Time of travel and dispersion were determined in a 9.4-river-mile reach of Roberts Creek in northwestern Clayton County, Iowa, in the spring of 1990. Time of travel was determined so that a discrete parcel of water could be sampled through the study area during medium to low streamflow conditions. Dispersion characteristics were determined to identify solute-transport differences under two streamflow conditions.
\nTime of travel was determined by dye tracing, using rhodamine WT as the tracer. One dyeinjection site and three sampling sites were used to measure time of travel. Two dye-tracing tests were conducted at discharges having flow-duration values of 48 and 80 percent. The discharges at the time of the two dye-tracing tests approximated medium- and low-flow conditions. The average stream velocity in the study area was 0.23 foot per second during medium-flow conditions, March 20 to 22,1990, and 0.07 foot per second during low-flow conditions, April 30 to May 12, 1990. The injected dye dispersed in a plume that lasted about 18 hours during medium flow and about 64 hours during low flow at the downstream site.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri914145","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey Bureau","usgsCitation":"Kolpin, D., and Kalkhoff, S., 1992, Time of travel and dispersion in a selected reach of Roberts Creek, Clayton County, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4145, iv, 16 p.: ill.; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914145.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p.: ill.; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159007,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4145/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56912,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4145/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","county":"Clayton County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-91.604,43.0816],[-91.4892,43.0817],[-91.37,43.0807],[-91.2546,43.0802],[-91.1944,43.08],[-91.178,43.0798],[-91.1777,43.0732],[-91.1782,43.0655],[-91.1776,43.0584],[-91.1766,43.0506],[-91.1756,43.0415],[-91.1716,43.0291],[-91.1677,43.0192],[-91.1624,43.0071],[-91.1589,42.9989],[-91.1579,42.9966],[-91.1566,42.9934],[-91.1563,42.9894],[-91.1568,42.9839],[-91.1585,42.9784],[-91.1566,42.9747],[-91.1559,42.9739],[-91.152,42.9695],[-91.1506,42.9678],[-91.1464,42.9609],[-91.1455,42.9518],[-91.1457,42.9445],[-91.1454,42.9395],[-91.1453,42.9372],[-91.1438,42.9268],[-91.1445,42.9168],[-91.1444,42.9104],[-91.1411,42.905],[-91.1372,42.9007],[-91.1311,42.8965],[-91.1218,42.8927],[-91.1132,42.8885],[-91.1047,42.8824],[-91.0999,42.875],[-91.0995,42.874],[-91.0971,42.8678],[-91.0944,42.8596],[-91.0924,42.8542],[-91.0908,42.8498],[-91.089,42.8462],[-91.086,42.8443],[-91.0847,42.8437],[-91.0823,42.8424],[-91.0796,42.8398],[-91.0775,42.8373],[-91.0776,42.8339],[-91.0781,42.8294],[-91.078,42.8214],[-91.0776,42.8103],[-91.0763,42.8],[-91.0735,42.7913],[-91.0713,42.7826],[-91.0696,42.7771],[-91.0688,42.7736],[-91.0667,42.7698],[-91.0649,42.767],[-91.0629,42.7645],[-91.062,42.762],[-91.0621,42.7591],[-91.0634,42.7561],[-91.0639,42.7545],[-91.0638,42.754],[-91.0632,42.7523],[-91.0613,42.75],[-91.0587,42.7487],[-91.0582,42.7485],[-91.0563,42.7478],[-91.0549,42.746],[-91.0549,42.7446],[-91.0543,42.7428],[-91.0517,42.7397],[-91.0492,42.7383],[-91.0467,42.7379],[-91.0447,42.7376],[-91.0417,42.7375],[-91.0392,42.7375],[-91.0354,42.7371],[-91.0323,42.7358],[-91.0305,42.7341],[-91.03,42.7314],[-91.0301,42.7291],[-91.0283,42.7263],[-91.0264,42.7249],[-91.0259,42.7245],[-91.0226,42.7227],[-91.0182,42.7205],[-91.0075,42.7161],[-90.998,42.7121],[-90.9903,42.7074],[-90.9841,42.7036],[-90.98,42.6995],[-90.9734,42.6956],[-90.9677,42.6929],[-90.9601,42.6898],[-90.9542,42.6872],[-90.9482,42.6858],[-90.9413,42.685],[-90.9382,42.685],[-90.9332,42.6856],[-90.9276,42.6856],[-90.9226,42.6843],[-90.9169,42.6821],[-90.9108,42.68],[-90.9065,42.6785],[-90.8985,42.6761],[-90.896,42.6753],[-90.8962,42.6697],[-90.8978,42.6447],[-91.0181,42.6452],[-91.1334,42.6451],[-91.2519,42.6445],[-91.3691,42.6437],[-91.4876,42.6442],[-91.606,42.6437],[-91.6055,42.731],[-91.605,42.8169],[-91.6045,42.9056],[-91.6046,42.9915],[-91.604,43.0816]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Clayton\",\"state\":\"IA\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b70f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kalkhoff, S. J.","contributorId":28967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"S. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26972,"text":"wri914073 - 1992 - Surface-water-quality assessment of the Yakima River basin, Washington: Areal distribution of fecal-indicator bacteria, July 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-23T21:36:42.721094","indexId":"wri914073","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4073","title":"Surface-water-quality assessment of the Yakima River basin, Washington: Areal distribution of fecal-indicator bacteria, July 1988","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914073","usgsCitation":"Embrey, S., 1992, Surface-water-quality assessment of the Yakima River basin, Washington: Areal distribution of fecal-indicator bacteria, July 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4073, Report: vi, 34 p.; 2 Plates: 31.79 × 32.94 inches and 31.50 × 33.04 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914073.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 34 p.; 2 Plates: 31.79 × 32.94 inches and 31.50 × 33.04 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393388,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47494.htm"},{"id":55858,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4073/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55860,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4073/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55859,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4073/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157799,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4073/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Yakima River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.5,\n 46\n ],\n [\n -119.1378,\n 46\n ],\n [\n -119.1378,\n 47.5\n ],\n [\n -121.5,\n 47.5\n ],\n [\n -121.5,\n 46\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a48a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Embrey, S.S.","contributorId":8448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Embrey","given":"S.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28565,"text":"wri914123 - 1992 - Factors that affect public-supply water use in Florida, with a section on projected water use to the year 2020","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:53","indexId":"wri914123","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4123","title":"Factors that affect public-supply water use in Florida, with a section on projected water use to the year 2020","docAbstract":"Public-supply water use in Florida increased 242 percent between 1960 and 1987 from 530 Mgal/d (million gallons per day) to 1,811 Mgal/d. This change is primarily a result of increases in population and tourism since 1960. Public-supply utilities provide water to a variety of users. In 1985, 71 percent of the water used for public supply was delivered for residential uses, 15 percent for commercial uses, 9 percent for industrial uses, and the remaining 5 percent for public use or other uses. Residential use of public-supply water in Florida has increased nearly 280 Mgal/d, but has decreased in the proportion of total deliveries from 80 to 71 percent between 1975 and 1985. This trend resulted from increased tourism and related commercial services associated with population and visitors. \r\n\r\nOne of several factors that influences public-supply water use in Florida is the increase in resident population, which increased from 4.95 million in 1960 to more than 12.0 million in 1987. Additionally, Florida's nonresident population increased from 18.8 million visitors in 1977, to 34.1 million visitors in 1987, and the part of Florida?s population that relies on public-supply water increased from 68 percent in 1960, to 86 percent in 1987. The public supply per capita use was multiplied by the projected populations for each county for the years 2000, 2010, and 2020 to forecast public-supply water use. Using medium projections, Florida?s population is expected to increase to nearly 16 million in the year 2000, to 18 million in the year 2010, and to almost 20 million in the year 2020, of which an estimated 13.5 million people will be supplied water from public-supply water systems in the year 2000, 15 million in 2010, and nearly 17 million by the year 2020. Public-supply water use is expected to increase to a projected (medium) 2,310 Mgal/d in the year 2000, 2,610 Mgal/d in the year 2010, and 2,890 Mgal/d in the year 2020. If the population exceeds the medium projections for the years 2000, 2010, and 2020, high projections estimate public-supply water use could reach 2,570 Mgal/d in 2000, 3,210 Mgal/d in 2010, and 3,900 Mgal/d in 2020. Palm Beach County is projected to have the largest increase in public-supply water use, from 168 Mgal/d used in 1987 to a medium projected 338 Mgal/d for 2020. Dade County?s public-supply water use is projected (medium) to increase to nearly 471 Mgal/d for 2020, the largest county use in Florida. \r\n\r\nWater demand options, such as conservation, restrictions, education programs, leak detection and repair programs, and more realistic pricing practices can reduce the demand for freshwater. Increased use of alternative sources of water, such as reclaimed wastewater and desalinated seawater also can reduce the demand for freshwater. Because the water demand projections in this report are based primarily on population projections, they should represent an upper limit of actual future demand if the population projections prove sound. Any additional water demand options implemented in the future at the State, county, or public-supply facility level may significantly reduce per capita use and result in public-supply use less than projected in this report.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri914123","usgsCitation":"Marella, R., 1992, Factors that affect public-supply water use in Florida, with a section on projected water use to the year 2020: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4123, viii, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914123.","productDescription":"viii, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2351,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri914123/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124777,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_91_4123.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4884e4b07f02db5188d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marella, R. L.","contributorId":34164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marella","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28413,"text":"wri924045 - 1992 - Results of ground-water, surface-water, and water-quality monitoring, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona; 1990-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-09T21:11:55.119952","indexId":"wri924045","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4045","title":"Results of ground-water, surface-water, and water-quality monitoring, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona; 1990-91","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924045","usgsCitation":"Littin, G.R., 1992, Results of ground-water, surface-water, and water-quality monitoring, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona; 1990-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4045, iv, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924045.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392696,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47622.htm"},{"id":57217,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4045/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159280,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4045/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Black Mesa area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.5,\n 35.5\n ],\n [\n -109.5,\n 35.5\n ],\n [\n -109.5,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -111.5,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -111.5,\n 35.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fa09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Littin, G. R.","contributorId":95924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Littin","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26976,"text":"wri924110 - 1992 - Movement of water in seasonally frozen soil, southeastern North Dakota, 1985-87","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T16:05:40","indexId":"wri924110","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4110","title":"Movement of water in seasonally frozen soil, southeastern North Dakota, 1985-87","docAbstract":"A study of seasonally frozen soil was conducted from October 1985 through April 1986 and from October 1986 through April 1987. Three runoff plots were established. On October 30, 1985, 86 mm (millimeters) of water was applied to plot 1, and 43 mm of water was applied to plot 3. No water was applied to plot 2. The winter of 1985-86 had colder-than-normal air temperatures and greater-thannormal precipitation. Some freezing-induced redistribution was measured within the soil profile at some sites. No measurable upward movement of water from the water table to the freezing front was detected in any of the plots.
Snowmelt runoff occurred on March 21 and 22. Plot 1 had 14.2 mm of runoff, plot 2 had less than 0.1 mm of runoff, and plot 3 had 9.0 mm of runoff. Infiltration was determined as the difference between soil water content on March 3 and on March 24. Infiltration was 64.8 mm for plot 1, 43.0 mm for plot 2, and 34.8 mm for plot 3.
The ground-water level started to rise rapidly 2 days after the start of the major snowmelt. Recharge computed from the change in ground-water levels for March 24-27 was 13.2 mm. The mean change in soil water content for March 24-27 indicates a loss (recharge) of 5.1 mm for plot 1, a loss of 1.9 mm for plot 2, and a gain of 4.4 mm for plot 3. The difference between recharge computed from the change in ground-water levels and recharge computed from the change in soil water content indicates that some of the recharge is from a location other than the plots.
The winter of 1986-87 had warmer-than-normal air temperatures and less-than-normal precipitation. Because water was entering and leaving the soil profile during the mild winter, changes in soil water content caused by freezing-induced redistribution, infiltration, or evaporation could not be quantified. On February 26, rainfall runoff occurred from snow-free frozen soil on plots 2 and 3. Snowmelt runoff occurred on all three plots on March 4 and only on plot 3 on March 5. Between February 9 and March 5, infiltration was 50.1 mm for plot 1, 25.4 mm for plot 2, and 49.6 mm for plot 3.
The ground-water level rose very rapidly for a few days at the beginning of March. This rise corresponded to the snowmelt runoff on March 4 and 5. The ground-water level then stabilized until March 18 when it again started to rise rapidly. This rise continued throughout the month. Recharge computed from the change in groundwater levels for March 5-11 was 5.9 mm, recharge for March 11-26 was 50.4 mm, and recharge for March 26 through April 1 was 18.7 mm.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924110","usgsCitation":"Emerson, D.G., 1992, Movement of water in seasonally frozen soil, southeastern North Dakota, 1985-87: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4110, iv, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924110.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55864,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4110/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121570,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4110/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698c63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emerson, D. G.","contributorId":39385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emerson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":41185,"text":"ofr91515 - 1992 - Potentiometric surface of the upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity, Florida, May 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:32","indexId":"ofr91515","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-515","title":"Potentiometric surface of the upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity, Florida, May 1991","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr91515","usgsCitation":"Phelps, G.G., Spechler, R., Murray, L., and Bradner, L.A., 1992, Potentiometric surface of the upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity, Florida, May 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-515, 1 map :photocopy ;103 x 63 cm., on sheet 122 x 76 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91515.","productDescription":"1 map :photocopy ;103 x 63 cm., on sheet 122 x 76 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":21425,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0515/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f1728","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phelps, G. G.","contributorId":82346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelps","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spechler, R. M.","contributorId":85961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spechler","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murray, L. C.","contributorId":54636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"L. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bradner, L. A.","contributorId":21925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradner","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":31064,"text":"wsp2295C - 1992 - Water-quality data-collection activities in Colorado and Ohio: Phase III-evaluation of existing data for use in assessing regional water-quality conditions and trends","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":17829,"text":"ofr89391 - 1990 - Water-quality data-collection activities in Colorado and Ohio; Phase III, evaluation of existing data for use in assessing regional water-quality conditions and trends","indexId":"ofr89391","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"title":"Water-quality data-collection activities in Colorado and Ohio; Phase III, evaluation of existing data for use in assessing regional water-quality conditions and trends"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":31064,"text":"wsp2295C - 1992 - Water-quality data-collection activities in Colorado and Ohio: Phase III-evaluation of existing data for use in assessing regional water-quality conditions and trends","indexId":"wsp2295C","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Water-quality data-collection activities in Colorado and Ohio: Phase III-evaluation of existing data for use in assessing regional water-quality conditions and trends"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:16","indexId":"wsp2295C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2295","chapter":"C","title":"Water-quality data-collection activities in Colorado and Ohio: Phase III-evaluation of existing data for use in assessing regional water-quality conditions and trends","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S.G.P.O. ;For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2295C","usgsCitation":"Norris, J.M., Hren, J., Myers, D.N., Chaney, T.H., and Childress, C., 1992, Water-quality data-collection activities in Colorado and Ohio: Phase III-evaluation of existing data for use in assessing regional water-quality conditions and trends: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2295, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2295C.","productDescription":"46 p.","numberOfPages":"46","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163710,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2295c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59624,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2295c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e560a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norris, J. Michael 0000-0002-7480-0161 mnorris@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7480-0161","contributorId":1625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norris","given":"J.","email":"mnorris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":204809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hren, Janet","contributorId":69554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hren","given":"Janet","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Myers, Donna N. 0000-0001-6359-2865 dnmyers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6359-2865","contributorId":512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"Donna","email":"dnmyers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":204808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chaney, Thomas H.","contributorId":94712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaney","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Childress, Carolyn J. Oblinger","contributorId":57514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Childress","given":"Carolyn J. Oblinger","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":33544,"text":"b2016 - 1992 - Selected papers in the applied computer sciences 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-23T11:56:29","indexId":"b2016","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016","title":"Selected papers in the applied computer sciences 1992","docAbstract":"This compilation of short papers reports on technical advances in the applied computer sciences. The papers describe computer applications in support of earth science investigations and research. This is the third volume in the series \"Selected Papers in the Applied Computer Sciences.\" Listed below are the topics addressed in the compilation:
Integration of geographic information systems and expert systems for resource management,
Visualization of topography using digital image processing,
Development of a ground-water data base for the southeastern Uited States using a geographic information system,
Integration and aggregation of stream-drainage data using a geographic information system,
Procedures used in production of digital geologic coverage using compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) technology, and
Automated methods for producing a technical publication on estimated water use in the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2016","usgsCitation":"1992, Selected papers in the applied computer sciences 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2016, HTML, https://doi.org/10.3133/b2016.","productDescription":"HTML","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":163109,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3379,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2016/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a03e4b07f02db5f83f1","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wiltshire, Denise A.","contributorId":78717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiltshire","given":"Denise","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736276,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":35932,"text":"b1921 - 1992 - Text and References To Accompany \"Map Showing the Thickness and Character of Quaternary Sediments in the Glaciated United States East of the Rocky Mountains\"","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-04-15T17:28:14","indexId":"b1921","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1921","title":"Text and References To Accompany \"Map Showing the Thickness and Character of Quaternary Sediments in the Glaciated United States East of the Rocky Mountains\"","docAbstract":"A 1:1,000,000-scale map of Quaternary deposits has been compiled for the glaciated area of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains (that is, the area covered by the Laurentide ice sheets). Parts of southern Ontario, areas beneath the Great Lakes, and parts of the submerged eastern seaboard are also included on the map. The map has three components that, together, provide the first regional three-dimensional view of these deposits. These map components are the surface distribution of Quaternary sediments, the total thickness of Quaternary sediments, and the distribution of significant buried Quaternary units. For many areas, this is the first map of Quaternary sediment thickness published at any scale. This report provides supporting information for the map, preliminary interpretations of sediment distribution, and the list of geologic sources used to generate the map.\r\n\r\nWithin the mapped area, there is a particular need for three-dimensional geologic mapping to support decisions on water resources and land use. Approximately 40 percent of the U.S. population resides within the mapped area, which is less than one-quarter the size of the conterminous United States. This map is intended to supplement the more detailed mapping on which it is based and is designed to be a regional planning tool.\r\n\r\nThrough the Pleistocene, large deposits of thick glacial sediment accumulated between certain late Wisconsinan glacial lobes, on bedrock topographic highs, whereas relatively thin deposits generally accumulated in the adjacent bedrock lowlands occupied by drainage and ice lobes. The lithology of the bedrock and its resistance to erosion in part controlled the patterns of ice lobation and the distribution of thick sediment. On a local scale, the spatial relation of these sediment masses to ice lobation has been suggested in places, and a regional correlation may have been assumed. This map provides the first comprehensive, regional view of glacial sediment thickness to permit such a correlation to be assessed.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/b1921","usgsCitation":"Soller, D.R., 1992, Text and References To Accompany \"Map Showing the Thickness and Character of Quaternary Sediments in the Glaciated United States East of the Rocky Mountains\": U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1921, v, 76 p. + figures, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1921.","productDescription":"v, 76 p. + figures","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":10887,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1921/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":252050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1921/report-thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114,36 ], [ -114,50 ], [ -66,50 ], [ -66,36 ], [ -114,36 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698999","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soller, David R. 0000-0001-6177-8332 drsoller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6177-8332","contributorId":2700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soller","given":"David","email":"drsoller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":215464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":41078,"text":"ofr9268 - 1992 - Potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity, September 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-24T16:40:14.843287","indexId":"ofr9268","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-68","title":"Potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity, September 1991","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9268","usgsCitation":"Sumner, D.M., Phelps, G.G., Spechler, R., Bradner, L.A., and Murray, L., 1992, Potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity, September 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-68, 1 Plate: 28.00 × 46.03 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9268.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 28.00 × 46.03 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170799,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":389750,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18208.htm"},{"id":78938,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0068/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83,\n 26.5\n ],\n [\n -80,\n 26.5\n ],\n [\n -80,\n 31\n ],\n [\n -83,\n 31\n ],\n [\n -83,\n 26.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682cf5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sumner, D. M.","contributorId":100827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sumner","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phelps, G. G.","contributorId":82346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelps","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spechler, R. M.","contributorId":85961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spechler","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bradner, L. A.","contributorId":21925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradner","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Murray, L. C.","contributorId":54636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"L. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":41106,"text":"ofr92466 - 1992 - Potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity, Florida, May 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-29T19:45:59.996808","indexId":"ofr92466","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-466","title":"Potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity, Florida, May 1992","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr92466","usgsCitation":"Bradner, L.A., Murray, L., Phelps, G.G., and Spechler, R., 1992, Potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity, Florida, May 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-466, 1 Plate: 27.25 × 45.68 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92466.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 27.25 × 45.68 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176499,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":389986,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18323.htm"},{"id":78954,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0466/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.0,\n 26.5\n ],\n [\n -80.0,\n 26.5\n ],\n [\n -80.0,\n 31\n ],\n [\n -83.0,\n 31\n ],\n [\n -83.0,\n 26.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682cca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradner, L. A.","contributorId":21925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradner","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murray, L. C.","contributorId":54636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"L. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Phelps, G. G.","contributorId":82346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelps","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spechler, R. M.","contributorId":85961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spechler","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":39787,"text":"pp1408B - 1992 - Geohydrologic framework of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-19T15:48:56","indexId":"pp1408B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1408","chapter":"B","title":"Geohydrologic framework of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon","docAbstract":"The Snake River Plain in southern Idaho is a major geologic \nstructure of uncertain origin. Surface geology is generally well \ndefined, but subsurface geology is poorly defined below about \n500 feet. Rocks that underlie the plain form the framework for a \nregional ground-water system that supplies large quantities of \nwater for irrigation and makes the plain nationally important in \nterms of agricultural production.\nThe 15,600-square-mile Snake River Plain is a grabenlike \nstructure that formed in middle Miocene time. The graben may \nhave been formed by oblique extensional forces resulting from \ninteractions between the North American and Pacific tectonic \nplates. The oldest known rocks underlying the plain, penetrated \nin a 14,007-foot-deep test hole northwest of Boise, are of middle \nMiocene age. Miocene volcanic rocks at the plain's margin that \ndip toward and underlie the plain were highly faulted and se- \nverely eroded before the plain was formed.\nFaults along the margins of the eastern part of the plain are \nnot visible at land surface and have been defined chiefly by geo- \nphysical methods. However, well-defined fault systems bound \nthe western part of the plain.\nThe eastern plain is underlain predominantly by Quaternary \nbasalt of the Snake River Group, which is intercalated with \nsedimentary rocks along the margins. Basalt crops out or is less \nthan 10 feet below land surface in the central part of the east- \nern plain and is usually less than 100 feet below land surface \nelsewhere. Geophysical data and drillers' logs indicate that \nQuaternary basalt in the central part of the eastern plain is as \nmuch as 5,000 feet thick. A test hole about 10 miles northeast \nof the Snake River near Wendell provided the first information \nabout deep subsurface stratigraphic relations in that part of the \nplain. The stratigraphic sequence penetrated in the test hole is \nsimilar to that in the north wall of the Snake River canyon be- \ntween Milner and King Hill. In that area, basalt of the Snake \nRiver Group thins toward the river and is underlain by sedi- \nmentary rocks and basalt of the Tertiary and Quaternary Idaho \nGroup.\nThe western plain is underlain mainly by unconsolidated and \nweakly consolidated Tertiary and Quaternary sedimentary rocks \nas much as 5,000 feet thick. Basalt also is present in the west- \nern plain and is most extensive near Mountain Home.\nQuaternary basalt of the Snake River Group, which composes \nmuch of the Snake River Plain regional aquifer system, is highly \ntransmissive. In the eastern plain, a thick sequence of thin- \nlayered basalt flows yields large volumes of water to wells. Wells \nopen to less than 100 feet of the aquifer yield as much as 7,000 \ngallons per minute; yields of 2,000 to 3,000 gallons per minute \nwith only a few feet of drawdown are common. Transmissivity\ncommonly exceeds 100,000 feet squared per day and, in places, 1 \nmillion feet squared per day.\nLarge springs in the Snake River canyon between Milner and \nKing Hill issue at the contact between highly transmissive pil- \nlow lava and less transmissive underlying rocks. In 1980, \nground-water discharge between Milner and King Hill, largely \nspring flow, averaged about 6,000 cubic feet per second.\nIn the western plain, coarse-grained sedimentary deposits are \nthickest and transmissivity is highest along the northern mar- \ngins. The percentage of coarse-grained sedimentary deposits de- \ncreases to the southwest, where lacustrine sedimentary deposits \npredominate.\nIn most of the eastern plain, the upper part of the ground- \nwater system is unconfined. At depth and in much of the west- \nern plain, aquifers are confined.\nAcross most of the plain, Quaternary basalt aquifers overlie \naquifers in the Tertiary Idavada Volcanics and Banbury Basalt \nof the Idaho Group. The older volcanic rocks are typically much \nless transmissive than the Quaternary basalt. Faults and frac- \ntures are permeable zones for water storage and conduits for \nwater movement. In places near the margins of the plain, the \nIdavada Volcanics contains important geothermal aquifers.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp1408B","usgsCitation":"Whitehead, R., 1992, Geohydrologic framework of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1408, Report: vi, 32 p.; 6 Plates: 37.02 x 20.13 and smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1408B.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 32 p.; 6 Plates: 37.02 x 20.13 and smaller","numberOfPages":"39","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":97417,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408b/plate-1.pdf","size":"5843","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":97419,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408b/plate-3.pdf","size":"2682","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":97420,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408b/plate-4.pdf","size":"1247","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":97421,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408b/plate-5.pdf","size":"1137","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":97422,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408b/plate-6.pdf","size":"2015","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":97418,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408b/plate-2.pdf","size":"1929","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":120451,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67662,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.0,42.0 ], [ -111.0,45.0 ], [ -117.0,45.0 ], [ -117.0,42.0 ], [ -111.0,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8eab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitehead, R.L.","contributorId":34891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitehead","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39786,"text":"pp1406B - 1992 - Geohydrology and water resources of alluvial basins in south-central Arizona and parts of adjacent states","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":17969,"text":"ofr89378 - 1989 - Geohydrology and water resources of alluvial basins in south-central Arizona and parts of adjacent states","indexId":"ofr89378","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Geohydrology and water resources of alluvial basins in south-central Arizona and parts of adjacent states"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":39786,"text":"pp1406B - 1992 - Geohydrology and water resources of alluvial basins in south-central Arizona and parts of adjacent states","indexId":"pp1406B","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Geohydrology and water resources of alluvial basins in south-central Arizona and parts of adjacent states"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:35","indexId":"pp1406B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1406","chapter":"B","title":"Geohydrology and water resources of alluvial basins in south-central Arizona and parts of adjacent states","docAbstract":"The alluvial basins described in this report include about 82,000 square miles in south-central Arizona and parts of adjacent States. The area is composed of 72 basins that are virtually independent hydrologic systems. ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1406B","usgsCitation":"Anderson, T.W., Freethey, G.W., and Tucci, P., 1992, Geohydrology and water resources of alluvial basins in south-central Arizona and parts of adjacent states: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1406, p. B1-B67, 3 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1406B.","productDescription":"p. 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Water-level change maps were prepared previously by Locke (1990),and Locke and Barbie (1991), for both aquifers, and by Wesselman (1972) for the Chicot aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9253","usgsCitation":"Locke, G.L., and Santos, H.X., 1992, Approximate water-level changes in wells completed in the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers, 1991-92 in Fort Bend County and adjacent areas, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-53, 2 Plates: 29.78 x 26.43 inches and 29.82 x 26.38 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9253.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 29.78 x 26.43 inches and 29.82 x 26.38 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":176675,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr9253.PNG"},{"id":392651,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18202.htm"},{"id":79464,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0053/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":79463,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0053/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Fort Bend County","otherGeospatial":"Chicot and Evangeline aquifers","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96,\n 29.336\n ],\n [\n -95.392,\n 29.336\n ],\n [\n -95.392,\n 29.81\n ],\n [\n -96,\n 29.81\n ],\n [\n -96,\n 29.336\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db67a175","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Locke, Glenn L. gllocke@usgs.gov","contributorId":2479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locke","given":"Glenn","email":"gllocke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":225467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Santos, Horatio X.","contributorId":105348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santos","given":"Horatio","email":"","middleInitial":"X.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":225468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":41796,"text":"ofr9266 - 1992 - Approximate changes in water levels in wells completed in the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers, 1977-92 and 1991-92, and measured compaction, 1973-91, in the Houston-Galveston region, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-27T21:50:10.046027","indexId":"ofr9266","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-66","title":"Approximate changes in water levels in wells completed in the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers, 1977-92 and 1991-92, and measured compaction, 1973-91, in the Houston-Galveston region, Texas","docAbstract":"This report is one in a series of reports that depict water-level changes since 1977 and compaction of subsurface material since 1973. The report was prepared in cooperation with the Harris-Galveston Coastal Subsidence District and the City of Houston, and presents maps showing the approximate changes in water-levels in wells completed in the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers, 1977-92 and 1991-92 (figs. 1-4), and measured compations, 1973-91 (figs. 5 and 6), in the Houston-Galveston region. The Houston-Galveston region includes Harris and Galveston Counties and adjacent parts of Brazoria, Fort Bend, Waller, Montgomery, Liberty, and Chambers Counties.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9266","usgsCitation":"Kasmarek, M.C., Barbie, D.L., and Campodonico, A., 1992, Approximate changes in water levels in wells completed in the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers, 1977-92 and 1991-92, and measured compaction, 1973-91, in the Houston-Galveston region, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-66, 7 Sheets: 28.83 x 26.17 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9266.","productDescription":"7 Sheets: 28.83 x 26.17 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":168467,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0066/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":79508,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0066/report.pdf","text":"Sheets 5-7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":79507,"rank":403,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0066/plate-4.pdf","text":"Sheet 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":79506,"rank":402,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0066/plate-3.pdf","text":"Sheet 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":79505,"rank":401,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0066/plate-2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":79504,"rank":400,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0066/plate-1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":391059,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18207.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Galveston, Houston","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.8447265625,\n 29.176145182559758\n ],\n [\n -94.6142578125,\n 29.176145182559758\n ],\n [\n -94.6142578125,\n 30.197366063272245\n ],\n [\n -95.8447265625,\n 30.197366063272245\n ],\n [\n -95.8447265625,\n 29.176145182559758\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a1de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kasmarek, Mark C. 0000-0003-2808-2506 mckasmar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2808-2506","contributorId":1968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kasmarek","given":"Mark","email":"mckasmar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":225539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barbie, Dana L.","contributorId":64632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barbie","given":"Dana","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":225541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Campodonico, Al","contributorId":32505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campodonico","given":"Al","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":225540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":41822,"text":"ofr92531 - 1992 - Aeromagnetic map of the Livermore area, central California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-16T18:13:27.725429","indexId":"ofr92531","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-531","title":"Aeromagnetic map of the Livermore area, central California","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr92531","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1992, Aeromagnetic map of the Livermore area, central California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-531, 1 Plate: 23.26 × 28.25 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92531.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 23.26 × 28.25 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":168031,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":405200,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18334.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":79545,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0531/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Livermore","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.7008056640625,\n 37.16031654673677\n ],\n [\n -121.17919921875001,\n 37.16031654673677\n ],\n [\n -121.17919921875001,\n 38.21444607848999\n ],\n [\n -122.7008056640625,\n 38.21444607848999\n ],\n [\n -122.7008056640625,\n 37.16031654673677\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db691ee5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":530647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38591,"text":"pp1200FL - 1992 - The National Gazetteer of the United States of America; Florida 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:18","indexId":"pp1200FL","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1200","chapter":"FL","title":"The National Gazetteer of the United States of America; Florida 1992","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1200FL","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1992, The National Gazetteer of the United States of America; Florida 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1200, 548 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1200FL.","productDescription":"548 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120040,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1200fl/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":65403,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1200fl/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b067","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38455,"text":"pp1410A - 1992 - Summary of the hydrology of the Southeastern Coastal Plain aquifer system in Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-11T10:05:57","indexId":"pp1410A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1410","chapter":"A","title":"Summary of the hydrology of the Southeastern Coastal Plain aquifer system in Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1410A","usgsCitation":"Miller, J.A., 1992, Summary of the hydrology of the Southeastern Coastal Plain aquifer system in Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1410, p. A1-A38, 1 plate in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1410A.","productDescription":"p. A1-A38, 1 plate in pocket","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":64948,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1410a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64949,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1410a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121455,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1410a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Southeastern Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.37548828125,\n 30.315987718557867\n ],\n [\n -82.44140625,\n 30.751277776257812\n ],\n [\n -81.97998046875,\n 30.90222470517144\n ],\n [\n -81.82617187499999,\n 30.600093873550072\n ],\n [\n -81.49658203125,\n 30.619004797647808\n ],\n [\n -81.123046875,\n 31.27855085894653\n ],\n [\n -81.0791015625,\n 31.55981453201843\n ],\n [\n -80.9033203125,\n 31.784216884487385\n ],\n [\n -80.68359375,\n 32.008075959291055\n ],\n [\n -80.31005859375,\n 32.26855544621476\n ],\n [\n -79.9365234375,\n 32.565333160841035\n ],\n [\n -79.43115234375,\n 32.93492866908233\n ],\n [\n -79.12353515625,\n 33.04550781490999\n ],\n [\n -79.03564453124999,\n 33.247875947924385\n ],\n [\n -78.90380859375,\n 33.54139466898275\n ],\n [\n -78.6181640625,\n 33.706062655101206\n ],\n [\n -78.50830078125,\n 33.779147331286474\n ],\n [\n -79.60693359375,\n 34.84987503195418\n ],\n [\n -80.44189453125,\n 34.813803317113155\n ],\n [\n -81.62841796875,\n 33.65120829920497\n ],\n [\n -83.03466796874999,\n 32.91648534731439\n ],\n [\n -84.83642578125,\n 32.82421110161336\n ],\n [\n -86.484375,\n 32.7872745269555\n ],\n [\n -87.73681640625,\n 33.247875947924385\n ],\n [\n -88.0224609375,\n 34.125447565116126\n ],\n [\n -88.06640625,\n 34.65128519895413\n ],\n [\n -88.26416015625,\n 35.02999636902566\n ],\n [\n -90.24169921875,\n 34.994003757575776\n ],\n [\n -90.4833984375,\n 34.79576153473033\n ],\n [\n -90.59326171875,\n 34.615126683462194\n ],\n [\n -90.65917968749999,\n 34.361576287484176\n ],\n [\n -90.87890625,\n 34.14363482031264\n ],\n [\n -90.966796875,\n 33.88865750124075\n ],\n [\n -91.1865234375,\n 33.46810795527896\n ],\n [\n -91.14257812499999,\n 33.247875947924385\n ],\n [\n -91.14257812499999,\n 32.69486597787505\n ],\n [\n -91.01074218749999,\n 32.39851580247402\n ],\n [\n -91.03271484375,\n 32.2313896627376\n ],\n [\n -91.14257812499999,\n 32.008075959291055\n ],\n [\n -91.40625,\n 31.653381399664\n ],\n [\n -91.62597656249999,\n 31.240985378021307\n ],\n [\n -91.62597656249999,\n 30.977609093348686\n ],\n [\n -89.736328125,\n 30.996445897426373\n ],\n [\n -89.80224609374999,\n 30.845647420182598\n ],\n [\n -89.857177734375,\n 30.619004797647808\n ],\n [\n -89.769287109375,\n 30.44867367928756\n ],\n [\n -89.67041015625,\n 30.334953881988564\n ],\n [\n -89.527587890625,\n 30.164126343161097\n ],\n [\n -89.044189453125,\n 30.344435586368462\n ],\n [\n -88.41796875,\n 30.315987718557867\n ],\n [\n -88.08837890625,\n 30.334953881988564\n ],\n [\n -88.0224609375,\n 30.619004797647808\n ],\n [\n -87.835693359375,\n 30.240086360983426\n ],\n [\n -87.60498046875,\n 30.183121842195515\n ],\n [\n -87.308349609375,\n 30.24957724046765\n ],\n [\n -86.85791015625,\n 30.35391637229704\n ],\n [\n -86.28662109375,\n 30.278044377800153\n ],\n [\n -85.80322265625,\n 30.12612436422458\n ],\n [\n -85.53955078125,\n 29.878755346037977\n ],\n [\n -85.440673828125,\n 29.602118211647333\n ],\n [\n -84.9462890625,\n 29.53522956294847\n ],\n [\n -84.57275390625,\n 29.6880527498568\n ],\n [\n -84.24316406249999,\n 29.84064389983441\n ],\n [\n -84.0673828125,\n 29.99300228455108\n ],\n [\n -82.37548828125,\n 30.315987718557867\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6988c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, J. A.","contributorId":77101,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38451,"text":"pp1408F - 1992 - Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13718,"text":"ofr87237 - 1989 - Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","indexId":"ofr87237","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38451,"text":"pp1408F - 1992 - Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","indexId":"pp1408F","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-19T15:50:45","indexId":"pp1408F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1408","chapter":"F","title":"Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","docAbstract":"The occurrence and movement of water in the regional aquifer \nsystem that underlies the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho, de- \npend on the transmissivity and storage capacity of rocks that \ncompose the geologic framework and on the distribution and \namount of recharge and discharge of water within that frame- \nwork. On a regional scale, most water moves horizontally through \ninterflow zones in Quaternary basalt of the Snake River Group. \nIn recharge and discharge areas, water also moves vertically \nalong joints and interfingering edges of basalt flows. Aquifer \nthickness is largely unknown, but geophysical studies suggest \nthat locally the Quaternary basalt may exceed several thousand \nfeet. Along the margins of the plain, sand and gravel several \nhundred feet thick transmit large volumes of water.\nRegional ground-water movement is generally from northeast \nto southwest, from areas of recharge to areas of discharge. Re- \ncharge is from seepage of surface water used for irrigation, \nstream and canal losses, underflow from tributary drainage ba- \nsins, and infiltration of precipitation. Aquifer discharge is largely \nspring flow to the Snake River and water pumped for irrigation. \nMajor springs are near American Falls Reservoir and along the \nSnake River from Milner Dam to King Hill.\nRegional ground-water flow was simulated with numerical \nmodels. Initially, a two-dimensional steady-state model that in- \ncluded a nonlinear, least-squares regression technique was used \nto estimate aquifer properties. Later, a three-dimensional steady- \nstate and transient model was used to replace the two-dimen- \nsional model. Three-dimensional model results indicated that \naverage total transmissivity ranged from about 0.05 to 120 feet \nsquared per second and vertical leakance ranged from about \n3 x 10-10 to 5 x 10-6 feet per second per foot of aquifer thickness.\nThe three-dimensional transient model was used to compare \nmeasured and estimated long-term changes in ground-water dis- \ncharge and water levels with simulated values. Initial head con- \nditions used in transient simulations were derived from a \nsteady-state solution of estimated preirrigation hydrologic condi- \ntions. Transient simulations were 5-year stress periods beginning \nin 1891 and ending in 1980. Recharge for each stress period from \n1926 to 1980 was estimated from surface-water irrigation, pre- \ncipitation, and streamflow records. Recharge for stress periods \nfrom 1891 to 1925 was based on the average value for stress peri- \nods from 1926 to 1980 and was indexed to estimated irrigated \nacreages. Average annual tributary drainage-basin underflow for \nstress periods from 1891 to 1910 was calculated by using basin- \nyield equations. Underflow for stress periods from 1911 to 1980 \nwas varied by use of streamflow records.\nTransient simulations reasonably approximated measured \nchanges in aquifer head and ground-water discharge that re- \nsulted from use of surface water for irrigation. Irrigation with \nsurface water peaked in about 1950; subsequent increases in irri- \ngation have been supplied largely by ground water. The three-\ndimensional model simulated water-level declines and reduced \nground-water discharge caused in part by increases in ground- \nwater pumping.\nThe transient model was used to simulate aquifer changes \nfrom 1981 to 2010 in response to three hypothetical development \nalternatives: (1) Continuation of 1980 hydrologic conditions, (2) \nincreased pumpage, and (3) increased recharge. Simulation of \ncontinued 1980 hydrologic conditions for 30 years indicated that \nhead declines of 2 to 8 feet might be expected in the central part \nof the plain. The magnitude of simulated head declines was con- \nsistent with head declines measured during the 1980 water year. \nLarger declines were calculated along model boundaries, but \nthese changes may have resulted from underestimation of tribu- \ntary drainage-basin underflow and inadequate aquifer definition. \nSimulation of increased ground-water pumpage (an additional \n2,400 cubic feet per second) for 30 years indicated head declines \nof 10 to 50 feet in the central part of the plain. These relatively \nlarge head declines were accompanied by increased simulated \nriver leakage of 50 percent and decreased spring discharge of 20 \npercent. The effect of increased recharge (800 cubic feet per sec- \nond) for 30 years was a rise in simulated heads of 0 to 5 feet in \nthe central part of the plain.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp1408F","usgsCitation":"Garabedian, S., 1992, Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1408, Report: vii, 102 p.; 10 Plates: 34.00 x 17.50 and smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1408F.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 102 p.; 10 Plates: 34.00 x 17.50 and smaller","numberOfPages":"112","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":104633,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4858.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4858"},{"id":119227,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64931,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408f/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64932,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408f/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64933,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408f/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64934,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408f/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64935,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408f/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64936,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408f/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64937,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408f/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64938,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408f/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64939,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408f/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64940,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408f/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64941,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.0,42.0 ], [ -117.0,45.0 ], [ -111.0,45.0 ], [ -111.0,42.0 ], [ -117.0,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e90a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garabedian, S. P.","contributorId":56657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"S. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38448,"text":"pp1407C - 1992 - Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Mesilla Basin, Dona Ana County, New Mexico, and El Paso County, Texas, with a section on water quality and geochemistry","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18981,"text":"ofr88305 - 1990 - Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Mesilla Basin, Dona Ana County, New Mexico, and El Paso County, Texas","indexId":"ofr88305","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"title":"Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Mesilla Basin, Dona Ana County, New Mexico, and El Paso County, Texas"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38448,"text":"pp1407C - 1992 - Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Mesilla Basin, Dona Ana County, New Mexico, and El Paso County, Texas, with a section on water quality and geochemistry","indexId":"pp1407C","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Mesilla Basin, Dona Ana County, New Mexico, and El Paso County, Texas, with a section on water quality and geochemistry"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:02","indexId":"pp1407C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1407","chapter":"C","title":"Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Mesilla Basin, Dona Ana County, New Mexico, and El Paso County, Texas, with a section on water quality and geochemistry","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1407C","usgsCitation":"Frenzel, P.F., Kaehler, C., and Anderholm, S., 1992, Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Mesilla Basin, Dona Ana County, New Mexico, and El Paso County, Texas, with a section on water quality and geochemistry: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1407, p. C1-C105; 5 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1407C.","productDescription":"p. C1-C105; 5 plates in pocket","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104630,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4854.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4854"},{"id":126449,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1407c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64923,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1407c/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64924,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1407c/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64925,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1407c/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64926,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1407c/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64927,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1407c/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64928,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1407c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frenzel, P. F.","contributorId":98726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frenzel","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaehler, C. A.","contributorId":59469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaehler","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderholm, S. K.","contributorId":69149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderholm","given":"S. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":38445,"text":"pp1405C - 1992 - Simulation of regional ground-water flow in the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the northern Midwest, United States: in Regional aquifer-system analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-06T09:49:22","indexId":"pp1405C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1405","chapter":"C","title":"Simulation of regional ground-water flow in the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the northern Midwest, United States: in Regional aquifer-system analysis","docAbstract":"A six-State area in the northern Midwest of the United States has become increasingly dependent on ground water from the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system, which consists of a sequence of sandstones, carbonate rocks, and shales. Ground-water withdrawals from the aquifer system began in the late 1800's and increased to approximately 684 million gallons per day (1,058 cubic feet per second) by 1980. This withdrawal has caused more than 900 feet of decline in the potentiometric surface of the aquifer system in parts of the Chicago, Ill., area. Pumping in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn., Milwaukee, Wis., and central Iowa has produced a few hundreds of feet of water-level decline.
\nA quasi-three-dimensional ground-water flow model was developed to improve understanding of the regional ground-water flow system by simulating the aquifer system under the conditions that existed before and during ground-water development. The Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system and the overlying rocks were incorporated in the conceptual model as five aquifer layers with four intervening confining layers. The aquifer layers, from top to bottom, are as follows: Quaternary deposits and Cretaceous rocks (aquifer layer 5); basal Devonian carbonate rocks and underlying Silurian carbonate rocks (aquifer layer 4); Middle Ordovician St. Peter Sandstone, Lower Ordovician Prairie du Chien Group, and Upper Cambrian Jordan Sandstone (aquifer layer 3); Upper Cambrian Ironton and Galesville Sandstones (aquifer layer 2); and Upper Cambrian Mount Simon Sandstone and Precambrian Hinckley Sandstone (aquifer layer 1).
\nThe effects on the flow system of ground water having variable density and the individual aquifer layer contribution of flow to wells open to several aquifer layers were simulated by incorporating appropriate terms in the ground-water flow equation and corresponding modifications in the ground-water flow model.
\nResults of steady-state simulations are shown as maps of freshwater head and as flow-rate vectors. A comparison was made of available predevelopment head data and simulated predevelopment heads for the Mount Simon, St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan, and Silurian-Devonian aquifers. The root mean square of the differences between observed and simulated heads for these aquifers was 53, 36, and 44 feet, respectively.
\nSteady-state model simulation indicates that regional recharge areas are located in northwestern Iowa, southeastern Minnesota, much of Wisconsin, northern Illinois, and central Missouri. Regional discharge areas are located near the Mississippi River and its tributaries, the Missouri River, Lake Michigan, and the Illinois basin.
\nResults of a transient simulation of the period 1861 to 1980 are shown as maps of freshwater head and freshwater-head decline. The root mean square of the differences between observed and simulated heads for the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer was 63 feet. In addition, hydrographs of simulated hydraulic head were compared with hydrographs of observed head in wells open to various combinations of aquifers. The numerous head measurements within a model node display a wide range in magnitude; however, their historical trend generally follows the trend of the simulated heads.
\nThe simulated recharge from the glacial drift to the immediately underlying bedrock aquifers averages 0.03, 0.06, 0.24, and 0.02 inch per year, respectively, to the Mount Simon, Ironton-Galesville, St. Peter- Prairie du Chien-Jordan, and Silurian-Devonian aquifers for predevelopment conditions and 0.03, 0.07, 0.45, and 0.07 inch per year, respectively, to the same aquifers for 1976-80. These recharge rates are less than 1.5 percent of average annual precipitation of about 30 inches per year. Most of the recharge from precipitation discharges to streams as base flow through local and intermediate ground-water flow systems. Only a small fraction of the precipitation recharges the deeper, regional flow system. The simulated predevelopment recharge of 571 cubic feet per second is balanced by an equivalent discharge. For the period 1976-80, simulated recharge increased to 1,398 cubic feet per second. Total discharge, including pumpage from the four bedrock aquifers, increased to 1,619 cubic feet per second. The difference in recharge and discharge during this period is from aquifer storage.
\nResults of variable-density simulations indicate that the rate of ground-water movement is small in areas where ground water is highly mineralized. The rates and directions are controlled by the intrinsic permeability of the rock, freshwater head gradients, and gravitational force.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Regional aquifer-system analysis","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1405C","usgsCitation":"Mandle, R., and Kontis, A., 1992, Simulation of regional ground-water flow in the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the northern Midwest, United States: in Regional aquifer-system analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1405, viii, 97 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1405C.","productDescription":"viii, 97 p.","numberOfPages":"111","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":64920,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1405c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122070,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1405c/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.044921875,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -88.330078125,\n 46.042735653846506\n ],\n [\n -90.3955078125,\n 46.31658418182218\n ],\n [\n -92.59277343749999,\n 46.34692761055676\n ],\n [\n -93.603515625,\n 46.13417004624326\n ],\n [\n -94.7021484375,\n 45.24395342262324\n ],\n [\n -95.8447265625,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -96.6796875,\n 42.553080288955826\n ],\n [\n -96.7236328125,\n 41.83682786072714\n ],\n [\n -96.328125,\n 40.78054143186031\n ],\n [\n -95.2734375,\n 39.16414104768742\n ],\n [\n -94.8779296875,\n 38.37611542403604\n ],\n [\n -93.8232421875,\n 37.996162679728116\n ],\n [\n -90.7470703125,\n 37.54457732085582\n ],\n [\n -89.69238281249999,\n 37.71859032558816\n ],\n [\n -88.1982421875,\n 38.03078569382294\n ],\n [\n -87.01171875,\n 38.685509760012\n ],\n [\n -85.78125,\n 39.16414104768742\n ],\n [\n -86.4404296875,\n 42.45588764197166\n ],\n [\n -86.8798828125,\n 43.29320031385282\n ],\n [\n -87.099609375,\n 44.15068115978091\n ],\n [\n -86.044921875,\n 45.9511496866914\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648697","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mandle, R.J.","contributorId":27090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mandle","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kontis, A.L.","contributorId":69542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kontis","given":"A.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38444,"text":"pp1405B - 1992 - Hydrogeology of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the northern Midwest, United States with a section on ground-water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-26T21:55:00.155221","indexId":"pp1405B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1405","chapter":"B","title":"Hydrogeology of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the northern Midwest, United States with a section on ground-water quality","docAbstract":"The Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system contains the most extensive and continuous aquifers in the northern Midwest of the United States. It is the source of water for many municipalities, industries, and rural water users. Since the beginning of ground-water development from the aquifer system in the late 1800's, hydraulic heads have declined hundreds of feet in the heavily pumped Chicago-Milwaukee area and somewhat less in other metropolitan areas. The U.S. Geological Survey has completed a regional assessment of this aquifer system within a 161,000-square-mile area encompassing northern Illinois, northwestern Indiana, Iowa, southeastern Minnesota, northern Missouri, and Wisconsin.
\nConsolidated sedimentary rocks in the northern Midwest range in age from Precambrian to Cretaceous and crop out in generally concentric, arcuate patterns, dipping away from structural highs (arches) on the Precambrian basement in northern Minnesota and Wisconsin toward structural lows (basins) to the south and east. The sedimentary bedrock is generally overlain by a veneer of glacial drift. Thickness of the sedimentary sequence increases to about 5,000 feet in the Forest City basin of southwestern Iowa and to about 14,000 and more than 15,000 feet in the Illinois and Michigan basins, respectively.
\nCambrian and Ordovician age rocks, mainly marine sandstone and carbonate rocks, compose much of the sedimentary sequence and form the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system. The aquifer system lies on the Precambrian basement, regarded as a regional confining unit. Six hydrogeologic units are defined; they are arranged as alternating pairs of an aquifer and an overlying confining. unit. The units are named using the predominant geologic nomenclature of the upper Mississippi Valley, which includes most of the study area. In the southern quarter of the area, the hydrogeologic units consist of equivalent formations of the Ozark area (mostly carbonate rocks). The uppermost part of the aquifer system is the Maquoketa confining unit, which consists of the Maquoketa Shale and the underlying dolomite and shale of the Galena Dolomite and the Decorah, Platteville, and Glenwood Formations.
\nThe underlying St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer is an important source of ground water in the western part of the area in Iowa and Minnesota, where the uniform Jordan Sandstone is hydraulically connected to overlying fractured dolomite of the Prairie du Chien Group. The unit is less important in the eastern part of Wisconsin and Illinois because the Jordan Sandstone is absent and the Prairie du Chien Group is thin or absent due to pre-St. Peter Sandstone erosion. Equivalent rocks in northern Missouri-the Roubidoux Formation and the Gasconade and Eminence Dolomites-are mainly carbonate rocks that are somewhat permeable and contain some sandstone.
\nThe St. Lawrence and Franconia Formations underlying the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer consist generally of silty and shaly, fine-grained, poorly sorted, and dolomitic sandstones that restrict vertical movement of ground water and form a regional confining unit. In the southern and eastern parts of the area, the Potosi and Derby-Doerun Dolomites and the upper part of the Davis Formation are the equivalent rocks (mainly carbonate rocks).
\nIn the east-central part of the area in Illinois and Wisconsin, the Ironton-Galesville aquifer forms the most important aquifer of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system, contributing about one-third of the yield from wells in the aquifer system in the Chicago area. The aquifer terminates to the west, south, and east, where the sandstones grade into less permeable carbonate rocks in central Iowa, central Illinois, and northwestern Indiana, respectively.
\nThe underlying Eau Claire Formation and its partial equivalent to the southwest, the Bonneterre Formation, form an important confining unit above the Mount Simon aquifer throughout much of the study area. Siltstone and shale are fairly common in the upper part of the Eau Claire Formation but less so in its northernmost extent in Wisconsin. Dolomite content increases southward and westward, where a middle dolomite facies grades laterally into the Bonneterre in Missouri, southwestern Minnesota, extreme south-central Wisconsin, and possibly in western Iowa.
\nThe basal unit in the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system, the Mount Simon aquifer, is present throughout the study area, except where it is absent over local highs of the Precambrian basement. It consists primarily of the Mount Simon Sandstone in the north and its equivalent in northern Missouri, the Lamotte Sandstone. The underlying Hinckley Sandstone of Precambrian age is included in Minnesota, as is the overlying Elmhurst Sandstone Member of the Eau Claire Formation in northern Illinois. The aquifer increases greatly in thickness and the water is progressively more saline away from the northern structural highs toward the basins.
\nMuch of the movement and discharge of ground water in the northern Midwest occurs in local, unconfined, shallow flow systems within a few miles of points of recharge. The rest of the water is semiconfined or confined in intermediate or regional flow systems within the bedrock, where flow is deeper, slower, and traverses much longer distances from recharge areas to discharge areas. The major areas of recharge to regional confined flow are in northwestern Iowa, southeastern Minnesota, western, southern, and eastern Wisconsin, and northern Illinois. Although the rate of flow is small, significant recharge to the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system also occurs as leakage through the Maquoketa confining unit, where the vertical hydraulic gradient is downward.
\nGround water in much of the confined aquifer system moves laterally from recharge areas toward the major river valleys and Lake Michigan or down dip toward the structural basins. The longest flow paths extend as much as 400 miles from northwestern Iowa southeast toward the Illinois basin or to the Mississippi River and Missouri River valleys near their confluence. Other major confined flow is from eastern Wisconsin toward the Michigan basin and southward flow from northeastern Illinois toward the Illinois basin.
\nRegional ground-water discharge from the aquifer system is mainly diffuse upward leakage from confined aquifers along flow paths toward the structural basins. Very saline water around and brines within the basins restrict regional flow into the basins, forcing ground water to discharge upward. Water in intermediate flow systems discharges upward to the major river valleys.
\nOriginal heads of more than 100 feet above land surface were recorded in the aquifer system near Lake Michigan in eastern Wisconsin and at Dubuque, Iowa, along the Mississippi River. The Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system was developed rapidly in the late 1800's after the first deep well was drilled in Chicago in 1864. Many flowing wells were not controlled, which caused water levels in deep wells to decline, and many no longer flowed by the early 1900's.
\nHeads in the aquifers have declined very little in most of the recharge or unconfined areas since ground-water withdrawal began, but major declines have occurred in confined areas. The largest declines in head are at Chicago, Illinois, Milwaukee and Green Bay, Wisconsin, and Mason City, Iowa, where the aquifer system is confined by the Maquoketa confining unit. The composite head in the aquifer system declined more than 900 feet in the deepest cones of depression in the Chicago area from 1864 to 1980 and about 375 feet in the cone at Milwaukee from 1880 to 1980. More than 200 feet of decline has occurred at Mason City. The head declined as much as 440 feet in Green Bay from 1886 to 1957, when the city discontinued use of its deep wells and began using water from Lake Michigan.
\nThe largest centers of pumping are in the Chicago and Twin Cities (Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota) metropolitan areas about 180 million gallons per day each in 1980. Pumpage exceeded 10 million gallons per day in only a few other areas in 1980.
\nGround water in the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the northern Midwest is characterized by an extreme range of mineralization, but its quality in most of the area is good. The major cations are calcium, magnesium, and sodium, and the major anions are bicarbonate, sulfate, and chloride. Sodium, sulfate, and chloride distributions are closely related to the distribution pattern of dissolved solids but not in the same proportion. Dissolved-solids concentration is generally less than 1,000 milligrams per liter in the recharge areas of Wisconsin, southern Minnesota, northeastern Iowa, and north-central Illinois where the aquifer system crops out or subcrops beneath glacial drift. Ground water there is the Ca-Mg-HC03 type, derived from and identical to that in the overlying glacial drift.
\nIn northwestern Iowa and southwestern Minnesota, the water in both the glacial drift and the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system is a Ca-Na-S04HC03 type, derived from oxidation of pyrite in the overlying Cretaceous Dakota Formation.
\nTransition to higher dissolved solids in the confined areas commonly is accompanied by increased sulfate concentration and· the occurrence of Ca-Na-S04-type water. Salinity of the ground water increases progressively toward the .basins, where dissolved solids exceed 200,000 milligrams per liter. Saline water is present in the Mount Simon aquifer near Lake Michigan in eastern Wisconsin and northeastern Illinois but occurs in successively younger rocks to the east and south as they dip toward the basins. Similarly, salinity increases down dip in Iowa to the southwest and south; however, regional ground-water flow in Iowa is from northwest to southeast.
\nMuch of the ground water in the confined aquifer system is isotopically depleted in 0180 and OD with respect to modern precipitation-an indication that the water originated as precipitation in a much colder climate than the present and probably was derived from recharge of glacial meltwater. On the basis of o34S values for sulfur in sulfate, it is believed that isostatic loading from glacial ice over the Michigan basin reversed the hydraulic gradient to trend westward, opposite from the present gradient, causing saline water in the Michigan basin to discharge westward through the present recharge areas.
\nNatural water-quality problems in the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system are mainly the high dissolved-solids concentrations and associated high concentrations of sulfate and chloride, which limit the use of the water for municipal and domestic purposes in much of the confined aquifer system in central and southern Illinois, Indiana, southern and western Iowa, and northern Missouri. Another concern is that radium activity exceeds normal background concentrations of a few picocuries per liter in much of the confined aquifer system in eastern Wisconsin, northeastern Illinois, and central Iowa. Other common problems are high hardness and locally excessive concentrations of iron and hydrogen sulfide.
\n","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Regional aquifer-system analysis - northern Midwest","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1405B","usgsCitation":"Young, H.L., and Siegel, D.I., 1992, Hydrogeology of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the northern Midwest, United States with a section on ground-water quality: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1405, Report: 99 p.; 1 Plate: 22.25 x 28.94 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1405B.","productDescription":"Report: 99 p.; 1 Plate: 22.25 x 28.94 inches","numberOfPages":"108","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438931,"rank":401,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9UJOR3U","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Digital data from previous USGS hydrogeologic studies of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the northern Midwest, United States"},{"id":247668,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1405b/plate-1.pdf","size":"2911","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64919,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1405b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119768,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1405b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":388570,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4852.htm"}],"scale":"2500000","country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.044921875,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -88.330078125,\n 46.042735653846506\n ],\n [\n -90.3955078125,\n 46.31658418182218\n ],\n [\n -92.59277343749999,\n 46.34692761055676\n ],\n [\n -93.603515625,\n 46.13417004624326\n ],\n [\n -94.7021484375,\n 45.24395342262324\n ],\n [\n -95.8447265625,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -96.6796875,\n 42.553080288955826\n ],\n [\n -96.7236328125,\n 41.83682786072714\n ],\n [\n -96.328125,\n 40.78054143186031\n ],\n [\n -95.2734375,\n 39.16414104768742\n ],\n [\n -94.8779296875,\n 38.37611542403604\n ],\n [\n -93.8232421875,\n 37.996162679728116\n ],\n [\n -90.7470703125,\n 37.54457732085582\n ],\n [\n -89.69238281249999,\n 37.71859032558816\n ],\n [\n -88.1982421875,\n 38.03078569382294\n ],\n [\n -87.01171875,\n 38.685509760012\n ],\n [\n -85.78125,\n 39.16414104768742\n ],\n [\n -86.4404296875,\n 42.45588764197166\n ],\n [\n -86.8798828125,\n 43.29320031385282\n ],\n [\n -87.099609375,\n 44.15068115978091\n ],\n [\n -86.044921875,\n 45.9511496866914\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db615264","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Young, H. L.","contributorId":23922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Siegel, D. I.","contributorId":77562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siegel","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38443,"text":"pp1405A - 1992 - Summary of ground-water hydrology of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the northern Midwest, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-27T19:52:44.287101","indexId":"pp1405A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1405","chapter":"A","title":"Summary of ground-water hydrology of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the northern Midwest, United States","docAbstract":"
The Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system contains very productive aquifers throughout an area of about 161,000 square miles in the northern Midwest. The aquifer system is used extensively for industrial and rural water supplies and is the primary source of water for many municipalities in most of its area of occurrence, except in Indiana, central and southern Illinois, and western Iowa, where the aquifer system contains saline water. About 680 million gallons per day was withdrawn from drilled wells in the aquifer system in 1980.
\nRocks of Cambrian and Ordovician age, mainly marine sandstones and carbonate rocks, constitute most of the bedrock and subcrop beneath glacial drift in southeastern Minnesota, northeastern Iowa, Wisconsin, northern Illinois, and extreme northwestern Indiana. These strata dip generally to the south and east off the Transcontinental arch in Minnesota and the Wisconsin arch, which are structurally high areas of the Precambrian basement, into the structural lows of the Forest City basin of southwestern Iowa, the Illinois basin, and the Michigan basin.
\nThe Cambrian and Ordovician rocks are buried by younger rocks in the remainder of Iowa, Illinois, and Indiana and in most of northern Missouri. Silurian and Devonian carbonate rocks immediately overlie the Cambrian and Ordovician rocks in those areas and are termed the \"Silurian-Devonian aquifer\" in this study. The balance of the Devonian rocks and the overlying Mississippian and Pennsylvanian rocks generally are fine-grained sediment or dense carbonate rocks and collectively are considered to be a regional confining unit. Most of the area is covered by a veneer of glacial drift, which, along with Cretaceous sandstone in northwestern Iowa, is treated as a regional water-table aquifer.
\nThe Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system is composed of six hydrogeologic units, which are, in descending order, the Maquoketa confining unit, St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer, St. Lawrence- Franconia confining unit, Ironton-Galesville aquifer, Eau Claire confining unit, and Mount Simon aquifer. The uppermost confining unit is the least permeable; it consists primarily of the Maquoketa Shale but includes the dense carbonate rocks of the Galena Dolomite and the Decorah, Platteville, and Glenwood Formations where they are overlain by the Maquoketa Shale. The presence of the Maquoketa in Iowa, eastern Wisconsin, northeastern Illinois, and Indiana effectively confines the entire aquifer system below.
\nThe aquifer system is a leaky-artesian system in which movement of ground water is controlled partly by the internal confining units. In the northern outcrop area, unconfined conditions prevail in shallow parts of the aquifer system and where the system is thin. Much of the recharge in upland areas discharges to streams through local flow systems, which are no more than a few miles in length. The remainder of the recharge moves slowly downward to deeper formations and downgradient to form or join the regional flow system.
\nComputer simulations of regional ground-water flow improve understanding of the regional character of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system. Ground-water flow in the confined part of the aquifer system is mainly horizontal, away from the structural highs in the north, toward the structural basins in the south and east. The rate of ground-water movement is very slow, and the flux along flow paths into the basins decreases because of a progressive loss of head and small but widespread upward leakage. Saline water in the basins restricts movement of freshwater into the deeper parts of the basins, thereby forcing flow upward through confining units. Principal regional discharge areas are the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, the Illinois and Michigan structural basins, and Lake Michigan. However, the lake is not in direct hydraulic connection with the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system and receives flow primarily from the Silurian-Devonian aquifer, which it directly overlies. The longest regional flow paths originate in recharge areas in northwestern Iowa and extend southeastward as much as 400 miles toward the Illinois basin.
\nSimulated predevelopment recharge and discharge for the Cambrian- Ordovician aquifer system balance at 351 million gallons per day.
\nDevelopment of the aquifer system began in various parts of the northern Midwest in the 1860's and 1870's with the drilling of deep, generally flowing artesian wells near Lake Michigan in eastern Wisconsin and northeastern Illinois and along the valleys of the Mississippi River and its tributaries. Initial heads of 186 and 130 feet above Lake Michigan at Milwaukee and Chicago, respectively, have been reported. Large-scale pumping has produced cones of depression in these two areas, with respective head declines of as much as 375 and 900 feet. Other major pumping centers generally have had much smaller declines. The largest withdrawals from the aquifer system were about 180 million gallons per day in each of the major metropolitan areas of Chicago and Minneapolis-St. Paul (Twin Cities). However, the total decline in head in the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer in the Twin Cities by 1980 was only 90 feet because the aquifer is unconfined. Most of the eastern two-thirds of Iowa, where the aquifer system is tightly confined, is characterized by more than 50 feet of head decline, with 200 feet or more at Mason City and the Quad Cities. Pumpage from the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system throughout the study area averaged 683 million gallons per day for the period 1976-80. Results of a transient-model simulation show that recharge increased over predevelopment recharge by 447 million gallons per day. Natural discharge decreased by 99 million gallons per day, and 137 million gallons per day was released from aquifer storage. Mineralization of ground water in the aquifer system increases from slightly mineralized calcium magnesium bicarbonate water in the northern recharge areas, through more mineralized, mixed water types with increased sodium and sulfate, to highly mineralized sodium chloride brines in the deeper parts of the structural basins.
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