{"pageNumber":"1740","pageRowStart":"43475","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68937,"records":[{"id":18155,"text":"ofr92148 - 1992 - National Water Information Clearinghouse","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-12T21:39:06.644001","indexId":"ofr92148","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-148","title":"National Water Information Clearinghouse","docAbstract":"

No abstract available. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr92148","usgsCitation":"Bingham, D.L., and Haupt, C., 1992, National Water Information Clearinghouse: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-148, 2 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92148.","productDescription":"2 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150142,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0148/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":374718,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0148/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698670","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bingham, Donald L.","contributorId":47389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bingham","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haupt, C.A.","contributorId":87570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haupt","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54419,"text":"wdrCA913 - 1992 - Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1991. Volume 3. Southern Central Valley Basins and the Great Basin from Walker River to Truckee River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-01T01:01:51","indexId":"wdrCA913","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CA-91-3","title":"Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1991. Volume 3. Southern Central Valley Basins and the Great Basin from Walker River to Truckee River","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1991 water year for California consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents in lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality in wells. Volume 3 contains discharge records for 164 gaging stations, 3 crest-stage partial-record streamflow stations and 49 miscellaneous measurement stations; stage and contents records for 46 lakes and reservoirs; water quality records for 32 streamflow-gaging stations; and precipitation records for one station. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in California.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA","doi":"10.3133/wdrCA913","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Mullen, J., Anderson, S., Hunter, T., and Hoffman, E., 1992, Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1991. Volume 3. Southern Central Valley Basins and the Great Basin from Walker River to Truckee River (Legacy Report): U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CA-91-3, v, 392 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCA913.","productDescription":"v, 392 p.","costCenters":[{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":175219,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wdr_CA_91_3.jpg"},{"id":260097,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1991/ca-91/WDR-1991-vol3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118,34.833333333333336 ], [ -118,38.583333333333336 ], [ -122.83333333333333,38.583333333333336 ], [ -122.83333333333333,34.833333333333336 ], [ -118,34.833333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Legacy Report","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fc266","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mullen, J.R.","contributorId":92683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullen","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, S.W.","contributorId":25628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hunter, T.C.","contributorId":81172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunter","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hoffman, E.B.","contributorId":47379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"E.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":27787,"text":"wri914063 - 1992 - Urban storm runoff in the Roseburg Area, Oregon, as related to urban flood characteristics of the Willamette Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T08:26:33","indexId":"wri914063","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4063","title":"Urban storm runoff in the Roseburg Area, Oregon, as related to urban flood characteristics of the Willamette Valley","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri914063","usgsCitation":"Hubbard, L., 1992, Urban storm runoff in the Roseburg Area, Oregon, as related to urban flood characteristics of the Willamette Valley: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4063, iv, 28 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914063.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56629,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4063/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158596,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4063/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db69990d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hubbard, L.E.","contributorId":104945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbard","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54417,"text":"wdrCA911 - 1992 - Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1991. Volume 1. Southern Great Basin from Mexican Border to Mono Lake Basin; and Pacific Slope Basins from Tijuana River to Santa Maria River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-01T01:01:51","indexId":"wdrCA911","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CA-91-1","title":"Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1991. Volume 1. Southern Great Basin from Mexican Border to Mono Lake Basin; and Pacific Slope Basins from Tijuana River to Santa Maria River","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1991 water year for California consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents in lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality in wells. Volume 1 contains dischrage records for 171 streamflow-gaging stations, 16 crest-stage partial-record streamflow stations, and 3 miscellaneous measurement stations; stage and contents records for 24 lakes and reservoirs; water-quality records for 23 streamflow-gaging stations, 4 partial-record stations; and precipitation records for 16 stations. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U,S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in California.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA","doi":"10.3133/wdrCA911","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Jensen, R., Hoffman, E., Bowers, J.C., and Mullen, J., 1992, Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1991. Volume 1. 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Volume 3. Western New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:54","indexId":"wdrNY913","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NY-91-3","title":"Water Resources Data, New York, Water Year 1991. Volume 3. Western New York","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrNY913","usgsCitation":"Campbell, J.B., Szabo, C., Sherwood, D.A., and Deloff, D., 1992, Water Resources Data, New York, Water Year 1991. Volume 3. 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The dump is a closed municipal-industrial landfill that has been ranked as Tennessee's potentially most dangerous hazardous-waste site. Toxic constituents of concern at the dump include residues from the manufacture of organochlorine pesticides. The dump overlies an unconfined aquifer of unconsolidated sands, silts, and clays. During average hydrologic conditions, ground waterflows beneath the dump at a mean velocity of approximately 3 feet per day and discharges to the Wolf River. Leachate from the dump mixes with underlying ground water, resulting in increased concentrations of dissolved solids and organic carbon downgradient from the dump. The mobility of chlordane, a representative organochlorine pesticide, is limited by its low solubility and its strong affinity for sand, silt, and clays of the aquifer. Degradation of chlordane may occur slowly, if at all, in the aquifer. Based on estimates of mean ground-water velocity and retardation of the pesticide due to sorption, mean travel times for chlordane migrating from the dump to the ground-water discharge zone are of the order of 50 to 500 years. Simulations of chlordane concentration resulting from the discharge of contaminated ground water and complete mixing in the Wolf River are sensitive to assumptions about chlordane persistence in the unconfined aquifer. If the half life of chlordane in the aquifer is assumed to be 30 years or less, the simulated concentration of chlordane in the Wolf River under average flow conditions is less than the most stringent water-quality criterion.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri914022","usgsCitation":"Broshears, R.E., and Bradley, M.W., 1992, Hydrogeology, water quality, and potential for transport of organochlorine pesticides in ground water at the North Hollywood Dump, Memphis, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4022, v, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914022.","productDescription":"v, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_91_4022.jpg"},{"id":2032,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri914022/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db6148bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Broshears, R. 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Records of streamflow can provide an account of climatic variation over a hydrologic basin. The ability to do so is conditioned on the absence of confounding factors that diminish the climate signal. A national data set of streamflow records that are relatively free of confounding anthropogenic influences has been developed for the purpose of studying the variation in surface-water conditions throughout the United States. Records in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water Storage and Retrieval System (WATSTORE) data base for active and discontinued streamflow gaging stations through water year 1988 (that is, through September 30, 1988) were reviewed jointly with data specialists in each USGS District office. The resulting collection of stations, each with its respective period of record satisfying the qualifying criteria, is called the Hydro-Climatic Data Network, or HCDN. The HCDN consists of 1,659 sites throughout the United States and its territories, totaling 73,231 water years of daily mean discharge values. For each station in the HCDN, information necessary for its identification, along with any qualifying comments about the available record and a set of descriptive watershed characteristics are provided in tabular format in this report, both on paper and on computer disk (enclosed). For each station in the HCDN, the appropriate daily mean discharge values were compiled, and statistical characteristics, including monthly mean discharges and annual mean, minimum and maximum discharges, were derived. The discharge data values are provided in a companion report.

","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nCopies of this report can be purchased from USGS Books and Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr92129","usgsCitation":"Slack, J.R., and Landwehr, J., 1992, Hydro-climatic data network (HCDN); a U.S. Geological Survey streamflow data set for the United States for the study of climate variations, 1874-1988: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-129, vii, 193 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (5 1/4 in.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92129.","productDescription":"vii, 193 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (5 1/4 in.)","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":50522,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0129/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1246,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr92-129","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":154083,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0129/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db62966d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, J. 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(1 plate folded in pocket, 18 figures, 12 tables, 41 p. of text), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90363.","productDescription":"62 p. (1 plate folded in pocket, 18 figures, 12 tables, 41 p. of text)","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":46913,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0363/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150031,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0363/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46912,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0363/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698761","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bortleson, Gilbert C.","contributorId":57472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bortleson","given":"Gilbert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, M. A.","contributorId":37736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"M. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, J.R.","contributorId":50526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hearn, P.P. Jr.","contributorId":76763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hearn","given":"P.P.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":54635,"text":"wdrLA911 - 1992 - Water resources data, Louisiana, water year 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T15:41:31.484159","indexId":"wdrLA911","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"LA-91-1","title":"Water resources data, Louisiana, water year 1991","docAbstract":"

Water resources data for the 1991 water year for Louisiana consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground water. This report contains records for water discharge at 61 gaging stations; stage only for 12 gaging stations and 6 lakes; water quality for 43 surface-water stations (including 12 gaging stations), and 60 wells; and water levels for 206 observation wells. Also included are data for 116 crest-stage and flood-profile partial-record stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Louisiana

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrLA911","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development and with other State and Federal agencies","usgsCitation":"Arcement, G., Dantin, L., Garrison, C., and Lovelace, W., 1992, Water resources data, Louisiana, water year 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report LA-91-1, xvi, 435 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrLA911.","productDescription":"xvi, 435 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":492633,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1991/la-91-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":177962,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1991/la-91-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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W.M.","contributorId":22022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovelace","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":38444,"text":"pp1405B - 1992 - Hydrogeology of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the northern Midwest, United States with a section on ground-water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-26T21:55:00.155221","indexId":"pp1405B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1405","chapter":"B","title":"Hydrogeology of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the northern Midwest, United States with a section on ground-water quality","docAbstract":"

The Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system contains the most extensive and continuous aquifers in the northern Midwest of the United States. It is the source of water for many municipalities, industries, and rural water users. Since the beginning of ground-water development from the aquifer system in the late 1800's, hydraulic heads have declined hundreds of feet in the heavily pumped Chicago-Milwaukee area and somewhat less in other metropolitan areas. The U.S. Geological Survey has completed a regional assessment of this aquifer system within a 161,000-square-mile area encompassing northern Illinois, northwestern Indiana, Iowa, southeastern Minnesota, northern Missouri, and Wisconsin.

\n

Consolidated sedimentary rocks in the northern Midwest range in age from Precambrian to Cretaceous and crop out in generally concentric, arcuate patterns, dipping away from structural highs (arches) on the Precambrian basement in northern Minnesota and Wisconsin toward structural lows (basins) to the south and east. The sedimentary bedrock is generally overlain by a veneer of glacial drift. Thickness of the sedimentary sequence increases to about 5,000 feet in the Forest City basin of southwestern Iowa and to about 14,000 and more than 15,000 feet in the Illinois and Michigan basins, respectively.

\n

Cambrian and Ordovician age rocks, mainly marine sandstone and carbonate rocks, compose much of the sedimentary sequence and form the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system. The aquifer system lies on the Precambrian basement, regarded as a regional confining unit. Six hydrogeologic units are defined; they are arranged as alternating pairs of an aquifer and an overlying confining. unit. The units are named using the predominant geologic nomenclature of the upper Mississippi Valley, which includes most of the study area. In the southern quarter of the area, the hydrogeologic units consist of equivalent formations of the Ozark area (mostly carbonate rocks). The uppermost part of the aquifer system is the Maquoketa confining unit, which consists of the Maquoketa Shale and the underlying dolomite and shale of the Galena Dolomite and the Decorah, Platteville, and Glenwood Formations.

\n

The underlying St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer is an important source of ground water in the western part of the area in Iowa and Minnesota, where the uniform Jordan Sandstone is hydraulically connected to overlying fractured dolomite of the Prairie du Chien Group. The unit is less important in the eastern part of Wisconsin and Illinois because the Jordan Sandstone is absent and the Prairie du Chien Group is thin or absent due to pre-St. Peter Sandstone erosion. Equivalent rocks in northern Missouri-the Roubidoux Formation and the Gasconade and Eminence Dolomites-are mainly carbonate rocks that are somewhat permeable and contain some sandstone.

\n

The St. Lawrence and Franconia Formations underlying the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer consist generally of silty and shaly, fine-grained, poorly sorted, and dolomitic sandstones that restrict vertical movement of ground water and form a regional confining unit. In the southern and eastern parts of the area, the Potosi and Derby-Doerun Dolomites and the upper part of the Davis Formation are the equivalent rocks (mainly carbonate rocks).

\n

In the east-central part of the area in Illinois and Wisconsin, the Ironton-Galesville aquifer forms the most important aquifer of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system, contributing about one-third of the yield from wells in the aquifer system in the Chicago area. The aquifer terminates to the west, south, and east, where the sandstones grade into less permeable carbonate rocks in central Iowa, central Illinois, and northwestern Indiana, respectively.

\n

The underlying Eau Claire Formation and its partial equivalent to the southwest, the Bonneterre Formation, form an important confining unit above the Mount Simon aquifer throughout much of the study area. Siltstone and shale are fairly common in the upper part of the Eau Claire Formation but less so in its northernmost extent in Wisconsin. Dolomite content increases southward and westward, where a middle dolomite facies grades laterally into the Bonneterre in Missouri, southwestern Minnesota, extreme south-central Wisconsin, and possibly in western Iowa.

\n

The basal unit in the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system, the Mount Simon aquifer, is present throughout the study area, except where it is absent over local highs of the Precambrian basement. It consists primarily of the Mount Simon Sandstone in the north and its equivalent in northern Missouri, the Lamotte Sandstone. The underlying Hinckley Sandstone of Precambrian age is included in Minnesota, as is the overlying Elmhurst Sandstone Member of the Eau Claire Formation in northern Illinois. The aquifer increases greatly in thickness and the water is progressively more saline away from the northern structural highs toward the basins.

\n

Much of the movement and discharge of ground water in the northern Midwest occurs in local, unconfined, shallow flow systems within a few miles of points of recharge. The rest of the water is semiconfined or confined in intermediate or regional flow systems within the bedrock, where flow is deeper, slower, and traverses much longer distances from recharge areas to discharge areas. The major areas of recharge to regional confined flow are in northwestern Iowa, southeastern Minnesota, western, southern, and eastern Wisconsin, and northern Illinois. Although the rate of flow is small, significant recharge to the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system also occurs as leakage through the Maquoketa confining unit, where the vertical hydraulic gradient is downward.

\n

Ground water in much of the confined aquifer system moves laterally from recharge areas toward the major river valleys and Lake Michigan or down dip toward the structural basins. The longest flow paths extend as much as 400 miles from northwestern Iowa southeast toward the Illinois basin or to the Mississippi River and Missouri River valleys near their confluence. Other major confined flow is from eastern Wisconsin toward the Michigan basin and southward flow from northeastern Illinois toward the Illinois basin.

\n

Regional ground-water discharge from the aquifer system is mainly diffuse upward leakage from confined aquifers along flow paths toward the structural basins. Very saline water around and brines within the basins restrict regional flow into the basins, forcing ground water to discharge upward. Water in intermediate flow systems discharges upward to the major river valleys.

\n

Original heads of more than 100 feet above land surface were recorded in the aquifer system near Lake Michigan in eastern Wisconsin and at Dubuque, Iowa, along the Mississippi River. The Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system was developed rapidly in the late 1800's after the first deep well was drilled in Chicago in 1864. Many flowing wells were not controlled, which caused water levels in deep wells to decline, and many no longer flowed by the early 1900's.

\n

Heads in the aquifers have declined very little in most of the recharge or unconfined areas since ground-water withdrawal began, but major declines have occurred in confined areas. The largest declines in head are at Chicago, Illinois, Milwaukee and Green Bay, Wisconsin, and Mason City, Iowa, where the aquifer system is confined by the Maquoketa confining unit. The composite head in the aquifer system declined more than 900 feet in the deepest cones of depression in the Chicago area from 1864 to 1980 and about 375 feet in the cone at Milwaukee from 1880 to 1980. More than 200 feet of decline has occurred at Mason City. The head declined as much as 440 feet in Green Bay from 1886 to 1957, when the city discontinued use of its deep wells and began using water from Lake Michigan.

\n

The largest centers of pumping are in the Chicago and Twin Cities (Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota) metropolitan areas about 180 million gallons per day each in 1980. Pumpage exceeded 10 million gallons per day in only a few other areas in 1980.

\n

Ground water in the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the northern Midwest is characterized by an extreme range of mineralization, but its quality in most of the area is good. The major cations are calcium, magnesium, and sodium, and the major anions are bicarbonate, sulfate, and chloride. Sodium, sulfate, and chloride distributions are closely related to the distribution pattern of dissolved solids but not in the same proportion. Dissolved-solids concentration is generally less than 1,000 milligrams per liter in the recharge areas of Wisconsin, southern Minnesota, northeastern Iowa, and north-central Illinois where the aquifer system crops out or subcrops beneath glacial drift. Ground water there is the Ca-Mg-HC03 type, derived from and identical to that in the overlying glacial drift.

\n

In northwestern Iowa and southwestern Minnesota, the water in both the glacial drift and the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system is a Ca-Na-S04HC03 type, derived from oxidation of pyrite in the overlying Cretaceous Dakota Formation.

\n

Transition to higher dissolved solids in the confined areas commonly is accompanied by increased sulfate concentration and· the occurrence of Ca-Na-S04-type water. Salinity of the ground water increases progressively toward the .basins, where dissolved solids exceed 200,000 milligrams per liter. Saline water is present in the Mount Simon aquifer near Lake Michigan in eastern Wisconsin and northeastern Illinois but occurs in successively younger rocks to the east and south as they dip toward the basins. Similarly, salinity increases down dip in Iowa to the southwest and south; however, regional ground-water flow in Iowa is from northwest to southeast.

\n

Much of the ground water in the confined aquifer system is isotopically depleted in 0180 and OD with respect to modern precipitation-an indication that the water originated as precipitation in a much colder climate than the present and probably was derived from recharge of glacial meltwater. On the basis of o34S values for sulfur in sulfate, it is believed that isostatic loading from glacial ice over the Michigan basin reversed the hydraulic gradient to trend westward, opposite from the present gradient, causing saline water in the Michigan basin to discharge westward through the present recharge areas.

\n

Natural water-quality problems in the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system are mainly the high dissolved-solids concentrations and associated high concentrations of sulfate and chloride, which limit the use of the water for municipal and domestic purposes in much of the confined aquifer system in central and southern Illinois, Indiana, southern and western Iowa, and northern Missouri. Another concern is that radium activity exceeds normal background concentrations of a few picocuries per liter in much of the confined aquifer system in eastern Wisconsin, northeastern Illinois, and central Iowa. Other common problems are high hardness and locally excessive concentrations of iron and hydrogen sulfide.

\n

 

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Water resources data for the 1991 water year in Florida consists of continuous or daily discharge for 346 streams, periodic discharge for 27 streams, miscellaneous discharge for 50 streams, continuous or daily stage for 151 streams, periodic stage for 29 streams, peak discharge for 23 streams, continuous daily tide stage for 5 streams, and peak stage for 16 streams, continuous or daily elevations for 64 lakes, periodic elevations for 67 lakes; continuous ground-water levels for 436 wells, periodic ground-water levels for 1,229 wells, and miscellaneous water level measurements for 1,628 wells; quality of water data for 139 surface-water sites and 761 wells.

The data for South Florida included continuous or daily discharge for 75 streams, continuous or daily stage for 84 streams, continuous elevation for 1 lake; continuous groundwater levels for 184 wells, periodic ground-water levels for 873 wells and miscellaneous water-level measurements for 317 wells; quality-of-water for 15 surface-water sites and 541 wells.

The data represent the National Water Data System records collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperation with local, state, and federal agencies in Florida.

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1992 - Radionuclides, inorganic constituents, organic compounds, and bacteria in water from selected wells and springs from the southern boundary of the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory to the Hagerman area, Idaho, 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:27","indexId":"ofr9291","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-91","title":"Radionuclides, inorganic constituents, organic compounds, and bacteria in water from selected wells and springs from the southern boundary of the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory to the Hagerman area, Idaho, 1990","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9291","usgsCitation":"Bartholomay, R.C., Edwards, D.D., and Campbell, L.J., 1992, Radionuclides, inorganic constituents, organic compounds, and bacteria in water from selected wells and springs from the southern boundary of the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory to the Hagerman area, Idaho, 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-91, v, 42 p. ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9291.","productDescription":"v, 42 p. ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150851,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0091/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47426,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0091/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649b12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholomay, Roy C. 0000-0002-4809-9287 rcbarth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-9287","contributorId":1131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomay","given":"Roy","email":"rcbarth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":178490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, Daniel D.","contributorId":28261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Campbell, Linford J.","contributorId":77174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Linford","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":18058,"text":"ofr9229 - 1992 - Annual yield and selected hydrologic data for the Arkansas River Basin Compact, Arkansas-Oklahoma, 1991 water year","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:20","indexId":"ofr9229","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-29","title":"Annual yield and selected hydrologic data for the Arkansas River Basin Compact, Arkansas-Oklahoma, 1991 water year","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geologicsl Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9229","usgsCitation":"Barks, C.S., Blazs, R., and Lamb, T., 1992, Annual yield and selected hydrologic data for the Arkansas River Basin Compact, Arkansas-Oklahoma, 1991 water year: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-29, iv, 31 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9229.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149962,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0029/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47411,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0029/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b7e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barks, C. Shane csbarks@usgs.gov","contributorId":2088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barks","given":"C.","email":"csbarks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Shane","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":178458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blazs, R.L.","contributorId":27067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazs","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lamb, T.E.","contributorId":58272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":38440,"text":"pp1404G - 1992 - Hydrogeologic framework of the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain in parts of North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-17T19:35:52.493914","indexId":"pp1404G","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1404","chapter":"G","title":"Hydrogeologic framework of the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain in parts of North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1404G","usgsCitation":"Trapp, H., 1992, Hydrogeologic framework of the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain in parts of North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1404, Report: 59 p.; 13 Plates: 26.00 x 24.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1404G.","productDescription":"Report: 59 p.; 13 Plates: 26.00 x 24.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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Municipal water-supply systems in the central Lower Peninsula of Michigan were categorized into four regions on the basis of source of water for 1987. These categories included water systems that obtained water from aquifers in glacial drift, bedrock, or both, as well as those that obtained water from surface-water sources. Data on ground-water development were collected for 182 municipal water-supply systems for the period 1870-1987. Of the 182 systems, 135 used ground water for supply. Wells in glacial-drift aquifers supplied water for 60 municipalities; wells in bedrock aquifers supplied 58 municipalities. Combinations of wells in bedrock and glacial-drift aquifers supplied 17 municipalities. Surface-water sources supplied 45 municipalities; two municipalities used surface water and ground water. Of the 182 municipal systems, withdrawal data were available for only 145. Withdrawal data were collected for the period 1903-1985. Analysis of annual ground-water withdrawal data for the 145 municipal water-supply systems indicates that average annual per capita municipal ground-water withdrawal ranged from 60 gallons per day per person in 1915 to 166 gallons per day per person in 1973. The maximum reported groundwater withdrawal for the area was 103 million gallons per day in 1979. Records from most municipalities include long periods for which no ground-water withdrawal data are available. The average annual per capita data among the municipalities varies over the period of record because of incomplete reporting of pumping rates, unusually high pumping rates, short-term economic changes, and other changes not associated with local population changes.

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The Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with State, local, and other Federal agencies, obtains a large amount of data pertaining to the water resources of Washington each water year. These data, accumulated during many water years, constitute a valuable data base for developing an improved understanding of the water resources of the State. To make these data readily available to interested parties outside the Geological Survey, the data are published annually in this report series entitled \"Water Resources Data - Washington.\"

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R.","contributorId":31699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":858724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reed, L.L.","contributorId":60308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hubbard, L.E.","contributorId":104945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbard","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":28126,"text":"wri914028 - 1992 - Development and routing of mudflow resulting from hypothetical failure of Spirit Lake debris dam, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:36","indexId":"wri914028","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4028","title":"Development and routing of mudflow resulting from hypothetical failure of Spirit Lake debris dam, Washington","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri914028","usgsCitation":"Kresch, D., 1992, Development and routing of mudflow resulting from hypothetical failure of Spirit Lake debris dam, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4028, v, 30 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. [PGS - 29 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914028.","productDescription":"v, 30 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. [PGS - 29 p.]","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121579,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4028/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56959,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4028/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db66724b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kresch, D. L.","contributorId":52559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kresch","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38448,"text":"pp1407C - 1992 - Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Mesilla Basin, Dona Ana County, New Mexico, and El Paso County, Texas, with a section on water quality and geochemistry","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18981,"text":"ofr88305 - 1990 - Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Mesilla Basin, Dona Ana County, New Mexico, and El Paso County, Texas","indexId":"ofr88305","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"title":"Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Mesilla Basin, Dona Ana County, New Mexico, and El Paso County, Texas"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38448,"text":"pp1407C - 1992 - Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Mesilla Basin, Dona Ana County, New Mexico, and El Paso County, Texas, with a section on water quality and geochemistry","indexId":"pp1407C","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Mesilla Basin, Dona Ana County, New Mexico, and El Paso County, Texas, with a section on water quality and geochemistry"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:02","indexId":"pp1407C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1407","chapter":"C","title":"Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Mesilla Basin, Dona Ana County, New Mexico, and El Paso County, Texas, with a section on water quality and geochemistry","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1407C","usgsCitation":"Frenzel, P.F., Kaehler, C., and Anderholm, S., 1992, Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Mesilla Basin, Dona Ana County, New Mexico, and El Paso County, Texas, with a section on water quality and geochemistry: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1407, p. C1-C105; 5 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1407C.","productDescription":"p. C1-C105; 5 plates in pocket","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104630,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4854.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4854"},{"id":126449,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1407c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64923,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1407c/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64924,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1407c/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64925,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1407c/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64926,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1407c/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64927,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1407c/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64928,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1407c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frenzel, P. F.","contributorId":98726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frenzel","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaehler, C. A.","contributorId":59469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaehler","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderholm, S. K.","contributorId":69149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderholm","given":"S. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":18229,"text":"ofr92500 - 1992 - Hydrologic data for a study of pre-Illinoian glacial till in Linn County, Iowa, water year 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-11T16:17:29","indexId":"ofr92500","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-500","title":"Hydrologic data for a study of pre-Illinoian glacial till in Linn County, Iowa, water year 1991","docAbstract":"

Hydrologic data for a study of pre-lllinoian glacial till were collected during the 1991 water year at a site in Linn County, east-central Iowa. A hydrologic-data-collection network, consisting of a meteorological station, 22 observation wells, and a water-quality minimonitor, was installed at the site to investigate the hydraulic properties of the till. Recorders were installed on 12 of the observation wells to continuously monitor water levels.

\n

Rainfall at the study site from October 1990 to September 1991 was 17.86 inches. The greatest monthly rainfall (4.07 inches) occurred in March. The smallest monthly rainfall (0.06 and 0.04 inch) occurred in June and July, respectively.

\n

The highest water levels measured in 22 observation wells were recorded from March through May 1991. Water levels in three of the deeper wells, completed in the unweathered glacial till, continued to rise from the time the wells were initially installed in November 1989 until they were bailed for water-quality sampling in May 1991. One well had water levels greater than the top of the well casing for most of the period from March to mid-July.

\n

Ten unvented, vibrating-wire pressure transducers with internal thermistors were buried in two boreholes at upgradient and downgradient locations to record hydraulic pressure and water temperature at selected depths.

\n

A water-quality minimonitor was installed near the top of the water table to monitor temporal changes in ground-water quality. For October 1990 through September 1991, the daily mean water temperatures ranged from 7.3 to 14.9 degrees Celsius, and the daily median pH values ranged from 6.9 to 7.5 standard units.

\n

Herbicide concentrations in rainfall ranged from 0.05 to 1.3 micrograms per liter. Herbicides detected in the largest concentrations included alachlor, atrazine, and metolachlor. Metribuzin was the only herbicide detected in ground-water samples at a concentration of 0.10 micrograms per liter in water from one observation well.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr92500","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey Bureau","usgsCitation":"Bowman, P., 1992, Hydrologic data for a study of pre-Illinoian glacial till in Linn County, Iowa, water year 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-500, iv, 66 p.: ill.; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92500.","productDescription":"iv, 66 p.: ill.; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":47591,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0500/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150344,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0500/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","county":"Linn County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.6754150390625,\n 41.860068712839\n ],\n [\n -91.6754150390625,\n 41.87480165983683\n ],\n [\n -91.66189670562744,\n 41.87480165983683\n ],\n [\n -91.66189670562744,\n 41.860068712839\n ],\n [\n -91.6754150390625,\n 41.860068712839\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ebbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowman, P.R.","contributorId":6076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowman","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":77047,"text":"pp1551 - 1992 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Strong ground motion and ground failure","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38252,"text":"pp1551B - 1998 - The Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989: Liquefaction","indexId":"pp1551B","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"The Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989: Liquefaction"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":77047,"text":"pp1551 - 1992 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Strong ground motion and ground failure","indexId":"pp1551","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Strong ground motion and ground failure"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":38342,"text":"pp1551A - 1994 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Strong ground motion","indexId":"pp1551A","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Strong ground motion"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":77047,"text":"pp1551 - 1992 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Strong ground motion and ground failure","indexId":"pp1551","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Strong ground motion and ground failure"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":38343,"text":"pp1551E - 1994 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 — Hydrologic disturbances","indexId":"pp1551E","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989 — Hydrologic disturbances"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":77047,"text":"pp1551 - 1992 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Strong ground motion and ground failure","indexId":"pp1551","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Strong ground motion and ground failure"},"id":3}],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-18T13:37:59","indexId":"pp1551","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1551","title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Strong ground motion and ground failure","docAbstract":"Professional Paper 1551 describes the effects at the land surface caused by the Loma Prieta earthquake. These effects: include the pattern and characteristics of strong ground shaking, liquefaction of both floodplain deposits along the Pajaro and Salinas Rivers in the Monterey Bay region and sandy artificial fills along the margins of San Francisco Bay, landslides in the epicentral region, and increased stream flow. Some significant findings and their impacts were: \r\n\r\n* Strong shaking that was amplified by a factor of about two by soft soils caused damage at up to 100 kilometers (60 miles) from the epicenter. \r\n\r\n* Instrumental recordings of the ground shaking have been used to improve how building codes consider site amplification effects from soft soils. \r\n\r\n* Liquefaction at 134 locations caused $99.2 million of the total earthquake loss of $5.9 billion. Liquefaction of floodplain deposits and sandy artificial fills was similar in nature to that which occurred in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and indicated that many areas remain susceptible to liquefaction damage in the San Francisco and Monterey Bay regions. \r\n\r\n* Landslides caused $30 million in earthquake losses, damaging at least 200 residences. Many landslides showed evidence of movement in previous earthquakes. \r\n\r\n* Recognition of the similarities between liquefaction and landslides in 1906 and 1989 and research in intervening years that established methodologies to map liquefaction and landslide hazards prompted the California legislature to pass in 1990 the Seismic Hazards Mapping Act that required the California Geological Survey to delineate regulatory zones of areas potentially susceptible to these hazards. \r\n\r\n* The earthquake caused the flow of many streams in the epicentral region to increase. Effects were noted up to 88 km from the epicenter. \r\n\r\n* Post-earthquake studies of the Marina District of San Francisco provide perhaps the most comprehensive case history of earthquake effects at a specific site developed for any earthquake. Soft soils beneath the Marina amplified ground shaking to damaging levels and caused liquefaction of sandy artificial fills. Liquefaction required 123 repairs of pipelines in the Municipal Water Supply System, more than three times the number of repairs elsewhere in the system. Approximately 13.6 km of gas-distribution lines were replaced, and more than 20% of the wastewater collection lines were repaired or replaced. \r\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1551","collaboration":"Chapter D will not be published\r\nPrepared in cooperation with the National Science Foundation","usgsCitation":"Coordinated by Holzer, T.L., 1992, The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Strong ground motion and ground failure: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1551, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1551.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194795,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8210,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1551/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6881d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coordinated by Holzer, Thomas L.","contributorId":16517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coordinated by Holzer","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":20937,"text":"ofr92469 - 1992 - Water-quality and bottom-material-chemistry data for the Yazoo River Basin Demonstration Erosion Control Project, north-central Mississippi,February 1988-September 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:47","indexId":"ofr92469","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-469","title":"Water-quality and bottom-material-chemistry data for the Yazoo River Basin Demonstration Erosion Control Project, north-central Mississippi,February 1988-September 1991","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr92469","usgsCitation":"Slack, L.J., 1992, Water-quality and bottom-material-chemistry data for the Yazoo River Basin Demonstration Erosion Control Project, north-central Mississippi,February 1988-September 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-469, vii, 197 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92469.","productDescription":"vii, 197 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0469/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50528,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0469/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7299","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, L. J.","contributorId":44157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38451,"text":"pp1408F - 1992 - Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13718,"text":"ofr87237 - 1989 - Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","indexId":"ofr87237","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38451,"text":"pp1408F - 1992 - Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","indexId":"pp1408F","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-19T15:50:45","indexId":"pp1408F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1408","chapter":"F","title":"Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","docAbstract":"The occurrence and movement of water in the regional aquifer \nsystem that underlies the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho, de- \npend on the transmissivity and storage capacity of rocks that \ncompose the geologic framework and on the distribution and \namount of recharge and discharge of water within that frame- \nwork. On a regional scale, most water moves horizontally through \ninterflow zones in Quaternary basalt of the Snake River Group. \nIn recharge and discharge areas, water also moves vertically \nalong joints and interfingering edges of basalt flows. Aquifer \nthickness is largely unknown, but geophysical studies suggest \nthat locally the Quaternary basalt may exceed several thousand \nfeet. Along the margins of the plain, sand and gravel several \nhundred feet thick transmit large volumes of water.\nRegional ground-water movement is generally from northeast \nto southwest, from areas of recharge to areas of discharge. Re- \ncharge is from seepage of surface water used for irrigation, \nstream and canal losses, underflow from tributary drainage ba- \nsins, and infiltration of precipitation. Aquifer discharge is largely \nspring flow to the Snake River and water pumped for irrigation. \nMajor springs are near American Falls Reservoir and along the \nSnake River from Milner Dam to King Hill.\nRegional ground-water flow was simulated with numerical \nmodels. Initially, a two-dimensional steady-state model that in- \ncluded a nonlinear, least-squares regression technique was used \nto estimate aquifer properties. Later, a three-dimensional steady- \nstate and transient model was used to replace the two-dimen- \nsional model. Three-dimensional model results indicated that \naverage total transmissivity ranged from about 0.05 to 120 feet \nsquared per second and vertical leakance ranged from about \n3 x 10-10 to 5 x 10-6 feet per second per foot of aquifer thickness.\nThe three-dimensional transient model was used to compare \nmeasured and estimated long-term changes in ground-water dis- \ncharge and water levels with simulated values. Initial head con- \nditions used in transient simulations were derived from a \nsteady-state solution of estimated preirrigation hydrologic condi- \ntions. Transient simulations were 5-year stress periods beginning \nin 1891 and ending in 1980. Recharge for each stress period from \n1926 to 1980 was estimated from surface-water irrigation, pre- \ncipitation, and streamflow records. Recharge for stress periods \nfrom 1891 to 1925 was based on the average value for stress peri- \nods from 1926 to 1980 and was indexed to estimated irrigated \nacreages. Average annual tributary drainage-basin underflow for \nstress periods from 1891 to 1910 was calculated by using basin- \nyield equations. Underflow for stress periods from 1911 to 1980 \nwas varied by use of streamflow records.\nTransient simulations reasonably approximated measured \nchanges in aquifer head and ground-water discharge that re- \nsulted from use of surface water for irrigation. Irrigation with \nsurface water peaked in about 1950; subsequent increases in irri- \ngation have been supplied largely by ground water. The three-\ndimensional model simulated water-level declines and reduced \nground-water discharge caused in part by increases in ground- \nwater pumping.\nThe transient model was used to simulate aquifer changes \nfrom 1981 to 2010 in response to three hypothetical development \nalternatives: (1) Continuation of 1980 hydrologic conditions, (2) \nincreased pumpage, and (3) increased recharge. Simulation of \ncontinued 1980 hydrologic conditions for 30 years indicated that \nhead declines of 2 to 8 feet might be expected in the central part \nof the plain. The magnitude of simulated head declines was con- \nsistent with head declines measured during the 1980 water year. \nLarger declines were calculated along model boundaries, but \nthese changes may have resulted from underestimation of tribu- \ntary drainage-basin underflow and inadequate aquifer definition. \nSimulation of increased ground-water pumpage (an additional \n2,400 cubic feet per second) for 30 years indicated head declines \nof 10 to 50 feet in the central part of the plain. These relatively \nlarge head declines were accompanied by increased simulated \nriver leakage of 50 percent and decreased spring discharge of 20 \npercent. The effect of increased recharge (800 cubic feet per sec- \nond) for 30 years was a rise in simulated heads of 0 to 5 feet in \nthe central part of the plain.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp1408F","usgsCitation":"Garabedian, S., 1992, Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1408, Report: vii, 102 p.; 10 Plates: 34.00 x 17.50 and smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1408F.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 102 p.; 10 Plates: 34.00 x 17.50 and smaller","numberOfPages":"112","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":104633,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4858.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4858"},{"id":119227,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64931,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408f/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64932,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408f/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64933,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408f/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64934,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408f/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64935,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408f/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64936,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408f/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64937,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408f/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64938,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408f/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64939,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408f/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64940,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408f/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64941,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.0,42.0 ], [ -117.0,45.0 ], [ -111.0,45.0 ], [ -111.0,42.0 ], [ -117.0,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e90a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garabedian, S. P.","contributorId":56657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"S. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26080,"text":"wri924086 - 1992 - Ground-water contamination potential and quality in Polk County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:27","indexId":"wri924086","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4086","title":"Ground-water contamination potential and quality in Polk County, Florida","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924086","usgsCitation":"Barr, G., 1992, Ground-water contamination potential and quality in Polk County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4086, vi, 92 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924086.","productDescription":"vi, 92 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122579,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4086/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54852,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4086/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d064","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barr, G. L.","contributorId":22312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barr","given":"G. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}