Past land-use practices, including mining, in Allegheny County, Pa., have resulted in three principal environmental problems, exclusive of air and water contamination. They are flooding, landsliding, and subsidence over underground mines. In 1973, information was most complete relative to flooding and least complete relative to landsliding.
Accordingly, in July 1973, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and The Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) entered into an agreement by which the USGS undertook studies chiefly aimed at increasing knowledge of landsliding and mine subsidence relative to land use, but having other ramifications as well, as part of a larger ARC 'Land-use and physical-resource analysis' (LUPRA) program. The chief geographic focus was Allegheny County, but adjacent areas were included in some investigations.
Resulting products, exclusive of this report, are:
1. Forty-three provisional maps of landslide, distribution and susceptibility and of land modified by man in Allegheny County, 1:24,000 scale, 7½ -minute quadrangle format, released to open files.
2. Four USGS Miscellaneous Field Studies (MF) maps of Allegheny County showing (a) bedrock, MF685A; (b) susceptibility to landsliding, MF-685B ; (c) coal-mining features, MF-685C; and (d) zones that can be affected by flooding, landsliding and undermining, MF-685D; all at the scale of 1:50,000.
3. Two MF maps showing coal-mining activity and related information and sites of recorded mine-subsidence events, and one MF map classifying land surface by relative potentiality of mine subsidence, in Allegheny, Washington, and Westmoreland Counties, Pa., at a scale of 1:125,000--MF-693A through MF-693C.
4. A companion report to the Allegheny County map of susceptibility to landsliding--USGS Circular 728.
5. Five MF maps, largely in chart form, describing interaction of the shallow ground-water regime with mining-related problems, landsliding, heavy storm precipitation, and other features and processes, largely in Allegheny County--MF-641A through MF-641E.
Map products are directly applicable to general classification of land for susceptibility to landsliding and mine subsidence and, to a lesser extent, flooding and engineering characteristics. The hydrogeologic charts enable greater understanding of environmental effects of ground water. All products are guides to expected conditions, but none are substitutes for detailed investigations of specific sites by competent technical personnel on the ground.
Specific results and findings are:
1. Knowledge of .susceptibility to landsliding in Allegheny County now is adequate for application to countywide land-use planning.
2. About 110 mi2 (285. km2), or 15 percent, of the county has some significant degree of susceptibility to landsliding.
3. Although a general classification of land in Allegheny, Washington, and Westmoreland Counties relative to mine-subsidence incidents was prepared, data are wholly inadequate for even moderately precise prediction of subsidence events over previously mined-out areas; the accumulation of adequate data might not repay the effort in terms of damage prevention.
4. Commonwealth-of-Pennsylvania regulations, have been very successful in limiting mine-subsidence damage over areas mined after 1966.
5. Undermining and consequent subsidence may have affected the ground-water regime more widely than heretofore believed.
Except for the earth-disturbance inventory that resulted in the maps of susceptibility to landsliding and man-modified land, methods used in the studies largely were conventional. The inventory and ensuing analysis combined aerial photographic interpretation with field work and incorporation of existing data. The method worked very well for the purposes of defining distribution of landslides and areas having different susceptibilities to landsliding. However, if susceptibility to landsliding alone had been the goal, this could have been determined adequately by using photographs at smaller scales and appreciably less expenditure of effort per unit of ground area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/cir747","usgsCitation":"Briggs, R.P., 1977, Environmental geology, Allegheny County and vicinity, Pennsylvania: Description of a program and its results: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 747, iv, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir747.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":410830,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23801.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":31240,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1977/0747/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118109,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1977/0747/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Allegheny 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Reginald Peter","contributorId":78723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Reginald","email":"","middleInitial":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8685,"text":"ofr77224 - 1977 - Factors limiting the sensitivity and dynamic range of a seismic system employing analog magnetic tape recording and a seismic amplifier with adjustable gain settings and several output levels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:18","indexId":"ofr77224","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-224","title":"Factors limiting the sensitivity and dynamic range of a seismic system employing analog magnetic tape recording and a seismic amplifier with adjustable gain settings and several output levels","docAbstract":"In the course of modernizing the low-speed-tape-recorder portable seismic systems and considering the possibilities for the design of a cassette-tape-recorder seismic refraction system, the factors that limit the sensitivity and dynamic range of such systems have been reviewed. These factors will first be stated briefly, and then their influence on systems such as the new 5-day-tape seismic system will be examined in more detail. To fix ideas, we shall assume that the system consists of the following elements:\r\n\r\n1. A seismic sensor: usually a moving coil inertial seismometer with a period of about 1 second, a coil resistance of about 5000 ohms, and an effective motor constant of 1.0 V/cm/sec (across a 10K load terminating the seismometer sensitivity-and-damping-adjustment resistive network).\r\n\r\n2. A seismic amplifier/voltage controlled oscillator unit made up of the following components:\r\n\r\n a) A fixed gain preamplifier with an input resistance of 10K and an internal noise level of 0.5 muVpp referred to the preamp input (0.1 Hz <= freq. <= 30 hz).\r\n\r\n b) An adjustable gain (0 to 42 db in 6 db steps) intermediate amplifier\r\n\r\n c) One or more fixed gain output amplifiers.\r\n\r\n d) Two sections of 6 db/octave bandpass filter serving to couple the 3 amplifier stages together.\r\n\r\n e) Voltage controlled oscillators for each output amplifier to produce modulated FM carriers for recording on separate tape tracks or modulated FM subcarriers for subsequent multiplexing and direct recording on tape in the California Network format.\r\n\r\n3. An analog magnetic tape recorder: e.g. the PI 5100 (15/80 ips recording in the FM mode or in the direct mode with the 'broad-band' variant-of the Cal Net multiplex system, or 15/16 ips recording in the direct mode with the standard Cal Net multiplex system), or the Sony TC-126 cassette recorder operating in the direct record mode with the standard Cal Net multiplex system.\r\n\r\n4. Appropriate magnetic tape playback equipment: e.g., the Bell and Howell 3700-B for the PI-5100 or the Sony TC 126 for its own tapes.\r\n\r\n5. Appropriate discriminators (employing subtractive compensation, at least for the multiplexed systems) to restore the data signals to their original forms.\r\n\r\n6. An A/D convertor to digitize the seismic signals for computer processing and/or a strip chart recorder (e.g., the Siemens Oscillomink) for playout of the data. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77224","usgsCitation":"Eaton, J.P., and Van Schaack, J.R., 1977, Factors limiting the sensitivity and dynamic range of a seismic system employing analog magnetic tape recording and a seismic amplifier with adjustable gain settings and several output levels: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-224, 14 leaves :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77224.","productDescription":"14 leaves :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117961,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_77_224.jpg"},{"id":14276,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0224/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ffe4b07f02db5f7ad8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eaton, Jerry P.","contributorId":22341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eaton","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Schaack, John R.","contributorId":61040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Schaack","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":8534,"text":"ofr77493 - 1977 - Ground-water investigation at the alluvial fan of the South Fork River, Anchorage, Alaska: results of test drilling, 1976","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:15","indexId":"ofr77493","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-493","title":"Ground-water investigation at the alluvial fan of the South Fork River, Anchorage, Alaska: results of test drilling, 1976","docAbstract":"In late 1976, at Anchorage, Alaska, a ground-water exploration well was drilled to a depth of 487 feet on the South Fork Eagle River fan near the confluence with the mainstream. The well penetrated four sand and gravel strata of low water-yielding capacity and extended 37 ft into metamorphic bedrock. Earth water-bearing stratum was pumped for several hours, and the best aquifer yield was found to be 1.7 gal/min/ft of drawdown. These test results support the conclusion, previously inferred from drilling data at a nearby test hole drilled in 1973, that there are no confined aquifers of large yield in the subsurface at this locality. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77493","usgsCitation":"Dearborn, L.L., 1977, Ground-water investigation at the alluvial fan of the South Fork River, Anchorage, Alaska: results of test drilling, 1976: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-493, i, 9 p. :fold. ill., map ;27 cm.; (14 p., 1 sheet - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77493.","productDescription":"i, 9 p. :fold. ill., map ;27 cm.; (14 p., 1 sheet - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141779,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0493/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":36113,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0493/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":36114,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0493/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698633","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dearborn, Larry L.","contributorId":66687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dearborn","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8048,"text":"ofr77478 - 1977 - Progress report on study of magnitude and frequency of floods on small drainage areas in Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:04","indexId":"ofr77478","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-478","title":"Progress report on study of magnitude and frequency of floods on small drainage areas in Florida","docAbstract":"Long-term flood records for small basins, especially those basins of less than 10 square miles, are almost nonexistent in Florida. In July 1967 a program was begun to develop a data base to extend short-term flood-peak records for small basins by use of the U.S. Geological Survey rainfall/runoff model. Concurrent rainfall and runoff data, for a 5- to 7-year period, were used to calibrate a model for eight rainfall/runoff gaging stations. The standard error of estimate ranged from 25 to 50 percent. Twenty other rainfall/runoff stations are ready for calibration. The Caney Creek station was calibrated, and the annual peaks simulated for 1902-68 were used as input to develop a flood-frequency curve using a log-Pearson Type III distribution. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77478","usgsCitation":"Bridges, W.C., 1977, Progress report on study of magnitude and frequency of floods on small drainage areas in Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-478, iv, 22, [9] leaves :ill., map ;27 cm.; (27 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77478.","productDescription":"iv, 22, [9] leaves :ill., map ;27 cm.; (27 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":140575,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0478/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":35623,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0478/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649e19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bridges, W. C.","contributorId":73996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bridges","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56342,"text":"wdrOR751 - 1977 - Water resources data for Oregon, water year 1975","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:22","indexId":"wdrOR751","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"OR-75-1","title":"Water resources data for Oregon, water year 1975","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrOR751","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1977, Water resources data for Oregon, water year 1975: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report OR-75-1, 607 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrOR751.","productDescription":"607 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184219,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aed97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8436,"text":"ofr77883 - 1977 - Deep drilling data, Raft River geothermal area, Idaho Raft River geothermal exploration well No. 3 sidetrack-C","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:07","indexId":"ofr77883","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-883","title":"Deep drilling data, Raft River geothermal area, Idaho Raft River geothermal exploration well No. 3 sidetrack-C","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77883","usgsCitation":"Covington, H.R., 1977, Deep drilling data, Raft River geothermal area, Idaho Raft River geothermal exploration well No. 3 sidetrack-C: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-883, 1 fold. sheet :map ;21 x 29 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77883.","productDescription":"1 fold. sheet :map ;21 x 29 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141365,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":36002,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0883/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db6725ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Covington, H. R. (compiler)","contributorId":52962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Covington","given":"H.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56343,"text":"wdrMS751 - 1977 - Water resources data for Mississippi, water year 1975","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-18T15:33:58.184918","indexId":"wdrMS751","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MS-75-1","title":"Water resources data for Mississippi, water year 1975","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1975 water year for Mississippi consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels of wells. This report contains discharge records for 78 gaging stations; stage records for 15 of these gaging stations; stage only records for 4 gaging stations; contents for 4 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 13 gaging stations and 72 miscellaneous sites; and water levels for 47 observation wells. Also included are data for 136 crest-stage partial-record stations and stage records for 15 discharge stations for the period October 1971 to September 1974 and for 4 stage-only stations for the period January 1972 to September 1974. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not part of the systematic data collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Mississippi.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrMS751","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Mississippi Board of Water Commissioners and with other State, county, municipal, and Federal agencies","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1977, Water resources data for Mississippi, water year 1975: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MS-75-1, xiv, 528 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMS751.","productDescription":"xiv, 528 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184220,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1975/ms-75-1/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":492546,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1975/ms-75-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f3981","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8930,"text":"ofr77869 - 1977 - Preliminary catalog of earthquakes in northern Imperial Valley, California: July 1977-September 1977","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-24T19:23:54.272876","indexId":"ofr77869","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-869","title":"Preliminary catalog of earthquakes in northern Imperial Valley, California: July 1977-September 1977","docAbstract":"The northern section of the Imperial Valley region in southern California is an area of known geothermal resources and an area of high seismicity. To study in detail the relationship between geothermal areas and earthquakes, the U.S. Geological Survey has been monitoring seismicity in the Imperial Valley with a 16 - station network since 1973. Six new stations were added to the network in November 1976. This catalog contains a description of the network and a list of preliminary data on earthquakes recorded by the network from July 1977 through September 1977.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr77869","usgsCitation":"Fuis, G.S., Johnson, C.E., and Jenkins, D., 1977, Preliminary catalog of earthquakes in northern Imperial Valley, California: July 1977-September 1977: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-869, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77869.","productDescription":"20 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":422916,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0869/report.pdf"},{"id":141177,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0869/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"northern Imperial Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.86709736585921,\n 33.07127609254634\n ],\n [\n -115.86709736585921,\n 32.856965839054595\n ],\n [\n -114.71078633070302,\n 32.856965839054595\n ],\n [\n -114.71078633070302,\n 33.07127609254634\n ],\n [\n -115.86709736585921,\n 33.07127609254634\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a058","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuis, Gary S. 0000-0002-3078-1544 fuis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3078-1544","contributorId":2639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"Gary","email":"fuis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":158568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Carl E.","contributorId":53796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jenkins, D.J.","contributorId":90306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":6051,"text":"pp991 - 1977 - Thermal loading of natural streams","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9650,"text":"ofr75448 - 1976 - Thermal loading of natural streams","indexId":"ofr75448","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"Thermal loading of natural streams"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6051,"text":"pp991 - 1977 - Thermal loading of natural streams","indexId":"pp991","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Thermal loading of natural streams"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:57","indexId":"pp991","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"991","title":"Thermal loading of natural streams","docAbstract":"The impact of thermal loading on the temperature regime of natural streams is investigated by mathematical models, which describe both transport (convection-diffusion) and decay (surface dissipation) of waste heat over 1-hour or shorter time intervals. The models are derived from the principle of conservation of thermal energy for application to one- and two-dimensional spaces. The basic concept in these models is to separate water temperature into two parts, (1) excess temperature due to thermal loading and (2) natural (ambient) temperature. This separation allows excess temperature to be calculated from the models without incoming radiation data. Natural temperature may either be measured in prototypes or calculated from the model. If use is made of the model, however, incoming radiation is required as input data. Comparison of observed and calculated temperatures in seven natural streams shows that the models are capable of predicting transient temperature regimes satisfactorily in most cases. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/pp991","usgsCitation":"Jackman, A.P., and Yotsukura, N., 1977, Thermal loading of natural streams: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 991, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp991.","productDescription":"39 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122551,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0991/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":33035,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0991/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a57e4b07f02db62df9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jackman, Alan P.","contributorId":28239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackman","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yotsukura, Nobuhiro","contributorId":81884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yotsukura","given":"Nobuhiro","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":68175,"text":"ha583 - 1977 - Reconnaissance hydrology of Portage Glacier basin, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-07T22:26:10.320534","indexId":"ha583","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"583","title":"Reconnaissance hydrology of Portage Glacier basin, Alaska","docAbstract":"Early reports of conditions in Portage Pass, Alaska, provide evidence that Portage Glacier was formerly larger and thicker. Past conditions, recent history, current retreat, and possible future changes are summarized from an analysis of reports, photographs of the glacier (1939, 1950, and annually since about 1960), and data on snow and ice balance and bathymetry (1972). Between 1900 and 1972, the glacier terminus retreated 3.4 kilometers, and the lower part of the glacier thinned 200 meters. Climatic change controlled the retreat until about 1930; since then deep water at the terminus has influenced the calving retreat. The calving rate and present terminus position cannot be sustained by current climatic conditions and rate of snow accumulation. Thus the glacier will continue to recede until the terminus stabilizes in shallower water, probably about 1.5 kilometers upvalley from the present terminus and in about year 2020, assuming no change in present climatic conditions and calving rate. Possible small climatic changes could cause a shift in the point at which annual snow accumulation equals annual ablation (500 meters) and a corresponding change in terminus behavior. Potential natural hazards include avalanches, outburst floods from ice-dammed lakes, and unstable icebergs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha583","usgsCitation":"Mayo, L., Zenone, C., and Trabant, D., 1977, Reconnaissance hydrology of Portage Glacier basin, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 583, 2 Plates: 47.28 × 31.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha583.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 47.28 × 31.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":395579,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_15975.htm"},{"id":89485,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/583/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89484,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/583/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":186053,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"50000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Portage Glacier basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.854,\n 60.694\n ],\n [\n -148.671,\n 60.694\n ],\n [\n -148.671,\n 60.778\n ],\n [\n -148.854,\n 60.778\n ],\n [\n -148.854,\n 60.694\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699120","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mayo, L.R.","contributorId":21541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayo","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zenone, Chester","contributorId":8094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zenone","given":"Chester","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trabant, Dennis","contributorId":99990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trabant","given":"Dennis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":8867,"text":"ofr77486 - 1977 - Descriptions and chemical analyses for selected wells in eastern Sacramento Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:18","indexId":"ofr77486","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-486","title":"Descriptions and chemical analyses for selected wells in eastern Sacramento Valley, California","docAbstract":"The Sacramento Valley occupies the northern one-third of the Great Central Valley of California. The study area of this report includes about 1,300 square miles in the eastern part of the Sacramento Valley, extending from the latitude of Roseville on the south to the latitude of Chico on the north and bounded on the east by the foothills of the Sierra Nevada and on the west by the Sacramento River, in Yolo, Yuba, Placer, Sutter, and Butte Counties. Between February and July 1976, 809 wells were canvassed, and during August and September 1976, water samples were collected for chemical analysis from 222 of the wells. Field determinations of alkalinity, conductance, pH, and temperature were made on the site at the time of sampling. The samples were then field prepared for shipment and analysis for selected constituents and properties at the Geological Survey Central Laboratory, Arvada, Colo. Descriptive data for water wells, chemical data, and the location of wells are presented. This is the third in a series of data reports showing baseline well data and water-quality data in the Sacramento Valley and is in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77486","usgsCitation":"Fogelman, R.P., and Rockwell, G.L., 1977, Descriptions and chemical analyses for selected wells in eastern Sacramento Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-486, iv, 82 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm.; (94 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77486.","productDescription":"iv, 82 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm.; (94 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142810,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db669016","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fogelman, Ronald P.","contributorId":62597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fogelman","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rockwell, Gerald L.","contributorId":55401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rockwell","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":55803,"text":"wdrNJ772 - 1977 - Water-resources data for New Jersey-water year 1977, Volume 2. Delaware River Basin and tributaries to Delaware Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-23T22:25:02.849015","indexId":"wdrNJ772","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NJ-77-2","title":"Water-resources data for New Jersey-water year 1977, Volume 2. Delaware River Basin and tributaries to Delaware Bay","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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Jersey\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4f32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8662,"text":"ofr77768 - 1977 - Interpretation of an aeromagnetic anomaly in McMullen and Live Oak counties, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:11","indexId":"ofr77768","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-768","title":"Interpretation of an aeromagnetic anomaly in McMullen and Live Oak counties, Texas","docAbstract":"An anomaly about 300 gammas in amplitude has been observed in data from an aerial magnetic survey flown over parts of Duval, Live Oak, McMullen, and Webb Counties, Tex. A two-and-one-half-dimensional model was used to iterpret the data, and the anomaly is apparently caused by a large mafic body centered near 28?10'N and 98?22'W, with an area of about 1800 km2 at a depth of 10 km.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77768","usgsCitation":"Duval, J.S., and Martin, R., 1977, Interpretation of an aeromagnetic anomaly in McMullen and Live Oak counties, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-768, 5, [3] leaves :ill., 2 maps ;27 cm.; (8 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77768.","productDescription":"5, [3] leaves :ill., 2 maps ;27 cm.; (8 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0768/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":36261,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0768/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae2f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duval, Joseph S.","contributorId":22314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duval","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, R.A.","contributorId":53379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":11127,"text":"ofr77607 - 1977 - Preliminary data on some Precambrian deposits of zinc-copper-lead sulfides and zinc spinel (granite) in Colorado","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":11127,"text":"ofr77607 - 1977 - Preliminary data on some Precambrian deposits of zinc-copper-lead sulfides and zinc spinel (granite) in Colorado","indexId":"ofr77607","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary data on some Precambrian deposits of zinc-copper-lead sulfides and zinc spinel (granite) in Colorado"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":35806,"text":"b1550 - 1984 - Precambrian deposits of zinc-copper-lead sulfides and zinc spinel (gahnite) in Colorado","indexId":"b1550","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Precambrian deposits of zinc-copper-lead sulfides and zinc spinel (gahnite) in Colorado"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":35806,"text":"b1550 - 1984 - Precambrian deposits of zinc-copper-lead sulfides and zinc spinel (gahnite) in Colorado","indexId":"b1550","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Precambrian deposits of zinc-copper-lead sulfides and zinc spinel (gahnite) in Colorado"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-03T18:17:01.023948","indexId":"ofr77607","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-607","title":"Preliminary data on some Precambrian deposits of zinc-copper-lead sulfides and zinc spinel (granite) in Colorado","docAbstract":"Precambrian sulfide deposits in the Southern Rocky Mountains in Colorado are being studied and re-evaluated according to geologic concepts which were developed in recent years in other parts of the world during successful research regarding economic massive sulfide deposits. These studies, initiated in 1974 in Colorado by the U.S. Geological Survey, have indicated that a new look at areas containing long dormant mines and prospects may well lead to the discovery of minable Precambrian sulfide deposits. The zinc, copper, and lead contents of ores investigated to date, supplemented by silver and gold contents, indicate that many long-forgotten deposits are minable in terms of grade. The deposits occur in Precambrian rocks metamorphosed to the lower amphibolite facies in one major region and to the upper amphibolite facies in other regions. Field studies have provided ample evidence indicating that the search for commercial tonnages can he facilitated by using newer concepts of economic geology regarding ore-host rock associations as prospecting guides and by using structural considerations aimed toward learning how metamorphism and folding have modified the shapes and distribution of the ore bodies. A newly recognized concept, originating from the current studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Colorado, concerns the potential economic significance of gahnite, a zinc spinel. The field and laboratory data indicate that gahnite can be used by geologists as a prospector's guide to ore and can be considerd by mining engineers as a potential major ore mineral, contributing significant amounts of zinc to the sulfide ores in many of the deposits. Studies to date indicate that the Gunnison area, the Salida area, and the Guffey area are particularly favorable to the search for minable deposits, and the potential is equally present in many other areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr77607","usgsCitation":"Sheridan, D.M., and Raymond, W.H., 1977, Preliminary data on some Precambrian deposits of zinc-copper-lead sulfides and zinc spinel (granite) in Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-607, ii, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77607.","productDescription":"ii, 27 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143534,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0607/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":393763,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0607/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -104,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -104,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 37\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c52c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sheridan, Douglas M.","contributorId":13966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheridan","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raymond, William H.","contributorId":48555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raymond","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25421,"text":"wri76129 - 1977 - Computation of backwater and discharge at width constrictions of heavily vegetated flood plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-12T20:01:40.374979","indexId":"wri76129","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-129","title":"Computation of backwater and discharge at width constrictions of heavily vegetated flood plains","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, cooperated with the Federal Highway Administration and the State Highway Departments of Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana, to develop a proposed method for computing backwater and discharge at width constrictions of heavily vegetated flood plains. Data were collected at 20 single opening sites for 31 floods. Flood-plain width varied from 4 to 14 times the bridge opening width. The recurrence intervals of peak discharge ranged from a 2-year flood to greater than a 100-year flood, with a median interval of 6 years. Measured backwater ranged from 0.39 to 3.16 feet. Backwater computed by the present standard Geological Survey method averaged 29 percent less than the measured, and that computed by the currently used Federal Highway Administration method averaged 47 percent less than the measured. Discharge computed by the Survey method averaged 21 percent more then the measured. Analysis of data showed that the flood-plain widths and the Manning 's roughness coefficient are larger than those used to develop the standard methods. A method to more accurately compute backwater and discharge was developed. The difference between the contracted and natural water-surface profiles computed using standard step-backwater procedures is defined as backwater. The energy loss terms in the step-backwater procedure are computed as the product of the geometric mean of the energy slopes and the flow distance in the reach was derived from potential flow theory. The mean error was 1 percent when using the proposed method for computing backwater and 3 percent for computing discharge. 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7f5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schneider, V.R.","contributorId":75129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"V.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Board, J.W.","contributorId":72823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Board","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Colson, B.E.","contributorId":71546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colson","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lee, F.N.","contributorId":83961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"F.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Druffel, Leroy","contributorId":95069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Druffel","given":"Leroy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":8136,"text":"ofr77875 - 1977 - Density and porosity estimates from borehole gravity data in the Castle Pines #3, #2, and #1 water wells, Douglas County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-07T19:01:25.35899","indexId":"ofr77875","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-875","title":"Density and porosity estimates from borehole gravity data in the Castle Pines #3, #2, and #1 water wells, Douglas County, Colorado","docAbstract":"Borehole gravity surveys were carried out in the Castle Pines #3, #2, and #1 water wells using the U.S. Geological Survey-LaCoste and Romberg borehole gravity meter (McCulloh and others, 1967a; McCulloh and others, 1967b). The objectives were to estimate the density and porosity of the formations penetrated, and to determine the precision and repeatability of borehole gravity data in shallow wells. A detailed account of field techniques and analysis of data quality has been given by Byerley (1977). This report tabulates the borehole gravity data collected, and presents densities and porosities computed from the subsurface gravity data.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr77875","usgsCitation":"Byerley, K.A., and Schmoker, J., 1977, Density and porosity estimates from borehole gravity data in the Castle Pines #3, #2, and #1 water wells, Douglas County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-875, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77875.","productDescription":"17 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":408107,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0875/Report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142113,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0875/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Douglas County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-104.6627,39.5665],[-104.6626,39.4762],[-104.663,39.3892],[-104.664,39.3026],[-104.6638,39.2165],[-104.6642,39.1308],[-104.8303,39.1311],[-104.9175,39.131],[-104.9371,39.1312],[-105.032,39.1311],[-105.0503,39.1312],[-105.1607,39.1306],[-105.274,39.1309],[-105.3232,39.1307],[-105.322,39.1343],[-105.3213,39.1407],[-105.3195,39.1434],[-105.3171,39.1443],[-105.3148,39.1461],[-105.3136,39.1493],[-105.3117,39.1542],[-105.3069,39.161],[-105.3051,39.1624],[-105.3015,39.1632],[-105.2985,39.1673],[-105.2961,39.1705],[-105.2908,39.1741],[-105.2872,39.1772],[-105.2841,39.1863],[-105.2817,39.1935],[-105.2768,39.2016],[-105.2744,39.2048],[-105.272,39.2052],[-105.2649,39.2061],[-105.2619,39.2074],[-105.2601,39.2097],[-105.2595,39.2156],[-105.2582,39.2283],[-105.2557,39.2332],[-105.2533,39.2378],[-105.2527,39.2396],[-105.2491,39.2395],[-105.2432,39.2395],[-105.2396,39.2399],[-105.2348,39.2431],[-105.2259,39.248],[-105.2217,39.2534],[-105.2216,39.2575],[-105.2204,39.2589],[-105.2168,39.2593],[-105.2144,39.2606],[-105.2162,39.2643],[-105.2167,39.2683],[-105.2143,39.2729],[-105.2058,39.29],[-105.2046,39.295],[-105.2016,39.2982],[-105.1938,39.3018],[-105.1938,39.304],[-105.1955,39.3081],[-105.1948,39.3126],[-105.1919,39.3131],[-105.1877,39.3158],[-105.187,39.3194],[-105.1846,39.3239],[-105.184,39.328],[-105.1815,39.3352],[-105.1767,39.3402],[-105.1718,39.3501],[-105.1694,39.3555],[-105.1658,39.36],[-105.1663,39.3682],[-105.168,39.3732],[-105.1697,39.3809],[-105.1702,39.3845],[-105.166,39.39],[-105.1654,39.3949],[-105.1671,39.399],[-105.1671,39.4031],[-105.1664,39.4049],[-105.1586,39.4094],[-105.1527,39.4116],[-105.1419,39.417],[-105.1383,39.4197],[-105.1335,39.4233],[-105.1268,39.4296],[-105.1238,39.4336],[-105.1244,39.4368],[-105.1237,39.4409],[-105.1225,39.4468],[-105.123,39.4531],[-105.1253,39.4563],[-105.1289,39.4586],[-105.1306,39.4654],[-105.1305,39.4695],[-105.1263,39.4731],[-105.1197,39.4762],[-105.1155,39.4785],[-105.1149,39.4798],[-105.1137,39.4825],[-105.1119,39.4834],[-105.1,39.4829],[-105.0928,39.4846],[-105.0874,39.4891],[-105.0843,39.4941],[-105.0818,39.5022],[-105.08,39.5059],[-105.077,39.5095],[-105.0775,39.5126],[-105.0757,39.5194],[-105.0762,39.524],[-105.0724,39.5402],[-105.0646,39.547],[-105.0609,39.5501],[-105.0609,39.5551],[-105.0561,39.5592],[-105.0494,39.5627],[-105.0452,39.5659],[-104.9408,39.5664],[-104.8292,39.5663],[-104.7182,39.5661],[-104.6627,39.5665]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Douglas\",\"state\":\"CO\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66eb7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Byerley, Keith A.","contributorId":95060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerley","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmoker, J. W.","contributorId":69964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmoker","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":56379,"text":"wdrNHVT761 - 1977 - Water resources data for New Hampshire and Vermont, water year 1976","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-16T18:55:17.989866","indexId":"wdrNHVT761","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NH-VT-76-1","title":"Water resources data for New Hampshire and Vermont, water year 1976","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrNHVT761","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1977, Water resources data for New Hampshire and Vermont, water year 1976: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NH-VT-76-1, 219 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNHVT761.","productDescription":"219 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":375624,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2000/nh-vt-76-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":185018,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2000/nh-vt-76-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont, New 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the 1975 water year for Utah consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality in wells and springs. This report contains discharge records for 238 gaging stations; stage or contents for 20 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 41 surface-water stations and 363 wells; and water levels for 159 observation wells. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not part of the systematic data collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Utah.
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Missouri River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-21T14:58:51.456678","indexId":"wdrWY761","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WY-76-1","title":"Water resources data, Wyoming, water year 1976; volume 1. Missouri River basin","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1976 water year for Wyoming consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of wells. This report, in two volumes, contains discharge records for 226 gaging stations; stage only records for 1 lake; stage and contents for 16 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 116 gaging stations, 68 ungaged stations, 4 lakes and reservoirs, and 253 wells and springs; and water levels for 48 observation wells. Also included are 111 crest-stage partial-record stations. Additional water data were collected at: various sites, not part of the systematic data-collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements and analyses. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Wyoming.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa5bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55269,"text":"wdrKS761 - 1977 - Water resources data for Kansas, water year 1976","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-14T09:43:11","indexId":"wdrKS761","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"KS-76-1","title":"Water resources data for Kansas, water year 1976","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1976 water year for Kansas consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality in wells. This report contains discharge records for 148 gaging stations; stage and contents for 20 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 67 gaging stations and 2 lakes; and water levels for 451 observation wells and water quality for 22 wells. Also included are data for 122 crest-stage partial-record stations and 23 low-flow partial-record stations. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the
U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Kansas.
Mountain Creek drains the northeast corner of Johnson County, the northwest corner of Ellis County, the southeast corner of Tarrant County, and part of the southwest corner of Dallas County, Tex. The basin is 30 miles long and averages 10 miles in width. The total drainage area at the mouth is 304 sq mi. Basin outflow for the 1975 water year was 146,400 acre-feet which is 68,880 acre-feet above the 15-year (1960-75) average of 77,520 acre-feet. Storage in Mountain Creek Lake showed a net loss of 150 acre-feet during the water year. Rainfall over the study area for the 1975 water year was about 39 inches, which is about 5 inches above the 15-year mean for the area. (Woodard-USGS)
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7772","usgsCitation":"Buckner, H., 1977, Hydrologic data for Mountain Creek, Trinity River basin, Texas, 1975: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-72, v, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7772.","productDescription":"v, 20 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":145009,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fa3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buckner, H.D.","contributorId":49783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckner","given":"H.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58498,"text":"mf851 - 1977 - Map showing free-air gravity anomalies in the southern Beaufort Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-17T16:44:31.539775","indexId":"mf851","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"851","title":"Map showing free-air gravity anomalies in the southern Beaufort Sea","docAbstract":"Free-air gravity anomaly data used in this compilation were obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey; the University of Connecticut Institute of Marine Sciences; and the Earth Physics Branch, Department of Energy, Mines, and Resources, Canada.
Bathymetric contours are based primarily upon water-depth data (uncorrected) collected together with the gravity data. Water depths were reported every half hour (approximately every 5.5 km) along USGS tracklines and interpolated to 10 minute intervals. Where no new bathymetric data were available, depth contours were taken from U.S. Hydrographic Office charts 6782 and 6785. Geographic features were taken from the same charts.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf851","usgsCitation":"1977, Map showing free-air gravity anomalies in the southern Beaufort Sea: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 851, 1 Plate: 44.08 x 31.32 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf851.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 44.08 x 31.32 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417155,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0851/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":417097,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4031.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":185151,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0851/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"1000000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"southern Beaufort Sea","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -160,68 ], [ -160,73 ], [ -130,73 ], [ -130,68 ], [ -160,68 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1545","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Boucher, Gary","contributorId":48594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boucher","given":"Gary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872830,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruppel, Byron D.","contributorId":64254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppel","given":"Byron","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872831,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chiburis, E.F.","contributorId":22853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiburis","given":"E.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872832,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dehlinger, Peter","contributorId":97571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dehlinger","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872833,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":7171,"text":"ofr77783 - 1977 - The geological investigation of the Taurus-Littrow Valley: Apollo 17 landing site","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":7171,"text":"ofr77783 - 1977 - The geological investigation of the Taurus-Littrow Valley: Apollo 17 landing site","indexId":"ofr77783","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"The geological investigation of the Taurus-Littrow Valley: Apollo 17 landing site"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":25001,"text":"pp1080 - 1981 - The geologic investigation of the Taurus-Littrow Valley; Apollo 17 landing site, with a section on Apollo 17 lunar surface photography","indexId":"pp1080","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"The geologic investigation of the Taurus-Littrow Valley; Apollo 17 landing site, with a section on Apollo 17 lunar surface photography"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":25001,"text":"pp1080 - 1981 - The geologic investigation of the Taurus-Littrow Valley; Apollo 17 landing site, with a section on Apollo 17 lunar surface photography","indexId":"pp1080","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"The geologic investigation of the Taurus-Littrow Valley; Apollo 17 landing site, with a section on Apollo 17 lunar surface photography"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-26T17:17:37.054504","indexId":"ofr77783","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-783","title":"The geological investigation of the Taurus-Littrow Valley: Apollo 17 landing site","docAbstract":"Astronauts Cernan and Schmitt, of Apollo 17, landed in the Taurus-Littrow valley of the Moon on December 11, 1972. Their major objectives were: (1) to sample very ancient lunar material such as might be found in pre-Imbrian highlands as distant as possible from the Imbrium basin, and (2) to sample pyroclastic materials that had been interpreted as significantly younger than the mare basalts returned from previous Apollo landing sites. The crew worked approximately 22 hours on the lunar surface; they traversed about 30 km, collected nearly 120 kg of samples, took more than 2,200 photographs, and recorded many direct geologic observations. The lunar surface data, sample results, and geologic interpretation of orbital photographs are the bases for this geologic synthesis.
The Taurus-Littrow massifs are interpreted as the upper part of thick faulted ejecta deposited on the rim of the transient cavity of the large southern Serenitatis basin, which was formed by a meteor impact about 3.9 to 4.0 b.y. ago. The target rocks, predominantly of the dunite-anorthosite-norite-troctolite suite or its metamorphosed equivalents, were fractured, sheared, crushed, and melted by the impact. The resulting mixture of crushed rock and melt was transported up and out of the transient cavity and deposited on and beyond its rim. Hot fragmental to partly molten ejecta and relatively cool cataclasite and relict target rocks were intermixed in a melange of lenses, pods, and veins. Crystallization of melts and thermal metamorphism of fine-grained fragmental debris produced breccia composed of lithic and mineral fragments in a fine-grained, coherent, crystalline matrix. Such breccia dominates the massif samples.
Faults that bound the massifs were activated during formation of the basin, so that structural relief of several kilometers, due to high-angle faulting, was imposed on the ejecta almost as soon as it was deposited. Massive slumping, that produced thick wedges of colluvium on the lower massif slopes, probably occurred nearly contemporaneously with the faulting. Sculptured Hills material, perhaps largely cataclasite excavated from the southern Serenitatis basin by the same impact, was then deposited on and around the faulted ejecta of the massifs.
Subfloor basalt, estimated to be about 1,400 m thick in the landing site, flooded the Taurus-Littrow graben prior to approximately 3.7 b. y. ago. The basalt is part of a more extensive unit that was broadly warped and cut by extensional faults before the accumulation in Mare Serenitatis of younger, less deformed basalts that overlap it. A thin volcanic ash unit, probably about 3.5 b. y. old, mantled the subfloor basalt and the nearby highlands. It, too, was subsequently overlapped by the younger basalts of Mare Serenitatis.
In the time since deposition of the volcanic ash, continued bombardment by meteors and secondary projectiles has produced regolith, a mechanical mixture of debris derived mainly from the subfloor basalt, the volcanic ash, and the rocks of the nearby massifs and Sculptured Hills. The regolith, in combination with the underlying volcanic ash, forms an unconsolidated surficial deposit with an average thickness of about 14 m, sufficiently thick to permit abnormally rapid degradation of the smaller craters, especially those less than 200 m in diameter, so as to create a surface that seems less cratered than do other mare surfaces. Admixture of volcanic ash gives the surface a distinctive dark color, which, in combination with the less cratered appearance, led to the pre-mission interpretation of a young dark mantling unit.
The uppermost part of the regolith in the landing area is basalt rich ejecta from the clustered craters of the valley floor. Most of the craters are interpreted as part of a secondary cluster formed by projectiles of ejecta from Tycho. When they struck the face of the South Massif, the projectiles mobilized fine-grained regolith material that was redeposited on the valley floor as the light mantle. Exposure ages suggest that the swarm of secondary projectiles struck the Taurus-Littrow area about 100 m.y. ago.
The Lee-Lincoln fault scarp is part of an extensive system of wrinkle ridges and scarps that transect both mare and highlands rocks. The scarp cuts the crater Lara, but the major part of the displacement occurred before deposition of the light mantle. Minor post-light mantle displacement is shown by small extensional faults that cut its surface west of the Lee-Lincoln scarp.
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G.","contributorId":36125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilshire","given":"H.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":154601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":11635,"text":"ofr77734 - 1977 - Quantity and quality of drainage from the Argo Tunnel and other sources related to metal mining in Gilpin, Clear Creek and Park Counties, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-04-19T17:28:34","indexId":"ofr77734","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-734","title":"Quantity and quality of drainage from the Argo Tunnel and other sources related to metal mining in Gilpin, Clear Creek and Park Counties, Colorado","docAbstract":"Eighteen metal-mine drainage sources have been located in that part of Gilpin, Clear Creek, and Park Counties, Colo., lying within the Missouri River basin. At least 13 of these sources are known to contain high acidity and (or) trace-element concentrations or to contribute water to adversely affected streams. From January 1976 to March 1977, drainage from the Argo Tunnel in Idaho Springs--one of the major metal-mine drainage sources in the study area--exhibited variations in discharge from 0.35 to 0.55 cubic feet per second (0.010 to 0.016 cubic meters per second), a relatively constant temperature of 16 degrees Celsius, and variations in specific conductance from 2,680 to 3,410 micromhos per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (though a value of about 3,100 micromhos persisted throughout most of the period of record). High, but relatively constant, total concentrations (in micrograms per liter) of arsenic (100 to 180), cadmium (140 to 170), copper (5,000 to 6,000), iron (160,000 to 200,000), lead (less than 100 to 200), manganese (80,000 to 110,000), and zinc (40,000 to 49,000) were measured in the Argo Tunnel drainage from March 1976 to March 1977. Except for lead, the trace elements were mostly dissolved (82 percent or greater) and appear to represent baseline concentrations. Long-term degradation of water flowing from the Argo Tunnel is shown by increases of at least 2.5 to 8.0 times for dissolved solids, dissolved iron, calcium, magnesium, and sulfate since 1906. The acidity has changed from neutral in 1906 to a median pH value of 2.9 in 1976-77. Comparison of current Argo Tunnel data with those collected previously by other investigators indicates that spring chemical flushes containing higher than baseline trace-element concentrations occurred in 1973 and 1974, but not in 1975 or 1976, and probably not in 1972. The spring chemical flushes appear to be associated with increased infiltration from snowmelt in the catchment of the Argo Tunnel. Because of the wide ranges in mine-drainage quality and quantity expected for discharges from abandoned mines in the study area, each situation must be examined individually, and the management alternative chosen for mine-drainage abatement must be tailored to solve the particular mining and hydrologic problems at a given site.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water and Related Land Resources Management Study","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr77734","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Omaha District, Omaha, Nebraska","usgsCitation":"Wentz, D.A., 1977, Quantity and quality of drainage from the Argo Tunnel and other sources related to metal mining in Gilpin, Clear Creek and Park Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-734, iv, 61 leaves :ill., maps; Volume V: Supporting Technical Reports Appendices; Appendix F: USGS Mine Drainage Study; 27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77734.","productDescription":"iv, 61 leaves :ill., maps; Volume V: Supporting Technical Reports Appendices; Appendix F: USGS Mine Drainage Study; 27 cm.","numberOfPages":"128","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144951,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_77_734.png"},{"id":254517,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0734/ofr77-0734.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Gilpin County;Clear Creek County;Park County","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64adf5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wentz, Dennis A. dawentz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wentz","given":"Dennis","email":"dawentz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":163482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}