{"pageNumber":"174","pageRowStart":"4325","pageSize":"25","recordCount":6233,"records":[{"id":26109,"text":"wri954207 - 1995 - Water resources of the Bad River Indian Reservation, northern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-26T11:29:54","indexId":"wri954207","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4207","title":"Water resources of the Bad River Indian Reservation, northern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p>Water-resources data were collected in the Bad River Indian Reservation of northern Wisconsin from 1983 through 1987. Some data are interpreted to describe ground-water flow, groundwater quality, streamflow, and surface-water quality. Data also are presented in tables and appendixes for baseline reference.</p>\n<p>Precambrian sandstone and basalt underlie varying thicknesses of sandy till, outwash sand and gravel, and clay deposited in glacial meltwater lakes. The thickness of glacial deposits generally ranges from 100 to 300 ft but reaches a known thickness of almost 1,000 ft on the east-central edge of the Reservation. Sand and gravel deposits are generally buried beneath 50 to 150 ft of glacial lake clays and silts throughout most of the Reservation. These buried sand and gravel deposits lie directly on Precambrian sandstone of unknown thickness in the northern half of the Reservation. The sand and gravel deposits and the sandstone form a single aquifer system confined by the overlying clay deposits. In and near the village of Odanah, numerous wells finished in either the sand and gravel or in the sandstone flow above land surface.</p>\n<p>Estimates of the horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the sand and gravel based on 30 specific- capacity tests range from about 2 to 700 ft per day with a median value of about 80 ft per day. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity estimates for the sandstone range from about 1 to 360 ft per day with a median of about 2 ft per day. These estimates are based on 42 specific-capacity tests of wells open only to the upper 20 to 60 ft of sandstone. The horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the sandstone appears to decrease with depth; highest estimates were determined for wells open only to the upper 20 ft of sandstone.</p>\n<p>Ground water in the confined aquifer system is a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type with relatively low total dissolved solids concentrations. The median total dissolved solids concentration of water from 17 sand and gravel wells is about 150 milligrams per liter and the median for water from 21 sandstone wells is about 244 milligrams per liter. High concentrations of iron and manganese were found in water from 12 of 36 sampled wells. Total recoverable concentrations of iron exceeded 500 micrograms per liter in 5 wells and concentrations of manganese exceeded 50 micrograms per liter in 7 wells.</p>\n<p>Streamflow has been continuously measured at a streamflow-gaging station in the Bad River near Odanah for much of the time since 1914. This station monitors drainage from a basin with an area of 597 square miles and the average daily discharge of the Bad River at this gaging station is 622 cubic feet per second. The peak instantaneous flow at the station was 27,700 cubic feet per second on April 24, 1960 and the minimum instantaneous flow was 34 cubic feet per second on November 8,1976.</p>\n<p>Analysis of water samples collected at 12 sites at 10 small streams during base-flow conditions indicate that the concentrations of common chemical constituents are similar to but lower than those found in ground water. The median concentration of total dissolved solids was about 110 milligrams per liter as compared to about 155 milligrams per liter in ground-water samples from wells finished in sand and gravel.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954207","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bad River Indian Tribe of Wisconsin","usgsCitation":"Batten, W.G., and Lidwin, R., 1995, Water resources of the Bad River Indian Reservation, northern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4207, Report: iv, 45 p.; 2 Plates: 14.00 x 19.90 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954207.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 45 p.; 2 Plates: 14.00 x 19.90 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4207/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":2058,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/WRIR-95-4207/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54907,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4207/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54906,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4207/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54905,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4207/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Ashland County, Iron County","otherGeospatial":"Bad River Indian Reservation, Lake Superior, Madeline Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.7470703125,\n              46.238752301105706\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.7470703125,\n              46.67205646734499\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.3680419921875,\n              46.67205646734499\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.3680419921875,\n              46.238752301105706\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.7470703125,\n              46.238752301105706\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47e6e4b07f02db4bc06c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Batten, W. G.","contributorId":89504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batten","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lidwin, R.A.","contributorId":33349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidwin","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25527,"text":"wri934138 - 1995 - Geohydrology of the Gallup's Quarry area, Plainfield, Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-14T12:52:08","indexId":"wri934138","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4138","title":"Geohydrology of the Gallup's Quarry area, Plainfield, Connecticut","docAbstract":"<p>The geohydrology of the Gallup's Quarry area in Plainfield, Connecticut was characterized by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, to provide a preliminary framework for future remedial efforts. Gallup's Quarry, an inactive sand and gravel pit, was the site of unregulated disposal of an unknown volume of chemical wastes from at least the summer of 1977 until January 1978. Existing information collected for the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection during 1978-82 showed that ground water beneath Gallup's Quarry and adjacent land to the northwest was contaminated by organic and inorganic compounds. There is also some evidence for contamination of Mill Brook, which is located north and northwest of the disposal areas. </p><p>Geologic mapping and subsurface data show that unconsolidated surficial materials up to 90 feet thick overlie fractured crystalline bedrock in most of the Gallup's Quarry area. The surficial materials consist primarily of stratified drift and till. Texture changes vertically and laterally within the stratified drift; grain size ranges from very coarse to fine. Till blankets the bedrock surface beneath the stratified drift and is a few feet to as much as 25 feet thick. Bedrock is exposed at land surface in a hill in the southeastern part of the quarry and slopes to depths of up to 90 feet beneath the area west and north of the disposal sites. The bedrock is a dark, fine-grained, fractured and jointed blastomylonite and hornblende gneiss of the Quinebaug Formation. It is likely that a west- northwest-trending fault is present in the bedrock beneath Gallup's Quarry; this fault, if present, may provide a preferential pathway for ground-water flow and contaminant transport. </p><p>The principal horizontal direction of ground-water flow and movement of dissolved contaminants in the stratified drift was to the northwest of the waste-disposal areas toward Mill Brook in 1978. Estimates of average annual recharge based on regional analyses for 1978-91 are 30 inches in areas where stratified drift are exposed and 9.6 inches in areas where till and crystalline bedrock are exposed. The hydraulic conductivity of the coarse-grained stratified drift, identified in earlier U.S. Geological Survey studies as part of an aquifer capable of yielding large quantities of water, may be several hundred feet per day. The hydraulic conductivity of the till, based on regional information, is likely 0.04 to 24 feet per day. </p><p>More detailed geohydrologic information is required to develop effective remedial programs at Gallup's Quarry, particularly in the areas north and west of the waste-disposal areas. Detailed subsurface geologic mapping and definition of head distribution and other hydraulic properties of each geohydrologic unit would indicate directions and rates of ground-water flow. Most importantly, the present extent of contamination of water and sediments throughout the area will have to be determined.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934138","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Melvin, R., Stone, J., Craft, P.A., and Lane, J.W., 1995, Geohydrology of the Gallup's Quarry area, Plainfield, Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4138, Report: vi, 52 p.; 2 Plates: 26.51 x 23.46 inches and 27.98 x 33.02 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934138.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 52 p.; 2 Plates: 26.51 x 23.46 inches and 27.98 x 33.02 inches","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349850,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4138/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":349851,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4138/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54243,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4138/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123748,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4138/report-thumb.jpg"}],"datum":"National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929","country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","city":"Plainfield","otherGeospatial":"Gallup's Quarry area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.96019172668457,\n              41.65777973769656\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.89744949340819,\n              41.65777973769656\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.89744949340819,\n              41.6875916687549\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.96019172668457,\n              41.6875916687549\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.96019172668457,\n              41.65777973769656\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a899a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Melvin, Robert L.","contributorId":96277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melvin","given":"Robert L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Janet Radway","contributorId":72793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Janet Radway","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Craft, Patrick A.","contributorId":201229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craft","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lane, John W. Jr. 0000-0002-3558-243X jwlane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-243X","contributorId":189168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jwlane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":194051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":28901,"text":"wri954204 - 1995 - Water resources of Teton County, Wyoming, exclusive of Yellowstone National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:47","indexId":"wri954204","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4204","title":"Water resources of Teton County, Wyoming, exclusive of Yellowstone National Park","docAbstract":"Surface- and ground-water data were collected and analyzed to describe the water resources of that part of Teton County, Wyoming located south of Yellowstone National Park. Wells and springs inventoried in the Teton County study area most commonly were completed in or issued from Quaternary unconsolidated deposits and Tertiary, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic rocks. The largest measured, reported, or estimated discharges were from Quaternary uncon- solidated deposits (3,000 gallons per minute), the Bacon Ridge Sandstone of Cretaceous age (800 gallons per minute), and the Madison Limestone of Mississippian age (800 gallons per minute). Dissolved-solids concentrations in water samples from Quaternary unconsolidated deposits and Tertiary, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic rocks ranged from 80 to 1,060 milligrams per liter. A time-domain electromagnetic survey of Jackson Hole indicated that the depth of Quaternary unconsolidated deposits ranged from about 380 feet in the northern part of Antelope Flats to about 2,400 feet near the Potholes area in Grand Teton National Park. A streamflow gain-and-loss study indicated that the ground-water discharge to the Snake River between gaging stations near Moran and south of the Flat Creek confluence, near Jackson, was 395 cubic feet per second. Water level contours generated from 137 water-level measurements and 118 stream altitudes indicated that water in Quaternary unconsolidated deposits flows southwest in the general direction of the Snake River.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954204","usgsCitation":"Nolan, B.T., and Miller, K.A., 1995, Water resources of Teton County, Wyoming, exclusive of Yellowstone National Park: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4204, vi, 76 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +3 folded maps., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954204.","productDescription":"vi, 76 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +3 folded maps.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123725,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4204/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57775,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4204/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c340","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nolan, B. T.","contributorId":21565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolan","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":200586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, K. A.","contributorId":81848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25705,"text":"wri954061 - 1995 - Physical and hydrologic properties of outcrop samples from a nonwelded to welded tuff transition, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:18","indexId":"wri954061","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4061","title":"Physical and hydrologic properties of outcrop samples from a nonwelded to welded tuff transition, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"Quantitative material-property data are needed to describe lateral and vertical spatial variability of physical and hydrologic properties and to model ground-water flow and radionuclide transport at the potential Yucca Mountain nuclear-waste repository site in Nevada. As part of ongoing site characterization studies of Yucca Mountain directed toward this understanding of spatial variability, laboratory measurements of porosity, bull* and particle density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and sorptivity have been obtained for a set of outcrop samples that form a systematic,two dimensional grid that covers a large exposure of the basal Tiva Canyon Tuff of the Paintbrush Group of Miocene age at Yucca Mountain. The samples form a detailed vertical grid roughly parallel to the transport direction of the parent ash flows, and they exhibit material-property varia- tions in an interval of major lithologic change overlying a potential nuclear-waste repository at Yucca Mountain.  The observed changes in hydrologic properties were systematic and consistent with the changes expected for the nonwelded to welded transition at the base of a major ash-flow sequence. Porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and sorptivity decreased upward from the base of the Tiva Canyon Tuff, indicating the progressive compaction of ash- rich volcanic debris and the onset of welding with increased overburden pressure from the accumulating ash-flow sheet. The rate of decrease in the values of these material properties varied with vertical position within the transition interval. In contrast, bulk-density values increased upward, a change that also is consistent with progressive compaction and the onset of welding. Particle-density values remained almost constant throughout the transition interval, probably indicating compositional (chemical) homogeneity.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954061","usgsCitation":"Rautman, C., Flint, L.E., Flint, A.L., and Istok, J., 1995, Physical and hydrologic properties of outcrop samples from a nonwelded to welded tuff transition, Yucca Mountain, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4061, iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm. [PGS - 28 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954061.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm. [PGS - 28 p.]","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123938,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4061/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54467,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4061/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685c1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rautman, C.A.","contributorId":46979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rautman","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, L. E. 0000-0002-7868-441X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":38180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"L.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flint, A. L.","contributorId":102453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Istok, J.D.","contributorId":34165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Istok","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":28291,"text":"wri954073 - 1995 - Pneumatic testing in 45-degree-inclined boreholes in ash-flow tuff near Superior, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:44","indexId":"wri954073","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4073","title":"Pneumatic testing in 45-degree-inclined boreholes in ash-flow tuff near Superior, Arizona","docAbstract":"Matrix permeability values determined by single-hole pneumatic testing in nonfractured ash-flow tuff ranged from 5.1 to 20.3 * 1046 m2 (meters squared), depending on the gas-injection rate and analysis method used. Results from the single-hole tests showed several significant correlations between permeability and injection rate and between permeability and test order. Fracture permeability values determined by cross-hole pneumatic testing in fractured ash-flow tuff ranged from 0.81 to 3.49 * 1044 m2, depending on injection rate and analysis method used. Results from the cross-hole tests monitor intervals showed no significant correlation between permeability and injection rate; however, results from the injection interval showed a significant correlation between injection rate and permeability. Porosity estimates from the 'cross-hole testing range from 0.8 to 2.0 percent. The maximum temperature change associated with the pneumatic testing was 1.2'(2 measured in the injection interval during cross-hole testing. The maximum temperature change in the guard and monitor intervals was O.Ip C. The maximum error introduced into the permeability values due to temperature fluctuations is approximately 4 percent. Data from temperature monitoring in the borehole indicated a positive correlation between the temperature decrease in the injection interval during recovery testing and the gas-injection rate.  The thermocouple psychrometers indicated that water vapor was condensing in the boreholes during testing. The psychrometers in the guard and monitor intervals detected the drier injected gas as an increase in the dry bulb reading. The relative humidity in the test intervals was always higher than the upper measurement limit of the psychrometers. Although the installation of the packer system may have altered the water balance of the borehole, the gas-injection testing resulted in minimal or no changes in the borehole relative humidity.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954073","usgsCitation":"LeCain, G., 1995, Pneumatic testing in 45-degree-inclined boreholes in ash-flow tuff near Superior, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4073, iv, 27 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954073.","productDescription":"iv, 27 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123952,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4073/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57109,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4073/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47a3e4b07f02db496565","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LeCain, G.D.","contributorId":22810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeCain","given":"G.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26197,"text":"wri944038 - 1995 - Conceptualization and simulation of runoff generation from rainfall for three basins in Thurston County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:33","indexId":"wri944038","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4038","title":"Conceptualization and simulation of runoff generation from rainfall for three basins in Thurston County, Washington","docAbstract":"A method to conceptualize and simulate the generation of runoff from rainfall was applied to three small drainage basins in north-central Thurston County, Washington. Because the study basins face continued urban development, this method was developed to provide a technique for assessing the effects of alternative urban-development plans on runoff characteristics. A conceptual model of runoff generation and three numerical simulation models, called basin models, were constructed for the study basins. Hydrologic Simulation Program- FORTRAN was the program used to construct the basin models. The basin models were constructed using parameter values based on qualitative rainfall- runoff relations defined in the conceptual model. The features of the conceptual model, incorporated in the basin models, were assessed by calibration and evaluation of the basin models with observed streamflow data collected from March 1988 through March 1990. The simulation results from the basin models generally confirmed the study's conceptual model of runoff generation. Absolute differences between simulated and observed streamflows were less than 6 percent for total runoff volumes, equal to or less than 32 percent for daily mean discharges, less than 32 percent for storm runoff volumes, and less than 33 percent for peak discharges. Although the conceptual model adequately described runoff generation from rainfall, it did not adequately describe the actual flow paths from land segments to streams.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944038","usgsCitation":"Berris, S., 1995, Conceptualization and simulation of runoff generation from rainfall for three basins in Thurston County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4038, vi, 149 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944038.","productDescription":"vi, 149 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4038/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54992,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4038/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6980f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berris, S.N.","contributorId":46570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berris","given":"S.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29776,"text":"wri954220 - 1995 - Geohydrology and vertical distribution of volatile organic compounds in ground water, Fischer and Porter Company Superfund Site, Warminster, Bucks County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-17T10:30:56","indexId":"wri954220","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4220","title":"Geohydrology and vertical distribution of volatile organic compounds in ground water, Fischer and Porter Company Superfund Site, Warminster, Bucks County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"<p>The Fischer and Porter Company Superfund Site is underlain by sedimentary rocks of the Upper Triassic Stockton Formation, which consists of interbedded siltstone, very-fine grained to coarse-grained sandstone, and conglomerate in crudely defined, upward fining cycles. These rocks form a complex, heterogeneous, leaky, multiaquifer system comprised of a series of gently dipping lithologic units with different hydraulic properties. Ground water is unconfined in the shallower part of the aquifer and confined or semiconfined in the deeper part of the aquifer. Water levels measured in monitor well clusters and borehole-flow measurements made in open boreholes show a downward hydraulic head gradient at the site, caused in part by the pumping of nearby, deep public-supply wells and the Fischer and Porter treatment system extraction wells. Downward borehole flow was measured at rates up to 9 gallons per minute. Aquifer-isolation tests were run in the six boreholes to obtain depth-discrete specific-capacity and water-quality data. On the basis of specific-capacity data for 27 isolated intervals, specific capacity is not related to depth.</p><p>Water levels in monitor wells at the Fischer and Porter Site are greatly affected by the pumping of nearby public-supply wells, as well as the pumping of the Fischer and Porter treatment system extraction wells. Pumping of the public-supply wells causes daily water-level fluctuations in wells at the site as great as 5.3 feet. The shutdown of the Fischer and Porter treatment system extraction wells caused a rise in water level in all wells screened in the intermediate and deep zones. The rise in water level was as great as 4.3 feet in the intermediate zone and as great as 5.9 feet in the deep zone. The direction of ground-water flow is toward the north in the shallow and intermediate zones and toward the west and west-southwest in the deep zone. Ground-water discharge probably is to the unnamed tributary to Pennypack Creek north and west of the site.</p><p>Volatile organic compounds (VOC's) were detected in most depth-discrete water samples. No general trend of increasing or decreasing concentrations of VOC's with depth were observed, and none of the isolated intervals had highly elevated concentrations of VOC's. Observed fairly constant concentrations of VOC's with depth are the result of the downward head gradient and the former presence of open boreholes on the site. The downward head gradient and pumping of nearby, deep public-supply wells caused the vertical migration and outward movement of VOC's into the aquifer through former supply and monitor wells of open-hole construction in the main area of contamination. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954220","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., Macchiaroli, P., and Conger, R.W., 1995, Geohydrology and vertical distribution of volatile organic compounds in ground water, Fischer and Porter Company Superfund Site, Warminster, Bucks County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4220, Report: xii, 137 p.; 3 Plates: 26.95 x 13.94 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954220.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 137 p.; 3 Plates: 26.95 x 13.94 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123366,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4220/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58578,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4220/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358464,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4220/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358465,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4220/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358466,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4220/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Bucks County","city":"Warminster","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.1,\n              40.16666\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.05,\n              40.16666\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.05,\n              40.2\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.1,\n              40.2\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.1,\n              40.16666\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8be0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sloto, Ronald A. rasloto@usgs.gov","contributorId":424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"Ronald","email":"rasloto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Macchiaroli, Paola","contributorId":96309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macchiaroli","given":"Paola","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conger, Randall W. rwconger@usgs.gov","contributorId":2086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conger","given":"Randall","email":"rwconger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":29140,"text":"wri954108 - 1995 - Water budgets, water quality, and analysis of nutrient loading of the Winter Park Chain of Lakes, central Florida, 1989-92, with a section on littoral vegetation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-23T16:16:35.832282","indexId":"wri954108","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4108","title":"Water budgets, water quality, and analysis of nutrient loading of the Winter Park Chain of Lakes, central Florida, 1989-92, with a section on littoral vegetation","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Winter Park chain of lakes (Lakes Maitland, Virginia, Osceola, and Mizell) has a combined area of about 900 acres, an immediate drainage area of about 3,100 acres, and mean depths ranging from 11 to 15 feet. The lakes are an important recreational resource for the surrounding communities, but there is concern about the possible effects of stormwater runoff and seepage of nutrient-enriched ground water on the quality of water in the lakes.</span></p><p>The lakes receive water from several sources: rainfall on lake surfaces, inflow from other surface-water bodies, stormflow that enters the lakes through storm drains or by direct runoff from land adjacent to the lakes, and ground-water seepage. Water leaves the lakes by evaporation, surface outflow, and ground-water outflow. Of the three, only surface outflow can be measured directly. Rainfall, surface inflow and outflow, and lake-stage data were collected from October 1, 1989, to September 30, 1992. Stormflow, evaporation and ground-water inflow and outflow were estimated for the 3 years of the study. Ground-water outflow was calculated by evaluating the rate of lake-stage decline during dry periods. Estimated ground-water outflow was compared to downward leakage rates estimated by ground-water flow models. Lateral ground-water inflow from surficial sediments was calculated as the residual of the flow budget.</p><p>Flow budgets were calculated for the 3 years of the study. In water year 1992 (a year with about average rainfall), inflow consisted of rainfall, 48 inches; stormflow, 15 inches; surface inflow, 67 inches; and ground water, 40 inches. The calculated outflows were evaporation, 47 inches; surface outflow, 90 inches; and ground water, 33 inches.</p><p>Water-quality data also were used to calculate nutrient budgets for the lakes. Bimonthly water samples were collected from the lakes and at surface inflow and outflow sites, and were analyzed for physical characteristics, dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance, major ions, the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus, and chlorophyll (collected at lake sites only). Specific conductance ranged from about 190 to 230 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius in Lakes Maitland, Virginia and Osceola and from about 226 to 260 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius in Lake Mizell. The median concentrations of total ammonia-plus-organic nitrogen in all the lakes ranged from 0.79 to 0.99 milligrams per liter. Median total phosphorus concentrations ranged from less than 0.02 to 0.20 milligrams per liter. Stormwater samples were collected for 17 storms at one storm-drain site and 16 storms at another storm-drain site on Lake Osceola. Median total nitrogen concentrations at the sites were 2.23 and 3.06 milligrams per liter and median total phosphorus concentrations were 0.34 and 0.40 milligrams per liter.</p><p>The water quality in the Winter Park lakes generally is fair to good, based on a trophic-state index used by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection for assessing the tropic state of Florida lakes. This index was determined from median total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll-a concentrations, and median Secchi-disk transparency for all lakes for the period September 1989 to June 1992.</p><p>Based on a one-time sampling of 20 sites around the lakes, surficial ground-water quality is highly variable. Nutrient concentrations were highly variable and could not be correlated to the proximity of septic tanks. Fertilizer probably is the primary source of nutrients in the surficial ground water.</p><p>Nutrient budgets were calculated for the lakes for the 3 years of the study. The most variable source of nutrient loading to the lakes is stormwater. Nutrient-loading modeling indicates that reduction of nutrients in stormflow probably would improve lake-water quality. However, even with complete removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from stormwater, the lakes might still be mesotrophic with respect to both nutrients during periods of below average rainfall because of the input from the other sources of inflow to the lakes.</p><p>Littoral vegetation in the lakes was surveyed in March 1992. The length of shoreline containing vegetation was 44 percent in Lake Maitland, 62 percent in Lake Virginia, 46 percent in Lake Osceola, and 76 percent in Lake Mizell. The types of vegetation present generally were similar for all four lakes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954108","usgsCitation":"Phelps, G.G., German, E.R., Beckage, B., and Gain, W.S., 1995, Water budgets, water quality, and analysis of nutrient loading of the Winter Park Chain of Lakes, central Florida, 1989-92, with a section on littoral vegetation: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4108, vi, 96 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954108.","productDescription":"vi, 96 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":422857,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48211.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2332,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954108","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159383,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Winter Park Chain of Lakes","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.4167,\n              28.6667\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.4167,\n              28.53\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.3,\n              28.53\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.3,\n              28.6667\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.4167,\n              28.6667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67aeb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phelps, G. G.","contributorId":82346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelps","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"German, E. R.","contributorId":86315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"German","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beckage, Brian","contributorId":289256,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beckage","given":"Brian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":62082,"text":"Department of Plant Biology & Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":888594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gain, W. Scott wsgain@usgs.gov","contributorId":346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gain","given":"W.","email":"wsgain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[{"id":6676,"text":"USGS (retired)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":888595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":30222,"text":"wri954028 - 1995 - Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Aguadilla to Rio Camuy area, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri954028","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4028","title":"Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Aguadilla to Rio Camuy area, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"The aquifers of the Aguadilla to Rio Camuy area, in the northwestern part of Puerto Rico, are the least developed of those on the north coast, and relatively little information is available concerning the ground-water system. The present study, which was part of a comprehensive appraisal of the ground-water resources of the North Coast Province, attempts to interpret the hydrology of the area within the constraints of available data.  The study area consists of an uplifted rolling plain that is 200 to 400 feet above sea level and a heavily forested, karst upland. The only major streams in the area are the Rfo Camuy and the Rio Guajataca. Most water used in the area is obtained from Lago de Guajataca, just south of the study area, and ground-water use is minimal (less than 5 million gallons per day). Sedimentary rocks of Tertiary age, mainly limestone and calcareous clays, comprise the aquifers of the Aguadilla to Rio Camuy area. The rocks generally dip from 4 to 7 degrees to the north, and the total sedimentary rock sequence may be as much as 6,000 feet thick near the Atlantic coast.  Baseflows for the Rio Camuy are 58 cubic feet per second near Bayaney and 72 cubic feet per second near Hatillo. The ground-water discharge to the Rio Camuy between these stations is estimated to be 15 cubic feet per second, or 2.6 cubic feet per second per linear mile. The flow of the Rio Guajataca is regulated by the Guajataca Dam at Lago de Guajataca. Ground-water discharge to the Rio Guajataca between the dam and the coast is estimated to be about 17 cubic feet per.second, based on the average ground-water discharge per linear mile estimated for the Rio Camuy.  Both water-table and artesian aquifers are present in the Aguadilla to Rio Camuy area; how-ever, most ground water occurs within the watertable aquifer, which was the primary focus of this study. The top of the confining unit, below the water-table aquifer, generally is within the unnamed upper member of the Cibao Formation; however, it is within the Los Puertos Formation in the eastern part of the study area. The water-table aquifer primarily is composed of rocks of the Aymam6n Limestone and the Los Puertos Formation. The estimated saturated thickness of the water-table aquifer ranges from zero at the southern limit of the aquifer to more than 600 feet south of Isabela.  Hydraulic conductivity of the Aymam6n Limestone, based on specific-capacity test data for seven wells, ranges from about 1 to about 25 feet per day and averages 7.5 feet per day. Hydraulic conductivity of the Los Puertos Formation, based on specific-capacity test data for four wells, generally was less than 7 feet. per day. The average hydraulic-conductivity value for both the Aymam6n Limestone and the Los Puertos Formation, based on specific-capacity test data, is estimated to be about 6.0 feet per day. These hydraulic-conductivity values are much less than average values for the water-table aquifer reported for other parts of the North Coast Province. Transmissivity values, based on the average hydraulic-conductivity value for the aquifer derived from specific-capacity tests, range from zero to about 4,000 feet squared per day; however, these values were adjusted upward during model calibration.  Ground water generally moves from the highlands in the south toward the sea to the north and west, and locally, to streams. A major groundwater divide extends from the southeastern corner of the study area to the northwest, and separates flow north and east into the study area from flow to the southwest toward the Rio Culebrinas. Nearly all recharge to the aquifer is from infiltration of rainfall into the karst uplands. Discharge from the aquifer primarily occurs as leakage to streams and to the sea, and to a lesser degree as flow to wells.  A two-layer, three-dimensional, steady-state, numerical model was constructed to simulateground-water flow in the water-table aquifer between Aguadilla and the R/o Camuy area. A basic a","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954028","usgsCitation":"Tucci, P., and Martinez, M., 1995, Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Aguadilla to Rio Camuy area, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4028, iv, 39 p. :ill. (1 col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954028.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p. :ill. (1 col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119400,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4028/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59005,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4028/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605068","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tucci, Patrick ptucci@usgs.gov","contributorId":926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucci","given":"Patrick","email":"ptucci@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":202885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martinez, M.I.","contributorId":12895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinez","given":"M.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25625,"text":"wri944214 - 1995 - Magnitude and frequency data for historic debris flows in Grand Canyon National Park and vicinity, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-03T13:19:27.442537","indexId":"wri944214","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4214","title":"Magnitude and frequency data for historic debris flows in Grand Canyon National Park and vicinity, Arizona","docAbstract":"Debris flows occur in 529 tributaries of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon between Lees Ferry and Diamond Creek, Arizona (river miles 0 to 225). An episodic type of flash flood, debris flows transport poorly-sorted sediment ranging in size from clay to boulders into the Colorado River. Debris flows create and maintain debris fans and the hundreds of associated riffles and rapids that control the geomorphic framework of the Colorado River downstream from Glen Canyon Dam. Between 1984 and 1994, debris flows created 4 new rapids and enlarged 17 existing rapids and riffles.  Debris flows in Grand Canyon are initiated by slope failures that occur during intense rainfall. Three of these mechanisms of slope failure are documented. Failures in weathered bedrock, particularly in the Hermit Shale and Supai Group, have initiated many historic debris flows in Grand Canyon. A second mechanism, termed the fire-hose effect, occurs when runoff pours over cliffs onto unconsolidated colluvial wedges, triggering a failure. A third initiation mechanism occurs when intense precipitation causes failures in colluvium overlying bedrock. Multiple source areas and extreme topographic relief in Grand Canyon commonly result in combinations of these three initiation mechanisms. Interpretation of 1,107 historical photographs spanning 120 years, supplemented with aerial photography made between 1935 and 1994, yielded information on the frequency of debris flows in 168 of the 529 tributaries (32 percent) of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon. Of the 168 tributaries, 96 contain evidence of debris flows that have occurred since 1872, whereas 72 tributaries have not had a debris flow during the last century. The oldest debris flow we have documented in Grand Canyon occurred 5,400 years ago in an unnamed tributary at river mile 63.3-R. Our results indicate that the frequency of debris flows ranges from one every 10 to 15 years in certain eastern tributaries, to less than one per century in other drainage basins. On average, debris flows may recur approximately every 30 to 50 years in individual tributaries, although adjacent tributaries may have considerably different histories.  Peak discharges were estimated in 18 drainages for debris flows that occurred between 1939 and 1994. Typically, discharges range from about 100 to 300 cubic meters per second (m3/s). The largest debris flow in Grand Canyon during the last century, which occurred in Prospect Canyon in 1939, had a peak discharge of about 1,000 m3/s. Debris-flow deposits generally contain 15 to 30 percent sand-and-finer sediment; however, the variability of sand-and-finer sediment contained by recent debris flows is large. Reconstitution of debris-flow samples indicates a range in water content of 10 to 25 percent by weight;.  Before flow regulation of the Colorado River began, debris fans aggraded by debris flows were periodically reworked by large river floods that may have been as large as 11,000 m3/s.  Impoundment of the river by Glen Canyon Dam in 1963, and subsequent operation of the reservoir have reduced the magnitude of these floods. Flow releases from the dam since 1963 have only partly reworked recently-aggraded debris fans. Significant reworking of new debris-flow deposits now occurs only during river discharges higher than typical power plant releases, which currently range between 142 and 510 m3/s.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944214","usgsCitation":"Melis, T., Webb, R.H., Griffiths, P.G., and Wise, T., 1995, Magnitude and frequency data for historic debris flows in Grand Canyon National Park and vicinity, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4214, x, 285 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944214.","productDescription":"x, 285 p.","costCenters":[{"id":49157,"text":"Rocky Mountain Regional Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":54370,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4214/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124357,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4214/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Grand Canyon National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -112.76092529296875,\n              35.60371874069731\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.45904541015625,\n              35.60371874069731\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.45904541015625,\n              36.86643755175846\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.76092529296875,\n              36.86643755175846\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.76092529296875,\n              35.60371874069731\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649503","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Melis, T.S.","contributorId":85621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melis","given":"T.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webb, R. H.","contributorId":13648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Griffiths, Peter G. 0000-0002-8663-8907 pggriffi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8663-8907","contributorId":187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffiths","given":"Peter","email":"pggriffi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":194462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wise, T.J.","contributorId":59071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wise","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":29332,"text":"wri954131 - 1995 - Ground-water-level monitoring, basin boundaries, and potentiometric surfaces of the aquifer system at Edwards Air Force Base, California, 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-11T21:46:40.930288","indexId":"wri954131","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4131","title":"Ground-water-level monitoring, basin boundaries, and potentiometric surfaces of the aquifer system at Edwards Air Force Base, California, 1992","docAbstract":"A ground-water-level monitoring program was implemented at Edwards Air Force Base, California, from January through December 1992 to monitor spatial and temporal changes in poten-tiometric surfaces that largely are affected by ground-water pumping. Potentiometric-surface maps are needed to determine the correlation between declining ground- water levels and the distribution of land subsidence. The monitoring program focused on areas of the base where pumping has occurred, especially near Rogers Lake, and involved three phases of data collection: (1) well canvassing and selection, (2) geodetic surveys, and (3) monthly ground-water-level measurements. Construction and historical water- level data were compiled for 118 wells and pi-ezometers on or near the base, and monthly ground-water-level measurements were made in 82 wells and piezometers on the base. The compiled water-level data were used in conjunction with previously collected geologic data to identify three types of no-flow boundaries in the aquifer system: structural boundaries, a principal-aquifer boundary, and ground-water divides. Heads were computed from ground-water-level measurements and land-surface altitudes and then were used to map seasonal potentiometric surfaces for the principal and deep aquifers underlying the base. Pumping has created a regional depression in the potentiometric surface of the deep aquifer in the South Track, South Base, and Branch Park well-field area. A 15-foot decline in the potentiometric surface from April to September 1992 and 20- to 30-foot drawdowns in the three production wells in the South Track well field caused locally unconfined conditions in the deep aquifer.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954131","usgsCitation":"Rewis, D., 1995, Ground-water-level monitoring, basin boundaries, and potentiometric surfaces of the aquifer system at Edwards Air Force Base, California, 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4131, v, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954131.","productDescription":"v, 61 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":58169,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4131/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":415608,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48232.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123941,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4131/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Edwards Air Force Base","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.18233544711427,\n              35.05150645528127\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.18233544711427,\n              34.74386535391561\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.49237094494548,\n              34.74386535391561\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.49237094494548,\n              35.05150645528127\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.18233544711427,\n              35.05150645528127\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a12c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rewis, D. L.","contributorId":81514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rewis","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29399,"text":"wri954264 - 1995 - An observed-streambed-scour index for selected bridges in southwestern Indiana, 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-08T13:27:33","indexId":"wri954264","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4264","title":"An observed-streambed-scour index for selected bridges in southwestern Indiana, 1991","docAbstract":"<p>Streambed-scour was assessed at 1,338 federal-aid bridges in southwestern Indiana during 1991. The assessments were conducted as part of a 7-year study by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) that will evaluate 5,600 bridge sites throughout the State. Measurements and observations of remnant scour made during low-flow discharges were used to record site conditions. These remnant-scour data were used to develop an observed streambed-scour index that provides a screening mechanism for ranking existing streambed scour. The observed- streambed-scour ranking values range from 10 (no observed scour) to 0 (pier[s] with pile[s] exposed). This index is based on the relative integrity of the substructure of each bridge with respect to observed scour. This observed-streambed-scour index was developed by use of qualitative criteria established with cooperative input from Indiana Department of Transportation and is intended as a screening tool to rank existing scour conditions. Numerous other factors that have not been included in this indexing scheme need to be considered when evaluations of overall bridge integrity are made.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri954264","usgsCitation":"Robinson, B., and Thompson, R., 1995, An observed-streambed-scour index for selected bridges in southwestern Indiana, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4264, iii, 9 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954264.","productDescription":"iii, 9 p. :map ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58251,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4264/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124238,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4264/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-84.802483,40.528046],[-84.802547,40.50181],[-84.803928,40.462564],[-84.804504,40.411555],[-84.803917,40.310115],[-84.806175,40.197995],[-84.808291,40.129027],[-84.809737,40.048929],[-84.811212,39.995331],[-84.814179,39.814212],[-84.814129,39.72662],[-84.814619,39.669174],[-84.814323,39.655814],[-84.814955,39.566251],[-84.815754,39.477358],[-84.819451,39.305153],[-84.820159,39.227225],[-84.819802,39.157613],[-84.820157,39.10548],[-84.826246,39.10417],[-84.831197,39.10192],[-84.839515,39.095292],[-84.849574,39.088264],[-84.860689,39.07814],[-84.888873,39.066376],[-84.893873,39.062466],[-84.897364,39.057378],[-84.897171,39.052407],[-84.894281,39.049572],[-84.889065,39.04082],[-84.882856,39.034031],[-84.870168,39.025551],[-84.856959,39.011528],[-84.850354,39.00325],[-84.849445,39.000923],[-84.847094,38.997309],[-84.83983,38.99129],[-84.83712,38.988059],[-84.833473,38.981522],[-84.830619,38.974898],[-84.829857,38.969385],[-84.832617,38.96146],[-84.83516,38.957961],[-84.864731,38.934893],[-84.870759,38.929231],[-84.877762,38.920357],[-84.879268,38.916116],[-84.878817,38.913405],[-84.877029,38.909016],[-84.870124,38.900389],[-84.867778,38.899133],[-84.860759,38.897654],[-84.830472,38.897256],[-84.819073,38.895469],[-84.812746,38.895132],[-84.800247,38.89107],[-84.788143,38.883728],[-84.786406,38.88222],[-84.785234,38.880439],[-84.784579,38.87532],[-84.785799,38.869496],[-84.788302,38.864325],[-84.791002,38.860572],[-84.793714,38.857788],[-84.803247,38.850723],[-84.817169,38.84342],[-84.823363,38.839196],[-84.827488,38.834909],[-84.829958,38.830632],[-84.829886,38.825405],[-84.827098,38.818634],[-84.816506,38.80532],[-84.813939,38.800209],[-84.811645,38.792766],[-84.811752,38.789169],[-84.812877,38.786087],[-84.814641,38.784488],[-84.821378,38.783111],[-84.828714,38.783208],[-84.835672,38.784289],[-84.847918,38.788106],[-84.856904,38.790224],[-84.887919,38.794652],[-84.89393,38.793704],[-84.901874,38.790604],[-84.915234,38.784086],[-84.932977,38.777519],[-84.941071,38.775627],[-84.947644,38.775273],[-84.962535,38.778035],[-84.978723,38.77928],[-84.990006,38.778383],[-84.995939,38.776756],[-84.999949,38.774715],[-85.011772,38.766712],[-85.040938,38.755163],[-85.047967,38.750849],[-85.060264,38.744948],[-85.071928,38.741567],[-85.076369,38.739496],[-85.08218,38.735439],[-85.100963,38.7268],[-85.103313,38.725323],[-85.106979,38.72163],[-85.106902,38.720789],[-85.121357,38.711232],[-85.133049,38.702375],[-85.13868,38.699168],[-85.146861,38.695427],[-85.156158,38.692251],[-85.172528,38.688082],[-85.177112,38.688405],[-85.187278,38.687609],[-85.190507,38.68795],[-85.2045,38.691692],[-85.213257,38.695446],[-85.221124,38.700957],[-85.226062,38.705456],[-85.238665,38.722494],[-85.242434,38.726235],[-85.246505,38.731821],[-85.258846,38.737754],[-85.267639,38.739899],[-85.275454,38.741172],[-85.289226,38.74241],[-85.306049,38.741649],[-85.330807,38.736705],[-85.340953,38.733893],[-85.351776,38.731638],[-85.363827,38.730477],[-85.372284,38.730576],[-85.400481,38.73598],[-85.410925,38.73708],[-85.416631,38.736272],[-85.422021,38.734834],[-85.434065,38.729455],[-85.437766,38.726405],[-85.442271,38.71985],[-85.448862,38.713368],[-85.452114,38.709348],[-85.455967,38.695655],[-85.456978,38.689135],[-85.456481,38.685069],[-85.455486,38.68209],[-85.444815,38.670083],[-85.438742,38.659319],[-85.437738,38.648898],[-85.439458,38.632366],[-85.439351,38.610388],[-85.438594,38.605405],[-85.437446,38.601724],[-85.43617,38.598292],[-85.419883,38.573558],[-85.415821,38.563558],[-85.415272,38.555416],[-85.4156,38.546341],[-85.417322,38.540763],[-85.423077,38.531581],[-85.425787,38.52873],[-85.433136,38.523914],[-85.441725,38.520191],[-85.458496,38.5144],[-85.462518,38.512602],[-85.466691,38.51028],[-85.472221,38.506279],[-85.474354,38.504074],[-85.47767,38.49832],[-85.479472,38.494533],[-85.481246,38.488374],[-85.482897,38.485701],[-85.491422,38.474702],[-85.498866,38.468242],[-85.516939,38.461357],[-85.527164,38.45829],[-85.536542,38.456083],[-85.553304,38.45388],[-85.575254,38.453292],[-85.587758,38.450495],[-85.603833,38.442094],[-85.607629,38.439295],[-85.620521,38.423105],[-85.620329,38.421697],[-85.621625,38.417089],[-85.629961,38.402306],[-85.632937,38.395666],[-85.638041,38.380338],[-85.638521,38.376802],[-85.638009,38.366115],[-85.638777,38.361443],[-85.646201,38.342916],[-85.653641,38.327108],[-85.659897,38.319396],[-85.668698,38.310517],[-85.675017,38.301317],[-85.683561,38.295469],[-85.738746,38.269366],[-85.744862,38.26717],[-85.750962,38.26787],[-85.761062,38.27257],[-85.766563,38.27767],[-85.765763,38.279669],[-85.765963,38.280469],[-85.773363,38.286169],[-85.780963,38.288469],[-85.791563,38.288569],[-85.794063,38.287869],[-85.796063,38.286669],[-85.802563,38.284969],[-85.816164,38.282969],[-85.823764,38.280569],[-85.829364,38.276769],[-85.834864,38.268069],[-85.838064,38.257369],[-85.837964,38.25117],[-85.839664,38.23977],[-85.845464,38.23027],[-85.851436,38.223189],[-85.868564,38.211969],[-85.880264,38.203369],[-85.894764,38.188469],[-85.897664,38.184269],[-85.908764,38.161169],[-85.909464,38.14007],[-85.905164,38.11107],[-85.904564,38.10027],[-85.906163,38.08617],[-85.913163,38.07337],[-85.915643,38.06647],[-85.916987,38.061846],[-85.918379,38.054214],[-85.919563,38.041079],[-85.921371,38.032135],[-85.922395,38.028679],[-85.925418,38.023456],[-85.930235,38.018311],[-85.934635,38.014423],[-85.939483,38.010951],[-85.951467,38.005608],[-85.958299,38.004616],[-85.976028,38.00356],[-85.996582,38.000073],[-86.009127,37.998529],[-86.020655,37.996116],[-86.029509,37.99264],[-86.032468,37.9901],[-86.035012,37.984814],[-86.035279,37.981228],[-86.033386,37.970382],[-86.034355,37.964621],[-86.036013,37.961703],[-86.038188,37.95935],[-86.042354,37.958018],[-86.045208,37.958258],[-86.048458,37.959369],[-86.053912,37.963571],[-86.061731,37.971326],[-86.064859,37.975618],[-86.071644,37.9872],[-86.074915,37.993345],[-86.07398,37.995449],[-86.075393,37.996948],[-86.080034,38.000848],[-86.087525,38.005127],[-86.095766,38.00893],[-86.108156,38.013416],[-86.118208,38.015279],[-86.12757,38.016011],[-86.141063,38.01547],[-86.16731,38.009879],[-86.172186,38.00992],[-86.178983,38.011308],[-86.190927,38.016438],[-86.206439,38.021876],[-86.220371,38.027922],[-86.225519,38.03328],[-86.233057,38.039305],[-86.249972,38.04583],[-86.261273,38.052721],[-86.266891,38.057125],[-86.273584,38.067443],[-86.27872,38.089303],[-86.278656,38.098509],[-86.271223,38.130112],[-86.271802,38.137874],[-86.287773,38.15805],[-86.304155,38.167872],[-86.317139,38.172907],[-86.33281,38.182938],[-86.347736,38.195363],[-86.360377,38.198796],[-86.373801,38.193352],[-86.378151,38.185845],[-86.377434,38.171379],[-86.37174,38.164183],[-86.353625,38.159579],[-86.325941,38.154317],[-86.321274,38.147418],[-86.323453,38.139032],[-86.328398,38.132877],[-86.335145,38.129242],[-86.352466,38.128459],[-86.375324,38.130629],[-86.379775,38.129274],[-86.387216,38.124632],[-86.396215,38.107789],[-86.401653,38.105396],[-86.405068,38.105801],[-86.41876,38.117693],[-86.431749,38.126121],[-86.449793,38.127223],[-86.457115,38.124531],[-86.463248,38.119278],[-86.466081,38.114437],[-86.466217,38.106781],[-86.463858,38.101177],[-86.458795,38.096404],[-86.434046,38.086763],[-86.430091,38.078638],[-86.432789,38.067171],[-86.438236,38.060426],[-86.452192,38.05049],[-86.471903,38.046218],[-86.480393,38.045578],[-86.500051,38.045757],[-86.51176,38.044448],[-86.517289,38.042634],[-86.519404,38.041241],[-86.521825,38.038327],[-86.524969,38.027879],[-86.524385,38.018609],[-86.524656,38.012894],[-86.525671,38.007145],[-86.525844,37.998385],[-86.524888,37.981834],[-86.525174,37.968228],[-86.523831,37.962169],[-86.520503,37.954438],[-86.518575,37.951798],[-86.512588,37.94695],[-86.50939,37.942492],[-86.507043,37.936439],[-86.50662,37.930719],[-86.507831,37.928829],[-86.511005,37.92612],[-86.51924,37.922163],[-86.528279,37.918618],[-86.534156,37.917007],[-86.540722,37.916871],[-86.548507,37.917842],[-86.566256,37.922164],[-86.580322,37.923145],[-86.586542,37.922285],[-86.588581,37.921159],[-86.596125,37.914289],[-86.598452,37.910965],[-86.599848,37.906754],[-86.600096,37.901218],[-86.598151,37.884553],[-86.598317,37.88042],[-86.59939,37.874753],[-86.597476,37.871478],[-86.59732,37.870162],[-86.598108,37.867382],[-86.604624,37.858272],[-86.609163,37.855408],[-86.615215,37.852857],[-86.625763,37.847266],[-86.634271,37.843845],[-86.638265,37.842718],[-86.648028,37.841425],[-86.652516,37.841636],[-86.655286,37.842505],[-86.658268,37.844144],[-86.661637,37.849714],[-86.662495,37.856951],[-86.661233,37.862761],[-86.658374,37.869376],[-86.648727,37.886036],[-86.644754,37.894806],[-86.644039,37.898202],[-86.644143,37.902366],[-86.645513,37.906529],[-86.647081,37.908621],[-86.650087,37.910616],[-86.660888,37.913059],[-86.673038,37.914903],[-86.680929,37.91501],[-86.686015,37.913084],[-86.691994,37.908529],[-86.707816,37.898367],[-86.716138,37.894073],[-86.718462,37.893123],[-86.722247,37.892648],[-86.73146,37.89434],[-86.734718,37.896587],[-86.75099,37.912893],[-86.765054,37.93251],[-86.779993,37.956522],[-86.788044,37.97284],[-86.790597,37.980062],[-86.794985,37.988982],[-86.810913,37.99715],[-86.815267,37.998877],[-86.820071,37.999392],[-86.823491,37.998939],[-86.835161,37.99375],[-86.849027,37.99002],[-86.85595,37.987292],[-86.863224,37.982495],[-86.866936,37.979294],[-86.870388,37.975276],[-86.875874,37.97077],[-86.881338,37.967523],[-86.884961,37.964373],[-86.892084,37.955929],[-86.902413,37.946161],[-86.907131,37.943023],[-86.919329,37.936664],[-86.927747,37.934956],[-86.933357,37.934939],[-86.944633,37.933534],[-86.964785,37.932384],[-86.969044,37.932858],[-86.978834,37.930233],[-87.003301,37.922395],[-87.010315,37.919668],[-87.033444,37.906593],[-87.042249,37.898291],[-87.045101,37.893775],[-87.046237,37.889866],[-87.045894,37.887574],[-87.044144,37.884025],[-87.043407,37.87994],[-87.043049,37.875049],[-87.043854,37.870796],[-87.04926,37.859745],[-87.051452,37.853681],[-87.055404,37.835297],[-87.057836,37.827457],[-87.065388,37.810481],[-87.067836,37.806065],[-87.070732,37.801937],[-87.077404,37.796209],[-87.090636,37.787808],[-87.0999,37.78464],[-87.111133,37.782512],[-87.119229,37.782848],[-87.127533,37.78504],[-87.129629,37.786608],[-87.133149,37.792208],[-87.137502,37.807264],[-87.14195,37.816176],[-87.153486,37.832384],[-87.158878,37.837871],[-87.162319,37.840159],[-87.164863,37.841215],[-87.170831,37.842319],[-87.180063,37.841375],[-87.20224,37.843791],[-87.212416,37.846223],[-87.220944,37.849134],[-87.25525,37.867326],[-87.26293,37.872846],[-87.26989,37.879854],[-87.27437,37.882942],[-87.302324,37.898445],[-87.320036,37.905741],[-87.331765,37.908253],[-87.334165,37.908205],[-87.335397,37.907565],[-87.344933,37.911164],[-87.352614,37.916124],[-87.35471,37.918252],[-87.358294,37.92054],[-87.361638,37.921004],[-87.363622,37.922348],[-87.372327,37.930028],[-87.372711,37.930556],[-87.372039,37.931708],[-87.372439,37.932044],[-87.380247,37.935596],[-87.40116,37.941227],[-87.402632,37.942267],[-87.418585,37.944763],[-87.428521,37.944811],[-87.436859,37.944192],[-87.447786,37.942427],[-87.450458,37.941451],[-87.465514,37.93369],[-87.486347,37.920218],[-87.490411,37.916682],[-87.501131,37.909162],[-87.507483,37.90673],[-87.511499,37.906426],[-87.520284,37.912618],[-87.531532,37.916298],[-87.545901,37.922666],[-87.551277,37.925418],[-87.559342,37.931146],[-87.56587,37.93793],[-87.568398,37.941226],[-87.57203,37.947466],[-87.574287,37.954842],[-87.573415,37.962642],[-87.574715,37.967742],[-87.577915,37.971542],[-87.581115,37.973442],[-87.585916,37.975442],[-87.589816,37.976042],[-87.592916,37.975842],[-87.596716,37.974842],[-87.601416,37.972542],[-87.603816,37.968942],[-87.605216,37.965142],[-87.605216,37.961442],[-87.603516,37.958942],[-87.606216,37.949642],[-87.610816,37.944602],[-87.619488,37.938538],[-87.625616,37.933442],[-87.62896,37.926714],[-87.628416,37.92145],[-87.626256,37.916138],[-87.623296,37.910746],[-87.620272,37.906922],[-87.608479,37.898794],[-87.601967,37.895722],[-87.597118,37.892394],[-87.591582,37.887194],[-87.588426,37.868791],[-87.588729,37.860984],[-87.591504,37.856642],[-87.606599,37.838669],[-87.612426,37.83384],[-87.615399,37.831974],[-87.625014,37.829077],[-87.635806,37.827015],[-87.645858,37.825899],[-87.655171,37.826037],[-87.666522,37.827455],[-87.672397,37.829127],[-87.675538,37.831732],[-87.679188,37.836321],[-87.680689,37.84062],[-87.6819,37.84641],[-87.681633,37.855917],[-87.6754,37.865946],[-87.673186,37.868412],[-87.668879,37.871497],[-87.666175,37.874146],[-87.664101,37.877176],[-87.66282,37.881449],[-87.662865,37.885578],[-87.665025,37.893514],[-87.666481,37.895786],[-87.671457,37.899498],[-87.67573,37.90193],[-87.680338,37.903274],[-87.684018,37.903498],[-87.688338,37.902474],[-87.700915,37.897274],[-87.710675,37.893898],[-87.717971,37.89257],[-87.723635,37.892058],[-87.7333,37.894346],[-87.740148,37.89465],[-87.76226,37.890906],[-87.771004,37.886261],[-87.773015,37.884544],[-87.783643,37.877759],[-87.786407,37.876556],[-87.7909,37.875714],[-87.795185,37.875273],[-87.808013,37.875191],[-87.830578,37.876516],[-87.833883,37.877324],[-87.838102,37.879769],[-87.841193,37.882325],[-87.841615,37.883393],[-87.841693,37.887685],[-87.844691,37.892048],[-87.84559,37.893151],[-87.857243,37.900649],[-87.858738,37.902779],[-87.863097,37.911858],[-87.865558,37.915056],[-87.87254,37.920999],[-87.877325,37.924034],[-87.883321,37.926238],[-87.892471,37.92793],[-87.898062,37.927514],[-87.904789,37.924892],[-87.921744,37.907885],[-87.927769,37.900924],[-87.932129,37.89732],[-87.936784,37.892587],[-87.938365,37.890802],[-87.940069,37.88767],[-87.941021,37.879168],[-87.940005,37.875044],[-87.938128,37.870651],[-87.936228,37.867937],[-87.927303,37.858709],[-87.914892,37.849618],[-87.910276,37.843416],[-87.907773,37.837611],[-87.903804,37.817762],[-87.904595,37.812526],[-87.90681,37.807624],[-87.911087,37.805158],[-87.919138,37.802128],[-87.927543,37.799851],[-87.932554,37.797672],[-87.934936,37.79522],[-87.934698,37.791827],[-87.935861,37.789703],[-87.938598,37.787914],[-87.944506,37.775256],[-87.946463,37.773477],[-87.948594,37.772344],[-87.95259,37.771742],[-87.96003,37.773223],[-87.970262,37.781856],[-87.971805,37.784648],[-87.976389,37.788004],[-87.984358,37.7918],[-87.987157,37.792202],[-87.991168,37.794049],[-87.993099,37.795756],[-87.997102,37.797672],[-88.004706,37.800145],[-88.015144,37.80193],[-88.021021,37.801409],[-88.02803,37.799224],[-88.029382,37.803601],[-88.045939,37.807481],[-88.049528,37.81107],[-88.051771,37.813761],[-88.051771,37.817799],[-88.049079,37.826322],[-88.044145,37.830808],[-88.043247,37.836639],[-88.044593,37.840677],[-88.053116,37.847854],[-88.056705,37.85548],[-88.058499,37.865349],[-88.056705,37.872078],[-88.054462,37.877461],[-88.050425,37.882844],[-88.033378,37.894059],[-88.031584,37.901685],[-88.044145,37.926805],[-88.036124,37.942746],[-88.012929,37.966544],[-88.012574,37.977062],[-88.025831,38.007245],[-88.02979,38.025046],[-88.025304,38.038055],[-88.020369,38.046578],[-88.009603,38.04927],[-87.990314,38.056447],[-87.984931,38.069008],[-87.986725,38.076185],[-87.9948,38.083362],[-87.998389,38.090091],[-87.999734,38.100857],[-87.990763,38.110726],[-87.974272,38.121981],[-87.945472,38.126616],[-87.92168,38.148407],[-87.922577,38.160071],[-87.928858,38.168594],[-87.937162,38.172189],[-87.9595,38.184376],[-87.975819,38.197834],[-87.984234,38.20996],[-87.982688,38.221527],[-87.979548,38.228256],[-87.975511,38.232742],[-87.968968,38.237389],[-87.960225,38.237118],[-87.950838,38.247097],[-87.945904,38.256966],[-87.951277,38.26875],[-87.952125,38.273763],[-87.938727,38.289264],[-87.928858,38.292404],[-87.92168,38.289712],[-87.916746,38.284778],[-87.913606,38.276703],[-87.908223,38.274012],[-87.898802,38.276255],[-87.887849,38.285299],[-87.883102,38.293301],[-87.88041,38.299581],[-87.875476,38.301376],[-87.868747,38.299133],[-87.860224,38.291507],[-87.853046,38.289264],[-87.844972,38.29061],[-87.838243,38.29375],[-87.833757,38.299133],[-87.831972,38.307241],[-87.832723,38.324853],[-87.822721,38.346912],[-87.806075,38.363143],[-87.779996,38.370842],[-87.745254,38.408996],[-87.74104,38.435576],[-87.730699,38.442908],[-87.730134,38.446518],[-87.735729,38.452986],[-87.74317,38.459019],[-87.743535,38.467774],[-87.739522,38.475069],[-87.730768,38.478717],[-87.714047,38.47988],[-87.693188,38.488038],[-87.678374,38.498438],[-87.663701,38.502931],[-87.657084,38.507169],[-87.654166,38.511911],[-87.653802,38.517382],[-87.65578,38.521206],[-87.660732,38.541092],[-87.650704,38.55624],[-87.651529,38.568166],[-87.637752,38.588512],[-87.629362,38.589971],[-87.626444,38.591066],[-87.62389,38.593984],[-87.624143,38.596955],[-87.627348,38.60544],[-87.622375,38.618873],[-87.62012,38.639489],[-87.593678,38.667402],[-87.545538,38.677613],[-87.531231,38.684036],[-87.519609,38.697198],[-87.516707,38.716333],[-87.496494,38.742728],[-87.498948,38.757774],[-87.496537,38.778571],[-87.527342,38.818121],[-87.521681,38.826576],[-87.525893,38.848795],[-87.550515,38.85956],[-87.553384,38.863344],[-87.54737,38.875614],[-87.544089,38.895093],[-87.527645,38.907688],[-87.518826,38.923205],[-87.512187,38.954417],[-87.529496,38.971925],[-87.578319,38.988786],[-87.579117,39.001607],[-87.569696,39.019413],[-87.575027,39.034062],[-87.572588,39.057286],[-87.596373,39.079639],[-87.608517,39.082445],[-87.613513,39.085568],[-87.616636,39.08994],[-87.61726,39.096186],[-87.619134,39.100557],[-87.625379,39.101806],[-87.630376,39.104305],[-87.632249,39.106803],[-87.632874,39.11055],[-87.632245,39.118702],[-87.643145,39.128562],[-87.64599,39.1449],[-87.640435,39.166727],[-87.620796,39.17479],[-87.588614,39.197824],[-87.577029,39.211123],[-87.574558,39.218404],[-87.579163,39.232962],[-87.583535,39.243579],[-87.593486,39.247452],[-87.605543,39.261122],[-87.61005,39.282232],[-87.597545,39.296388],[-87.600397,39.312904],[-87.589084,39.333831],[-87.578331,39.340343],[-87.5544,39.340488],[-87.544013,39.352907],[-87.531646,39.347888],[-87.531355,39.437732],[-87.532703,39.664868],[-87.533227,39.883],[-87.531759,40.144273],[-87.526376,40.491574],[-87.525783,40.854357],[-87.526437,40.894209],[-87.526014,40.895582],[-87.526768,41.298052],[-87.526404,41.355812],[-87.52535,41.380851],[-87.525671,41.470115],[-87.52494,41.529735],[-87.525041,41.559235],[-87.524641,41.563335],[-87.524944,41.702635],[-87.524044,41.708335],[-87.520544,41.709935],[-87.515243,41.704235],[-87.511043,41.696535],[-87.505343,41.691535],[-87.470742,41.672835],[-87.463142,41.675535],[-87.453041,41.673035],[-87.446113,41.66934],[-87.441987,41.671905],[-87.43853,41.670679],[-87.432953,41.665102],[-87.432396,41.66053],[-87.438941,41.654335],[-87.42984,41.646035],[-87.42344,41.642835],[-87.394539,41.637235],[-87.365439,41.629536],[-87.324338,41.623036],[-87.287637,41.622236],[-87.278437,41.619736],[-87.261536,41.620336],[-87.22066,41.624356],[-87.187651,41.629653],[-87.160625,41.637266],[-87.160784,41.645385],[-87.125835,41.650302],[-87.120322,41.645701],[-87.066033,41.661845],[-87.027888,41.674661],[-86.93483,41.709638],[-86.90913,41.726938],[-86.875429,41.737939],[-86.824828,41.76024],[-86.519318,41.759447],[-86.041027,41.760512],[-85.791363,41.759051],[-85.607548,41.759079],[-85.30814,41.760097],[-85.17223,41.759618],[-85.039436,41.759985],[-84.972803,41.759366],[-84.805883,41.760216],[-84.80621,41.67455],[-84.803919,41.435531],[-84.803413,41.164649],[-84.80378,41.14052],[-84.803234,41.121414],[-84.803313,40.989394],[-84.80217,40.800601],[-84.802538,40.765515],[-84.802094,40.702476],[-84.802483,40.528046]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Indiana\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab63f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, B.A.","contributorId":63035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, R.E. Jr.","contributorId":27101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"R.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":23310,"text":"ofr95279 - 1995 - Sampling design and procedures for fixed surface-water sites in the Georgia-Florida coastal plain study unit, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T12:38:59","indexId":"ofr95279","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-279","title":"Sampling design and procedures for fixed surface-water sites in the Georgia-Florida coastal plain study unit, 1993","docAbstract":"The implementation of design guidelines for the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program has resulted in the development of new sampling procedures and the modification of existing procedures commonly used in the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey. The Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain (GAFL) study unit began the intensive data collection phase of the program in October 1992. This report documents the implementation of the NAWQA guidelines by describing the sampling design and procedures for collecting surface-water samples in the GAFL study unit in 1993. This documentation is provided for agencies that use water-quality data and for future study units that will be entering the intensive phase of data collection. The sampling design is intended to account for large- and small-scale spatial variations, and temporal variations in water quality for the study area. Nine fixed sites were selected in drainage basins of different sizes and different land-use characteristics located in different land-resource provinces. Each of the nine fixed sites was sampled regularly for a combination of six constituent groups composed of physical and chemical constituents: field measurements, major ions and metals, nutrients, organic carbon, pesticides, and suspended sediments. Some sites were also sampled during high-flow conditions and storm events. Discussion of the sampling procedure is divided into three phases: sample collection, sample splitting, and sample processing. A cone splitter was used to split water samples for the analysis of the sampling constituent groups except organic carbon from approximately nine liters of stream water collected at four fixed sites that were sampled intensively. An example of the sample splitting schemes designed to provide the sample volumes required for each sample constituent group is described in detail. Information about onsite sample processing has been organized into a flowchart that describes a pathway for each of the constituent groups.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nCan be purchased from U.S. Geological Survey Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95279","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Hatzell, H.H., Oaksford, E., and Asbury, C., 1995, Sampling design and procedures for fixed surface-water sites in the Georgia-Florida coastal plain study unit, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-279, vi, 16 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95279.","productDescription":"vi, 16 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155118,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1677,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr95-279/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -84.7210693359375,\n              30.704058230919504\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.90234375,\n              30.543338954230222\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.0177001953125,\n              30.24957724046765\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.803466796875,\n              30.164126343161097\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.627685546875,\n              29.935895213372444\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.57275390625,\n              29.859701442126756\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.44091796875,\n              29.859701442126756\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.29809570312499,\n              29.859701442126756\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.2926025390625,\n              30.012030680358613\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.17724609375,\n              30.035811042667792\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.990478515625,\n              30.050076521698735\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7322998046875,\n              29.893043385434165\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.6224365234375,\n              29.76914573606667\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.51806640624999,\n              29.602118211647333\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.397216796875,\n              29.415675471217877\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.2489013671875,\n              29.377388403478992\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.1610107421875,\n              29.233683670282787\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.0841064453125,\n              29.1281717828162\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.8753662109375,\n              29.10897615145302\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.77099609375,\n              28.945668833650508\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.75451660156249,\n              28.815799886487298\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.694091796875,\n              28.671310915880834\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.694091796875,\n              28.492833128965096\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.8094482421875,\n              28.265682390146477\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.891845703125,\n              28.164032516628076\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.869873046875,\n              27.955591004642553\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.8973388671875,\n              27.790491224830877\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.7874755859375,\n              27.68352808378776\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.75451660156249,\n              27.552111841284695\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.299072265625,\n              27.571590861376308\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.2935791015625,\n              27.649472352561876\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.37597656249999,\n              27.848790459862073\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.52429199218749,\n              28.105903469076186\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.540771484375,\n              28.20760859532738\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.540771484375,\n              28.318888915773826\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.5133056640625,\n              28.386567819657213\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.46936035156249,\n              28.44454394857482\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.518798828125,\n              28.647210004919998\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.6341552734375,\n              28.815799886487298\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.771484375,\n              29.065772888415406\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.0406494140625,\n              29.439597566602902\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.1614990234375,\n              29.807284450222504\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.27685546875,\n              30.107117887092357\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.3592529296875,\n              30.5764500266181\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.34277343749999,\n              30.873940237887624\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.32080078125,\n              31.052933985705163\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.23291015625,\n              31.22689446881399\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.19445800781249,\n              31.358327833411312\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.14501953125,\n              31.48020882071693\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.03515625,\n              31.648705289976853\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.958251953125,\n              31.835565983656227\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.85937499999999,\n              31.94750122367064\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.782470703125,\n              32.00341778396365\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.8978271484375,\n              32.0732655510424\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.046142578125,\n              32.115148622612445\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.1175537109375,\n              32.16166284018013\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.112060546875,\n              32.2546200600072\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.0955810546875,\n              32.30570601389429\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.177978515625,\n              32.43097672054704\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.1669921875,\n              32.47732919639942\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.24938964843749,\n              32.537551746769\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.34277343749999,\n              32.59773394005744\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.4031982421875,\n              32.648625783736726\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.39770507812499,\n              32.76880048488168\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.4031982421875,\n              32.86574639547474\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.441650390625,\n              32.95797741405952\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.4801025390625,\n              33.04550781490999\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.5899658203125,\n              33.1329513125159\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.73278808593749,\n              33.15594830078649\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.88110351562499,\n              33.330528249028085\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.06787109374999,\n              33.41310221370827\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.28759765625,\n              33.348884792201694\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.5732421875,\n              33.22949814144951\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.056640625,\n              33.25706340236547\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.33129882812499,\n              33.0178760185549\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.507080078125,\n              32.80574473290688\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.82568359375,\n              32.722598604044066\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.66638183593749,\n              32.263910555201306\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7652587890625,\n              32.05464469054932\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.8421630859375,\n              31.76086695137955\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.19921875,\n              31.353636941500987\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.6826171875,\n              30.869225348040825\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.7210693359375,\n              30.704058230919504\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f4127","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatzell, H. H.","contributorId":7732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatzell","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oaksford, E. T.","contributorId":64284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oaksford","given":"E. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Asbury, C.E.","contributorId":45740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asbury","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":30574,"text":"wri954185 - 1995 - Analysis of streamflow characteristics for streams on the island of Tutuila, American Samoa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-02T16:17:38","indexId":"wri954185","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4185","title":"Analysis of streamflow characteristics for streams on the island of Tutuila, American Samoa","docAbstract":"<p>Several methods for estimating streamflow characteristics for low and peak flows for streams on Tutuila, American Samoa are presented. These methods, derived from frequency, flow-duration, and regression analyses, allow the user to compute estimates for the 7-day low flow with 2-year and 10-year recurrence intervals; the median flow; the mean flow; and the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50, and 100- year peak flood flows at gaged and ungaged streams. In addition, frequency techniques using the log-Pearson type III distribution were also used to compute for gaged sites the 1-, 7-, 14-, 30-, 60-, 90-, 120-, and 183-day low flows with 2-, 5-, 10-, and 20-year recurrence intervals; the 1-, 7-, 15-, 30- day high flows with 2-, 5-, 10-, and 25-year recurrence intervals; and the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100- year peak flows. The regression equations and estimated streamflow characteristics are based on streamflow data collected from 1958 through 1990 at 11 continuous-record gaging stations with 9 to 32 years of record, 75 low-flow partial-record stations, and 49 miscellaneous sites.</p><p>Low-flow regression analysis using the baseflow index basin characteristic provided results with standard errors of estimate ranging from 13.3 to 43.8 percent. These standard errors are comparable to the average values at the low-flow partial-record stations. Regional analysis, using the method of residuals, divided Tutuila into two hydrologic regions which correspond to differences in geology. Peak-flow regression equations had coefficients of determination ranging from 0.60 to 0.66 and standard errors of estimate ranging from 44.0 to 47.4 percent. The large standard errors result&nbsp;from the large variability of flood peaks compared with drainage area. The geology of Tutuila also affects the magnitude of observed flood peaks. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954185","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Government of American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency, and American Samoa Power Authority","usgsCitation":"Wong, M.F., 1995, Analysis of streamflow characteristics for streams on the island of Tutuila, American Samoa: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4185, Report: v, 168 p.; 1 Plate: 20.99 x 16.95 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954185.","productDescription":"Report: v, 168 p.; 1 Plate: 20.99 x 16.95 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4185/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":358038,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4185/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59335,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4185/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"state":"American Samoa","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -170.8432388305664,\n              -14.320941406152793\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.84392547607422,\n              -14.32426792282882\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.83877563476562,\n              -14.326929100663035\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.8315658569336,\n              -14.328259677742766\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.82778930664062,\n              -14.329922887993561\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.8216094970703,\n              -14.333249271493912\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.81680297851562,\n              -14.333249271493912\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.81405639648438,\n              -14.331253447314271\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.8095932006836,\n              -14.325931162674193\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.80787658691406,\n              -14.329590246930028\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.8047866821289,\n              -14.333249271493912\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.79792022705078,\n              -14.334247176922462\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.7948303222656,\n              -14.333914542273078\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.79036712646484,\n              -14.336242974455645\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.7879638671875,\n              -14.341232390552456\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.7883071899414,\n              -14.344225986894427\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.7872772216797,\n              -14.35220871491427\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.78556060791013,\n              -14.358195574192111\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.782470703125,\n              -14.359525965621302\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.7769775390625,\n              -14.361854131592803\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.76976776123044,\n              -14.365512629178598\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.76461791992188,\n              -14.361854131592803\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.76187133789062,\n              -14.360856349142258\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.76187133789062,\n              -14.364847452249027\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.7611846923828,\n              -14.369836231007843\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.75809478759766,\n              -14.374159749251476\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.7550048828125,\n              -14.370501393101769\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.75260162353516,\n              -14.365512629178598\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.75191497802734,\n              -14.360856349142258\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.74951171875,\n              -14.35985856224297\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.74745178222653,\n              -14.36218672475432\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.74298858642578,\n              -14.3671755628494\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.73989868164062,\n              -14.364847452249027\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.73886871337888,\n              -14.362519317421478\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.73440551757812,\n              -14.359525965621302\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.72994232177734,\n              -14.353539141922237\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.72616577148438,\n              -14.349880448630412\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.7213592529297,\n              -14.347884772551073\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.71861267089844,\n              -14.34389336705364\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.71655273437497,\n              -14.339236637441342\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.7117462158203,\n              -14.336575605650541\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.70728302001953,\n              -14.333249271493912\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.70110321044922,\n              -14.328259677742766\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.69835662841797,\n              -14.326929100663035\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.70110321044922,\n              -14.325598515691496\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.70968627929688,\n              -14.323935273380238\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.71277618408203,\n              -14.322604670654576\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.71277618408203,\n              -14.317947498988369\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.71002960205078,\n              -14.31694952105999\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.70899963378906,\n              -14.313955560658119\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.7062530517578,\n              -14.313955560658119\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.70350646972656,\n              -14.31561887692128\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.7052230834961,\n              -14.320608751773245\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.70110321044922,\n              -14.322604670654576\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.6997299194336,\n              -14.320276096900672\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.69766998291016,\n              -14.315286214654362\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.69595336914062,\n              -14.310961560337093\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.6938934326172,\n              -14.308300193212192\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.69080352783203,\n              -14.30630414717689\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.68599700927734,\n              -14.30264468339016\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.68222045898438,\n              -14.300648587116749\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.67947387695312,\n              -14.300648587116749\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.67535400390625,\n              -14.296989031243521\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.67707061767575,\n              -14.29466019194512\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.68084716796875,\n              -14.291000538604875\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.6784439086914,\n              -14.288006232490893\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.672607421875,\n              -14.286342711873367\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.67535400390625,\n              -14.283348343769296\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.67947387695312,\n              -14.281352076232226\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.68187713623047,\n              -14.278357641730729\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.67947387695312,\n              -14.276694049797445\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.68702697753906,\n              -14.277026769167454\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.69149017333984,\n              -14.275695888737538\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.69835662841797,\n              -14.27303410428048\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.69320678710938,\n              -14.271703200254676\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.6832504272461,\n              -14.270372288364925\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.67501068115234,\n              -14.270372288364925\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.67089080810547,\n              -14.271703200254676\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.6667709350586,\n              -14.272701379011316\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.6664276123047,\n              -14.276694049797445\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.66539764404297,\n              -14.286342711873367\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.66368103027344,\n              -14.290335140690681\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.65750122070312,\n              -14.289669740808145\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.65269470214844,\n              -14.289669740808145\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.64754486083984,\n              -14.28767352935138\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.6399917602539,\n              -14.28667541698083\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.63621520996094,\n              -14.28434647089781\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.63312530517578,\n              -14.283015633742723\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.6296920776367,\n              -14.28035393582422\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.62522888183594,\n              -14.277359488045791\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.6228256225586,\n              -14.27303410428048\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.6173324584961,\n              -14.271370473019472\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.61355590820312,\n              -14.268708637445073\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.60977935791016,\n              -14.26970682947128\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.60600280761716,\n              -14.273699553344187\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.60497283935547,\n              -14.277026769167454\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.60771942138672,\n              -14.280021221371335\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.60565948486328,\n              -14.28235021221402\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.60222625732422,\n              -14.283348343769296\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.59673309326172,\n              -14.2820175007119\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.59192657470703,\n              -14.281352076232226\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.58849334716797,\n              -14.277692206432462\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.58334350585938,\n              -14.276361329935783\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.5757904052734,\n              -14.274032277138705\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.57132720947266,\n              -14.27303410428048\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.5634307861328,\n              -14.271037745292757\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.5624008178711,\n              -14.265048562179835\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.5624008178711,\n              -14.254733484831801\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.5630874633789,\n              -14.248078345810082\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.5630874633789,\n              -14.245749000772152\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.57167053222656,\n              -14.247412821109986\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.57750701904297,\n              -14.248078345810082\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.58265686035156,\n              -14.250074908131989\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.58746337890625,\n              -14.253402472735532\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.5898666381836,\n              -14.259391965303129\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.59329986572266,\n              -14.255731738748931\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.60291290283203,\n              -14.253069718484149\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.60840606689453,\n              -14.253735226496016\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.61492919921875,\n              -14.252071452784566\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.62007904052734,\n              -14.255066236628483\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.62660217285156,\n              -14.256729988247125\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.6283187866211,\n              -14.254733484831801\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.62419891357422,\n              -14.251405939863767\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.62179565429685,\n              -14.248078345810082\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.63278198242188,\n              -14.247412821109986\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.63518524169922,\n              -14.247080058023837\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.64136505126953,\n              -14.248078345810082\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.64720153808594,\n              -14.249409389321173\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.64651489257812,\n              -14.254733484831801\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.6509780883789,\n              -14.256397238905398\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.65338134765622,\n              -14.253402472735532\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.6554412841797,\n              -14.248743868547166\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.65887451171875,\n              -14.251405939863767\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.66059112548825,\n              -14.248743868547166\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.6623077392578,\n              -14.245749000772152\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.6667709350586,\n              -14.247080058023837\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.67123413085938,\n              -14.250074908131989\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.67363739013672,\n              -14.247412821109986\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.67054748535156,\n              -14.242088552851067\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.67020416259766,\n              -14.238760821413372\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.67157745361328,\n              -14.230774065876183\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.6732940673828,\n              -14.238095269240013\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.67707061767575,\n              -14.242421323296918\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.68187713623047,\n              -14.244750702681227\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.68462371826172,\n              -14.243419631690983\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.68531036376953,\n              -14.246747294446966\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.68771362304688,\n              -14.246747294446966\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.69046020507812,\n              -14.249409389321173\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.6890869140625,\n              -14.253735226496016\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.69149017333984,\n              -14.25240420850866\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.69595336914062,\n              -14.250407666801188\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.69595336914062,\n              -14.253735226496016\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.7004165649414,\n              -14.253735226496016\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.70350646972656,\n              -14.257728233326104\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.70453643798828,\n              -14.261388427468848\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.7103729248047,\n              -14.261388427468848\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.71277618408203,\n              -14.262719392422706\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.71414947509766,\n              -14.26571403483186\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.71792602539062,\n              -14.269041368611889\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.72341918945312,\n              -14.273699553344187\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.7223892211914,\n              -14.276028609582474\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.72410583496094,\n              -14.280021221371335\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.7227325439453,\n              -14.28434647089781\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.72513580322266,\n              -14.28667541698083\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.7275390625,\n              -14.282682923224286\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.7326889038086,\n              -14.281352076232226\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.73577880859375,\n              -14.28434647089781\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.74161529541016,\n              -14.288671637293913\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.7443618774414,\n              -14.291000538604875\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.7501983642578,\n              -14.291000538604875\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.75260162353516,\n              -14.292996720536575\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.75637817382812,\n              -14.291998631785345\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.7598114013672,\n              -14.28767352935138\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.76393127441406,\n              -14.288006232490893\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.76908111572266,\n              -14.289669740808145\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.77594757080078,\n              -14.292996720536575\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.78144073486328,\n              -14.291333236823814\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.78350067138672,\n              -14.28601000627395\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.79002380371094,\n              -14.291998631785345\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.79689025878906,\n              -14.290002440995455\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.80684661865234,\n              -14.291665934550647\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.81199645996094,\n              -14.295658268883681\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.81645965576172,\n              -14.301979319935471\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.81954956054688,\n              -14.299650532332393\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.82435607910153,\n              -14.30264468339016\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.8325958251953,\n              -14.308300193212192\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.83568572998047,\n              -14.317947498988369\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.8432388305664,\n              -14.320941406152793\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4887e4b07f02db51a134","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wong, Michael F.","contributorId":43815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28247,"text":"wri954233 - 1995 - Synthesis of nutrient and sediment data for watersheds within the Chesapeake Bay drainage basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-29T19:16:52.99799","indexId":"wri954233","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4233","title":"Synthesis of nutrient and sediment data for watersheds within the Chesapeake Bay drainage basin","docAbstract":"Nutrient and sediment data collected by Federal and state agencies from 1972 through 1992 at 1,058 surface-water sites in nontidal parts of the Chesapeake Bay Basin were compiled into a large database. Adequate nutrient, sediment, and streamflow data were not available to compute annual loads for all sites because water-quality monitoring at many of the sites was either short term or noncontinuous or because stream-flow was not measured. Annual nutrient and sediment loads were calculated at a total of 127 sites. Annual loads of dissolved nitrate were calculated for 108 sites, but total nitrogen loads could be calculated for only 48 of these sites because ammonia plus organic nitrogen data were not available for many of these 108 sites. Annual loads of total phosphorus were calculated for 99 sites, and annual loads of suspended sediment were calculated for 33 sites. Loads could be calculated for only a very few sites in the Juniata River Basin (a tributary to the Susquehanna River), the York River Basin, the middle and lower reaches of the James River, and the nontidal parts of the eastern shore of the Bay.\r\n\r\n      Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial data sets of land use, physiographic province, rock type, and watershed delineation were compiled for the entire Chesapeake Bay Basin (approximately 64,000 square miles). The nutrient- and sediment-yield were evaluated with respect to land use, physiographic province, rock type, and hydrologic characteristics. During years that the mean streamflow was about equal to the long-term mean streamflow, the Susquehanna River contributed about 50 percent of the freshwater, 66 percent of the total nitrogen, and 40 percent of the total phosphorus transported by tributaries to the Bay. Nutrient and sediment data were available for less than 18 percent of the predominantly agricultural areas underlain by siliciclastic rock and for less than 35 percent of the predominantly agricultural areas underlain by either carbonate rock or unconsolidated rock. Nutrient and sediment data were available for about 91 percent of the predominantly forested areas underlain by siliciclastic rock. Spatial and temporal gaps in the water-quality data and GIs data sets limited some data analysis. Correlations of annual yields or nutrients and sediment with respect to land use, physiographic province, and rock type indicated (1) basins with larger percentages of agricultural land had larger nutrient and sediment yields, (2) basins with larger percentages of forest land had smaller nutrient and sediment loads, (3) the largest total nitrogen yields were from agricultural basins underlain by carbonate rock, (4) yields or nutrients from urban basins were substantially less than yields from agricultural basins, and (5) basins with small amounts of agricultural and urban land had relatively small nutrient and sediment yields.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954233","usgsCitation":"Langland, M., Lietman, P., and Hoffman, S.A., 1995, Synthesis of nutrient and sediment data for watersheds within the Chesapeake Bay drainage basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4233, vi, 121 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954233.","productDescription":"vi, 121 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":391176,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48317.htm"},{"id":159212,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4233/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57073,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4233/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay drainage basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.1904296875,\n              38.41916639395372\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.223388671875,\n              38.64261790634527\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.35522460937499,\n              38.79690830348427\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.498046875,\n              38.87392853923629\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.5419921875,\n              39.0533181067413\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.662841796875,\n              39.30029918615029\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.750732421875,\n              39.70718665682654\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.6298828125,\n              40.052847601823984\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.69580078125,\n              40.07807142745009\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.95947265625,\n              40.052847601823984\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.0693359375,\n              40.069664523297774\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.058349609375,\n              40.18726672309203\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.9375,\n              40.29628651711716\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.91552734375,\n              40.3549167507906\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.89355468749999,\n              40.47202439692057\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.09130859375,\n              40.56389453066509\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.190185546875,\n              40.64730356252251\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.0693359375,\n              40.75557964275589\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.83862304687499,\n              40.871987756697415\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.76171875,\n              40.91351257612758\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.706787109375,\n              40.95501133048621\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.7177734375,\n              41.071069130806414\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.662841796875,\n              41.1455697310095\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.5419921875,\n              41.13729606112276\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.322265625,\n              41.104190944576466\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.377197265625,\n              41.22824901518529\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.377197265625,\n              41.28606238749825\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.377197265625,\n              41.43449030894922\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.399169921875,\n              41.6154423246811\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.34423828125,\n              41.68111756290652\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.2783203125,\n              41.91045347666418\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.38818359375,\n              42.00848901572399\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.377197265625,\n              42.09007006868398\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.223388671875,\n              42.17968819665961\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.970703125,\n              42.26917949243506\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.8388671875,\n              42.32606244456202\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.520263671875,\n              42.415346114253616\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.278564453125,\n              42.54498667313236\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.322509765625,\n              42.64204079304426\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.410400390625,\n              42.80346172417078\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.68505859374999,\n              42.924251753870685\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.069580078125,\n              42.98053954751642\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.38818359375,\n              42.96446257387128\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.684814453125,\n              42.93229601903058\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.9375,\n              42.87596410238256\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.201171875,\n              42.827638636242284\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.26708984375,\n              42.72280375732727\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.2890625,\n              42.601619944327965\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.2890625,\n              42.52069952914966\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.343994140625,\n              42.415346114253616\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.46484375,\n              42.382894009614034\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.640625,\n              42.431565872579185\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.7724609375,\n              42.39912215986002\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.80541992187499,\n              42.24478535602799\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.88232421875,\n              42.285437007491545\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.9482421875,\n              42.415346114253616\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.04711914062499,\n              42.44778143462245\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.14599609375,\n              42.415346114253616\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.2998046875,\n              42.382894009614034\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.222900390625,\n              42.54498667313236\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.442626953125,\n              42.69858589169842\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.574462890625,\n              42.60970621339408\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.640380859375,\n              42.48830197960227\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.728271484375,\n              42.439674178149424\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.6513671875,\n              42.31793945446847\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.596435546875,\n              42.22851735620852\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.5634765625,\n              42.09007006868398\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.6953125,\n              41.92680320648791\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.9150390625,\n              41.83682786072714\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.0908203125,\n              41.795888098191426\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.453369140625,\n              41.599013054830216\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.453369140625,\n              41.50857729743935\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.42041015625,\n              41.376808565702355\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.3984375,\n              41.21172151054787\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.519287109375,\n              41.054501963290505\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.541259765625,\n              40.9218144123785\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.409423828125,\n              40.713955826286046\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.299560546875,\n              40.55554790286311\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.343505859375,\n              40.48873742102282\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.475341796875,\n              40.30466538259176\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.64013671875,\n              40.06125658140474\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.826904296875,\n              39.9434364619742\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.848876953125,\n              39.80853604144591\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.85986328125,\n              39.715638134796336\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.99169921875,\n              39.69873414348139\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.046630859375,\n              39.64799732373418\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.266357421875,\n              39.436192999314095\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.420166015625,\n              39.2832938689385\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.354248046875,\n              39.26628442213066\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.266357421875,\n              39.232253141714885\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.2333984375,\n              39.155622393423215\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.244384765625,\n              39.01918369029134\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.27734374999999,\n              38.89103282648846\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.398193359375,\n              38.74551518488265\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.661865234375,\n              38.54816542304656\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.683837890625,\n              38.47079371120379\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.727783203125,\n              38.34165619279595\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.815673828125,\n              38.20365531807149\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.04638671875,\n              38.013476231041935\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.17822265625,\n              37.779398571318765\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.2880859375,\n              37.59682400108367\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.4638671875,\n              37.47485808497102\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.694580078125,\n              37.38761749978395\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.771484375,\n              37.23032838760387\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.57373046875,\n              37.26530995561875\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.44189453125,\n              37.309014074275915\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.255126953125,\n              37.31775185163688\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.013427734375,\n              37.3002752813443\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.8486328125,\n              37.23907530202184\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.771728515625,\n              37.18657859524883\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.6728515625,\n              37.07271048132943\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.541015625,\n              37.09900294387622\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.354248046875,\n              37.142803443716836\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.1455078125,\n              37.10776507118514\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.112548828125,\n              37.055177106660814\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.936767578125,\n              36.932330061503144\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.837890625,\n              36.94111143010769\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.662109375,\n              37.055177106660814\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.486328125,\n              37.03763967977139\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.42041015625,\n              36.94111143010769\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.20068359374999,\n              36.96744946416934\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.904052734375,\n              37.03763967977139\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.750244140625,\n              37.081475648860525\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.53051757812499,\n              37.081475648860525\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.354736328125,\n              37.07271048132943\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.069091796875,\n              37.081475648860525\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.959228515625,\n              37.01132594307015\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.893310546875,\n              36.932330061503144\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.871337890625,\n              36.83566824724438\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.849365234375,\n              36.677230602346214\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.7724609375,\n              36.527294814546245\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.629638671875,\n              36.55377524336089\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.46484375,\n              36.589068371399115\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.35498046875,\n              36.48314061639213\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.256103515625,\n              36.57142382346277\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.190185546875,\n              36.66841891894786\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.0693359375,\n              36.65079252503471\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.9375,\n              36.66841891894786\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.948486328125,\n              36.76529191711624\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.904541015625,\n              37.01132594307015\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.926513671875,\n              37.17782559332976\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.882568359375,\n              37.42252593456307\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.618896484375,\n              37.640334898059486\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.509033203125,\n              37.82280243352756\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.38818359375,\n              38.013476231041935\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.16845703124999,\n              38.272688535980976\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.1904296875,\n              38.41916639395372\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e58d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langland, M. J.","contributorId":36173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langland","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lietman, P. L.","contributorId":63040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lietman","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoffman, S. A.","contributorId":19575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":29769,"text":"wri954230 - 1995 - Application of acoustic velocity meters for gaging discharge of three low-velocity tidal streams in the St. Johns River basin, northeast Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-20T19:46:13.933494","indexId":"wri954230","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4230","title":"Application of acoustic velocity meters for gaging discharge of three low-velocity tidal streams in the St. Johns River basin, northeast Florida","docAbstract":"Index-velocity data collected with acoustic velocity meters, stage data, and cross-sectional area data were used to calculate discharge at three low-velocity, tidal streamflow stations in north-east Florida. Discharge at three streamflow stations was computed as the product of the channel cross-sectional area and the mean velocity as determined from an index velocity measured in the stream using an acoustic velocity meter. The tidal streamlflow stations  used in the study were: Six Mile Creek near Picolata, Fla.; Dunns Creek near Satsuma, Fla.; and the St. Johns River at Buffalo Bluff. Cross-sectional areas at the measurement sections ranged from about 3,000 square feet at Six Mile Creek to about 18,500 square feet at St. Johns River at Buffalo Bluff. Physical characteristics for all three streams were similar except for drainage area. The topography primarily is low-relief, swampy terrain; stream velocities ranged from about -2 to 2 feet per second; and the average change in stage was about 1 foot. Instantaneous discharge was measured using a portable acoustic current meter at each of the three streams to develop a relation between the mean velocity in the stream and the index velocity measured by the acoustic velocity meter. Using least-squares linear regression, a simple linear relation between mean velocity and index velocity was determined. Index velocity was the only significant linear predictor of mean velocity for Six Mile Creek and St. Johns River at Buffalo Bluff. For Dunns Creek, both index velocity and stage were used to develop a multiple-linear predictor of mean velocity. Stage-area curves for each stream were developed from bathymetric data. Instantaneous discharge was computed by multiplying results of relations developed for cross-sectional area and mean velocity. Principal sources of error in the estimated discharge are identified as: (1) instrument errors associated with measurement of stage and index velocity, (2) errors in the representation of mean daily stage and index velocity due to natural variability over time and space, and (3) errors in cross-sectional area and mean-velocity ratings based on stage and index velocity. Standard errors for instantaneous discharge for the median cross-sectional area for Six Mile Creek, Dunns Creek, and St. Johns River at Buffalo Bluff were 94,360, and 1,980 cubic feet per second, respectively. Standard errors for mean daily discharge for the median cross-sectional area for Six Mile Creek, Dunns Creek, and St. Johns River at Buffalo Bluff were 25, 65, and 455 cubic feet per second, respectively. Mean daily discharge at the three sites ranged from about -500 to 1,500 cubic feet per second at Six Mile Creek and Dunns Creek and from about -500 to 15,000 cubic feet per second on the St. Johns River at Buffalo Bluff. For periods of high discharge, the AVM index-velocity method tended to produce estimates accurate with 2 to 6 percent. For periods of moderate discharge, errors in discharge may increase to more than 50 percent. At low flows, errors as a percentage of discharge increase toward infinity.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954230","usgsCitation":"Sloat, J.V., and Gain, W., 1995, Application of acoustic velocity meters for gaging discharge of three low-velocity tidal streams in the St. Johns River basin, northeast Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4230, iv, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954230.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123929,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_95_4230.jpg"},{"id":2485,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954230","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":400876,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48314.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"St. Johns River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.75,\n              29.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.4167,\n              29.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.4167,\n              30.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.75,\n              30.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.75,\n              29.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67aa7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sloat, J. V.","contributorId":85997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloat","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gain, W. S.","contributorId":29024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gain","given":"W. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":17101,"text":"ofr94707W - 1995 - Evaluation of nonpoint-source contamination, Wisconsin; selected streamwater-quality data, land-use and best-management practices inventory, and quality assurance and quality control, water year 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-16T15:14:32","indexId":"ofr94707W","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-707","chapter":"W","title":"Evaluation of nonpoint-source contamination, Wisconsin; selected streamwater-quality data, land-use and best-management practices inventory, and quality assurance and quality control, water year 1993","docAbstract":"<p>The objective of the watershed-management evaluation monitoring program in Wisconsin is to evaluate the effectiveness of the best-management practices (BMPs) for rural streams, urban streams, and urban storm sewers. This report is an annual summary of the data collected for the program and a report of the results from several different special studies conducted within this program.</p>\n<p>Suspended sediment and total phosphorus storm-load data are summarized for eight rural sites and suspended sediment, total phosphorus, total recoverable lead, total recoverable copper, total recoverable zinc, and total recoverable cadmium storm-load data are summarized for four urban sites. Dissolved-oxygen data is summarized and compared with Wisconsin's waterquality standards for summer 1993 for seven rural sites. The dissolved-oxygen concentrations declined to levels below these standards at least one time at all seven sites during summer 1993. Total-recoverable hardness concentrations were compared with dissolved-hardness concentrations at two urban streams and two urban storm sewers. Least-squared linear regressions resulted in stronger relations for low-flow conditions than for high-flow conditions, indicating that most hardness during low flow is dissolved hardness. Pesticide data are summarized for four urban sites and six rural sites. Herbicides were detected at urban and rural sites; whereas insecticides were detected only at urban sites.</p>\n<p>A land-use and best-management-practice inventory is ongoing for each evaluation monitoring project to track the different sources of nonpoint pollution in each watershed and to document implementation of best-management programs that may cause changes in water quality of streams. Updated information is gathered each year, mapped, and stored in a geographic-information-system data base.</p>\n<p>The quality-assurance/quality-control plan for the urban watershed-management evaluation program consisted of a series of blank samples. These blank samples were used to identify and isolate contamination by inorganic and organic components throughout the collection and processing of urban streamwater samples. A dissolved trace-metal contamination problem was identified and resolved by using different laboratory- supplied sample bottles.</p>\n<p>A special study was done to determine the effect of holding time on fecal coliform colony counts. A linear regression indicated that the mean decrease in colony counts over 72 hours was 8.2 percent per day. Results after 24 hours showed that colony counts increased in some samples and decreased in others.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94707W","usgsCitation":"Corsi, S., Walker, J.F., Graczyk, D., Greb, S., Owens, D., and Rappold, K., 1995, Evaluation of nonpoint-source contamination, Wisconsin; selected streamwater-quality data, land-use and best-management practices inventory, and quality assurance and quality control, water year 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-707, vi, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94707W.","productDescription":"vi, 57 p.","numberOfPages":"62","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":149745,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0707w/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46230,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0707w/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-90.403306,47.026693],[-90.411972,47.014958],[-90.425351,47.007526],[-90.464079,46.994636],[-90.465465,47.002593],[-90.457688,47.012484],[-90.4553,47.02375],[-90.455502,47.051331],[-90.449572,47.064965],[-90.438734,47.072557],[-90.417272,47.07757],[-90.395367,47.077175],[-90.393342,47.066204],[-90.403306,47.026693]]],[[[-90.730883,46.873096],[-90.677989,46.897527],[-90.667776,46.890037],[-90.675239,46.881029],[-90.718547,46.864531],[-90.745356,46.83566],[-90.756052,46.830595],[-90.760991,46.838277],[-90.749816,46.861806],[-90.730883,46.873096]]],[[[-90.764857,46.946524],[-90.741417,46.9636],[-90.71511,46.957332],[-90.694487,46.93671],[-90.689302,46.918563],[-90.737107,46.914712],[-90.764857,46.946524]]],[[[-90.568938,46.847391],[-90.58505,46.839789],[-90.613569,46.837958],[-90.673838,46.819684],[-90.683356,46.813275],[-90.685753,46.805003],[-90.652916,46.797755],[-90.65892,46.7885],[-90.696465,46.78204],[-90.716456,46.785418],[-90.7625,46.755547],[-90.787751,46.753301],[-90.783086,46.772939],[-90.790965,46.781373],[-90.790231,46.786103],[-90.733231,46.800183],[-90.720932,46.815897],[-90.656946,46.843476],[-90.622048,46.872872],[-90.602619,46.872715],[-90.568938,46.847391]]],[[[-90.572383,46.958835],[-90.528182,46.968396],[-90.508157,46.956836],[-90.524018,46.935714],[-90.539947,46.92785],[-90.543852,46.918289],[-90.549104,46.915461],[-90.569169,46.920309],[-90.637124,46.906724],[-90.64412,46.908373],[-90.654796,46.919249],[-90.634507,46.942944],[-90.572383,46.958835]]],[[[-87.335299,45.211327],[-87.331962,45.199251],[-87.33622,45.173174],[-87.327284,45.157363],[-87.376777,45.177298],[-87.375403,45.199296],[-87.335299,45.211327]]],[[[-90.962901,46.962028],[-90.980316,46.971578],[-90.98222,46.985417],[-90.949383,46.991208],[-90.939866,47.001321],[-90.928563,47.000726],[-90.923764,46.987928],[-90.932132,46.962655],[-90.962901,46.962028]]],[[[-90.757147,47.03372],[-90.688544,47.043347],[-90.643623,47.041177],[-90.608824,47.007558],[-90.560936,47.037013],[-90.544875,47.017383],[-90.552867,46.999686],[-90.609715,46.991208],[-90.634105,46.970983],[-90.671581,46.948973],[-90.712032,46.98526],[-90.767985,47.002327],[-90.776921,47.024324],[-90.757147,47.03372]]],[[[-87.405658,44.860098],[-87.384821,44.865532],[-87.385396,44.889964],[-87.406199,44.90449],[-87.393752,44.933751],[-87.374805,44.956631],[-87.360288,44.987643],[-87.322117,45.034201],[-87.264877,45.081361],[-87.257449,45.121644],[-87.240813,45.137559],[-87.242924,45.149377],[-87.238426,45.166492],[-87.224065,45.174551],[-87.21437,45.165735],[-87.195876,45.163201],[-87.17517,45.173],[-87.163169,45.185331],[-87.13303,45.192843],[-87.119972,45.191103],[-87.122708,45.221786],[-87.109541,45.255397],[-87.078316,45.265723],[-87.071035,45.280355],[-87.057627,45.292838],[-87.0517,45.285888],[-87.043895,45.284767],[-87.017036,45.299254],[-86.994112,45.298061],[-86.97778,45.290684],[-86.970355,45.278455],[-86.984938,45.259036],[-86.983066,45.250764],[-86.973287,45.246381],[-86.985973,45.215872],[-87.002806,45.211773],[-87.00754,45.222127],[-87.032521,45.222274],[-87.040909,45.211535],[-87.045242,45.158798],[-87.030225,45.147382],[-87.03292,45.141963],[-87.045748,45.134987],[-87.054282,45.120074],[-87.049346,45.110122],[-87.048213,45.089124],[-87.057415,45.087472],[-87.064864,45.078427],[-87.079552,45.070783],[-87.081866,45.059103],[-87.090849,45.055465],[-87.121156,45.058311],[-87.139384,45.012565],[-87.163477,45.004913],[-87.189134,44.969078],[-87.188399,44.94856],[-87.17524,44.939753],[-87.1717,44.931476],[-87.204238,44.916819],[-87.215808,44.906744],[-87.217171,44.898013],[-87.206285,44.885928],[-87.204815,44.877199],[-87.267061,44.847025],[-87.282561,44.814729],[-87.304824,44.804603],[-87.313363,44.794237],[-87.320397,44.784963],[-87.319903,44.769672],[-87.353789,44.701915],[-87.401629,44.631191],[-87.437751,44.604559],[-87.467089,44.553557],[-87.483696,44.511354],[-87.490024,44.477224],[-87.498662,44.460686],[-87.506362,44.423804],[-87.517965,44.394356],[-87.517597,44.375696],[-87.533583,44.351111],[-87.545382,44.321385],[-87.541382,44.294018],[-87.508457,44.229755],[-87.507419,44.210803],[-87.512903,44.192808],[-87.51966,44.17987],[-87.53994,44.15969],[-87.563181,44.144195],[-87.603572,44.13039],[-87.6458,44.105222],[-87.654935,44.082552],[-87.656062,44.051919],[-87.683361,44.020139],[-87.695053,43.990715],[-87.69892,43.965936],[-87.71817,43.939498],[-87.735436,43.882219],[-87.728698,43.852524],[-87.726408,43.810454],[-87.700251,43.76735],[-87.702985,43.749695],[-87.709885,43.735795],[-87.702685,43.687596],[-87.789105,43.564844],[-87.797608,43.52731],[-87.793239,43.492783],[-87.807799,43.461136],[-87.855608,43.405441],[-87.872504,43.380178],[-87.882392,43.352099],[-87.889207,43.307652],[-87.901847,43.284117],[-87.911787,43.250406],[-87.896286,43.197108],[-87.881085,43.170609],[-87.900285,43.13731],[-87.900496,43.126],[-87.893185,43.114011],[-87.876084,43.099011],[-87.866487,43.074419],[-87.870184,43.064412],[-87.894813,43.042497],[-87.898184,43.030689],[-87.896157,43.017486],[-87.887789,43.000715],[-87.857182,42.978015],[-87.845181,42.962015],[-87.842786,42.944865],[-87.847745,42.889595],[-87.824,42.836649],[-87.766675,42.784896],[-87.781949,42.74857],[-87.778824,42.728432],[-87.783489,42.705164],[-87.802377,42.676651],[-87.814674,42.64402],[-87.819407,42.617327],[-87.819374,42.60662],[-87.810873,42.58732],[-87.812273,42.52982],[-87.800477,42.49192],[-88.115285,42.496219],[-88.786681,42.491983],[-89.690088,42.505191],[-90.640927,42.508302],[-90.636727,42.518702],[-90.645627,42.5441],[-90.654127,42.5499],[-90.661527,42.567999],[-90.685487,42.589614],[-90.693999,42.614509],[-90.709204,42.636078],[-90.769495,42.651443],[-90.88743,42.67247],[-90.921155,42.685406],[-90.949213,42.685573],[-90.977735,42.696816],[-91.000128,42.716189],[-91.026786,42.724228],[-91.035418,42.73734],[-91.053733,42.738238],[-91.056297,42.747341],[-91.065783,42.753387],[-91.060261,42.761847],[-91.069549,42.769628],[-91.078097,42.806526],[-91.078665,42.827678],[-91.09406,42.830813],[-91.091402,42.84986],[-91.097656,42.859871],[-91.100565,42.883078],[-91.115512,42.894672],[-91.14556,42.90798],[-91.144315,42.926592],[-91.149784,42.940244],[-91.14655,42.963345],[-91.156562,42.978226],[-91.15749,42.991475],[-91.174692,43.038713],[-91.179457,43.067427],[-91.175193,43.103771],[-91.177932,43.128875],[-91.175253,43.134665],[-91.1562,43.142945],[-91.1462,43.152405],[-91.12217,43.197255],[-91.066398,43.239293],[-91.059684,43.248566],[-91.058644,43.257679],[-91.072649,43.262129],[-91.07371,43.274746],[-91.107237,43.313645],[-91.137343,43.329757],[-91.181115,43.345926],[-91.201847,43.349103],[-91.21477,43.365874],[-91.19767,43.395334],[-91.203144,43.419805],[-91.22875,43.445537],[-91.233367,43.455168],[-91.216035,43.481142],[-91.217353,43.512474],[-91.232941,43.523967],[-91.243183,43.540309],[-91.24382,43.54913],[-91.232812,43.564842],[-91.231865,43.581822],[-91.268748,43.615348],[-91.268457,43.627352],[-91.262397,43.64176],[-91.270767,43.65308],[-91.273252,43.666623],[-91.268455,43.709824],[-91.255932,43.729849],[-91.255431,43.744876],[-91.243955,43.773046],[-91.262436,43.792166],[-91.277695,43.837741],[-91.284138,43.847065],[-91.310991,43.867381],[-91.320605,43.888491],[-91.338141,43.897664],[-91.346271,43.910074],[-91.356741,43.916564],[-91.366642,43.937463],[-91.385785,43.954239],[-91.406011,43.963929],[-91.43738,43.999962],[-91.463515,44.009041],[-91.478498,44.00803],[-91.507121,44.01898],[-91.580019,44.026925],[-91.59207,44.031372],[-91.610487,44.04931],[-91.638115,44.063285],[-91.647873,44.064109],[-91.667006,44.086964],[-91.68153,44.0974],[-91.707491,44.103906],[-91.710597,44.12048],[-91.721552,44.130342],[-91.751747,44.134786],[-91.774486,44.147539],[-91.808064,44.159262],[-91.817302,44.164235],[-91.829167,44.17835],[-91.875158,44.200575],[-91.877429,44.212921],[-91.892698,44.231105],[-91.88704,44.251772],[-91.896008,44.262871],[-91.895652,44.273008],[-91.924613,44.291815],[-91.913534,44.311392],[-91.918625,44.322671],[-91.92559,44.333548],[-91.941311,44.340978],[-91.9636,44.362112],[-92.038147,44.388731],[-92.056486,44.402729],[-92.078605,44.404869],[-92.111085,44.413948],[-92.124513,44.422115],[-92.195378,44.433792],[-92.232472,44.445434],[-92.291005,44.485464],[-92.302215,44.500298],[-92.302466,44.516487],[-92.314071,44.538014],[-92.336114,44.554004],[-92.361518,44.558935],[-92.399281,44.558292],[-92.431101,44.565786],[-92.455105,44.561886],[-92.481001,44.568276],[-92.493808,44.566063],[-92.518358,44.575183],[-92.54806,44.567792],[-92.55151,44.571607],[-92.549777,44.58113],[-92.569434,44.603539],[-92.577148,44.605054],[-92.584711,44.599861],[-92.601516,44.612052],[-92.621456,44.615017],[-92.619779,44.634195],[-92.632105,44.649027],[-92.660988,44.660884],[-92.700948,44.693751],[-92.737259,44.717155],[-92.787906,44.737432],[-92.807317,44.750364],[-92.805287,44.768361],[-92.785206,44.792303],[-92.78043,44.812589],[-92.766102,44.834966],[-92.76909,44.861997],[-92.764133,44.875905],[-92.773946,44.889997],[-92.774571,44.898084],[-92.758701,44.908979],[-92.750645,44.937299],[-92.754603,44.955767],[-92.769445,44.97215],[-92.771231,45.001378],[-92.76206,45.02432],[-92.770362,45.033803],[-92.793282,45.047178],[-92.803079,45.060978],[-92.800851,45.069477],[-92.791528,45.079647],[-92.746749,45.107051],[-92.739528,45.116515],[-92.745694,45.123112],[-92.757707,45.155466],[-92.752542,45.171772],[-92.764872,45.182812],[-92.767408,45.190166],[-92.763908,45.204866],[-92.751708,45.218666],[-92.760249,45.2496],[-92.751659,45.26591],[-92.760615,45.278827],[-92.761013,45.289028],[-92.737122,45.300459],[-92.709968,45.321302],[-92.698967,45.336374],[-92.703705,45.35633],[-92.679193,45.37271],[-92.669505,45.389111],[-92.650422,45.398507],[-92.646602,45.441635],[-92.652698,45.454527],[-92.680234,45.464344],[-92.702224,45.493046],[-92.726677,45.514462],[-92.726082,45.541112],[-92.770223,45.566939],[-92.785741,45.567888],[-92.823309,45.560934],[-92.871082,45.567581],[-92.883749,45.575483],[-92.886442,45.598679],[-92.882529,45.610216],[-92.888035,45.624959],[-92.887929,45.639006],[-92.875488,45.689014],[-92.870145,45.696757],[-92.869193,45.717568],[-92.809837,45.744172],[-92.784621,45.764196],[-92.776496,45.790014],[-92.757815,45.806574],[-92.765146,45.830183],[-92.739991,45.846283],[-92.734039,45.868108],[-92.712503,45.891705],[-92.676607,45.90637],[-92.676807,45.91093],[-92.659549,45.922937],[-92.639116,45.924555],[-92.640115,45.932478],[-92.636316,45.934634],[-92.614314,45.934529],[-92.60246,45.940815],[-92.551933,45.951651],[-92.549806,45.967986],[-92.527052,45.983245],[-92.469354,45.973811],[-92.46126,45.979427],[-92.464512,45.985038],[-92.453373,45.992913],[-92.442259,46.016177],[-92.428555,46.024241],[-92.410649,46.027259],[-92.372717,46.014198],[-92.35176,46.015685],[-92.344244,46.02743],[-92.343604,46.040917],[-92.332912,46.062697],[-92.294033,46.074377],[-92.292192,46.666042],[-92.287392,46.667342],[-92.286192,46.660342],[-92.274392,46.657441],[-92.270592,46.650741],[-92.256592,46.658741],[-92.242493,46.649241],[-92.228492,46.652941],[-92.216392,46.649841],[-92.207092,46.651941],[-92.202292,46.655041],[-92.204092,46.666941],[-92.176091,46.686341],[-92.183091,46.695241],[-92.198491,46.696141],[-92.205192,46.698341],[-92.205692,46.702541],[-92.189091,46.717541],[-92.167291,46.719941],[-92.146291,46.71594],[-92.141291,46.72524],[-92.14329,46.73464],[-92.13789,46.73954],[-92.108777,46.749105],[-92.08949,46.74924],[-92.03399,46.708939],[-92.020289,46.704039],[-92.007989,46.705039],[-91.961889,46.682539],[-91.942988,46.679939],[-91.886963,46.690211],[-91.820027,46.690176],[-91.790473,46.694624],[-91.74965,46.709129],[-91.646146,46.734575],[-91.590684,46.754331],[-91.511077,46.757453],[-91.489125,46.766997],[-91.44957,46.773252],[-91.411799,46.78964],[-91.369387,46.793745],[-91.33825,46.817704],[-91.315061,46.826729],[-91.256873,46.836833],[-91.226796,46.86361],[-91.207524,46.865835],[-91.200107,46.854017],[-91.178292,46.844259],[-91.168297,46.844727],[-91.140301,46.873105],[-91.133337,46.870341],[-91.134977,46.859023],[-91.107323,46.857469],[-91.096565,46.86153],[-91.090916,46.88267],[-91.080951,46.883609],[-91.069331,46.878772],[-91.052991,46.881325],[-91.03989,46.88923],[-91.034518,46.903053],[-91.019141,46.911502],[-90.995149,46.917577],[-90.968419,46.94391],[-90.92204,46.931372],[-90.914044,46.933346],[-90.908654,46.941221],[-90.880358,46.957661],[-90.855874,46.962232],[-90.838814,46.957728],[-90.786595,46.927019],[-90.75563,46.899247],[-90.751151,46.887863],[-90.77017,46.876296],[-90.798545,46.823922],[-90.825696,46.803858],[-90.835008,46.790366],[-90.854916,46.788952],[-90.863542,46.780565],[-90.859724,46.774433],[-90.862333,46.768135],[-90.885021,46.756341],[-90.870396,46.723293],[-90.853225,46.70028],[-90.853644,46.694464],[-90.870079,46.679449],[-90.914619,46.659054],[-90.924487,46.625417],[-90.93831,46.608768],[-90.951418,46.600774],[-90.942101,46.588573],[-90.906058,46.58343],[-90.873154,46.601223],[-90.794775,46.624941],[-90.770192,46.636127],[-90.755381,46.646225],[-90.756495,46.664591],[-90.74809,46.669817],[-90.73726,46.692267],[-90.627885,46.623839],[-90.558141,46.586384],[-90.538346,46.581182],[-90.505909,46.589614],[-90.437596,46.561492],[-90.418136,46.566094],[-90.39332,46.532615],[-90.369964,46.540549],[-90.350121,46.537337],[-90.344338,46.552087],[-90.331887,46.553278],[-90.326686,46.54615],[-90.320428,46.546287],[-90.310859,46.539365],[-90.316983,46.517319],[-90.285707,46.518846],[-90.277131,46.524487],[-90.272599,46.521127],[-90.274721,46.515416],[-90.270684,46.508237],[-90.263018,46.502777],[-90.231587,46.509842],[-90.230324,46.501732],[-90.216594,46.501759],[-90.204009,46.478175],[-90.188996,46.469015],[-90.193294,46.463143],[-90.180336,46.456746],[-90.17786,46.440548],[-90.166919,46.439851],[-90.158603,46.422656],[-90.157851,46.409291],[-90.144359,46.390255],[-90.13225,46.381249],[-90.133871,46.371828],[-90.116844,46.355153],[-90.12138,46.338131],[-89.09163,46.138505],[-88.85027,46.040274],[-88.837991,46.030176],[-88.811948,46.021609],[-88.79646,46.023605],[-88.80067,46.030036],[-88.796182,46.033712],[-88.779221,46.031869],[-88.783891,46.020934],[-88.779915,46.015436],[-88.765208,46.022086],[-88.756295,46.020173],[-88.746422,46.025798],[-88.730675,46.026535],[-88.721125,46.022013],[-88.718397,46.013284],[-88.704687,46.018154],[-88.679132,46.013538],[-88.661312,45.988819],[-88.6375,45.98496],[-88.616405,45.9877],[-88.611466,46.003332],[-88.60144,46.017599],[-88.59386,46.015132],[-88.589755,46.005602],[-88.565485,46.015708],[-88.550756,46.012896],[-88.541078,46.013763],[-88.533825,46.020915],[-88.514601,46.019926],[-88.507188,46.0183],[-88.498108,45.99636],[-88.492495,45.992157],[-88.476002,45.992826],[-88.470855,46.001004],[-88.458658,45.999391],[-88.450325,45.990181],[-88.439733,45.990456],[-88.416914,45.975323],[-88.388847,45.982675],[-88.380183,45.991654],[-88.330137,45.965951],[-88.330296,45.956625],[-88.326953,45.955071],[-88.316894,45.960969],[-88.292381,45.951115],[-88.250133,45.963147],[-88.246307,45.962983],[-88.242518,45.950363],[-88.23314,45.947405],[-88.201852,45.945173],[-88.202116,45.949836],[-88.191991,45.95274],[-88.170096,45.93947],[-88.146352,45.935314],[-88.121864,45.92075],[-88.104686,45.922121],[-88.096496,45.917273],[-88.095354,45.913895],[-88.105677,45.904387],[-88.101814,45.883504],[-88.095841,45.880042],[-88.083965,45.881186],[-88.073944,45.875593],[-88.075146,45.864832],[-88.081641,45.865087],[-88.13611,45.819029],[-88.129461,45.809288],[-88.105355,45.800104],[-88.103247,45.791361],[-88.072091,45.780261],[-88.050634,45.780972],[-88.040221,45.789236],[-87.991447,45.795393],[-87.98087,45.776977],[-87.989829,45.772945],[-87.96697,45.764021],[-87.963452,45.75822],[-87.905873,45.759364],[-87.896032,45.752285],[-87.875813,45.753888],[-87.864141,45.745697],[-87.86432,45.737139],[-87.85548,45.726943],[-87.805867,45.706841],[-87.809181,45.700337],[-87.782226,45.683053],[-87.780737,45.675458],[-87.823164,45.662732],[-87.824102,45.647138],[-87.810194,45.638732],[-87.79588,45.618846],[-87.780845,45.614599],[-87.777199,45.588499],[-87.787534,45.581376],[-87.790874,45.564096],[-87.806104,45.562863],[-87.829346,45.568776],[-87.833591,45.562529],[-87.80339,45.538272],[-87.802267,45.514233],[-87.792769,45.499967],[-87.812971,45.4661],[-87.861697,45.434473],[-87.860432,45.423504],[-87.849322,45.403872],[-87.859131,45.398967],[-87.859418,45.388227],[-87.875424,45.379373],[-87.871789,45.373557],[-87.884855,45.362792],[-87.888052,45.354697],[-87.881114,45.351278],[-87.86856,45.360537],[-87.860871,45.351192],[-87.850418,45.347492],[-87.848368,45.340676],[-87.832612,45.352249],[-87.790324,45.353444],[-87.783076,45.349725],[-87.754104,45.349442],[-87.751626,45.354169],[-87.738352,45.358243],[-87.718891,45.377462],[-87.693956,45.389893],[-87.675017,45.382454],[-87.674403,45.378065],[-87.657349,45.368752],[-87.656632,45.358617],[-87.648476,45.352243],[-87.648126,45.339396],[-87.662029,45.326434],[-87.663666,45.318257],[-87.687498,45.298055],[-87.698248,45.281512],[-87.69878,45.26942],[-87.709137,45.260341],[-87.711339,45.239965],[-87.724156,45.233236],[-87.721935,45.228444],[-87.726952,45.218949],[-87.726198,45.209391],[-87.741732,45.198201],[-87.736509,45.173389],[-87.683902,45.144135],[-87.675816,45.135059],[-87.678511,45.131204],[-87.672447,45.121294],[-87.661296,45.112566],[-87.661211,45.108279],[-87.631535,45.106224],[-87.59188,45.094689],[-87.587147,45.089495],[-87.587992,45.085271],[-87.601849,45.082297],[-87.610395,45.075617],[-87.625748,45.045157],[-87.624693,45.014176],[-87.630298,44.976865],[-87.661964,44.973035],[-87.696492,44.974233],[-87.766115,44.965351],[-87.817551,44.951986],[-87.837647,44.933091],[-87.844299,44.918524],[-87.827751,44.891229],[-87.832764,44.880939],[-87.852789,44.86486],[-87.865898,44.840988],[-87.878218,44.839016],[-87.899787,44.828051],[-87.941453,44.75608],[-87.964714,44.74357],[-87.983065,44.72073],[-87.990081,44.669791],[-88.002085,44.664035],[-88.009766,44.637081],[-87.998836,44.609523],[-88.001943,44.603909],[-88.012395,44.602438],[-88.027103,44.578992],[-88.039092,44.574324],[-88.042261,44.567344],[-88.005518,44.539216],[-87.970702,44.530292],[-87.943801,44.529693],[-87.929001,44.535993],[-87.901206,44.568887],[-87.899368,44.573043],[-87.903689,44.581317],[-87.901179,44.584545],[-87.867941,44.607606],[-87.809076,44.636189],[-87.77516,44.639281],[-87.756048,44.649117],[-87.748409,44.667122],[-87.71978,44.693246],[-87.720312,44.725073],[-87.610063,44.838384],[-87.581635,44.851638],[-87.550288,44.85129],[-87.530999,44.857437],[-87.515142,44.869596],[-87.502431,44.864619],[-87.478489,44.863572],[-87.437084,44.892718],[-87.421007,44.887869],[-87.419951,44.87594],[-87.405658,44.860098]]],[[[-86.880572,45.331467],[-86.895055,45.329035],[-86.899488,45.322588],[-86.896667,45.307275],[-86.899891,45.295185],[-86.925681,45.3242],[-86.95499,45.34128],[-86.956192,45.351179],[-86.946297,45.35869],[-86.95497,45.383194],[-86.943041,45.41525],[-86.934724,45.421123],[-86.928045,45.411273],[-86.917686,45.40789],[-86.892893,45.40898],[-86.877502,45.413981],[-86.862174,45.412151],[-86.853145,45.405547],[-86.830353,45.410852],[-86.828731,45.428461],[-86.810055,45.422619],[-86.805415,45.407324],[-86.824383,45.406135],[-86.841432,45.389601],[-86.853103,45.370861],[-86.863367,45.365],[-86.869031,45.333244],[-86.880572,45.331467]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Wisconsin\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fac8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Corsi, Steven R. srcorsi@usgs.gov","contributorId":511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corsi","given":"Steven R.","email":"srcorsi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":174930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walker, John F. jfwalker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"John","email":"jfwalker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":174931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Graczyk, D.J.","contributorId":108119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graczyk","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Greb, S.R.","contributorId":19179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greb","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Owens, D.W.","contributorId":28994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owens","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rappold, K.F.","contributorId":87568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rappold","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":22685,"text":"ofr95727 - 1995 - Watershed boundaries and digital elevation model of Oklahoma derived from 1:100,000-scale digital topographic maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:51","indexId":"ofr95727","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-727","title":"Watershed boundaries and digital elevation model of Oklahoma derived from 1:100,000-scale digital topographic maps","docAbstract":"This document provides a general description of the procedures used to develop the data sets included on this compact disc. This compact disc contains watershed boundaries for Oklahoma, a digital elevation model, and other data sets derived from the digital elevation model. The digital elevation model was produced using the ANUDEM software package, written by Michael Hutchinson and licensed from the Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies at The Australian National University. Elevation data (hypsography) and streams (hydrography) from digital versions of the U.S. Geological Survey 1:100,000-scale topographic maps were used by the ANUDEM package to produce a hydrologically conditioned digital elevation model with a 60-meter cell size. This digital elevation model is well suited for drainage-basin delineation using automated techniques.\r\nAdditional data sets include flow-direction, flow-accumulation, and shaded-relief grids, all derived from the digital elevation model, and the hydrography data set used in producing the digital elevation model. The watershed boundaries derived from the digital elevation model have been edited to be consistent with contours and streams from the U.S. Geological Survey 1:100,000-scale topographic maps. The watershed data set includes boundaries for 11-digit Hydrologic Unit Codes (watersheds) within Oklahoma, and 8-digit Hydrologic Unit Codes (cataloging units) outside Oklahoma. Cataloging-unit boundaries based on 1:250,000-scale maps outside Oklahoma for the Arkansas, Red, and White River basins are included. The other data sets cover Oklahoma, and where available, portions of 1:100,000-scale quadrangles adjoining Oklahoma.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr95727","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Cederstrand, J., and Rea, A.H., 1995, Watershed boundaries and digital elevation model of Oklahoma derived from 1:100,000-scale digital topographic maps: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-727, 1 computer laser optical disk ;4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95727.","productDescription":"1 computer laser optical disk ;4 3/4 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154626,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4b10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cederstrand, J. R.","contributorId":91523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cederstrand","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rea, A. H.","contributorId":58301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":23624,"text":"ofr94348 - 1995 - Simulation of stage and the the hydrologic budget of Devils Lake, Sauk County, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-16T15:26:12","indexId":"ofr94348","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-348","title":"Simulation of stage and the the hydrologic budget of Devils Lake, Sauk County, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p>Water clarity of Devils Lake, in the Driftless Area of southwestern Wisconsin, has been decreasing because of blue-green algal blooms. An understanding of the hydrology of Devils Lake is needed to develop a mitigation plan to reduce phosphorus input. A model was developed to test the current understanding of the hydrology of the lake including stage and hydrologic budget and to estimate the effects of proposed mitigation plans on lake stage.</p>\n<p>Daily lake stage was simulated in the model by summing estimates of hydrologic-budget components. The Devils Lake hydrologic-budget components are precipitation on the lake surface, evaporation from the lake surface, runoff (consisting of overland flow to the lake and an intermittent stream flowing into the lake), and ground-water flow into and out of the lake.</p>\n<p>The model was calibrated to measured lake stage for the period 1980-92. Simulated stage compares reasonably well with historical stage data for Devils Lake. The root mean square of the differences of simulated and measured daily lake stages for the period 1980-92 is 0.83 foot. Simulated lake stage is very sensitive to small changes in runoff and evaporation coefficients, and ground-waterflow rates used in the model.</p>\n<p>The average model-calculated annual amounts of each hydrologic-budget component for the 1980-92 simulation period, in order of increasing volume, are evaporation (791 acre-feet), precipitation (973 acre-feet), runoff (1,107 acre-feet), and net ground-water flow, which is out of the lake (1,323 acre-feet).</p>\n<p>Three mitigation plans were simulated. Mitigation plan 3, which includes the addition of water from a basin adjacent to the northeastern side of the Devils Lake Basin, allows for withdrawals of hypolimnetic water and maintaining lake stage closer to optimal levels than would result without mitigation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94348","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and the town of Baraboo","usgsCitation":"Krohelski, J.T., and Batten, W.G., 1995, Simulation of stage and the the hydrologic budget of Devils Lake, Sauk County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-348, iv, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94348.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p.","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154912,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0348/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52901,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0348/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Sauk County","city":"Baraboo","otherGeospatial":"Devil's Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.791259765625,\n              43.3601336603352\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.791259765625,\n              43.44544148221772\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.66629028320312,\n              43.44544148221772\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.66629028320312,\n              43.3601336603352\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.791259765625,\n              43.3601336603352\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f2119","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krohelski, J. T.","contributorId":59046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohelski","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":190440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Batten, W. G.","contributorId":89504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batten","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":190441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26840,"text":"wri954226 - 1995 - Hydraulic characteristics near streamside structures along the Kenai River, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:30","indexId":"wri954226","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4226","title":"Hydraulic characteristics near streamside structures along the Kenai River, Alaska","docAbstract":"Hydraulic characteristics, water velocity, depth, and flow direction were measured near eight sites along the Kenai River in southcentral Alaska. Each of the eight sites contained a different type of structure: a road-type boat launch, a canal-type boat launch, a floating dock, a rock retaining wall, a pile-supported dock, a jetty, a concrete retaining wall, and a bank stabilization project near the city of Soldotna. Measurements of hydraulic characteristics were made to determine to what extent the structures affected natural or ambient stream hydraulic characteristics. The results will be used by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game to evaluate assumptions used in their Habitat Evaluation Procedure assessment of juvenile chinook salmon habitat along the river and to improve their understanding of stream hydraulics for use in permitting potential projects. The study included structures along the Kenai River from about 12 to 42 miles upstream from the mouth. Hydraulic characteristics were measured during medium-, high-, and low-flow conditions, as measured at the Kenai River at Soldotna: (1) discharge ranged from 6,310 to 6,480 cubic feet per second during medium flow conditions that were near mean annual flow on June 9-10, 1994; (2) discharge ranged from 14,000 to 14,400 cubic feet per second during high flow conditions that were near peak annual flow conditions on August 2-3, 1994; and (3) discharge ranged from 3,470 to 3,660 cubic feet per second during open-water low-flow conditions on May 8-9, 1995. Measurements made at the structures were compared with measurements made at nearby unaffected natural sites. The floating dock, pile-supported dock, road-type boat launch, and concrete retaining wall did not significantly alter the stream channel area. These structures contributed only hydraulic-roughness type changes. The structures occupied a much smaller area than that of the wetted perimeter of the channel and thus typically had little effect on velocity, depth, or flow direction. During this investigation, many of these subtle effects could not be separated from ambient hydraulic conditions. The jetty significantly altered stream channel area and therefore affected stream hydraulics more than the other structures that were investigated. Data indicated that velocity increased from 1.9 to 5.8 feet per second near the point of the jetty during measurements in May, June, and August. Rock wall and jetty structures also divert flow away from near-shore areas in proportion to their projection lengths into the river. For the jetty, the effect on surface flow was observed downstream for a distance of about 10 times the length of the jetty's projection into the river and upstream for about 4 to 5 times the length of the projection. For the rock wall, the diversion of flow was evident for 10 to 15 feet downstream.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954226","usgsCitation":"Dorava, J.M., 1995, Hydraulic characteristics near streamside structures along the Kenai River, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4226, iv, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954226.","productDescription":"iv, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158227,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4226/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55723,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4226/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a300","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dorava, Joseph M.","contributorId":87125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorava","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28412,"text":"wri954238 - 1995 - Results of ground-water, surface-water, and water-chemistry monitoring, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-22T20:11:53.271562","indexId":"wri954238","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4238","title":"Results of ground-water, surface-water, and water-chemistry monitoring, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona, 1994","docAbstract":"The Black Mesa monitoring program is designed to document long-term effects of ground-water pumping from the N aquifer by industrial and municipal users. The N aquifer is the major source of water in the 5,400-square-mile Black Mesa area, and the ground water occurs under confined and unconfined conditions. Monitoring activities include continuous and periodic measurements of (1) ground-water pumpage from the confined and unconfined areas of the aquifer, (2) ground-water levels in the confined and unconfined areas of the aquifer, (3) surface-water discharge, and (4) chemistry of the ground water and surface water.  In 1994, ground-water withdrawals for industrial and municipal use totaled about 7,000 acre-feet, which is an 8-percent increase from the previous year. Pumpage from the confined part of the aquifer increased by about 9 percent to 5,400 acre-feet, and pumpage from the unconfined part of the aquifer increased by about 2 percent to 1,600 acre-feet. Water-level declines in the confined area during 1994 were recorded in 10 of 16 wells, and the median change was a decline of about 2.3 feet as opposed to a decline of 3.3 feet for the previous year. The median change in water levels in the unconfined area was a rise of 0.1 foot in 1994 as opposed to a decline of 0.5 foot in 1993.  Measured low-flow discharge along Moenkopi Wash decreased from 3.0 cubic feet per second in 1993 to 2.9 cubic feet per second in 1994. Eleven low-flow measurements were made along Laguna Creek between Tsegi, Arizona, and Chinle Wash to determine the amount of discharge that would occur as seepage from the N aquifer under optimal base-flow conditions. Discharge was 5.6 cubic feet per second near Tsegi and 1.5 cubic feet per second above the confluence with Chinle Wash. Maximum discharge was 5.9 cubic feet per second about 4 miles upstream from Dennehotso. Discharge was measured at three springs. The changes in discharge at Burro and Whisky Springs were small and within the uncertainty of measurement. Discharge at Moenkopi School Spring decreased from 14.6 gallons per minute in 1993 to 12.9 gallons per minute in 1994.  Regionally long-term water-chemistry data for wells and springs have shown no discernible change. A recent gradual increase in concentrations of dissolved solids, sulfate, and chloride in water from Forest Lake NTUA 1, however, indicates that, locally, water from the D aquifer may be mixing with water from the N aquifer.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954238","usgsCitation":"Littin, G.R., and Monroe, S.A., 1995, Results of ground-water, surface-water, and water-chemistry monitoring, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona, 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4238, iv, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954238.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410963,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48321.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":57216,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4238/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159277,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4238/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Black Mesa area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111,\n              36.9069\n            ],\n            [\n              -111,\n              35.6283\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.7142,\n              35.6283\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.7142,\n              36.9069\n            ],\n            [\n              -111,\n              36.9069\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47a0e4b07f02db493d7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Littin, G. R.","contributorId":95924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Littin","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Monroe, S. A.","contributorId":90346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monroe","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":23831,"text":"ofr95737 - 1995 - Assessment of the subsurface hydrology of the UIC-NARL main camp, near Barrow, Alaska, 1993-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:01","indexId":"ofr95737","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-737","title":"Assessment of the subsurface hydrology of the UIC-NARL main camp, near Barrow, Alaska, 1993-94","docAbstract":"Imikpuk Lake serves as the drinking-water source for the Ukpeagvik Inupiat Corporation-National Arctic Research Laboratory (UIC-NARL, formerly known as the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory) near Barrow, Alaska. Previously acceptable hazardous-waste disposal practices and accidental releases of various fuels and solvents during the past several decades have resulted in contamination of soil and ground water in the vicinity of the lake. As part of an assessment of the risk that subsurface contamination poses to the quality of water in the lake, the subsurface hydrology of the UIC-NARL main camp was examined. The study area is located approximately 530 kilometers north of the Arctic Circle, on the northern coast of Alaska, and the short annual thaw season and the presence of shallow, areally continuous permafrost restrict hydrologic processes. A transient ground-water system is present within the active layer-the shallow subsurface layer that thaws each summer and refreezes each winter. Water-level and thaw-depth data collected during the summers of 1993 and 1994 show that the configurations of both the water table and the subsurface frost govern the ground- water flow system in the UIC-NARL main camp and indicate that recharge to and discharge from the system are small. Spatial irregularities in the vertical extent of the active layer result from variations in land-surface elevation, variations in soil type, and the presence of buildings and other structures that either act as a heat source or block heat transfer to and from the subsurface. Distinct features in the active-layer hydrologic system in the UIC-NARL main camp include a permafrost ridge, which generally acts as a flow-system divide between the Arctic Ocean and inland water bodies; a mound in the water table, which indicates increased impedance to ground- water flow toward Imikpuk Lake and acts as a flow-system divide between the lake and Middle Salt Lagoon; and a depression in the water table, which suggests a local breach in the permafrost ridge that allows some ground water to flow directly from the main camp to the Arctic Ocean. Similar thaw depths and water-table elevations were measured during the summers of 1993 and 1994, and little change occurred in the thickness of the ground-water zone between mid- and late-thaw- season measurements. These data suggest that the system is in a state of quasi-equilibrium and that ground-water discharge is small. The observed drop in the water table as the active layer develops over the summer is probably largely the result of evapotranspiration losses rather than system outflow.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95737","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, K.A., and Solin, G., 1995, Assessment of the subsurface hydrology of the UIC-NARL main camp, near Barrow, Alaska, 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-737, iv, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95737.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0737/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53043,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0737/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671d0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarthy, K. A.","contributorId":107309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Solin, G. L.","contributorId":106132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solin","given":"G. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29522,"text":"wri954090 - 1995 - The use of three-parameter rating table lookup programs, RDRAT and PARM3, in hydraulic flow models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:57","indexId":"wri954090","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4090","title":"The use of three-parameter rating table lookup programs, RDRAT and PARM3, in hydraulic flow models","docAbstract":"Subroutines RDRAT and PARM3 enable computer programs such as the BRANCH open-channel unsteady-flow model to route flows through or over combinations of critical-flow sections, culverts, bridges, road- overflow sections, fixed spillways, and(or) dams. The subroutines also obstruct upstream flow to simulate operation of flapper-type tide gates. A multiplier can be applied by date and time to simulate varying numbers of tide gates being open or alternative construction scenarios for multiple culverts. The subroutines use three-parameter (headwater, tailwater, and discharge) rating table lookup methods. These tables may be manually prepared using other programs that do step-backwater computations or compute flow through bridges and culverts or over dams. The subroutine, therefore, precludes the necessity of incorporating considerable hydraulic computational code into the client program, and provides complete flexibility for users of the model for routing flow through almost any affixed structure or combination of structures. The subroutines are written in Fortran 77 language, and have minimal exchange of information with the BRANCH model or other possible client programs. The report documents the interpolation methodology, data input requirements, and software.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954090","usgsCitation":"Sanders, C., 1995, The use of three-parameter rating table lookup programs, RDRAT and PARM3, in hydraulic flow models: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4090, iii, 17 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954090.","productDescription":"iii, 17 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159668,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4090/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58362,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4090/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62f3e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanders, C.L. Jr.","contributorId":57496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanders","given":"C.L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27185,"text":"wri954091 - 1995 - Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow near Los Alamos, north-central New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:26","indexId":"wri954091","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4091","title":"Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow near Los Alamos, north-central New Mexico","docAbstract":"An existing model was modified in recognition of new \r\ngeohydrologic interpretations and adjusted to simulate \r\nhydrographs in well fields in the Los Alamos area. Hydraulic-head\r\ndrawdowns at the Buckman well field resulting from two projected\r\nground-water-withdrawal alternatives were estimated with the \r\nmodified model.\r\n\r\n     The Chaquehui formation (informal usage) is the main new \r\nfeature of recent hydrologic interpretations for the Los Alamos \r\narea. The Chaquehui occupies a 'channel' that was eroded or \r\nfaulted into the Tesuque Formation, and the Chaquehui is more \r\npermeable than the Tesuque. The Chaquehui is a major producing \r\nzone in the Pajarito Mesa well field and to a lesser extent in\r\nthe Guaje well field.\r\n\r\n     Model modification included splitting the four layers of the\r\nMcAda-Wasiolek model (McAda, D.P., and Wasiolek, Maryann, 1988, \r\nSimulation of the regional geohydrology of the Tesuque aquifer \r\nsystem near Santa Fe, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-\r\nResources Investigations Report 87-4056, 71 p.) into eight layers\r\nto better simulate vertical ground-water movement. Other model \r\nmodifications were limited as much as possible to the area of \r\ninterest near Los Alamos and consisted mainly of adjusting \r\nhydraulic-conductivity values representing the Tesuque Formation,\r\nChaquehui formation (informal usage), and Puye Formation, and \r\nadjusting simulated recharge along the Pajarito Fault Zone west \r\nof Los Alamos. Adjustments were based mainly on simulation of \r\nfluctuations in measured hydraulic heads near Los Alamos.\r\n\r\n     Two possible alternative plans for replacing Guaje well field \r\nproduction were suggested by Los Alamos National Laboratory. In \r\nthe first plan (Guaje alternative), the Guaje field would be \r\nrenewed with four new wells replacing the existing production \r\nwells in the Guaje field. In the second plan (Pajarito-Otowi \r\nalternative), the Guaje well field would be retired and its\r\nformer production would be made up by additional withdrawals from the \r\nPajarito Mesa and Otowi well fields. A projection for each of \r\nthese alternatives was made through 2012 using the new eight-\r\nlayer model. In the Guaje field, projected hydraulic heads at the\r\nend of 2012 were as much as 50 feet lower with the Guaje \r\nalternative; in the Pajarito Mesa field, hydraulic heads were as\r\nmuch as 12 feet higher with the Guaje alternative. At the western\r\nend of the Los Alamos well field, projected hydraulic heads were\r\nabout 20 feet higher with the Guaje alternative; at the eastern \r\nend of the Los Alamos field, the difference between alternatives\r\nwas much less. At the Buckman field, projected hydraulic heads \r\nwere about 2 feet higher with the Guaje alternative because the \r\nBuckman field is closer to the Pajarito Mesa field than to the \r\nGuaje field. \r\n\r\n     Ways of improving the understanding of the flow system \r\ninclude developing a more accurate representation of the \r\nstructure and extent of the Tesuque Formation, Chaquehui \r\nformation, and Puye Formation of the Santa Fe Group and obtaining\r\nmore detailed geologic and hydrologic data for the Chaquehui and\r\nPuye. Data that describe water chemistry, hydraulic head, and \r\ndegree of saturation would be valuable for determining the \r\nlocation and quantity of recharge on the Pajarito Plateau, \r\nespecially along the west side of the Plateau and in canyon \r\nbottoms. Chloride concentrations in soil at the top of the \r\nBandelier Tuff could be used to verify the concept that \r\nevapotranspiration accounts for nearly all precipitation over a \r\nlarge area of the plateau.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, [Water Resources Division, New Mexico District] ;\r\nCan be purchased from U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri954091","usgsCitation":"Frenzel, P.F., 1995, Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow near Los Alamos, north-central New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4091, vi, 92 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954091.","productDescription":"vi, 92 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124047,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4091/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56059,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4091/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frenzel, P. F.","contributorId":98726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frenzel","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27438,"text":"wri944145 - 1995 - Evaluation of ground-water flow and hydrologic budget for Lake Five-O, a seepage lake in northwestern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:25","indexId":"wri944145","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4145","title":"Evaluation of ground-water flow and hydrologic budget for Lake Five-O, a seepage lake in northwestern Florida","docAbstract":"Temporal and spatial distributions of ground-water inflow to, and leakage from Lake Five-O, a softwater, seepage lake in northwestern Florida, were evaluated using hydrologic data and simulation models of the shallow ground-water system adjacent to the lake. The simulation models indicate that ground-water inflow to the lake and leakage from the lake to the ground-water system are the dominant components in the total inflow (precipitation plus ground-water inflow) and total outflow (evaporation plus leakage) budgets of Lake Five-O. Simlulated ground-water inflow and leakage were approximately 4 and 5 times larger than precipitation inputs and evaporative losses, respectively, during calendar years 1989-90. Exchanges of water between Lake Five-O and the ground-water system were consistently larger than atmospheric-lake exchanges. A consistent pattern of shallow ground-water inflow and deep leakage was also evident throughout the study period. The mean time of travel from ground-water that discharges at Lake Five-O (time from recharge at the water table to discharge at the lake) was estimated to be within a range of 3 to 6 years. Flow-path evaluations indicated that the intermediate confining unit probably has a negligible influence on the geochemistry of ground-water inflow to Lake Five-O. The hydrologic budgets and flow-path evaluations provide critical information for developing geochemical budgets for Lake Five-O and for improving the understanding of the relative importance of various processes that regulate the acid-neutralizing capacity of softwater seepage lakes in Florida.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944145","usgsCitation":"Grubbs, J.W., 1995, Evaluation of ground-water flow and hydrologic budget for Lake Five-O, a seepage lake in northwestern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4145, vi, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944145.","productDescription":"vi, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2122,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri944145","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_94_4145.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688d3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grubbs, J. W.","contributorId":77139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grubbs","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}