Sea otters possess physical characteristics and life history attributes that provide both opportunity and constraint to their study. Because of their relatively limited diving ability they occur in nearshore marine habitats that are usually viewable from shore, allowing direct observation of most behaviors. Because sea otters live nearshore and forage on benthic invertebrates, foraging success and diet are easily measured. Because they rely almost exclusively on their pelage for insulation, which requires frequent grooming, successful application of external tags or instruments has been limited to attachments in the interdigital webbing of the hind flippers. Techniques to surgically implant instruments into the intraperitoneal cavity are well developed and routinely applied. Because they have relatively small home ranges and rest in predictable areas, they can be recaptured with some predictability using closed-circuit scuba diving technology. The purpose of this summary is to identify some of the approaches, methods, and tools that are currently engaged for the study of sea otters, and to suggest potential avenues for applying advancing technologies.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Alaska Sea Otter Research Workshop: Addressing the Decline of the Southwestern Alaska Sea Otter Population","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Alaska Sea Otter Research Workshop","conferenceDate":"5-7 April 2004","conferenceLocation":"Seward, AK","language":"English","publisher":"Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks","publisherLocation":"Fairbanks, AK","doi":"10.4027/asorw.2004","isbn":"1-56612-088-8","usgsCitation":"Bodkin, J.L., 2004, Sea otter research methods and tools, in Alaska Sea Otter Research Workshop: Addressing the Decline of the Southwestern Alaska Sea Otter Population, Seward, AK, 5-7 April 2004, p. 47-49, https://doi.org/10.4027/asorw.2004.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"47","endPage":"49","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478145,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/40641","text":"External Repository"},{"id":339042,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f81e4b09da67997ecbb","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Maldini, Daniela","contributorId":190288,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maldini","given":"Daniela","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688055,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calkins, Donald","contributorId":190289,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calkins","given":"Donald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688056,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Atkinson, Shannon","contributorId":190290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Atkinson","given":"Shannon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688057,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meehan, Rosa","contributorId":190291,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meehan","given":"Rosa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688058,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186594,"text":"70186594 - 2004 - Diminishing sea ice in the western Arctic Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-06T12:03:34","indexId":"70186594","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1112,"text":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","onlineIssn":"1520-0477","printIssn":"0003-0007","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diminishing sea ice in the western Arctic Ocean","docAbstract":"Since the advent of satellite passive microwave radiometry (1978), variations in sea ice extent and concentration have been carefully monitored from space. An estimated 7.4% decrease in sea ice extent has occurred in the last 25 yr (Johannessen et al. 2004), with recent record minima (e.g., Maslanik et al. 1999; Serreze et al. 2003) accounting for much of the decline. Comparisons between the time series of Arctic sea ice melt dynamics and snowmelt dates at the NOAA–CMDL Barrow Observatory (BRW) reveal intriguing correlations.
Melt-onset dates over sea ice (Drobot and Anderson 2001) were cross correlated with the melt-date time series from BRW, and a prominent region of high correlation between snowmelt onset over sea ice and the BRW record of melt dates was approximately aligned with the climatological center of the Beaufort Sea Anticyclone (BSA). The BSA induces anticyclonic ice motion in the region, effectively forcing the Beaufort gyre. A weak gyre caused by a breakdown of the BSA diminishes transport of multiyear ice into this region (Drobot and Maslanik 2003). Similarly, the annual snow cycle at BRW varies with the position and intensity of the BSA (Stone et al. 2002, their Fig. 6). Thus, variations in the BSA appear to have far-reaching effects on the annual accumulation and subsequent melt of snow over a large region of the western Arctic.
A dramatic increase in melt season duration (Belchansky et al. 2004) was also observed within the same region of high correlation between onset of melt over the ice pack and snowmelt at BRW (Fig. 5.7). By inference, this suggests linkages between factors that modulate the annual cycle of snow on land and processes that influence melting of snow and ice in the western Arctic Ocean.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/BAMS-85-6-Levinson","usgsCitation":"Stone, R.S., Belchansky, G., Drobot, S., and Douglas, D., 2004, Diminishing sea ice in the western Arctic Ocean: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, v. 85, no. 6 - Special Section, p. S32-S33, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-85-6-Levinson.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"S32","endPage":"S33","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339277,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"85","issue":"6 - Special Section","publicComments":"This publication is a section of the Special Section (titled \"State of the Climate in 2003\") of volume 85, no.6 of this journal.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60274e4b09da6799ac695","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Levinson, D.H.","contributorId":190585,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Levinson","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689679,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waple, A.M.","contributorId":190586,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Waple","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689680,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Stone, R. S.","contributorId":47021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belchansky, G. I.","contributorId":24301,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Belchansky","given":"G. I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drobot, Sheldon","contributorId":174038,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Drobot","given":"Sheldon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":689684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026246,"text":"70026246 - 2004 - Remotely triggered seismicity on the United States west coast following the Mw 7.9 Denali fault earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-02T15:22:01.201242","indexId":"70026246","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Remotely triggered seismicity on the United States west coast following the Mw 7.9 Denali fault earthquake","title":"Remotely triggered seismicity on the United States west coast following the Mw 7.9 Denali fault earthquake","docAbstract":"The Mw 7.9 Denali fault earthquake in central Alaska of 3 November 2002 triggered earthquakes across western North America at epicentral distances of up to at least 3660 km. We describe the spatial and temporal development of triggered activity in California and the Pacific Northwest, focusing on Mount Rainier, the Geysers geothermal field, the Long Valley caldera, and the Coso geothermal field.
The onset of triggered seismicity at each of these areas began during the Love and Raleigh waves of the Mw 7.9 wave train, which had dominant periods of 15 to 40 sec, indicating that earthquakes were triggered locally by dynamic stress changes due to low-frequency surface wave arrivals. Swarms during the wave train continued for ∼4 min (Mount Rainier) to ∼40 min (the Geysers) after the surface wave arrivals and were characterized by spasmodic bursts of small (M ≤ 2.5) earthquakes. Dynamic stresses within the surface wave train at the time of the first triggered earthquakes ranged from 0.01 MPa (Coso) to 0.09 MPa (Mount Rainier). In addition to the swarms that began during the surface wave arrivals, Long Valley caldera and Mount Rainier experienced unusually large seismic swarms hours to days after the Denali fault earthquake. These swarms seem to represent a delayed response to the Denali fault earthquake. The occurrence of spatially and temporally distinct swarms of triggered seismicity at the same site suggests that earthquakes may be triggered by more than one physical process.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120040610","usgsCitation":"Prejean, S., Hill, D., Brodsky, E.E., Hough, S., Johnston, M., Malone, S.D., Oppenheimer, D.H., Pitt, A., and Richards-Dinger, K.B., 2004, Remotely triggered seismicity on the United States west coast following the Mw 7.9 Denali fault earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 6B, p. 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H.","contributorId":18395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oppenheimer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pitt, A.D.","contributorId":41440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitt","given":"A.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Richards-Dinger, K. B.","contributorId":92465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards-Dinger","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70186262,"text":"70186262 - 2004 - Population demographics, survival, and reporduction: Alaska sea otter research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-17T16:46:41","indexId":"70186262","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Population demographics, survival, and reporduction: Alaska sea otter research","docAbstract":"The fundamental force behind population change is the balance between age-specific survival and reproductive rates. Thus, understanding population demographics is crucial when trying to interpret trends in population change over time. For many species, demographic rates change as the population’s status (i.e., relative to prey resources) varies. Indices of body condition indicative of individual energy reserves can be a useful gauge of population status. Integrated studies designed to measure (1) population trends; (2) current population status; and (3) demographic rates will provide the most complete picture of the factors driving observed population changes. In particular, estimates of age specific survival and reproduction in conjunction with measures of population change can be integrated into population matrix models useful in explaining observed trends. We focus here on the methods used to measure demographic rates in sea otters, and note the importance of comparable methods between studies. Next, we review the current knowledge of the influence of population status on demographic parameters. We end with examples of the power of matrix modeling as a tool to integrate various types of demographic information for detecting otherwise hard to detect changes in demographic parameters.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Alaska sea otter research workshop: Addressing the decline of the southwestern Alaska sea otter population","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Alaska Sea Otter Research Workshop","conferenceDate":"5-7 April 2004","conferenceLocation":"Seward, AK","language":"English","publisher":"Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks","publisherLocation":"Fairbanks, AK","doi":"10.4027/asorw.2004","isbn":"1-56612-088-8","usgsCitation":"Monson, D., Bodkin, J.L., Doak, D., Estes, J.A., Tinker, M.T., and Siniff, D., 2004, Population demographics, survival, and reporduction: Alaska sea otter research, in Alaska sea otter research workshop: Addressing the decline of the southwestern Alaska sea otter population, Seward, AK, 5-7 April 2004, p. 60-70, https://doi.org/10.4027/asorw.2004.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"60","endPage":"70","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478146,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/40641","text":"External Repository"},{"id":339040,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f82e4b09da67997ecbd","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Maldini, Daniela","contributorId":190288,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maldini","given":"Daniela","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688051,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calkins, Donald","contributorId":190289,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calkins","given":"Donald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688052,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Atkinson, Shannon","contributorId":190290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Atkinson","given":"Shannon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688053,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meehan, Rosa","contributorId":190291,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meehan","given":"Rosa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688054,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Monson, Daniel H. 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":140480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":688068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Doak, D.F.","contributorId":39729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doak","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Estes, James A. jim_estes@usgs.gov","contributorId":53325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"James","email":"jim_estes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":688071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tinker, M. T. 0000-0002-3314-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-839X","contributorId":54152,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tinker","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Siniff, D.B.","contributorId":32869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siniff","given":"D.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70184510,"text":"70184510 - 2004 - Small boats disturb fish-holding marbled murrelets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-10T10:34:23","indexId":"70184510","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2901,"text":"Northwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Small boats disturb fish-holding marbled murrelets","docAbstract":"Disturbance of seabirds by people at nesting colonies can reduce reproductive success and alter population demographics (Vermeer and Rankin 1984). In response to disturbance, adult seabirds may increase the incidence of alarm postures and alarm calling (Burger and Gochfeld 1993), increase heart and breathing rates (Culik and others 1990; Wilson and others 1991), reduce attendance of nest sites (Olsson and Gabrielsen 1990; Wilson and others 1991), and completely abandon nests and chicks (Boellstorff and others 1988; Evans and Kampp 1991). Daily or frequent handling of chicks can reduce their growth rates and survival (Harris and Wanless 1984; Pierce and Simons 1986; Piatt and others 1990).
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Northwestern Vertebrate Biology","doi":"10.1898/1051-1733(2004)085<0032:SBDFMM>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Speckman, S., Piatt, J.F., and Springer, A.M., 2004, Small boats disturb fish-holding marbled murrelets: Northwestern Naturalist, v. 85, no. 1, p. 32-34, https://doi.org/10.1898/1051-1733(2004)085<0032:SBDFMM>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"32","endPage":"34","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337304,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"85","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c944e4b0f37a93ee9b53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Speckman, Suzann G.","contributorId":88217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Speckman","given":"Suzann G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Springer, Alan M. ams@ims.uaf.edu","contributorId":172461,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Springer","given":"Alan","email":"ams@ims.uaf.edu","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185080,"text":"70185080 - 2004 - Recommendations for the use of mist nets for inventory and monitoring of bird populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-14T15:02:43","indexId":"70185080","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5103,"text":"Studies in Avian Biology","printIssn":"0197-9922","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Recommendations for the use of mist nets for inventory and monitoring of bird populations","docAbstract":"We provide recommendations on the best practices for mist netting for the purposes of monitoring population parameters such as abundance and demography. Studies should be carefully thought out before nets are set up, to ensure that sampling design and estimated sample size will allow study objectives to be met. Station location, number of nets, type of nets, net placement, and schedule of operation should be determined by the goals of the particular project, and we provide guidelines for typical mist-net studies. In the absence of study-specific requirements for novel protocols, commonly used protocols should be used to enable comparison of results among studies. Regardless of the equipment, net layout, or netting schedule selected, it is important for all studies that operations be strictly standardized, and a well-written operation protocol will help in attaining this goal. We provide recommendations for data to be collected on captured birds, and emphasize the need for good training of project personnel
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Monitoring bird populations using mist nets (Studies in Avian Biology no. 29)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","isbn":"0943610613","usgsCitation":"Ralph, C.J., Dunn, E.H., Peach, W.J., and Handel, C.M., 2004, Recommendations for the use of mist nets for inventory and monitoring of bird populations, chap. of Monitoring bird populations using mist nets (Studies in Avian Biology no. 29): Studies in Avian Biology, v. 29, p. 187-196.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"196","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337520,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337519,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.americanornithology.org/content/studies-avian-biology","text":"Studies in Avian Biology Homepage"}],"volume":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c9012ae4b0849ce97abd10","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ralph, C. John","contributorId":71284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralph","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684276,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunn, Erica H.","contributorId":35841,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dunn","given":"Erica","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684277,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Ralph, C. John","contributorId":71284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralph","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunn, Erica H.","contributorId":35841,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dunn","given":"Erica","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peach, Will J.","contributorId":189255,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peach","given":"Will","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Handel, Colleen M. 0000-0002-0267-7408 cmhandel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0267-7408","contributorId":3067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handel","given":"Colleen","email":"cmhandel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70188801,"text":"70188801 - 2004 - A molecular comparison of Alaskan and North East Atlantic Halicondria panicea (Pallas 1766) (Porifera: Demospongiae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-20T18:18:03","indexId":"70188801","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"displayTitle":"A molecular comparison of Alaskan and North East Atlantic Halicondria panicea (Pallas 1766) (Porifera: Demospongiae)","title":"A molecular comparison of Alaskan and North East Atlantic Halicondria panicea (Pallas 1766) (Porifera: Demospongiae)","docAbstract":"The intraspecific relationships between populations of Alaskan Halichondria cf. panicea are the subjects of ongoing research. In this study we compare CO1 sequences of Alaskan Halichondria cf. panicea with North East Atlantic Halichondria panicea and its sister species Halichondria bowerbanki. Alaskan Halichondria cf. panicea form a well-supported sister group to the European Halichondria panicea/ H. bowerbanki species complex in the resulting gene tree and cluster distantly from their European conspecifics.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sponge science in the new millennium: Papers contributed to the VI International Sponge Conference, Rapallo, Italy, 29th September - 5th October 2002","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"VI International Sponge Conference","conferenceDate":"Rapallo, Italy","conferenceLocation":"September 29 - October 5, 2002","language":"English","publisher":"Università di Genova","publisherLocation":"Genova, Italy","usgsCitation":"Erpenbeck, D., Knowlton, A.L., Talbot, S.L., Highsmith, R.C., and van Soest, R.W., 2004, A molecular comparison of Alaskan and North East Atlantic Halicondria panicea (Pallas 1766) (Porifera: Demospongiae), in Sponge science in the new millennium: Papers contributed to the VI International Sponge Conference, Rapallo, Italy, 29th September - 5th October 2002, v. 68, September 29 - October 5, 2002, Rapallo, Italy, p. 319-325.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"325","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342844,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":342843,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.bmib.it/en/pubblicazioni.php?v=1"}],"volume":"68","publicComments":"These conference proceedings were published as volume 68 of the journal \"Bollettino dei Musei e Degli Istituti Biologici dell'Università di Genova.\"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5950cba7e4b062508e3b1cfa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erpenbeck, Dirk","contributorId":189457,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Erpenbeck","given":"Dirk","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24684,"text":"University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":700429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knowlton, Anne L.","contributorId":73888,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knowlton","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":700430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Talbot, Sandra L. 0000-0002-3312-7214 stalbot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-7214","contributorId":140512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Sandra","email":"stalbot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":700431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Highsmith, Ray C.","contributorId":92119,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Highsmith","given":"Ray","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":700432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"van Soest, Rob W.M.","contributorId":15168,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"van Soest","given":"Rob","email":"","middleInitial":"W.M.","affiliations":[{"id":24684,"text":"University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":700433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70182800,"text":"70182800 - 2004 - Renewed unrest at Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-28T13:48:26","indexId":"70182800","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Renewed unrest at Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO),a cooperative program of the U.S. Geological Survey, the University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, has detected unrest at Mount Spurr volcano, located about 125 km west of Anchorage, Alaska, at the northeast end of the Aleutian volcanic arc.
This activity consists of increased seismicity melting of the summit ice cap, and substantial rates of C02 and H2S emission.The current unrest is centered beneath the volcano's 3374-m-high summit, whose last known eruption was 5000–6000 years ago. Since then, Crater Peak, 2309 m in elevation and 4 km to the south, has been the active vent. Recent eruptions occurred in 1953 and 1992.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1029/2004EO430004","usgsCitation":"Power, J.A., 2004, Renewed unrest at Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 85, no. 43, p. 434-434, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004EO430004.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"434","endPage":"434","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478367,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004eo430004","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":336353,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Mount Spurr Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.5609588623047,\n 61.184300873808866\n ],\n [\n -151.99447631835938,\n 61.184300873808866\n ],\n [\n -151.99447631835938,\n 61.39507519918355\n ],\n [\n -152.5609588623047,\n 61.39507519918355\n ],\n [\n -152.5609588623047,\n 61.184300873808866\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"85","issue":"43","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b69a43e4b01ccd54ff3fbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Power, John A. 0000-0002-7233-4398 jpower@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7233-4398","contributorId":2768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"John","email":"jpower@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":673796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185287,"text":"70185287 - 2004 - Subarctic, alpine nesting by Bairds Sandpipers Calidris bairdii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-20T11:33:10","indexId":"70185287","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3704,"text":"Wader Study Group Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subarctic, alpine nesting by Bairds Sandpipers Calidris bairdii","docAbstract":"Baird's Sandpipers Calidris bairdii were found nesting in alpine habitat in southwestern Alaska (60°48'N, 154°00'W), almost 250 km from the nearest known breeding site, and studied over three consecutive seasons, 1997-1999. The first birds arrived during the second week of May each spring with peak numbers recorded the third week of May. Most nests and newly hatched broods were found on sparsely vegetated dwarf shrub-lichen mat tundra on level or gently sloping areas throughout the alpine zone between 980 and 1400 m above sea level. Most eggs hatched during the third week of June and independent young were noted during the second and third weeks of July. Both parents initially tended broods, but only the male remained after chicks were about four days of age. During early brood-rearing, adults began to move chicks, often to higher elevations and over distances of several hundred metres. Throughout the area the density of nesting birds was about 0.2 pairs/km 2 with up to 0.9 pairs/km 2 found on southerly exposures of the north study slope. A summary of available information revealed the global nesting distribution of bairdii to be strongly associated with disturbed landscapes, especially montane areas affected by glaciation, suggesting the breeding range is likely to be much more extensive than currently known, especially in areas of Alaska, the Yukon, and possibly Chukotka.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wader Study Group","usgsCitation":"Gill, R., and Tomkovich, P.S., 2004, Subarctic, alpine nesting by Bairds Sandpipers Calidris bairdii: Wader Study Group Bulletin, v. 104, p. 39-50.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"50","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337828,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337827,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waderstudygroup.org/publications/bulletin/bulletin-vol-volume-106-and-earlier/","text":"Journal's Website"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Turquoise Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.2755126953125,\n 60.65703151551042\n ],\n [\n -153.59161376953125,\n 60.65703151551042\n ],\n [\n -153.59161376953125,\n 60.95044319087129\n ],\n [\n -154.2755126953125,\n 60.95044319087129\n ],\n [\n -154.2755126953125,\n 60.65703151551042\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"104","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ccf59de4b0849ce97f0ce2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tomkovich, Pavel S.","contributorId":55333,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tomkovich","given":"Pavel","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":6930,"text":"Zoological Museum of Moscow, MV Lomonosov University, Moscow, Russia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185286,"text":"70185286 - 2004 - Spatial variation in shorebird nest success: Implications for inference","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-17T15:09:06","indexId":"70185286","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3704,"text":"Wader Study Group Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial variation in shorebird nest success: Implications for inference","docAbstract":"Estimates of nest success are widely applied in order to evaluate a multitude of theoretical and practical issues. Frequently, however, researchers fail to limit their inferences to the appropriate spatial scale. We evaluated small-scale variation in nest success of Western Sandpipers Calidris mauri during a four-year study on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in western Alaska. We use these data to demonstrate that small-scale variation in nest success can significantly alter a researcher's interpretation of the factors affecting that reproductive parameter. In the absence of a statistically valid sampling design, researchers must be very careful about making inferences for areas beyond their actual study site. Properly designed studies allow for broader inferential power, but the logistical and financial hurdles involved in designing and implementing such a study are daunting. Metareplication can enhance one's confidence in the interpretation of local results, but should not be seen as a substitute for well-designed sampling schemes implemented across broad geographic scales.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wader Study Group","usgsCitation":"McCaffery, B.J., and Ruthrauff, D.R., 2004, Spatial variation in shorebird nest success: Implications for inference: Wader Study Group Bulletin, v. 103, p. 67-70.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"70","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337826,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337825,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waderstudygroup.org/publications/bulletin/bulletin-vol-volume-106-and-earlier/","text":"Journal's Website"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta","volume":"103","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ccf59de4b0849ce97f0ce4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCaffery, Brian J.","contributorId":37617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCaffery","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruthrauff, Daniel R. 0000-0003-1355-9156 druthrauff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1355-9156","contributorId":4181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruthrauff","given":"Daniel","email":"druthrauff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185323,"text":"70185323 - 2004 - Response of predators to Western Sandpiper nest exclosures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-20T13:31:02","indexId":"70185323","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of predators to Western Sandpiper nest exclosures","docAbstract":"In 2001, predator exclosures were used to protect nests of the Western Sandpiper (Calidris mauri) in western Alaska. During the exclosure experiment, nest contents in exclosures had significantly higher daily survival rates than control nests, however, late in the study predators began to cue in on exclosures and predate the nest contents. An Arctic Fox (Alopex lagopus) dug under one exclosure and took the newly hatched chicks, and Long-tailed Jaegers (Stercorarius longicaudus) learned to associate exclosures with active nests and repeatedly visited them. The jaegers attempted to gain access to exclosed nests and pursued adult sandpipers as they emerged from the exclosures. The exclosures were removed to reduce potential mortality to adult and young sandpipers, but subsequently, post-exclosure nests had lower daily survival rates than controls during the same time period. Predation of post-exclosure eggs and chicks highlighted the lasting influence of the exclosure treatment on offspring survival because predators probably remembered nest locations. Researchers are urged to use caution when considering use of predator exclosures in areas where jaegers occur.
","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.1675/1524-4695(2004)027[0079:ROPTWS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Niehaus, A.C., Ruthrauff, D.R., and McCaffery, B.J., 2004, Response of predators to Western Sandpiper nest exclosures: Waterbirds, v. 27, no. 1, p. 79-82, https://doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2004)027[0079:ROPTWS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"82","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337865,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kanaryarmiut Field Station, Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge ","volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1be4b0236b68f6736d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Niehaus, Amanda C.","contributorId":189557,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Niehaus","given":"Amanda","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruthrauff, Daniel R. 0000-0003-1355-9156 druthrauff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1355-9156","contributorId":4181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruthrauff","given":"Daniel","email":"druthrauff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCaffery, Brian J.","contributorId":37617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCaffery","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187947,"text":"70187947 - 2004 - Exploitation dynamics of small fish stocks like Arctic cisco","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-01T16:27:28","indexId":"70187947","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"seriesNumber":"MMS 2004-033","title":"Exploitation dynamics of small fish stocks like Arctic cisco","docAbstract":"Potential impacts to the Arctic cisco population fall into both demographic and behavioral categories. Possible demographic impacts include stock recruitment effects, limited escapement into marine habitats, and variable age-class reproductive success. Potential behavioral impacts involve migratory patterns, variable life histories, and strategies for seasonal feeding. Arctic cisco stocks are highly susceptible to over-exploitation due to our limited basic knowledge of the highly variable Arctic environment and the role they play in this dynamic ecosystem.
Our knowledge of potential demographic changes is very limited, and it is necessary to determine the abundance and recruitment of the hypothesized Mackenzie River source population, the extent of the coastal migratory corridor, growth patterns, and coastal upwelling and mixing effects on population dynamics for this species. Information needed to answer some of the demographic questions includes basic evolutionary history and molecular genetics of Arctic cisco (for instance, are there contributions to the Arctic cisco stock from the Yukon?), what is the effective population size (i.e., breeding population size), and potential links to changes in climate.
The basic behavioral questions include migratory and variable life history questions. For instance, the extent of movement back and forth between freshwater and the sea, age-specific differences in food web dynamics, and nearshore brackish and high salinity habitats are topics that should be studied. Life history data should be gathered to understand the variation in age at reproduction, salinity tolerance, scale and duration of the freshwater stage, survival, and adult migration.
Both molecular and ecological tools should be integrated to manage the Arctic cisco stock(s), such as understanding global climate changes on patterns of harvest and recruitment, and the genetics of population structure and colonization. Perhaps other populations are contributing to the population within the Colville River other than only the Mackenzie River population. This needs further exploration. By examining otolith microchemistry, unique transitions from freshwater to sea can be identified for these stocks. This may shed light on why some fish arrive at the mouth of the Colville River, while others don’t.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of a workshop on the variability of Arctic cisco (Qaaktaq) in the Colville River (MMS 2004-033)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Workshop on the Variability of Arctic Cisco (Qaaktaq) in the Colville River ","conferenceDate":"November 18-20, 2003","conferenceLocation":"Nuiqsut, AK","language":"English","publisher":"Minerals Management Service","usgsCitation":"Nielsen, J.L., 2004, Exploitation dynamics of small fish stocks like Arctic cisco, in Proceedings of a workshop on the variability of Arctic cisco (Qaaktaq) in the Colville River (MMS 2004-033), Nuiqsut, AK, November 18-20, 2003, p. 45-47.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"47","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341737,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.boem.gov/Alaska-Reports-2004/"},{"id":341738,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59269bb9e4b0b7ff9fb4897d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nielsen, Jennifer L.","contributorId":43722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186265,"text":"70186265 - 2004 - Studying sea otter foraging ecology: A review of some methodological approaches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T15:12:56","indexId":"70186265","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Studying sea otter foraging ecology: A review of some methodological approaches","docAbstract":"The study of foraging ecology plays a central role in our understanding of animal populations and natural communities, and can also provide information necessary for the effective conservation of rare or endangered species. Sea otter researchers are interested in foraging ecology for many different reasons, but for heuristic purposes we identify three general types of research questions: (1) questions about the implications of foraging decisions to individual fitness, the evolutionary significance of feeding strategies, and the selective forces and constraints that shape an individual’s diet and feeding behavior; (2) questions about the population- level implications of foraging ecology; for example, how is the status of a population (with respect to carrying capacity) reflected by the foraging success or diet composition of individuals within the population (Fig. 1); and (3) questions about the community-level consequences of sea otter foraging. Sea otters provide an excellent study system for all three types of questions because they are a tractable species to study (generally feeding near shore and bringing all prey to the surface to consume), they exhibit a wide range of diets and foraging strategies in different habitats and at different population densities, they tend to have strong trophic interactions with their prey species, and their foraging behavior can have profound effects on community structure in the nearshore marine community.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Alaska Sea Otter Research Workshop: Addressing the Decline of the Southwestern Alaska Sea Otter Population","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Alaska Sea Otter Research Workshop","conferenceDate":"5-7 April 2004","conferenceLocation":"Seward, AK","language":"English","publisher":"Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks","publisherLocation":"Fairbanks, AK","doi":"10.4027/asorw.2004","isbn":"1-56612-088-8","usgsCitation":"Tinker, M.T., Estes, J.A., Bodkin, J.L., Staedler, M., and Monson, D., 2004, Studying sea otter foraging ecology: A review of some methodological approaches, in Alaska Sea Otter Research Workshop: Addressing the Decline of the Southwestern Alaska Sea Otter Population, Seward, AK, 5-7 April 2004, p. 54-59, https://doi.org/10.4027/asorw.2004.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"54","endPage":"59","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478147,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/40641","text":"External Repository"},{"id":339046,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f81e4b09da67997ecb7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Maldini, Daniela","contributorId":190288,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maldini","given":"Daniela","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688063,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calkins, Donald","contributorId":190289,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calkins","given":"Donald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688064,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Atkinson, Shannon","contributorId":190290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Atkinson","given":"Shannon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688065,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meehan, Rosa","contributorId":190291,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meehan","given":"Rosa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688066,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Tinker, M. T. 0000-0002-3314-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-839X","contributorId":54152,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tinker","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Staedler, M. M.","contributorId":101603,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Staedler","given":"M. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Monson, Daniel H. 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":140480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":688088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70185331,"text":"70185331 - 2004 - Additions to the avifauna of St Matthew Island, Bering Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-20T20:14:26","indexId":"70185331","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3743,"text":"Western Birds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Additions to the avifauna of St Matthew Island, Bering Sea","docAbstract":"St. Matthew Island (60°24' N, 172°42' W) is located in the north-central Bering Sea and is renowned for its distinctive Beringian flora and fauna. Because of its central position between the coasts of Russia and Alaska, St. Matthew Island and its nearby satellites, Hall and Pinnacle islands, support a mixture of Palearctic and Nearctic avifaunas. Of special interest to North American ornithologists are the numerous Eurasian bird species that visit the islands each spring and fall. Winker et al. (2002) published the first comprehensive summary of bird records for the 125 species detected on St. Matthew Island from 1899 to 1997. Because of its remote location, however, St. Matthew Island is seldom visited, and the island's avifauna remains poorly described.
As part of an island-wide systematic survey for Rock Sandpipers (Calidris ptilocnemis) and McKay's Buntings (Plectrophenax hyperboreus), our crew of five ornithologists was present on St. Matthew Island from 25 May to 9 July 2003. In this paper we provide information for 11 bird species seen for the first time on St. Matthew Island. Phylogenetic sequence and nomenclature follow the American Ornithologists' Union (1998, 2000) and Banks et al. (2002, 2003, 2004). An annotated species list with details of observation is on file at the University of Alaska Museum, Fairbank.
","language":"English","publisher":"Western Field Ornithologists","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J., Matsuoka, S.M., Ruthrauff, D.R., Litzow, M.A., and Dementyev, M.N., 2004, Additions to the avifauna of St Matthew Island, Bering Sea: Western Birds, v. 35, no. 1, p. 50-52.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"50","endPage":"52","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337874,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337873,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.westernfieldornithologists.org/archive/V35/journal-35-1.php","text":"Volume 35, Issue 1 on Journal's Website"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"St. Matthew Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -173.30657958984375,\n 60.142872118694264\n ],\n [\n -172.12554931640625,\n 60.142872118694264\n ],\n [\n -172.12554931640625,\n 60.72962950387011\n ],\n [\n -173.30657958984375,\n 60.72962950387011\n ],\n [\n -173.30657958984375,\n 60.142872118694264\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1be4b0236b68f6736b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, James A.","contributorId":84649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matsuoka, Steven M. 0000-0001-6415-1885 smatsuoka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6415-1885","contributorId":184173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matsuoka","given":"Steven","email":"smatsuoka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruthrauff, Daniel R. 0000-0003-1355-9156 druthrauff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1355-9156","contributorId":4181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruthrauff","given":"Daniel","email":"druthrauff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Litzow, Michael A.","contributorId":8789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litzow","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dementyev, Maksim N.","contributorId":138560,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dementyev","given":"Maksim","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70184709,"text":"70184709 - 2004 - Introduction [to Issue 3]","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-10T15:54:55","indexId":"70184709","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3278,"text":"Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Introduction [to Issue 3]","docAbstract":"Artificial propagation of aquatic organisms is increasing globally and currently accounts for approximately 32% of total world fishery production (Vannuccini, 2004). Between 1970 and 2000, aquaculture production of salmonids has grown from less than 200,000 metric tons per year to over 1.5 million metric tons (Tacon, 2003). In 1995, the number of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) far exceeded the carrying capacity of salmon in the wild but over 94% of all adult Atlantic salmon were in aquaculture environments (Gross, 1998).
Since the 1970’s, concerns have arisen about interactions of hatchery and wild produced salmonids in native habitats. In response, research has addressed concerns about domestication and genetic impacts (Reisenbichler and McIntyre, 1977; Hindar et al., 1991; Waples, 1991; Clifford et al., 1998a; Fleming et al., 2000, 2002; Hard et al., 2000), transfer of disease and parasites (Johnsen and Jensen, 1994; Bakke and Harris, 1998), behavior of spawning adults (Fleming and Gross, 1992; Fleming et al., 1994; Økland et al., 1995; Youngston et al., 1998), differences in fitness traits and life history (Jonsson et al., 1991; Thodesen et al., 1999; McGinnity et al., 2003), and behavioral interactions between hatchery and wild juvenile salmon (Swain and Riddell, 1990; Johnsson et al., 1996; Clifford et al., 1998b). Much of this research has been driven by concerns about the impacts of escaped farmed Atlantic salmon in the North Atlantic Ocean (Hansen et al., 1991). Studies of the interactions between hatchery and wild salmonids, with few exceptions (see Myers et al., 2000), have primarily focused on interactions in freshwater environments.
Interactions between hatchery and wild fishes in estuarine and marine environments have not received the same attention, but may have signifi- cant impacts on wild populations. To address this issue, we organized a symposium held at the 2003 annual meeting of the Western Division of the American Fisheries Society in San Diego, California. The session was titled Interactions of Hatchery and Wild Fishes in Marine and Estuarine Environments and included nine presentations. All but one presentation focused on salmonids. This Special Issue of Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries includes five papers that were submitted to the symposium.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/s11160-005-3618-4","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, C.E., and Nielsen, J.L., 2004, Introduction [to Issue 3]: Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, v. 14, no. 3, p. 301-303, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-005-3618-4.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"303","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337400,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"3","publicComments":"Issue 3 of Volume 14 is a Special Issue, containing papers presented at the 2003 annual meeting of the Western Division of the American Fisheries Society (San Diego, California). The session from which these papers were drawn was titled Interactions of hatchery and wild fishes in marine and estuarine environments.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c942e4b0f37a93ee9b37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, Christian E. 0000-0002-3646-0688 czimmerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3646-0688","contributorId":410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Christian","email":"czimmerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":682678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nielsen, Jennifer L.","contributorId":43722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":682679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70182451,"text":"70182451 - 2004 - Persistent organic pollutants in Alaskan murre (Uria spp.) eggs: Geographical, species, and temporal comparisons","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-19T21:52:15","indexId":"70182451","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Persistent organic pollutants in Alaskan murre (Uria spp.) eggs: Geographical, species, and temporal comparisons","docAbstract":"Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in eggs of common and thick-billed murres (Uria aalge and U. lomvia) from five Alaskan nesting colonies were dominated by 4,4‘-DDE, total polychlorinated biphenyls (ΣPCBs; 46 congeners comprised mainly of PCB congeners 153, 118, 138, 99, and 151), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), and chlordane compounds (ΣCHL). Concentrations of 4,4‘-DDE, cis-nonachlor, and heptachlor epoxide were lower than those reported for some of the same colonies in the 1970s, while HCB concentrations were similar. In general, significantly higher concentrations were found in eggs from Gulf of Alaska colonies compared to those from Bering Sea colonies except for HCB (higher in the Bering Sea) and β-HCH (no significant difference between the two regions). Thick-billed murre eggs contained higher concentrations of 4,4‘-DDE and ΣPCBs, whereas common murre eggs had higher HCB concentra tions. Possible factors contributing to the POPs patterns found in eggs from these murre colonies are discussed.
The major drivers of Kenai Fjords ecosystems are tectonics and climate. In this overview, we describe how these forces have contributed to the shaping of the lands and ecosystems of Kenai Fjords.
Physically, the park is comprised of several distinct components, set within a broader ecophysical framework that includes the Kenai Peninsula and coastal marine waters and islands. Squeezed between the Gulf of Alaska and the Kenai Mountains, the coastal zone of the park is a narrow band of exposed headlands and deep fjords. The Harding Icefield caps the Kenai Mountains above the fjords with ice estimated to be 3,000 feet (1,000 m) thick (Figure 1). Although not included in the National Park Service jurisdiction, the park is ecologically linked to the offshore marine ecosystem, and the embedded offshore islands, most of which are part of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Spencer, P., and Irvine, G.V., 2004, Ecological overview of Kenai Fjords National Park: Alaska Park Science, v. 3, no. 1, p. 5-11.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"11","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341374,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341376,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nps.gov/akso/nature/science/ak_park_science/PDF/2004Vol3-1/Alaska-Park-Science-Scientific-Studies-in-Kenai-Fjords-National-Park.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kenai Fjords National Park","volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"591c0fcde4b0a7fdb43ddf08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spencer, Page","contributorId":62281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spencer","given":"Page","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Irvine, Gail V. girvine@usgs.gov","contributorId":2368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irvine","given":"Gail","email":"girvine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187751,"text":"70187751 - 2004 - Many are cold, but a few were frozen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-16T15:36:53","indexId":"70187751","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5398,"text":"Alaska Reflections","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Many are cold, but a few were frozen","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Schliebe, S., and Smith, T.S., 2004, Many are cold, but a few were frozen: Alaska Reflections, v. 16, no. 2, p. 6-8.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"6","endPage":"8","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341392,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"591c0fcde4b0a7fdb43ddf06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schliebe, S.","contributorId":27818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schliebe","given":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":695428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, T. S.","contributorId":47326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026864,"text":"70026864 - 2004 - A teleseismic study of the 2002 Denali fault, Alaska, earthquake and implications for rapid strong-motion estimation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70026864","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A teleseismic study of the 2002 Denali fault, Alaska, earthquake and implications for rapid strong-motion estimation","docAbstract":"Slip histories for the 2002 M7.9 Denali fault, Alaska, earthquake are derived rapidly from global teleseismic waveform data. In phases, three models improve matching waveform data and recovery of rupture details. In the first model (Phase I), analogous to an automated solution, a simple fault plane is fixed based on the preliminary Harvard Centroid Moment Tensor mechanism and the epicenter provided by the Preliminary Determination of Epicenters. This model is then updated (Phase II) by implementing a more realistic fault geometry inferred from Digital Elevation Model topography and further (Phase III) by using the calibrated P-wave and SH-wave arrival times derived from modeling of the nearby 2002 M6.7 Nenana Mountain earthquake. These models are used to predict the peak ground velocity and the shaking intensity field in the fault vicinity. The procedure to estimate local strong motion could be automated and used for global real-time earthquake shaking and damage assessment. ?? 2004, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquake Spectra","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1193/1.1778388","issn":"87552930","usgsCitation":"Ji, C., Helmberger, D., and Wald, D., 2004, A teleseismic study of the 2002 Denali fault, Alaska, earthquake and implications for rapid strong-motion estimation: Earthquake Spectra, v. 20, no. 3, p. 617-637, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1778388.","startPage":"617","endPage":"637","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209160,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1778388"},{"id":235392,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5f4e4b0c8380cd47059","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ji, C.","contributorId":31093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ji","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helmberger, D.V.","contributorId":30242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helmberger","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wald, D.J. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":43809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026888,"text":"70026888 - 2004 - Relatedness and nesting dispersion within breeding populations of Greater White-fronted Geese","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-03T15:25:40.771357","indexId":"70026888","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relatedness and nesting dispersion within breeding populations of Greater White-fronted Geese","docAbstract":"We studied patterns of relatedness and nesting dispersion in female Pacific Greater White-fronted Geese (Anser albifrons frontalis) in Alaska. Female Greater White-fronted Geese are thought to be strongly philopatric and are often observed nesting in close association with other females. Analysis of the distribution of nests on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in 1998 indicated that nests were significantly clumped. We tested the hypothesis that females in the same nest cluster would be closely related using estimates of genetic relatedness based on six microsatellite DNA loci. There was no difference in the mean relatedness of females in the same cluster compared to females found in different clusters. However, relatedness among females was negatively correlated with distance between their nests, and geese nesting within 50 m of one another tended to be more closely related than those nesting farther apart. Randomization tests revealed that pairs of related individuals (R > 0.45) were more likely to occur in the same cluster when analyzed at the scale of the entire study site. However, the pattern did not hold when restricted to pairs found within 500 m of each other. Our results indicate that nest clusters are not composed primarily of closely related females, but Greater White-fronted Geese appear to be sufficiently philopatric to promote nonrandom patterns of relatedness at a local scale.
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Katmai Brown Bears and Gray Wolves were observed interacting in a variety of behavioral modes that ranged from agonistic to tolerant. These observations provide additional insight regarding the behavioral plasticity associated with bear-wolf interactions.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Field-Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club","publisherLocation":"Ottawa, ON","doi":"10.22621/cfn.v118i2.922","issn":"00083550","usgsCitation":"Smith, T.S., Partridge, S.T., and Schoen, J.W., 2004, Interactions of brown bears, Ursus arctos, and gray wolves, Canis lupus, at Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska: Canadian Field-Naturalist, v. 118, no. 2, p. 247-250, https://doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v118i2.922.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"250","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478238,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v118i2.922","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235506,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Katmai National Park and Preserve","volume":"118","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cc8e4b0c8380cd6303a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Tom S.","contributorId":179380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Tom","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":411585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Partridge, Steven T.","contributorId":56014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Partridge","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":411586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schoen, John W.","contributorId":25334,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schoen","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":27800,"text":"National Audubon Society","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":411584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026926,"text":"70026926 - 2004 - Response of a 14-story Anchorage, Alaska, building in 2002 to two close earthquakes and two distant Denali fault earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026926","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of a 14-story Anchorage, Alaska, building in 2002 to two close earthquakes and two distant Denali fault earthquakes","docAbstract":"The recorded responses of an Anchorage, Alaska, building during four significant earthquakes that occurred in 2002 are studied. Two earthquakes, including the 3 November 2002 M7.9 Denali fault earthquake, with epicenters approximately 275 km from the building, generated long trains of long-period (>1 s) surface waves. The other two smaller earthquakes occurred at subcrustal depths practically beneath Anchorage and produced higher frequency motions. These two pairs of earthquakes have different impacts on the response of the building. Higher modes are more pronounced in the building response during the smaller nearby events. The building responses indicate that the close-coupling of translational and torsional modes causes a significant beating effect. It is also possible that there is some resonance occurring due to the site frequency being close to the structural frequency. Identification of dynamic characteristics and behavior of buildings can provide important lessons for future earthquake-resistant designs and retrofit of existing buildings. ?? 2004, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquake Spectra","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1193/1.1779291","issn":"87552930","usgsCitation":"Çelebi, M., 2004, Response of a 14-story Anchorage, Alaska, building in 2002 to two close earthquakes and two distant Denali fault earthquakes: Earthquake Spectra, v. 20, no. 3, p. 693-706, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1779291.","startPage":"693","endPage":"706","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209044,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1779291"},{"id":235218,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaa24e4b0c8380cd86180","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Çelebi, M.","contributorId":36946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Çelebi","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026961,"text":"70026961 - 2004 - U-Pb zircon and geochemical evidence for bimodal mid-Paleozoic magmatism and syngenetic base-metal mineralization in the Yukon-Tanana terrane, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-17T12:51:53","indexId":"70026961","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U-Pb zircon and geochemical evidence for bimodal mid-Paleozoic magmatism and syngenetic base-metal mineralization in the Yukon-Tanana terrane, Alaska","docAbstract":"New SHRIMP (sensitive, high-resolution ion microprobe) U-Pb zircon ages and trace element geochemical data for mafic and felsic metaigneous rocks of the pericratonic Yukon-Tanana terrane in east-central Alaska help define the tectonic setting of mid-Paleo-zoic magmatism and syngenetic hydrothermal Zn-Pb-Ag mineralization along the ancient Pacific margin of North America. We compare data from similar greenschist-facies sequences of bimodal volcanic and subvolcanic rocks associated with carbonaceous and siliciclastic marine sedimentary rocks, in the Wood River area of the Alaska Range and the Salcha River area of the Yukon-Tanana Upland, and from amphibolite-facies augen gneiss and mafic gneiss (amphibolite) in the Goodpaster River area of the upland. Allowing for analytical uncertainties, igneous crystallization age ranges of 376–353 Ma, 378–346 Ma, and 374–358 Ma are indicated by 13 new SHRIMP U-Pb dates for the Wood River, Salcha River, and Goodpaster River areas, respectively. Bimodal magmatism is indicated by Late Devonian crystallization ages for both augen gneiss (371 ± 3 and 362 ± 4 Ma) and associated orthoamphibolite (369 ± 3 Ma) in the upland and by stratigraphic interleaving of mafic and felsic rocks in the Alaska Range. Metabasites in all three study areas have elevated HFSE (high field strength element) and REE (rare earth element) contents indicative of generation in a within-plate (extensional) tectonic setting. Within-plate trace element signatures also are indicated for peralkaline metarhyolites that host the largest volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of the Bonnifield district in the Wood River area and for metarhyolite tuff interlayered with the carbonaceous Nasina assemblage, which hosts sedimentary exhalative sulfide occurrences in the Salcha River area. Most of the other felsic metaigneous samples from the Alaska Range and the Yukon-Tanana Upland have geochemical signatures that are similar to those of both average upper continental crust and continental-margin arc rocks generated in thick continental crust. Given the absence in our study areas of intermediate-composition magmatic products generally found in most arcs, and the presence of bimodal magmatism, the alkalic within-plate chemistry of the mafic rocks and some of the felsic rocks, and the widespread occurrence of interlayered carbonaceous sedimentary rocks indicative of deposition within a restricted marine basin or submerged continental margin, we consider it most likely that this prolonged Late Devonian to Early Mississippian magmatic episode resulted from attenuation of the ancient continental margin of western North America, rather than development of an arc, as proposed by many others.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/B25342.1","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Dusel-Bacon, C., Wooden, J.L., and Hopkins, M., 2004, U-Pb zircon and geochemical evidence for bimodal mid-Paleozoic magmatism and syngenetic base-metal mineralization in the Yukon-Tanana terrane, Alaska: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, no. 7-8, p. 989-1015, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25342.1.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"989","endPage":"1015","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235186,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States, Canada","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Tanana terrane ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -151.5234375,\n 65.44000165965534\n ],\n [\n -145.1953125,\n 62.95522304515911\n ],\n [\n -134.296875,\n 59.88893689676585\n ],\n [\n -129.28710937499997,\n 59.88893689676585\n ],\n [\n -128.232421875,\n 62.91523303947614\n ],\n [\n -135.703125,\n 66.40795547978848\n ],\n [\n -141.15234374999997,\n 68.07330474079025\n ],\n [\n -148.359375,\n 67.30597574414466\n ],\n [\n -151.5234375,\n 65.44000165965534\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"116","issue":"7-8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9d2e4b08c986b327e27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia 0000-0001-8481-739X cdusel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":2797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"Cynthia","email":"cdusel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wooden, J. 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The pattern of landsliding was unusual; the number of slides was less than expected for an earthquake of this magnitude, and the landslides were concentrated in a narrow zone 30-km wide that straddled the fault rupture over its entire 300-km length. The large rock avalanches all clustered along the western third of the rupture zone where acceleration levels and ground-shaking frequencies are thought to have been the highest. Inferences about near-field strong shaking characteristics drawn from the interpretation of the landslide distribution are consistent with results of recent inversion modeling that indicate high-frequency energy generation was greatest in the western part of the fault rupture zone and decreased markedly to the east. ?? 2004, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquake Spectra","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1193/1.1778173","issn":"87552930","usgsCitation":"Jibson, R., Harp, E.L., Schulz, W., and Keefer, D.K., 2004, Landslides triggered by the 2002 Denali fault, Alaska, earthquake and the inferred nature of the strong shaking: Earthquake Spectra, v. 20, no. 3, p. 669-691, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1778173.","startPage":"669","endPage":"691","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209286,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1778173"},{"id":235582,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4467e4b0c8380cd66a99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jibson, R.W.","contributorId":8467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jibson","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harp, E. 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K.","contributorId":21176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026988,"text":"70026988 - 2004 - Ichthyophoniasis: An emerging disease of Chinook salmon in the Yukon River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-29T12:44:53","indexId":"70026988","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ichthyophoniasis: An emerging disease of Chinook salmon in the Yukon River","docAbstract":"Before 1985, Ichthyophonus was unreported among Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. from the Yukon River; now it infects more than 40% of returning adult Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha. Overall infection prevalence reached about 45% in the Yukon River and about 30% in the Tanana River between 1999 and 2003. Mean infection prevalence was greater in females than males in the main-stem Yukon River during each of the 5 years of the study, but the infection prevalence in males increased each year until the difference was no longer significant. Clinical signs of ichthyophoniasis (presence of visible punctate white lesions in internal organs) were least at the mouth of the Yukon River (∼10%) but increased to 29% when fish reached the middle Yukon River and was 22% at the upper Tanana River. However, clinical signs increased each year from 7% in 1999 to 27% in 2003 at the mouth of the river. As fish approached the upper reaches of the Yukon River (Canada) and the spawning areas of the Chena and Salcha rivers (Alaska), infection prevalence dropped significantly to less than 15% in females on the Yukon River and less than 10% for both sexes in the Chena and Salcha rivers, presumably because of mortality among infected prespawn fish. Age was not a factor in infection prevalence, nor was the position of fish within the run. The source of infection was not determined, but Ichthyophonus was not found in 400 Pacific herring Clupea pallasi from the Bering Sea or in 120 outmigrating juvenile Chinook salmon from two drainages in Alaska and Canada. Freshwater burbot Lota lota from the middle Yukon River were subclinically infected with Ichthyophonus, but the origin and relationship of this agent to the Chinook salmon isolate is unknown.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/H03-068.1","issn":"08997659","usgsCitation":"Kocan, R., Hershberger, P., and Winton, J., 2004, Ichthyophoniasis: An emerging disease of Chinook salmon in the Yukon River: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 16, no. 2, p. 58-72, https://doi.org/10.1577/H03-068.1.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"58","endPage":"72","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235618,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Yukon River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -134.747314453125,\n 60.68931752009121\n ],\n [\n -136.142578125,\n 62.431074232920906\n ],\n [\n -138.62548828125,\n 63.29293924364835\n ],\n [\n -139.691162109375,\n 64.46805896629253\n ],\n [\n -142.459716796875,\n 65.63109034100295\n ],\n [\n -145.008544921875,\n 66.56574650920786\n ],\n [\n -145.79956054687497,\n 66.73556274968628\n ],\n [\n -148.29345703124997,\n 66.36835146313003\n ],\n [\n -148.985595703125,\n 66.09826847519165\n ],\n [\n -150.194091796875,\n 65.87921475410938\n ],\n [\n -151.094970703125,\n 65.5129625532949\n ],\n [\n -153.446044921875,\n 65.21068278245275\n ],\n [\n -156.02783203124997,\n 64.95146502589559\n ],\n [\n -158.00537109375,\n 64.89558934777301\n ],\n [\n -159.45556640625,\n 64.41592147626879\n ],\n [\n -160.42236328125,\n 62.935234870604695\n ],\n [\n -160.94970703125,\n 61.907926072709756\n ],\n [\n -164.3994140625,\n 62.935234870604695\n ],\n [\n -165.1904296875,\n 62.60345318745799\n ],\n [\n -164.81689453125,\n 62.1655019058381\n ],\n [\n -161.16943359375,\n 61.25966921642908\n ],\n [\n -159.27978515625,\n 62.186013857194254\n ],\n [\n -158.466796875,\n 64.10100652652665\n ],\n [\n -152.55615234375,\n 64.71787992684128\n ],\n [\n -145.04150390625,\n 63.78248603116502\n ],\n [\n -141.767578125,\n 64.4348920430406\n ],\n [\n -140.82275390625,\n 63.04500101542009\n ],\n [\n -139.04296875,\n 61.40723633876356\n ],\n [\n -134.75830078125,\n 60.359564131824214\n ],\n [\n -134.747314453125,\n 60.68931752009121\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3800e4b0c8380cd6136b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kocan, R.","contributorId":95665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kocan","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hershberger, P.","contributorId":64826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hershberger","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winton, J.","contributorId":55627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}