431 pfreeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0863-7431","contributorId":193093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Philip A.","email":"pfreeman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79734,"text":"ofr20071003 - 2007 - In search of a Silurian Total Petroleum System in the Appalachian Basin of New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":79734,"text":"ofr20071003 - 2007 - In search of a Silurian Total Petroleum System in the Appalachian Basin of New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia","indexId":"ofr20071003","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"In search of a Silurian Total Petroleum System in the Appalachian Basin of New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70055615,"text":"pp1708G.11 - 2014 - In search of a Silurian total petroleum system in the Appalachian basin of New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia","indexId":"pp1708G.11","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"chapter":"G.11","title":"In search of a Silurian total petroleum system in the Appalachian basin of New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70055615,"text":"pp1708G.11 - 2014 - In search of a Silurian total petroleum system in the Appalachian basin of New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia","indexId":"pp1708G.11","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"title":"In search of a Silurian total petroleum system in the Appalachian basin of New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-02T09:38:14","indexId":"ofr20071003","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1003","title":"In search of a Silurian Total Petroleum System in the Appalachian Basin of New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia","docAbstract":"This report provides an evaluation of the source rock potential of Silurian strata in the U.S. portion of the northern Appalachian Basin, using new TOC and RockEval data. The study area consists of all or parts of New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. The stratigraphic intervals that were sampled for this study are as follows: 1) the Lower Silurian Cabot Head Shale, Rochester Shale, and Rose Hill Formation; 2) the Lower and Upper Silurian McKenzie Limestone, Lockport Dolomite, and Eramosa Member of the Lockport Group; and 3) the Upper Silurian Wills Creek Formation, Tonoloway Limestone, Salina Group, and Bass Islands Dolomite. These Silurian stratigraphic intervals were chosen because they are cited in previous publications as potential source rocks, they are easily identified and relatively continuous across the basin, and they contain beds of dark gray to black shale and (or) black argillaceous limestone and dolomite.
","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071003","usgsCitation":"Ryder, R., Swezey, C., Trippi, M.H., Lentz, E., Avary, K.L., Harper, J., Kappel, W.M., and Rea, R.G., 2007, In search of a Silurian Total Petroleum System in the Appalachian Basin of New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1003, 78 p.; 2 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071003.","productDescription":"78 p.; 2 tables","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192288,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9404,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1003/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5b86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryder, Robert T.","contributorId":77918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"Robert T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swezey, Christopher S.","contributorId":52640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swezey","given":"Christopher S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trippi, Michael H. 0000-0002-1398-3427 mtrippi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1398-3427","contributorId":941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trippi","given":"Michael","email":"mtrippi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lentz, Erika E.","contributorId":105375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lentz","given":"Erika E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Avary, K. Lee","contributorId":74464,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Avary","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Harper, John A.","contributorId":106991,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harper","given":"John A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kappel, William M. 0000-0002-2382-9757 wkappel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2382-9757","contributorId":1074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kappel","given":"William","email":"wkappel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rea, Ronald G.","contributorId":102158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":79728,"text":"ofr20071068 - 2007 - Seismic Shear Wave Reflection Imaging at the Former Fort Ord, Monterey, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:56","indexId":"ofr20071068","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1068","title":"Seismic Shear Wave Reflection Imaging at the Former Fort Ord, Monterey, California","docAbstract":"At the former Fort Ord in Monterey County, California, contamination threatens an aquifer that provides drinking water for local communities. Assessment and remediation require accurate hydrological modeling, which in turn require a thorough understanding of aquifer stratigraphy. In order to help guide remediation efforts at the site, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, has undertaken seismic reflection surveys, testing compressional (P) and horizontally polarized shear (SH) waves. Sledgehammer-source SH data show reflections from interfaces up to approximately 60 m deep, which correspond with the major boundaries between aquifers and aquitards. In contrast, P-wave data show only the reflection from the water table at approximately 30 m depth. We collected SH data along two transects and processed these data to produce reflection images. The interpreted SH-wave images agree with available well information, constrain the geology for ground-water models, and provide guidance for future geophysical studies. These favorable results demonstrate the effectiveness of SH reflection methods for imaging unconsolidated aquifer layers at the former Fort Ord and at other sites with similar geologic conditions.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071068","collaboration":"In cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Haines, S.S., Burton, B., and Hunter, L.E., 2007, Seismic Shear Wave Reflection Imaging at the Former Fort Ord, Monterey, California (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1068, iii, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071068.","productDescription":"iii, 13 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":9395,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1068/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":191503,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faa46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haines, Seth S. 0000-0003-2611-8165 shaines@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2611-8165","contributorId":1344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haines","given":"Seth","email":"shaines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burton, Bethany L. 0000-0001-5011-7862 blburton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5011-7862","contributorId":1341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"Bethany L.","email":"blburton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":290670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hunter, Lewis E.","contributorId":79568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunter","given":"Lewis","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70209279,"text":"ofr20071203 - 2007 - Synthesis of age data and chronology for Florida Bay and Biscayne Bay cores collected for ecosystem history of South Florida’s estuaries project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T16:28:11.348765","indexId":"ofr20071203","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-26T19:03:53","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1203","displayTitle":"Synthesis of Age Data and Chronology for Florida Bay and Biscayne Bay Cores Collected for Ecosystem History of South Florida’s Estuaries Projects","title":"Synthesis of age data and chronology for Florida Bay and Biscayne Bay cores collected for ecosystem history of South Florida’s estuaries project","docAbstract":"210Pb, 14C, and pollen biostratigraphic data have been compiled and synthesized to develop age models for cores collected from Florida Bay and Biscayne Bay. These cores are being used to interpret the ecosystem history of south Florida’s estuaries by examining the physical, chemical, and biological record preserved within the cores. The beginning of the 20th century, which marks an important turning point for the natural vs. anthropogenically influenced ecosystem, has been identified based on at least two data points in ten cores. 210Pb data alone are presented for an additional 38 cores. Age models for older sediments have been developed for seven cores. Comparison of pre-1900 and post-1900 records allows researchers to compare natural ecosystem changes to anthropogenic change.
General patterns of sedimentation rates in Florida Bay and Biscayne Bay emerge from the data. Mid-bay mudbanks in both bays show more rapid rates of sedimentation, fewer signs of sediment disruption, and more internal consistency of sediments than cores located closer to shore. Nearshore cores indicate slower average rates of sedimentation, more disruption in the sedimentary sequences, and more indications of “old” carbon effects. Cores in close proximity to each other generally show very similar patterns of deposition, which indicates support for the age models.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071203","productDescription":"iii, 120 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373562,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1203/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":373561,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1203/ofr20071203.pdf","text":"Report","size":"31.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2007-1203"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Southern Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.529296875,\n 24.84656534821976\n ],\n [\n -79.8046875,\n 24.84656534821976\n ],\n [\n -79.8046875,\n 27.254629577800063\n ],\n [\n -82.529296875,\n 27.254629577800063\n ],\n [\n -82.529296875,\n 24.84656534821976\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
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This report summarizes a three-year study of aeolian sedimentary processes in the Colorado River corridor, Grand Canyon, Arizona, and discusses the relevance of those processes to the preservation of archaeological sites. Findings are based upon detailed sedimentary and geomorphic investigations conducted in three areas of the river corridor, continuous measurements of wind, precipitation, and aeolian sediment transport at six locations for up to 26 months, short-term field study at 35 other sites, examination of historical aerial photographs, and review of data collected and analyzed by previous studies. Detailed results of this study, which involved collaboration with scientists at the Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center, National Park Service, Northern Arizona University, the Hopi Tribe, and GeoArch, Inc., have been published previously in topical USGS Open-File Reports (Draut and Rubin, 2005, 2006), a USGS Scientific Investigations Report (Draut and others, 2005), and will be discussed in two forthcoming journal articles. This report serves as an overview of the results and contains new conclusions regarding aeolian sedimentary processes in the Colorado River Ecosystem and their relevance to many archaeological sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071001","collaboration":"Collaborative effort by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and National Park Service (NPS)","usgsCitation":"Draut, A.E., and Rubin, D.M., 2007, The role of aeolian sediment in the preservation of archaeological sites in the Colorado River corridor, Grand Canyon, Arizona: Final report on research activities, 2003-2006 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1001, 141 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071001.","productDescription":"141 p.","numberOfPages":"141","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-007901","costCenters":[{"id":322,"text":"Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":409955,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_80842.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":9369,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1001/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":292899,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1001/of2007-1001.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":194685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20071001.PNG"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.5,\n 35.7333\n ],\n [\n -113.5,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -111.3,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -111.3,\n 35.7333\n ],\n [\n -113.5,\n 35.7333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ac5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Draut, Amy E.","contributorId":92215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Draut","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, David M. 0000-0003-1169-1452 drubin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-1452","contributorId":3159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"David","email":"drubin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79727,"text":"ofr20071075 - 2007 - Regional geochemical results from the reanalysis of NURE stream sediment samples -- Eagle 3 degree quadrangle, east-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-17T21:32:38.763973","indexId":"ofr20071075","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1075","title":"Regional geochemical results from the reanalysis of NURE stream sediment samples -- Eagle 3 degree quadrangle, east-central Alaska","docAbstract":"This report presents reconnaissance geochemical data for a cooperative study in the Fortymile Mining District, east-central Alaska, initiated in 1997. This study has been funded by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Mineral Resources Program. Cooperative funds were provided from various State of Alaska sources through the Alaska Department of Natural Resources. Results presented here represent the initial reconnaissance phase for this multidisciplinary cooperative study. In this phase, 239 sediment samples from the Eagle 3° Quadrangle of east-central Alaska, which had been collected and analyzed for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Uranium Resource Evaluation program (NURE) of the 1970's (Hoffman and Buttleman, 1996; Smith, 1997), are reanalyzed by newer analytical methods that are more sensitive, accurate, and precise (Arbogast, 1996; Taggart, 2002). The main objectives for the reanalysis of these samples were to establish lower limits of determination for some elements and to confirm the NURE data as a reliable predictive reconnaissance tool for future studies in Alaska's Eagle 3° Quadrangle. This study has wide implications for using the archived NURE samples and data throughout Alaska for future studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071075","usgsCitation":"Crock, J., Briggs, P., Gough, L.P., Wanty, R., and Brown, Z.A., 2007, Regional geochemical results from the reanalysis of NURE stream sediment samples -- Eagle 3 degree quadrangle, east-central Alaska (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1075, iv, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071075.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190613,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":388069,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81062.htm"},{"id":9392,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1075/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Eagle 3° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -141,\n 64.00\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 64.00\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 65.00\n ],\n [\n -141,\n 65.0\n ],\n [\n -141,\n 64.00\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634bd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crock, J.G.","contributorId":58236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crock","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Briggs, Paul H.","contributorId":107691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Paul H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gough, L. P.","contributorId":64198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wanty, R. B. 0000-0002-2063-6423","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":66704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brown, Z. A.","contributorId":82708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Z.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70098953,"text":"ofr20071047SRP077 - 2007 - Observations of chlorine monoxide over Scott Base, Antarctica, during the ozone hole, 1996-2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-19T13:32:54","indexId":"ofr20071047SRP077","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-21T13:08:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1047-SRP-077","title":"Observations of chlorine monoxide over Scott Base, Antarctica, during the ozone hole, 1996-2005","docAbstract":"We report observations of chlorine monoxide, ClO, in the lower stratosphere, made from Scott Base \n(77.85º S, 166.77º E) in springtime during each year, 1996-2005. The ClO amounts in the atmosphere are \nretrieved from remote measurements of microwave emission spectra. ClO column densities of up to about 2.5 × \n1015 cm-2\n are recorded during September, when chlorine is present in chemically active forms due to reactions on \nthe surface of Polar Stratospheric Cloud (PSC) particles. Maximum mixing ratios of ClO are approximately 2 \nppbv. The annual average of ClO column density during the activation period is anticorrelated with similar \naverages of ozone column measured at nearby Arrival Heights, with correlation coefficient of –0.81, and with \naverages of ozone mass integrated over the entire polar region, with similar correlation coefficients. There was a \nsubstantial decrease in ClO amounts during 2002-2004. There has been no systematic change in the timing of \nchlorine deactivation attributable to secular change in the Antarctic vortex","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World--Online Proceedings for the Tenth International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences. Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A.--August 26 to September 1, 2007","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071047SRP077","usgsCitation":"Connor, B., Solomon, P., Barrett, J., Mooney, T., and Parrish, A., 2007, Observations of chlorine monoxide over Scott Base, Antarctica, during the ozone hole, 1996-2005: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1047-SRP-077, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071047SRP077.","productDescription":"4 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":284237,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20071047SRP077.PNG"},{"id":284236,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1047/srp/srp077/of2007-1047srp077.pdf"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,-60.0 ], [ 180.0,-60.0 ], [ 180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,-90.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6983e4b0b29085102b91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Connor, Brian","contributorId":25865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connor","given":"Brian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Solomon, Philip","contributorId":32449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solomon","given":"Philip","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barrett, James","contributorId":13543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrett","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mooney, Thomas","contributorId":81407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Parrish, Alan","contributorId":22679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrish","given":"Alan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70098925,"text":"ofr20071047SRP072 - 2007 - Elongate summit calderas as Neogene paleostress indicators in Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-19T08:42:19","indexId":"ofr20071047SRP072","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-20T08:33:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1047-SRP-072","title":"Elongate summit calderas as Neogene paleostress indicators in Antarctica","docAbstract":"The orientations and ages of elongate summit calderas on major polygenetic volcanoes were compiled to \ndocument Miocene to Pleistocene Sh (minimum horizontal stress) directions on the western and northern flanks of the \nWest Antarctic rift system. Miocene to Pleistocene summit calderas along the western Ross Sea show relatively \nconsistent ENE long axis trends, which are at a high angle to the Transantarctic Mountain Front and parallel to the \nN77ºE Sh direction at Cape Roberts. The elongation directions of many Miocene to Pleistocene summit calderas in \nMarie Byrd Land parallel the alignment of polygenetic volcanoes in which they occur, except several Pleistocene \ncalderas with consistent NNE to NE trends. The overall pattern of elongate calderas in Marie Byrd Land is probably due \nto a combination of structurally controlled orientations and regional stress fields in which Sh is oriented NNE to NE at a \nmoderate to high angle to the trace of the West Antarctic rift system.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World--Online Proceedings for the Tenth International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences. Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A.--August 26 to September 1, 2007","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071047SRP072","usgsCitation":"Paulsen, T., and Wilson, T.J., 2007, Elongate summit calderas as Neogene paleostress indicators in Antarctica: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1047-SRP-072, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071047SRP072.","productDescription":"6 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":284194,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20071047srp072.png"},{"id":284193,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1047/srp/srp072/of2007-1047srp072.pdf"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 180.0,-90.0 ], [ 180.0,-60.0 ], [ -180.0,-60.0 ], [ -180.0,-90.0 ], [ 180.0,-90.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5765e4b0b290850f7721","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paulsen, T.S.","contributorId":22673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paulsen","given":"T.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, T. J.","contributorId":31942,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79709,"text":"ofr20071073 - 2007 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Seismic Data, January to December 2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-04T10:17:50","indexId":"ofr20071073","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1073","title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Seismic Data, January to December 2006","docAbstract":"Introduction\r\n\r\nThe Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) summary presents seismic data gathered during the year. The seismic summary is offered without interpretation as a source of preliminary data. It is complete in the sense that most data for events of M>1.5 routinely gathered by the Observatory are included. \r\n\r\nThe HVO summaries have been published in various forms since 1956. Summaries prior to 1974 were issued quarterly, but cost, convenience of preparation and distribution, and the large quantities of data dictated an annual publication beginning with Summary 74 for the year 1974. Summary 86 (the introduction of CUSP at HVO) includes a description of the seismic instrumentation, calibration, and processing used in recent years. Beginning with 2004, summaries are simply identified by the year, rather than Summary number. The present summary includes background information on the seismic network and processing to allow use of the data and to provide an understanding of how they were gathered. \r\n\r\nA report by Klein and Koyanagi (1980) tabulates instrumentation, calibration, and recording history of each seismic station in the network. It is designed as a reference for users of seismograms and phase data and includes and augments the information in the station table in this summary.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071073","usgsCitation":"Nakata, J., 2007, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Seismic Data, January to December 2006 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1073, 98 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071073.","productDescription":"98 p.","temporalStart":"2006-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195389,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9351,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1073/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -161,18 ], [ -161,23 ], [ -154,23 ], [ -154,18 ], [ -161,18 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a872f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nakata, Jennifer","contributorId":41542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakata","given":"Jennifer","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79707,"text":"ofr20071028 - 2007 - Dichloroethene and vinyl chloride degradation potential in wetland sediments at Twin Lakes and Pen Branch, Savannah River National Laboratory, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T10:47:13","indexId":"ofr20071028","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1028","title":"Dichloroethene and vinyl chloride degradation potential in wetland sediments at Twin Lakes and Pen Branch, Savannah River National Laboratory, South Carolina","docAbstract":"A series of 14C-radiotracer-based microcosm experiments was conducted to assess the mechanisms and products of degradation of dichloroethene (DCE) and vinyl chloride (VC) in wetland sediments at the Department of Energy (DOE) Savannah River National Laboratory. This project investigated the potential for biotic and abiotic DCE and VC degradation in wetland sediments from the Twin Lakes area of the C-BRP investigative unit and from the portion of Pen Branch located directly down gradient from the CMP investigative unit.\r\n\r\nSubstantial degradation of [1,2-14C] DCE and [1,2-14C] VC to 14CO2 was observed in all viable sediment microcosms prepared under oxic conditions. These results indicate that microbial mineralization processes, involving direct oxidation or cometabolic oxidation, are the primary mechanisms of DCE and VC biodegradation in Twin Lake and Pen Branch sediments under oxic conditions.\r\n\r\nSubstantial degradation of [1,2-14C] DCE and [1,2-14C] VC was observed in all viable sediment microcosms incubated under anoxic conditions. Production of 14CO2 was observed in all sediment microcosms under anoxic conditions. In general, the accumulation of mineralization products (14CO2 and 14CH4) was comparable to the accumulation of those reduced daughter products (14C-VC, 14C-ethene or 14C-ethane) traditionally identified with chloroethene reductive dechlorination. These results indicate that microbial mineralization processes can be an important component of DCE and VC degradation in Twin Lake and Pen Branch sediments under anoxic conditions. These results demonstrate that an evaluation of the efficiency of in situ DCE and VC biodegradation in Twin Lakes and Pen Branch that is based solely on the observed accumulation of reduced daughter products may underestimate substantially the total extent of contaminant biodegradation and, thus, the contribution of biodegradation to overall contaminant attenuation.\r\n\r\nNo evidence of abiotic degradation of [1,2-14C] DCE or [1,2-14C] VC was observed in heat-sterilized control treatments in this study under oxic or anoxic conditions. Efforts to enrich and isolate microorganisms involved in the mineralization of [1,2-14C] cis-DCE and/or [1,2-14C] VC were unsuccessful.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071028","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Department of Energy Savannah River National Laboratory","usgsCitation":"Bradley, P.M., 2007, Dichloroethene and vinyl chloride degradation potential in wetland sediments at Twin Lakes and Pen Branch, Savannah River National Laboratory, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1028, vi, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071028.","productDescription":"vi, 15 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190751,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9344,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1028/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Pen Branch, Savannah River, Twin Lakes","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.02667236328125,\n 32.87843385746406\n ],\n [\n -82.02667236328125,\n 33.486435450999885\n ],\n [\n -81.13540649414062,\n 33.486435450999885\n ],\n [\n -81.13540649414062,\n 32.87843385746406\n ],\n [\n -82.02667236328125,\n 32.87843385746406\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d9b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, Paul M. 0000-0001-7522-8606 pbradley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Paul","email":"pbradley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79704,"text":"ofr20071062 - 2007 - Mountain Lions of the Flagstaff Uplands: 2003-2006 Progress Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:37","indexId":"ofr20071062","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1062","title":"Mountain Lions of the Flagstaff Uplands: 2003-2006 Progress Report","docAbstract":"Executive Summary\r\n\r\nStakeholders in management of mountain lions in the Flagstaff Uplands of northern Arizona have expressed increasing concern about both potential impacts of humans on lions and potential risks posed by lions to humans. A series of human-mountain lion encounters during 2000-2001 on Mt. Elden, immediately adjacent to Flagstaff, and similar incidents during 2004 near Tucson brought increased attention to management of human safety in mountain lion range. These human-centered concerns, together with long-standing questions about how the human infrastructure centered on Flagstaff might be affecting lion movements led us to initiate a mountain lion study in 2003 which we plan to continue through 2009. Our study focuses on movements and other behaviors of mountain lions, with the goal of providing information that can be used to increase human safety, decrease human impacts, and, overall, provide insight into the ecology of lions in this region. To serve this goal, we have focused on collecting data that will be the basis of explanatory models that can provide spatially-explicit predictions of mountain lion activity, specify the effects of human facilities, such as highways and urban areas, and provide insight into when, where, and how often different kinds of lions kill different kinds of prey. \r\n\r\nDuring 2003-2006, we captured six female and five male mountain lions in the Flagstaff Uplands, 10 of which we fitted with collars that collected up to six high-precision GPS fixes per day, transmitted daily to our offices via Argos satellites. This timely delivery of data allowed us to visit kill sites and other foci of localized activity to collect detailed information on lion behavior. By June 2006 we had obtained 9357 GPS locations and visited 394 sites, at which we documented 218 kills, 165 of which were by five females and 53 by five males. These data were the basis for preliminary analyses presented in this report. All lions during all seasons exhibited a strong selection for rough terrain and forest or woodland cover. Females differed from males by selecting more strongly for intermediate, rather than extreme, levels of terrain roughness, by selecting more strongly for chaparral vegetation and related rocky areas during winter, and by not selecting as strongly for areas near water sources. Overall, lions collared during this study strongly avoided flat open areas in private ownership. Male but not female lions exhibited pronounced selection for National Park Service jurisdictions. Both males and females year-round avoided residential areas and a zone outward to about 1-3 km and, when within this zone, moved more slowly and with less change in direction compared to when farther away. Collared lions have so far rarely crossed paved highways of any description - orders of magnitude less often than expected by chance. We observed only 3 crossings of an interstate highway, all on I17 and none on I40. \r\n\r\nElk comprised the majority (52%) of kills by lions in our study, followed by mule deer (46%), and small mammals (15%). Adults comprised most of the mule deer kills (68%) and mesocarnivores, primarily coyotes (n = 21), comprised 73% of smaller prey. Calf and short-yearling elk comprised the largest single category of kills (29%). In addition to kills, we documented seven instances of scavenging, involving four different lions. Females differed from males by killing more mule deer and virtually all of the mesocarnivores, and by killing fewer elk of all ages. Intervals between kills averaged between 144 hrs (young females) to 221 hours (adult females), whereas average time spent on a kill ranged from 19 hrs (adult males) to 40 hrs (young males). Carcass mass had a strong effect on likelihood that a lion would bury or relocate a kill, the percentage of edibles consumed, and overall time spent feeding. Time spent feeding and likelihoods of carcass burial and relocation all peaked at intermediate carcass masses, suggesting an optimal mass in the range of 50-150 kg, likely dictated as much by handling efficiencies and competition from other scavengers as by a lion's shear ability to kill prey. Adult male lions exhibited a life strategy distinctly different from all other sex-age classes that entailed moving more rapidly over larger areas, and spending less time on kills in which they invested less energy handling, but from which they consumed tissue at a higher sustained rate. ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071062","usgsCitation":"Mattson, D.J., 2007, Mountain Lions of the Flagstaff Uplands: 2003-2006 Progress Report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1062, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071062.","productDescription":"68 p.","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193013,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9340,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1062/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.8,34.333333333333336 ], [ -111.8,35.5 ], [ -111,35.5 ], [ -111,34.333333333333336 ], [ -111.8,34.333333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b47cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mattson, David J. david_mattson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattson","given":"David","email":"david_mattson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79694,"text":"ofr20071033 - 2007 - Methods used to compute low-flow frequency characteristics for continuous-record streamflow stations in Minnesota, 2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-01T14:03:24","indexId":"ofr20071033","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1033","title":"Methods used to compute low-flow frequency characteristics for continuous-record streamflow stations in Minnesota, 2006","docAbstract":"The 1-, 7-, and 30-day low-flow series were determined for 120 continuous-record streamflow stations in Minnesota having at least 20 years of continuous record. The 2-, 5-, 10-, 50-, and 100-year statistics were determined for each series by fitting a log Pearson type III distribution to the data. The methods used to determine the low-flow statistics and to construct the plots of the low-flow frequency curves are described. The low-flow series and the low-flow statistics are presented in tables and graphs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071033","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","usgsCitation":"Winterstein, T.A., Arntson, A.D., and Mitton, G.B., 2007, Methods used to compute low-flow frequency characteristics for continuous-record streamflow stations in Minnesota, 2006: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1033, Report: iv, 17 p.; Appendices 1-3: 745 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071033.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 17 p.; Appendices 1-3: 745 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-04-01","temporalEnd":"2005-03-31","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190580,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20071033.JPG"},{"id":9330,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Conservation Status of Native Aquatic Animal Species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:24","indexId":"ofr20061385","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1385","title":"Ohio Aquatic Gap Analysis-An Assessment of the Biodiversity and Conservation Status of Native Aquatic Animal Species","docAbstract":"The goal of the GAP Analysis Program is to keep common species common by identifying those species and habitats that are not yet adequately represented in the existing matrix of conservation lands. The Gap Analysis Program (GAP) is sponsored by the Biological Resources Discipline of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The Ohio Aquatic GAP (OH-GAP) is a pilot project that is applying the GAP concept to aquatic-specifically, riverine-data. The mission of GAP is to provide regional assessments of the conservation status of native animal species and to facilitate the application of this information to land-management activities. OH-GAP accomplished this through\r\n* mapping aquatic habitat types, \r\n* mapping the predicted distributions of fish, crayfish, and bivalves, \r\n* documenting the presence of aquatic species in areas managed for conservation, \r\n* providing GAP results to the public, planners, managers, policy makers, and researchers, and \r\n* building cooperation with multiple organizations to apply GAP results to state and regional management activities.\r\n\r\nGap analysis is a coarse-scale assessment of aquatic biodiversity and conservation; the goal is to identify gaps in the conservation of native aquatic species. It is not a substitute for biological field studies and monitoring programs. Gap analysis was conducted for the continuously flowing streams in Ohio. Lakes, reservoirs, wetlands, and the Lake Erie islands were not included in this analysis. The streams in Ohio are in the Lake Erie and Ohio River watersheds and pass through six of the level III ecoregions defined by Omernik: the Eastern Corn Belt Plains, Southern Michigan/Northern Indiana Drift Plains, Huron/Erie Lake Plain, Erie Drift Plains, Interior Plateau, and the Western Allegheny Plateau.\r\n\r\nTo characterize the aquatic habitats available to Ohio fish, crayfish, and bivalves, a classification system needed to be developed and mapped. The process of classification includes delineation of areas of relative homogeneity and labeling these areas using categories defined by the classification system. The variables were linked to the 1:100,000-scale streams of the National Hydrography Dataset of the USGS. Through discussions with Ohio aquatic experts, OH-GAP identified eight separate enduring physical features which, when combined, form the physical habitat type: \r\n* Shreve link (a measure of stream size) \r\n* Downstream Shreve link (a measure of stream connectivity and size) \r\n* Sinuosity \r\n* Gradient \r\n* Bedrock \r\n* Stream temperature \r\n* Character of glacial drift \r\n* Glacial-drift thickness \r\n\r\nPotential distribution models were developed for 130 fish, 70 bivalve, and 17 native crayfish species. These models are based on 5,686 fish, 4,469 crayfish, and 2,899 freshwater bivalve (mussels and clams) sampling locations, the variables describing the physical habitat types, and variables indicating the major drainage basins and Omernik's Level III ecoregion. All potential species distributions are displayed and analyzed at the 14-digit hydrologic unit (14-HUs), or subwatershed, level. Mainland Ohio contains 1,749 14-HUs. All statistics and conclusions, as well as spatial data, are discussed and presented in terms of these units.\r\n\r\nThe Ohio Aquatic Gap Analysis Project compiled a map of public and private conservation lands and OH-GAP classified the lands into four status categories (status 1 through status 4) by the degree of protection offered based on management practices. A status of 1 denotes the highest, most permanent level of maintenance, and status 4 represents the lowest level of biodiversity management, or unknown status. The results of this mapping show that only about 3.7 percent of the state's land (4.3 percent if lakes and reservoirs are also included) is protected for conservation, either publicly or privately. Of this total, state agencies control about 52 percent, and Federal agencies control about 29 percent.\r\n\r\nConservation areas that presently protect","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061385","usgsCitation":"Covert, S., Kula, S.P., and Simonson, L.A., 2007, Ohio Aquatic Gap Analysis-An Assessment of the Biodiversity and Conservation Status of Native Aquatic Animal Species: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1385, ix, 128 p.; Appendix A-I; 3 maps; 3 species lists, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061385.","productDescription":"ix, 128 p.; Appendix A-I; 3 maps; 3 species lists","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194868,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9325,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1385/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84.806389,38.248611 ], [ -84.806389,41.785556 ], [ -80.105278,41.785556 ], [ -80.105278,38.248611 ], [ -84.806389,38.248611 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db691d64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Covert, S. Alex","contributorId":39426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Covert","given":"S. Alex","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kula, Stephanie P. spkula@usgs.gov","contributorId":4666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kula","given":"Stephanie","email":"spkula@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simonson, Laura A.","contributorId":63110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simonson","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79692,"text":"ofr20071064 - 2007 - Publications of the Volcano Hazards Program 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-04T11:43:41","indexId":"ofr20071064","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1064","title":"Publications of the Volcano Hazards Program 2005","docAbstract":"The Volcano Hazards Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is part of the Geologic Hazards Assessments subactivity as funded by Congressional appropriation. Investigations are carried out in the Geology and Hydrology Disciplines of the USGS and with cooperators at the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, University of Hawaii Hilo, University of Utah, and University of Washington Geophysics Program. This report lists publications from all these institutions. \r\n\r\nThis report contains only published papers and maps; numerous abstracts produced for presentations at scientific meetings have not been included. Publications are included based on date of publication with no attempt to assign them to Fiscal Year.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071064","usgsCitation":"Nathenson, M., 2007, Publications of the Volcano Hazards Program 2005 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1064, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071064.","productDescription":"11 p.","temporalStart":"2005-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":616,"text":"Volcano Hazards Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":9326,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1064/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":194869,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db667ef6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nathenson, Manuel 0000-0002-5216-984X mnathnsn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5216-984X","contributorId":1358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nathenson","given":"Manuel","email":"mnathnsn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79685,"text":"ofr20071042 - 2007 - Radiometric Survey in Western Afghanistan: A Website for Distribution of Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:40","indexId":"ofr20071042","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1042","title":"Radiometric Survey in Western Afghanistan: A Website for Distribution of Data","docAbstract":"Radiometric (uranium content, thorium content, potassium content, and gamma-ray intensity) and related data were digitized from radiometric and survey route location maps of western Afghanistan published in 1976. The uranium content data were digitized along contour lines from 33 maps in a series entitled 'Map of Uranium (Radium) Contents of Afghanistan (Western Area),' compiled by V. N. Kirsanov and R. S. Dershimanov. The thorium content data were digitized along contour lines from 33 maps in a series entitled 'Map of Thorium Contents of Afghanistan (Western Area),' compiled by V. N. Kirsanov and R. S. Dershimanov. The potassium content data were digitized along contour lines from 33 maps in a series entitled 'Map of Potassium Contents of Afghanistan (Western Area),' compiled by V. N. Kirsanov and R. S. Dershimanov. The gamma-ray intensity data were digitized along contour lines from 33 maps in a series entitled 'Map of Gamma-Field of Afghanistan (Western Area),' compiled by V. N. Kirsanov and R. S. Dershimanov. The survey route location data were digitized along flight-lines located on 33 maps in a series entitled 'Survey Routes Location and Contours of Flight Equal Altitudes. Western Area of Afghanistan,' compiled by Z. A. Alpatova, V. G. Kurnosov, and F. A. Grebneva.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071042","usgsCitation":"Sweeney, R.E., Kucks, R.P., Hill, P.L., and Finn, C.A., 2007, Radiometric Survey in Western Afghanistan: A Website for Distribution of Data (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1042, 4 maps; metadata file, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071042.","productDescription":"4 maps; metadata file","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9320,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1042/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 60.8,32 ], [ 60.8,35.3 ], [ 62.6,35.3 ], [ 62.6,32 ], [ 60.8,32 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db63468e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sweeney, Ronald E.","contributorId":89564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweeney","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kucks, Robert P.","contributorId":11648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kucks","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hill, Patricia L. pathill@usgs.gov","contributorId":1327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Patricia","email":"pathill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":290568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":79679,"text":"ofr20071044 - 2007 - Selected field parameters from streams and preliminary analytical data from water and macroinvertebrate samples, Central Colorado Assessment Project, task, 2004 and 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-29T11:04:17.727984","indexId":"ofr20071044","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1044","title":"Selected field parameters from streams and preliminary analytical data from water and macroinvertebrate samples, Central Colorado Assessment Project, task, 2004 and 2005","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Central Colorado Assessment Project (CCAP) began in October 2003 and is planned to last through September 2008. One major goal of this project is to compare the relationships between surface-water chemistry and aquatic fauna in mined and unmined areas. To accomplish this goal, we are conducting a State-scale reconnaissance sampling program, in which we are collecting water and macroinvertebrate samples. Selected results from the first two years of project analyses are reported here. We plan to develop statistical models and use geographic information system (GIS) technology to quantify the relationships between ecological indicators of metal contamination in Rocky Mountain streams and water quality, landscape and land-use characteristics (for example, mine density, geology, geomorphology, vegetation, topography). Our research will test the hypothesis that physicochemical variables and ecological responses to metal concentrations in stream water in Rocky Mountain streams are ultimately determined largely by historical land uses.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071044","usgsCitation":"Fey, D.L., Church, S.E., Schmidt, T., Wanty, R.B., Verplanck, P.L., Lamothe, P.J., Adams, M., and Anthony, M.W., 2007, Selected field parameters from streams and preliminary analytical data from water and macroinvertebrate samples, Central Colorado Assessment Project, task, 2004 and 2005 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1044, iv, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071044.","productDescription":"iv, 37 p.","numberOfPages":"41","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":162,"text":"Central Colorado Assessment Project","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":9313,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1044/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":194968,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":399836,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_80803.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.5,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -104.8333,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -104.8333,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -106.5,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -106.5,\n 37\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa829","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fey, David L. dfey@usgs.gov","contributorId":713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fey","given":"David","email":"dfey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Church, Stan E. schurch@usgs.gov","contributorId":803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"Stan","email":"schurch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmidt, Travis S. 0000-0003-1400-0637 tschmidt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1400-0637","contributorId":1300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Travis S.","email":"tschmidt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wanty, Richard B. 0000-0002-2063-6423 rwanty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"Richard","email":"rwanty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Verplanck, Philip L. 0000-0002-3653-6419 plv@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"Philip","email":"plv@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lamothe, Paul J. plamothe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamothe","given":"Paul","email":"plamothe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":290557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Adams, Monique madams@usgs.gov","contributorId":1231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Monique","email":"madams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Anthony, Michael W. manthony@usgs.gov","contributorId":1232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"Michael","email":"manthony@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":290556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":79681,"text":"ofr20071019 - 2007 - Drying of floodplain forests associated with water-level decline in the Apalachicola River, Florida: Interim results, 2006","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":79681,"text":"ofr20071019 - 2007 - Drying of floodplain forests associated with water-level decline in the Apalachicola River, Florida: Interim results, 2006","indexId":"ofr20071019","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"Drying of floodplain forests associated with water-level decline in the Apalachicola River, Florida: Interim results, 2006"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":82126,"text":"sir20085062 - 2008 - Drier forest composition associated with hydrologic change in the Apalachicola River floodplain, Florida","indexId":"sir20085062","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"title":"Drier forest composition associated with hydrologic change in the Apalachicola River floodplain, Florida"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":82126,"text":"sir20085062 - 2008 - Drier forest composition associated with hydrologic change in the Apalachicola River floodplain, Florida","indexId":"sir20085062","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"title":"Drier forest composition associated with hydrologic change in the Apalachicola River floodplain, Florida"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-30T18:27:00.775749","indexId":"ofr20071019","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1019","title":"Drying of floodplain forests associated with water-level decline in the Apalachicola River, Florida: Interim results, 2006","docAbstract":"Floodplain forests of the Apalachicola River, Florida, are drier in composition today (2006) than they were before 1954, and drying is expected to continue for at least the next 50 years. Drier forest composition is probably caused by water-level declines that occurred as a result of physical changes in the main channel after 1954 and decreased flows in spring and summer months since the 1970s. \r\nForest plots sampled from 2004 to 2006 were compared to forests sampled in the late 1970s (1976-79) using a Floodplain Index (FI) based on species dominance weighted by the Floodplain Species Category, a value that represents the tolerance of tree species to inundation and saturation in the floodplain and consequently, the typical historic floodplain habitat for that species. Two types of analyses were used to determine forest changes over time: replicate plot analysis comparing present (2004-06) canopy composition to late 1970s canopy composition at the same locations, and analyses comparing the composition of size classes of trees on plots in late 1970s and in present forests. An example of a size class analysis would be a comparison of the composition of the entire canopy (all trees greater than 7.5 cm (centimeter) diameter at breast height (dbh)) to the composition of the large canopy tree size class (greater than or equal to 25 cm dbh) at one location. The entire canopy, which has a mixture of both young and old trees, is probably indicative of more recent hydrologic conditions than the large canopy, which is assumed to have fewer young trees. \r\nChange in forest composition from the pre-1954 period to approximately 2050 was estimated by combining results from three analyses. The composition of pre-1954 forests was represented by the large canopy size class sampled in the late 1970s. The average FI for canopy trees was 3.0 percent drier than the average FI for the large canopy tree size class, indicating that the late 1970s forests were 3.0 percent drier than pre-1954 forests. The change from the late 1970s to the present was based on replicate plot analysis. The composition of 71 replicate plots sampled from 2004 to 2006 averaged 4.4 percent drier than forests sampled in the late 1970s. The potential composition of future forests (2050 or later) was estimated from the composition of the present subcanopy tree size class (less than 7.5 cm and greater than or equal to 2.5 cm dbh), which contains the greatest percentage of young trees and is indicative of recent hydrologic conditions. Subcanopy trees are the driest size class in present forests, with FIs averaging 31.0 percent drier than FIs for all canopy trees. Based on results from all three sets of data, present floodplain forests average 7.4 percent drier in composition than pre-1954 forests and have the potential to become at least 31.0 percent drier in the future. An overall total change in floodplain forests to an average composition 38.4 percent drier than pre-1954 forests is expected within approximately 50 years. \r\nThe greatest effects of water-level decline have occurred in tupelo-cypress swamps where forest composition has become at least 8.8 percent drier in 2004-06 than in pre-1954 years. This change indicates that a net loss of swamps has already occurred in the Apalachicola River floodplain, and further losses are expected to continue over the next 50 years. Drying of floodplain forests will result in some low bottomland hardwood forests changing in composition to high bottomland hardwood forests. The composition of high bottomland hardwoods will also change, although periodic flooding is still occurring and will continue to limit most of the floodplain to bottomland hardwood species that are adapted to at least short periods of inundation and saturation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071019","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Northwest Florida Water Management District and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Darst, M.R., and Light, H.M., 2007, Drying of floodplain forests associated with water-level decline in the Apalachicola River, Florida: Interim results, 2006: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1019, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071019.","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190682,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402774,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_80793.htm"},{"id":9315,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1019/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Apalachicola River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.374755859375,\n 29.82158272057499\n ],\n [\n -84.72656249999999,\n 29.82158272057499\n ],\n [\n -84.72656249999999,\n 30.741835717889792\n ],\n [\n -85.374755859375,\n 30.741835717889792\n ],\n [\n -85.374755859375,\n 29.82158272057499\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db634076","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Darst, Melanie R.","contributorId":93042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darst","given":"Melanie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Light, Helen M.","contributorId":18355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Light","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79671,"text":"ofr20071058 - 2007 - Principal Facts of Gravity data in the Northern Willamette Valley and Vicinity, Northwestern Oregon and Southwestern Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:40","indexId":"ofr20071058","displayToPublicDate":"2007-03-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1058","title":"Principal Facts of Gravity data in the Northern Willamette Valley and Vicinity, Northwestern Oregon and Southwestern Washington","docAbstract":"Gravity data were collected from 2004 through 2006 to assist in mapping subsurface geology in the northern Willamette Valley and vicinity, northwestern Oregon and southwestern Washington. Prior to this effort to improve the gravity data coverage in the study area, very little regional data were available. This report gives the principle facts for 2710 new gravity stations and 1446 preexisting gravity stations. Much of the study area is now covered with data of sufficient density to define basin boundaries and correlate with many of the larger fault systems. \r\n\r\n,p> The study area lies between 44? 52.5 and 46? N latitude and between 122? 15 and 123? 37.5 W longitude. Although this is a continuing project and more gravity data is expected to be collected, this report is being published to show the progress of the data collection. The majority of these data are spaced at about 1.6 km (1 mile), but three closely spaced profiles were measured in the Portland area across several faults. To obtain a 1.6 km grid of data points would require about 5120 gravity stations. To date we have collected 2710 stations. Including the preexisting data points, the total number of stations is 4156, and complete regional coverage is about 80 percent at this time. ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071058","usgsCitation":"Morin, R.L., Wheeler, K.L., McPhee, D., Dinterman, P.A., and Watt, J.T., 2007, Principal Facts of Gravity data in the Northern Willamette Valley and Vicinity, Northwestern Oregon and Southwestern Washington (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1058, 9 p.; map, 24 by 24 inches; data files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071058.","productDescription":"9 p.; map, 24 by 24 inches; data files","numberOfPages":"9","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":314,"text":"Geophysics Unit of Menlo Park, CA (GUMP)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":9309,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1058/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":190898,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123,44.5 ], [ -123,46 ], [ -122,46 ], [ -122,44.5 ], [ -123,44.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db668125","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morin, Robert L.","contributorId":82671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wheeler, Karen L. kwheeler@usgs.gov","contributorId":3404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"Karen","email":"kwheeler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":290540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McPhee, Darcy 0000-0002-5177-3068 dmcphee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5177-3068","contributorId":2621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McPhee","given":"Darcy","email":"dmcphee@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":412,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dinterman, Philip A.","contributorId":11706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinterman","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Watt, Janet T. 0000-0002-4759-3814","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4759-3814","contributorId":8564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watt","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":79665,"text":"ofr20071055 - 2007 - Geochemical data from produced water contamination investigations: Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research (OSPER) sites, Osage County, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-05T19:57:56.110626","indexId":"ofr20071055","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1055","displayTitle":"Geochemical Data from Produced Water Contamination Investigations: Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research (OSPER) Sites, Osage County, Oklahoma","title":"Geochemical data from produced water contamination investigations: Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research (OSPER) sites, Osage County, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"We report chemical and isotopic analyses of 345 water samples collected from the Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research (OSPER) project. Water samples were collected as part of an ongoing multi-year USGS investigation to study the transport, fate, natural attenuation, and ecosystem impacts of inorganic salts and organic compounds present in produced water releases at two oil and gas production sites from an aging petroleum field located in Osage County, in northeast Oklahoma. The water samples were collected primarily from monitoring wells and surface waters at the two research sites, OSPER A (legacy site) and OSPER B (active site), during the period March, 2001 to February, 2005. The data include produced water samples taken from seven active oil wells, one coal-bed methane well and two domestic groundwater wells in the vicinity of the OSPER sites.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071055","usgsCitation":"Thordsen, J., Kharaka, Y.K., Ambats, G., Kakouros, E., and Abbott, M.M., 2007, Geochemical data from produced water contamination investigations: Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research (OSPER) sites, Osage County, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1055, Report: v, 15 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071055.","productDescription":"Report: v, 15 p.; Appendix","numberOfPages":"20","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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,{"id":79656,"text":"ofr20071013 - 2007 - A 3-Dimensional Model of Water-Bearing Sequences in the Dominguez Gap Region, Long Beach, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:39","indexId":"ofr20071013","displayToPublicDate":"2007-02-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1013","title":"A 3-Dimensional Model of Water-Bearing Sequences in the Dominguez Gap Region, Long Beach, California","docAbstract":"A 3-dimensional computer model of the Quaternary sequence stratigraphy in the Dominguez gap region of Long Beach, California has been developed to provide a robust chronostratigraphic framework for hydrologic and tectonic studies. The model consists of 13 layers within a 16.5 by 16.1 km (10.25 by 10 mile) square area and extends downward to an altitude of -900 meters (-2952.76 feet). Ten sequences of late Pliocene to Holocene age are identified and correlated within the model. Primary data to build the model comes from five reference core holes, extensive high-resolution seismic data obtained in San Pedro Bay, and logs from several hundred water and oil wells drilled in the region. The model is best constrained in the vicinity of the Dominguez gap seawater intrusion barrier where a dense network of subsurface data exist. The resultant stratigraphic framework and geologic structure differs significantly from what has been proposed in earlier studies. \r\n\r\nAn important new discovery from this approach is the recognition of ongoing tectonic deformation throughout nearly all of Quaternary time that has impacted the geometry and character of the sequences. Anticlinal folding along a NW-SE trend, probably associated with Quaternary reactivation of the Wilmington anticline, has uplifted and thinned deposits along the fold crest, which intersects the Dominguez gap seawater barrier near Pacific Coast Highway. A W-NW trending fault system that approximately parallels the fold crest has also been identified. This fault progressively displaces all but the youngest sequences down to the north and serves as the southern termination of the classic Silverado aquifer. \r\n\r\nUplift and erosion of fining-upward paralic sequences along the crest of the young fold has removed or thinned many of the fine-grained beds that serve to protect the underlying Silverado aquifer from seawater contaminated shallow groundwater. As a result of this process, the potential exists for vertical migration of seawater into the producing aquifers and subsequent landward migration of intruded waters beneath the existing Dominguez barrier. Incipient invasion of the Silverado aquifer by chloride-enriched waters is observed in a recently drilled well located along the crest of the fold seaward of the barrier and at a depth of 440 feet (134 meters). \r\n\r\nThese new observations and interpretations indicate that the new sequence-based approach to defining the stratigraphy of the Dominguez Gap area may have important implications for seawater intrusion management. To test this, it will be useful to overlay existing water-quality and water level data onto the framework model and to incorporate the new stratigraphy into a transport model.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071013","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works and Water Replenishment District of Southern California","usgsCitation":"Ponti, D.J., Ehman, K.D., Edwards, B.D., Tinsley, J., Hildenbrand, T., Hillhouse, J.W., Hanson, R.T., McDougall, K., Powell, C.L., Wan, E., Land, M., Mahan, S., and Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., 2007, A 3-Dimensional Model of Water-Bearing Sequences in the Dominguez Gap Region, Long Beach, California (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1013, iv, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071013.","productDescription":"iv, 34 p.","numberOfPages":"38","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":648,"text":"Western Earthquake Hazards","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191968,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9292,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1013/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.5,33.5 ], [ -118.5,34 ], [ -118,34 ], [ -118,33.5 ], [ -118.5,33.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd493ee4b0b290850ef04e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ponti, Daniel J. 0000-0002-2437-5144 dponti@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2437-5144","contributorId":1020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponti","given":"Daniel","email":"dponti@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ehman, Kenneth D.","contributorId":64745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ehman","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edwards, Brian D. bedwards@usgs.gov","contributorId":3161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Brian","email":"bedwards@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tinsley, John C. 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