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,{"id":72516,"text":"ofr92145 - 1992 - National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:58","indexId":"ofr92145","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-145","title":"National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr92145","usgsCitation":"Jones, D., and Sylvester, M.A., 1992, National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-145, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92145.","productDescription":"1 sheet","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":193247,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698697","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, D.R.","contributorId":80670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sylvester, M. A.","contributorId":10838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sylvester","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27151,"text":"wri914100 - 1992 - Description and effects of 1988 drought on ground-water levels, streamflow, and reservoir levels in Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-16T12:51:11","indexId":"wri914100","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4100","title":"Description and effects of 1988 drought on ground-water levels, streamflow, and reservoir levels in Indiana","docAbstract":"<p>Documentation of the 1988 drought in Indiana was undertaken to aid water-management agencies and planners concerned with periods of below-normal precipitation and their effect on commercial, agricultural, and residential water use. Precipitation, temperature, Palmer Drought Severity Indices, and ground- and surface-water levels from water years 1988 and 1989 were compared to the historical record to evaluate severity, extent, and duration of the 1988 drought in Indiana.</p>\n<p>Three types of drought-climatological, hydrologic, and agricultural--occurred in most of Indiana during water years 1988 and 1989. The drought began toward the end of calendar year 1987 as annual precipitation decreased to 4.6 inches below the long term mean. By the end of September 1988, statewide precipitation deficits had increased to almost 8 inches below normal. High temperatures during the summer months increased the stress on crops, livestock, and people. Northwest Indiana experienced the second warmest June-August on record. Palmer Drought Severity Indices indicated that a moderate-to-severe drought had occurred in Indiana during most of 1988.</p>\n<p>Ground-water levels were affected substantially in many areas of the State. Record low-water levels were observed at 12 of the 20 monitoring wells included in this report. A go-day ground-water emergency was declared in parts of northwestern Indiana. Streamflow throughout the State was affected to varying degrees by the drought. Annual mean discharge in some rivers was only slightly less than the mean annual discharge, while others flowed at less than half that value. The effects of low streamflows were felt by many as electric power plants reduced or ceased production and public-water utilities requested conservation measures by their customers. Major reservoirs in the State approached or reached record low levels, causing water supplies as well as recreational activities to be diminished.</p>\n<p>Most major crops produced in Indiana were affected by the dry conditions. Average yields in 1988 ranged from 50 to 86 percent of 1987 yields.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri914100","usgsCitation":"Fowler, K.K., 1992, Description and effects of 1988 drought on ground-water levels, streamflow, and reservoir levels in Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4100, vi, 91 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914100.","productDescription":"vi, 91 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"91","numberOfPages":"98","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122810,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_91_4100.jpg"},{"id":2121,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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K. 0000-0002-0107-3848","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0107-3848","contributorId":40633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fowler","given":"K.","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26976,"text":"wri924110 - 1992 - Movement of water in seasonally frozen soil, southeastern North Dakota, 1985-87","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T16:05:40","indexId":"wri924110","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4110","title":"Movement of water in seasonally frozen soil, southeastern North Dakota, 1985-87","docAbstract":"<p>A study of seasonally frozen soil was conducted from October 1985 through April 1986 and from October 1986 through April 1987. Three runoff plots were established. On October 30, 1985, 86 mm (millimeters) of water was applied to plot 1, and 43 mm of water was applied to plot 3. No water was applied to plot 2. The winter of 1985-86 had colder-than-normal air temperatures and greater-thannormal precipitation. Some freezing-induced redistribution was measured within the soil profile at some sites. No measurable upward movement of water from the water table to the freezing front was detected in any of the plots.</p><p>Snowmelt runoff occurred on March 21 and 22. Plot 1 had 14.2 mm of runoff, plot 2 had less than 0.1 mm of runoff, and plot 3 had 9.0 mm of runoff. Infiltration was determined as the difference between soil water content on March 3 and on March 24. Infiltration was 64.8 mm for plot 1, 43.0 mm for plot 2, and 34.8 mm for plot 3.</p><p>The ground-water level started to rise rapidly 2 days after the start of the major snowmelt. Recharge computed from the change in ground-water levels for March 24-27 was 13.2 mm. The mean change in soil water content for March 24-27 indicates a loss (recharge) of 5.1 mm for plot 1, a loss of 1.9 mm for plot 2, and a gain of 4.4 mm for plot 3. The difference between recharge computed from the change in ground-water levels and recharge computed from the change in soil water content indicates that some of the recharge is from a location other than the plots. </p><p>The winter of 1986-87 had warmer-than-normal air temperatures and less-than-normal precipitation. Because water was entering and leaving the soil profile during the mild winter, changes in soil water content caused by freezing-induced redistribution, infiltration, or evaporation could not be quantified. On February 26, rainfall runoff occurred from snow-free frozen soil on plots 2 and 3. Snowmelt runoff occurred on all three plots on March 4 and only on plot 3 on March 5. Between February 9 and March 5, infiltration was 50.1 mm for plot 1, 25.4 mm for plot 2, and 49.6 mm for plot 3.</p><p>The ground-water level rose very rapidly for a few days at the beginning of March. This rise corresponded to the snowmelt runoff on March 4 and 5. The ground-water level then stabilized until March 18 when it again started to rise rapidly. This rise continued throughout the month. Recharge computed from the change in groundwater levels for March 5-11 was 5.9 mm, recharge for March 11-26 was 50.4 mm, and recharge for March 26 through April 1 was 18.7 mm.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924110","usgsCitation":"Emerson, D.G., 1992, Movement of water in seasonally frozen soil, southeastern North Dakota, 1985-87: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4110, iv, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924110.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55864,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4110/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121570,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4110/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698c63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emerson, D. G.","contributorId":39385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emerson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1955,"text":"wsp2371 - 1992 - Assessment of hydrogeologic conditions with emphasis on water quality and wastewater injection, southwest Sarasota and West Charlotte counties, Florida","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19491,"text":"ofr90709 - 1991 - Assessment of hydrogeologic conditions with emphasis on water quality and wastewater injection, Southwest Sarasota and West Charlotte counties, Florida","indexId":"ofr90709","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Assessment of hydrogeologic conditions with emphasis on water quality and wastewater injection, Southwest Sarasota and West Charlotte counties, Florida"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1955,"text":"wsp2371 - 1992 - Assessment of hydrogeologic conditions with emphasis on water quality and wastewater injection, southwest Sarasota and West Charlotte counties, Florida","indexId":"wsp2371","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Assessment of hydrogeologic conditions with emphasis on water quality and wastewater injection, southwest Sarasota and West Charlotte counties, Florida"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T06:59:57","indexId":"wsp2371","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2371","title":"Assessment of hydrogeologic conditions with emphasis on water quality and wastewater injection, southwest Sarasota and West Charlotte counties, Florida","docAbstract":"<p>The 250-square-mile area of southwest Sarasota and west Charlotte Counties is underlain by a complex hydrogeologic system having diverse ground-water quality. The surficial and intermediate aquifer systems and the Upper Floridan aquifer of the Floridan aquifer system contain six separate aquifers, or permeable zones, and have a total thickness of about 2,000 feet. Water in the clastic surficial aquifer system is potable and is tapped by hundreds of shallow, low-yielding supply wells. Water in the mixed clastic and carbonate intermediate aquifer system is potable in the upper part, but in the lower part, because of increasing salinity, it is used primarily for reverse-osmosis desalinization feed water and irrigation. Within the Upper Floridan aquifer, limestone and dolomite of the Suwannee permeable zone are tapped by irrigation and reverse-osmosis supply wells. The underlying, less permeable limestone of the Suwannee-Ocala semiconfining unit generally encompasses the transition zone between freshwater and very saline water. Interbedded limestone and dolomite of the Ocala-Avon Park moderately permeable zone and Avon Park highly permeable zone compose the deep, very saline injection zone. Potential ground-water contamination problems include flooding by storm tides, upward movement of saline water toward pumping centers by natural and induced leakage or through improperly constructed and abandoned wells, and lateral and vertical movement of treated sewage and reverse-osmosis wastewater injected into deep zones. Effects of flooding are evident in coastal areas where vertical layering of fresh and saline waters is observed. Approximately 100 uncontrolled flowing artesian wells that have interaquifer flow rates as high as 350 gallons per minute have been located and scheduled for plugging by the Southwest Florida Water Management District--in an attempt to improve ground-water quality of the shallow aquifers. Because each aquifer or permeable zone has unique head and water-quality characteristics, construction of single-zone wells would eliminate cross-contamination and borehole interflow. Such a program, when combined with the plugging of shallow-cased wells having long open-hole intervals connecting multiple zones, would safeguard ground-water resources in the study area. The study area encompasses seven wastewater injection sites that have a projected capacity for injecting 29 million gallons per day into the zone 1,100 to 2,050 feet below land surface. There are six additional sites within 20 miles. The first well began injecting reverse-osmosis wastewater in 1984, and since then, other wells have been drilled and permitted for injection of treated sewage. A numerical model was used to evaluate injection-well design and potential for movement of injected wastewater within the hydrogeologic framework. The numerical model was used to simulate injection through a representative well at a rate of 1 million gallons per day for 10 years. In this simulation, a convection cell developed around the injection well with the buoyant fresh injectant rising to form a lens within the injection zone below the lower Suwannee-Ocala semiconfining unit. Around an ideal, fully penetrating well cased 50 feet into the injection zone and open from a depth of 1,150 feet to 2,050 feet, simulations show that the injectant moves upward to a depth of 940 feet, forms a lens about 600 feet thick, and spreads radially outward to a distance of about 2,300 feet after 10 years. Comparison simulations of injection through wells having open depth intervals of 1,150 to 1,400 feet and 1,450 to 2,050 feet demonstrate that such changes in well construction have little effect on the areal spread of the injectant lens or the rate of upward movement.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp2371","usgsCitation":"Hutchinson, C.B., 1992, Assessment of hydrogeologic conditions with emphasis on water quality and wastewater injection, southwest Sarasota and West Charlotte counties, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2371, vi, 74 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2371.","productDescription":"vi, 74 p. ","numberOfPages":"80","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138545,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2371/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27301,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2371/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Sarasota County, Charlotte County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.37548828125,\n              26.814266197561462\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.93603515625,\n              26.814266197561462\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.93603515625,\n              27.0982539061379\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.37548828125,\n              27.0982539061379\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.37548828125,\n              26.814266197561462\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671f76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutchinson, C. B.","contributorId":94655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26331,"text":"wri924023 - 1992 - Hydrogeology of the Helena Valley-fill aquifer system, west-central Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:27","indexId":"wri924023","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4023","title":"Hydrogeology of the Helena Valley-fill aquifer system, west-central Montana","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924023","usgsCitation":"Briar, D., and Madison, J., 1992, Hydrogeology of the Helena Valley-fill aquifer system, west-central Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4023, v, 92 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924023.","productDescription":"v, 92 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126417,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4023/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55128,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4023/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55129,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4023/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db61516d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Briar, D.W.","contributorId":58287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briar","given":"D.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Madison, J.P.","contributorId":12077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madison","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":58334,"text":"mf2209 - 1992 - Bathymetry at the head of the Cape Fear Slide, offshore North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-04T21:05:18.494335","indexId":"mf2209","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2209","title":"Bathymetry at the head of the Cape Fear Slide, offshore North Carolina","docAbstract":"The Cape Fear Slide is the largest mass-movement that has been observed on the U.S. Atlantic Margin. It is located off the Carolinas on the continental rise in approximately 1,200-5,500 m water depth and extends downslope for over 300 km (Popenoe, 1982). These maps show the bathymetry at the head of the Cape Fear Slide as interpreted from single-channel 3.5 kHz seismic-reflection profiles and mid-range Sea Marc I sidescan sonar imagery (Popenoe, 1985; Popenoe and others, 1991; Schmuck, 1991). The 3.5 kHz data consist of over 1000 km of profiles that were collected in 1988 for the University of North Carolina, Department of Geology. The UNC 3.5 kHz data were used as the main data set in interpreting the bathymetry. The sidescan sonar data were collected in 1980 by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory for the U.S. Bureau of Land Management Environmental Studies Program. Only 28 km (5 km swath width) of the sidescan data were used in the interpretation to identify the morphology of the main slump scarp and visible secondary scarps.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf2209","usgsCitation":"Schmuck, E.A., Popenoe, P., Paull, C.K., and Brown, C., 1992, Bathymetry at the head of the Cape Fear Slide, offshore North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2209, 1 Plate: 36.76 x 25.93 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2209.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 36.76 x 25.93 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489665,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5841.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":181013,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2209.jpg"},{"id":284445,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2209/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"150000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator Projection","country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Cape Fear Slide","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.333,\n              33.4147\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.333,\n              32.7792\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.333,\n              32.7792\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.333,\n              33.4147\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.333,\n              33.4147\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4ef5e4b0b290850f2685","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmuck, Eric A.","contributorId":6103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmuck","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Popenoe, Peter","contributorId":62206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Popenoe","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":258773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paull, Charles K. 0000-0001-5940-3443","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5940-3443","contributorId":55825,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paull","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":7043,"text":"University of North Carolina","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":258772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, Carol","contributorId":28897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Carol","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":17669,"text":"ofr9269 - 1992 - Selected U.S. Geological Survey publications on the water resources of Virginia, 1910-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:23","indexId":"ofr9269","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-69","title":"Selected U.S. Geological Survey publications on the water resources of Virginia, 1910-91","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9269","usgsCitation":"McFarland, J.A., 1992, Selected U.S. Geological Survey publications on the water resources of Virginia, 1910-91: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-69, iii, 19 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9269.","productDescription":"iii, 19 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150990,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0069/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46895,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0069/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa7c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McFarland, Judith A. (compiler)","contributorId":71998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McFarland","given":"Judith","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":54940,"text":"wdrPA912 - 1992 - Water resources data, Pennsylvania, water year 1991. Volume 2. Susquehanna and Potomac River Basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-25T00:18:22.75213","indexId":"wdrPA912","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"PA-91-2","title":"Water resources data, Pennsylvania, water year 1991. Volume 2. Susquehanna and Potomac River Basins","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrPA912","usgsCitation":"Durlin, R., and Schaffstall, W., 1992, Water resources data, Pennsylvania, water year 1991. Volume 2. 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,{"id":2895,"text":"wsp2379 - 1992 - Climatic variability and flood frequency of the Santa Cruz River, Pima County, Arizona","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21335,"text":"ofr90553 - 1990 - Climatic variability and flood frequency of the Santa Cruz River, Pima County, Arizona","indexId":"ofr90553","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"title":"Climatic variability and flood frequency of the Santa Cruz River, Pima County, Arizona"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2895,"text":"wsp2379 - 1992 - Climatic variability and flood frequency of the Santa Cruz River, Pima County, Arizona","indexId":"wsp2379","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Climatic variability and flood frequency of the Santa Cruz River, Pima County, Arizona"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:20","indexId":"wsp2379","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2379","title":"Climatic variability and flood frequency of the Santa Cruz River, Pima County, Arizona","docAbstract":"Past estimates of the 100-year flood for the Santa Cruz River at Tucson, Arizona, range from 572 to 2,780 cubic meters per second. An apparent increase in flood magnitude during the past two decades raises concern that the annual flood series is nonstationary in time. The apparent increase is accompanied by more annual floods occurring in fall and winter and fewer in summer. This greater mixture of storm types that produce annual flood peaks is caused by a higher frequency of meridional flow in the upper-air circulation and increased variance of ocean-atmosphere conditions in the tropical Pacific Ocean. \r\n\r\nEstimation of flood frequency on the Santa Cruz River is complicated because climate affects the magnitude and frequency of storms that cause floods. Mean discharge does not change significantly, but the variance and skew coefficient of the distribution of annual floods change with time. The 100-year flood during El Niffo-Southern Oscillation conditions is 1,300 cubic meters per second, more than double the value for other years. The increase is mostly caused by an increase in recurvature of dissipating tropical cyclones into the Southwestern United States during El Niffo-Southern Oscillation conditions. Flood frequency based on hydroclimatology was determined by combining populations of floods caused by monsoonal storms, frontal systems, and dissipating tropical cyclones. For 1930-59, annual flood frequency is dominated by monsoonal floods, and the estimated 100-year flood is 323 cubic meters per second. For 1960-86, annual flood frequency at recurrence intervals of greater than 10 years is dominated by floods caused by dissipating tropical cyclones, and the estimated 100-year flood is 1,660 cubic meters per second. For design purposes, 1,660 cubic meters per second might be an appropriate value for the 100-year flood at Tucson, assuming that climatic conditions during 1960-86 are representative of conditions expected in the immediate future.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2379","usgsCitation":"Webb, R., and Betancourt, J.L., 1992, Climatic variability and flood frequency of the Santa Cruz River, Pima County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2379, v, 40 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2379.","productDescription":"v, 40 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138364,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2379/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29547,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2379/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de110","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webb, Robert H. rhwebb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"Robert H.","email":"rhwebb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12625,"text":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":145970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Betancourt, Julio L. 0000-0002-7165-0743 jlbetanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":3376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"Julio","email":"jlbetanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":145971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26882,"text":"wri914165 - 1992 - Water-level changes in the High Plains Aquifer: Predevelopment to 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-19T21:49:32.768002","indexId":"wri914165","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4165","title":"Water-level changes in the High Plains Aquifer: Predevelopment to 1990","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914165","usgsCitation":"Dugan, J.T., and Schild, D.E., 1992, Water-level changes in the High Plains Aquifer: Predevelopment to 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4165, vi, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914165.","productDescription":"vi, 55 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410742,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47557.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":55773,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4165/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118788,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4165/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"High Plains aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106,\n              32\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.5,\n              32\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.5,\n              43.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -106,\n              43.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -106,\n              32\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e77a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dugan, J. T.","contributorId":67890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dugan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schild, D. E.","contributorId":77559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schild","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29762,"text":"wri924066 - 1992 - Irrigation-canal leakage in the Flathead Indian Reservation, northwestern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:51","indexId":"wri924066","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4066","title":"Irrigation-canal leakage in the Flathead Indian Reservation, northwestern Montana","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor,","doi":"10.3133/wri924066","usgsCitation":"Slagle, S., 1992, Irrigation-canal leakage in the Flathead Indian Reservation, northwestern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4066, iv, 77 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924066.","productDescription":"iv, 77 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4066/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58559,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4066/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db667247","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slagle, S.E.","contributorId":25602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slagle","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":20980,"text":"ofr92297 - 1992 - Applying the DRASTIC model: A review of county-scale maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-28T09:39:41","indexId":"ofr92297","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-297","title":"Applying the DRASTIC model: A review of county-scale maps","docAbstract":"<p>The potential for contamination of ground water has become an issue of great concern to citizens and government alike, especially in the last decade. Numerous methods for assessing ground water vulnerability to contamination have been proposed and used. These methods include field-scale deterministic models that predict the rate of migration and fate of specific chemicals, and regional models that attempt to show general trends of ground-water vulnerability to contamination. To address regional ground-water vulnerability, a model may focus on characteristics of the soil, the geologic materials at and above the unconfined water table, or on the larger part of the geologic framework containing aquifers. A model's focus significantly affects the characteristics and, therefore, the utility of maps produced by the model. For example, a model focusing on the soil or vadose zone cannot adequately characterize the contamination potential of confined aquifers.</p><p>The most commonly-used method for regional assessment of ground-water vulnerability is called \"DRASTIC,\" an acronym for the seven factors that comprise the model. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) funded the development of the DRASTIC model, and used it as an assessment tool in their National Pesticide Survey (USEPA, 1992). In that Survey and in other assessments of contamination potential from application of agricultural chemicals, the pesticide version of DRASTIC is used; it differs from the standard DRASTIC model only in the degree of weighting applied to the seven factors. The DRASTIC model was developed by a committee of technical advisors who used the consensus approach to specify the relative significance of each factor. DRASTIC was designed primarily as a regional tool for prioritization, or screening, to indicate those areas (of at least 100 acres in size) which are generally more sensitive to contamination and, therefore, in need of more detailed mapping and evaluation or monitoring. The committee also intended DRASTIC to support decisions on allocation of scarce monitoring or remediation resources, and to serve as an educational tool.</p><p>A detailed user's manual for the DRASTIC model (Aller and others, 1987) provides descriptions of common hydrogeologic settings across the United States and expected values for the seven factors; with this information and a specified \"weight\" or multiplier applied to each factor, DRASTIC scores can be calculated for each setting, and a map of these DRASTIC scores generated. The authors of this model intended it to be sufficiently objective and straightforward that it could be effectively used by persons with but a rudimentary knowledge of hydrogeologic principles. By adjusting the factor values for actual or interpreted local conditions a more knowledgeable person should be able to produce a somewhat more realistic and, therefore, reliable map of ground water vulnerability than by using the expected values for a given hydrogeologic setting.</p><p>Other models for evaluating regional ground-water vulnerability have been developed; of importance to this report are models developed by the Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS), the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR), and a joint effort between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the ISGS. All of these models, as well as DRASTIC, can only estimate the relative potential for contamination, either with a numerical scheme or a hierarchy of contamination potential map units.</p><p>The model developed by WDNR (Schmidt, 1987) is based on a numerical scheme. It was used to generate a statewide contamination susceptibility map of Wisconsin (Schmidt and Kessler, 1987); Schmidt (1987) defines ground water contamination susceptibility as the \"ease with which water (and, presumably, accompanying contaminants) at the surface can reach the water table.\" The model is not limited to aquifers, but rather considers all unconfined ground water whether in sandy surface aquifers or low-permeability glacial till. Ground water in confined aquifers is not addressed. Contamination susceptibility is estimated by a factor-weighting scheme similar in concept to DRASTIC. The factors (soil texture, surficial deposits, depth to the water table, bedrock type, and glacial drift thickness) are assigned an arbitrary value based on perceived importance. These numbers are then weighted and summed to produce the contamination susceptibility score. This model is compared and contrasted with other models elsewhere in this report.</p><p>In contrast, the ISGS method avoids the use of a numerical system to rate the relative potential for contamination, and instead orders the map units in a hierarchy from relatively low to relatively high contamination potential. Also in contrast to the two models described above, the ISGS model relies solely on the textural character of the geologic framework to a specified depth. For example, a statewide map (Berg and others, 1984, scale 1:500,000) addresses land burial of wastes, and shows the contamination potential of aquifers within geologic units in the upper 50 feet. Another ISGS map (Keefer and Berg, 1990) addresses the contamination of major, economically important aquifers, and therefore evaluates contamination potential to greater depths (to greater than 300 feet). In general, the ISGS contamination potential maps evaluate aquifers, and do not evaluate potential for contamination of ground water at the unconfined water table in geologic units that are not aquifers (for example, in glacial till or finegrained lake sediments).</p><p>With the cooperation of the ISGS, I have developed a model (Seller and Berg, in press) for the regional assessment of aquifer contamination potential that is based on ISGS techniques, adapted to a broader map area where detailed information may be unavailable. This model was used to generate a map of aquifer contamination potential for an area encompassing parts of five states near southern Lake Michigan and Lake Erie; the model and map are currently being refined and evaluated.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr92297","usgsCitation":"Soller, D.R., 1992, Applying the DRASTIC model: A review of county-scale maps: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-297, i, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92297.","productDescription":"i, 36 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361916,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0297/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":154349,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0297/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a449","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soller, David R. 0000-0001-6177-8332 drsoller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6177-8332","contributorId":2700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soller","given":"David","email":"drsoller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":183614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":20935,"text":"ofr9275 - 1992 - Tritium analyses of water in the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer in northwestern Mississippi, August 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:47","indexId":"ofr9275","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-75","title":"Tritium analyses of water in the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer in northwestern Mississippi, August 1991","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9275","usgsCitation":"Slack, L.J., and Oakley, W.T., 1992, Tritium analyses of water in the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer in northwestern Mississippi, August 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-75, iv, 9 p. ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9275.","productDescription":"iv, 9 p. ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154147,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0075/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50526,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0075/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db624531","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, Larry J.","contributorId":102466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oakley, W. T.","contributorId":76331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oakley","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":20074,"text":"ofr92303 - 1992 - A hydrogeochemical survey using gold in water, northern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:50","indexId":"ofr92303","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-303","title":"A hydrogeochemical survey using gold in water, northern Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr92303","usgsCitation":"McHugh, J., and Miller, W.R., 1992, A hydrogeochemical survey using gold in water, northern Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-303, ii, 11 p.  :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92303.","productDescription":"ii, 11 p.  :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153626,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0303/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49628,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0303/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae3c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McHugh, John B.","contributorId":64651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McHugh","given":"John B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, W. Roger","contributorId":60191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Roger","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":69646,"text":"ha722E - 1992 - Geohydrologic systems in Kansas; physical framework of the confining unit in the Western Interior Plains aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-28T11:45:20","indexId":"ha722E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"722","chapter":"E","title":"Geohydrologic systems in Kansas; physical framework of the confining unit in the Western Interior Plains aquifer system","docAbstract":"<p>The purpose of this Hydrologic Investigations Atlas is to provide a description of the geohydrologic systems in Upper Cambrian through Lower Cretaceous rocks in Kansas. This investigation was made as part of the Central Midwest Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (CMRASA). The CMRASA is one of several major investigations by the U.S. Geological Survey of regional aquifer systems in the United States. These regional investigations are designed to increase knowledge of the flow regime and hydrologic properties of major aquifer systems and to provide quantitative information for the assessment, development, and management of water supplies. The CMRASA study area includes all or parts of 10 Central Midwestern States (Jorgensen and Signor, 1981), as shown on the envelope cover.</p>","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha722E","usgsCitation":"Hansen, C.V., Wolf, R.J., and Spinazola, J., 1992, Geohydrologic systems in Kansas; physical framework of the confining unit in the Western Interior Plains aquifer system: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 722, 2 sheets; Sheet 1, 46 by 40 1/2 inches; sheet 2, 46 by 34 1/2 inches (all in color), https://doi.org/10.3133/ha722E.","productDescription":"2 sheets; Sheet 1, 46 by 40 1/2 inches; sheet 2, 46 by 34 1/2 inches (all in color)","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266335,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/722e/plate-2.pdf"},{"id":266334,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/722e/plate-1.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8dca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, C. V.","contributorId":74749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolf, R. J.","contributorId":21518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spinazola, J. M.","contributorId":32574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spinazola","given":"J. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":20610,"text":"ofr92659 - 1992 - Source code for the computer program and sample data set for the simulation of cylindrical flow to a well using the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference ground-water flow model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-26T14:30:20","indexId":"ofr92659","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-659","title":"Source code for the computer program and sample data set for the simulation of cylindrical flow to a well using the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference ground-water flow model","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;Books and Open-File Reports Section, distributor,","doi":"10.3133/ofr92659","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Reilly, T.E., and Harbaugh, A., 1992, Source code for the computer program and sample data set for the simulation of cylindrical flow to a well using the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference ground-water flow model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-659, 12 p. ;1 computer disk ;5 1/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92659.","productDescription":"12 p. ;1 computer disk ;5 1/4 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153308,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0659/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50135,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0659/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":270189,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0659/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7769","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reilly, T. E.","contributorId":79460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harbaugh, A.W.","contributorId":15208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harbaugh","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":19499,"text":"ofr90580 - 1992 - Reconnaissance investigation of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds in the Memphis Aquifer at Alamo, Crockett County, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:37","indexId":"ofr90580","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-580","title":"Reconnaissance investigation of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds in the Memphis Aquifer at Alamo, Crockett County, Tennessee","docAbstract":"Samples of ground water and soil gas were analyzed to study the occurrence of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds in the Memphis aquifer at Alamo in western Tennessee in 1989. At Alamo, the aquifer is locally unconfined. Four wells screened in the Memphis aquifer provided Alamo with 0.3 million gallons of water per day. Trichloroethylene (TCE), dichloroethylene, trichloroethane, and tetrachloroethylene were detected in water samples from two of the wells. In September 1989, the TCE concentration in a sample from well 1 was 45 micrograms per liter (mg/L); Tennessee?s maximum contaminant level for TCE in drinking water is 5 mg/L Concentrations of TCE in water from this well ranged from 40 to 113 mg/L during I988 and 1989. TCE concentration in water collected from well 2 in September 1989 was 0.7 mg/L During I988 and 1989, TCE concentrations in this well ranged from less than 0.5 to 5.1 mg/L None of the semivolatile organic compounds on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency?s priority-pollutant list were detected in water from well 1.\rSoil gas was sampled at a depth of 3.5 feet below land surface in areas of suspected ground-water contamination. Analyses by gas chromatography indicated the presence of TCE in soils about 230 feet east of well 1 in the area of a former industrial site where solvents were handled. TCE concentrations in the soil gas of this area ranged from 0.2 to 30 mg/L TCE was not detected in soil gas near any of the wells.\rDepth to water at the wells ranged from 39 to 49 feet. The regional direction of ground-water flow is to the west-southwest, which would cause contaminants dissolved in ground water below the former industrial-site area to be transported toward the public-supply wells.\rProbable reasons contributing to the lack of TCE detection in soil gas at wells 1 and 2 are the relatively low concentrations of TCE in ground water at the wells and the vertical distance between sampling points and the water table.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr90580","usgsCitation":"Hutson, S.S., and Haugh, C.J., 1992, Reconnaissance investigation of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds in the Memphis Aquifer at Alamo, Crockett County, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-580, iv, 14 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90580.","productDescription":"iv, 14 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1078,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr_90-580","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":152777,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625a05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutson, Susan S. sshutson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutson","given":"Susan","email":"sshutson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":181014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haugh, Connor J. 0000-0002-5204-8271 cjhaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5204-8271","contributorId":3932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haugh","given":"Connor","email":"cjhaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":181015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":19274,"text":"ofr92135 - 1992 - Well-construction, water-level, geophysical, and water-quality data for ground-water monitoring wells for Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:33","indexId":"ofr92135","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-135","title":"Well-construction, water-level, geophysical, and water-quality data for ground-water monitoring wells for Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee","docAbstract":"Sixty-five wells were installed at 39 sites in the Arnold Air Force Base area in Coffee and Franklin Counties, Tennessee. The wells were installed to provide information on subsurface lithology, aquifer characteristics, ground-water levels, and ground-water quality. Well depths ranged from 11 to 384 feet.\rWater-quality samples were collected from 60 wells and analyzed for common inorganic ions, trace metals, and volatile organic compounds. The median dissolved-solids concentrations were 60 milligrams per liter in the shallow aquifer, 48 million gallons per liter in the Manchester aquifer, 1,235 milligrams per liter in the Fort Payne aquifer, and 1,712 milligrams per liter in the upper Central Basin aquifer.\rCaliper, temperature, natural gamma, electric, neutron porosity, gamma-gamma density, and acoustic velocity borehole-geophysical logs were obtained for the six deep wells completed below the Chattanooga Shale. Petrographic and modal analysis were performed on rock samples from each deep well. These six deep wells provide the first information in the study area on hydraulic head and water quality from below the Chattanooga Shale.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;","doi":"10.3133/ofr92135","usgsCitation":"Hough, C., Mahoney, E., and Robinson, J.A., 1992, Well-construction, water-level, geophysical, and water-quality data for ground-water monitoring wells for Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-135, iv, 88 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92135.","productDescription":"iv, 88 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1091,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr_92-135","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":151321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db545ce6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, C.J.","contributorId":31782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mahoney, E.N.","contributorId":75171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahoney","given":"E.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robinson, J. A.","contributorId":57417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":19047,"text":"ofr92595 - 1992 - Evaluation of selected metallic and nonmetallic mineral resources, West Mojave Management Area, Southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:30","indexId":"ofr92595","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-595","title":"Evaluation of selected metallic and nonmetallic mineral resources, West Mojave Management Area, Southern California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr92595","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1992, Evaluation of selected metallic and nonmetallic mineral resources, West Mojave Management Area, Southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-595, iv, 89 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92595.","productDescription":"iv, 89 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0595/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48482,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0595/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fabdd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":65766,"text":"i2156 - 1992 - Pictorial map and controlled photomosaic of Enceladus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:07","indexId":"i2156","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2156","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Pictorial map and controlled photomosaic of Enceladus","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2156","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1992, Pictorial map and controlled photomosaic of Enceladus: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2156, 4 remote-sensing images on 2 sheets ;27 cm. diam. and 31 x 79 cm., sheets 79 x 87 cm. and 82 x 87 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i2156.","productDescription":"4 remote-sensing images on 2 sheets ;27 cm. diam. and 31 x 79 cm., sheets 79 x 87 cm. and 82 x 87 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":189532,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":101127,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2156/plate-1.pdf","size":"6764","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":101128,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2156/plate-2.pdf","size":"6628","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"2000000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 180,-57 ], [ 180,57 ], [ 180,57 ], [ 180,-57 ], [ 180,-57 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6858e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":38443,"text":"pp1405A - 1992 - Summary of ground-water hydrology of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the northern Midwest, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-27T19:52:44.287101","indexId":"pp1405A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1405","chapter":"A","title":"Summary of ground-water hydrology of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the northern Midwest, United States","docAbstract":"<p>The Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system contains very productive aquifers throughout an area of about 161,000 square miles in the northern Midwest. The aquifer system is used extensively for industrial and rural water supplies and is the primary source of water for many municipalities in most of its area of occurrence, except in Indiana, central and southern Illinois, and western Iowa, where the aquifer system contains saline water. About 680 million gallons per day was withdrawn from drilled wells in the aquifer system in 1980.</p>\n<p>Rocks of Cambrian and Ordovician age, mainly marine sandstones and carbonate rocks, constitute most of the bedrock and subcrop beneath glacial drift in southeastern Minnesota, northeastern Iowa, Wisconsin, northern Illinois, and extreme northwestern Indiana. These strata dip generally to the south and east off the Transcontinental arch in Minnesota and the Wisconsin arch, which are structurally high areas of the Precambrian basement, into the structural lows of the Forest City basin of southwestern Iowa, the Illinois basin, and the Michigan basin.</p>\n<p>The Cambrian and Ordovician rocks are buried by younger rocks in the remainder of Iowa, Illinois, and Indiana and in most of northern Missouri. Silurian and Devonian carbonate rocks immediately overlie the Cambrian and Ordovician rocks in those areas and are termed the \"Silurian-Devonian aquifer\" in this study. The balance of the Devonian rocks and the overlying Mississippian and Pennsylvanian rocks generally are fine-grained sediment or dense carbonate rocks and collectively are considered to be a regional confining unit. Most of the area is covered by a veneer of glacial drift, which, along with Cretaceous sandstone in northwestern Iowa, is treated as a regional water-table aquifer.</p>\n<p>The Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system is composed of six hydrogeologic units, which are, in descending order, the Maquoketa confining unit, St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer, St. Lawrence- Franconia confining unit, Ironton-Galesville aquifer, Eau Claire confining unit, and Mount Simon aquifer. The uppermost confining unit is the least permeable; it consists primarily of the Maquoketa Shale but includes the dense carbonate rocks of the Galena Dolomite and the Decorah, Platteville, and Glenwood Formations where they are overlain by the Maquoketa Shale. The presence of the Maquoketa in Iowa, eastern Wisconsin, northeastern Illinois, and Indiana effectively confines the entire aquifer system below.</p>\n<p>The aquifer system is a leaky-artesian system in which movement of ground water is controlled partly by the internal confining units. In the northern outcrop area, unconfined conditions prevail in shallow parts of the aquifer system and where the system is thin. Much of the recharge in upland areas discharges to streams through local flow systems, which are no more than a few miles in length. The remainder of the recharge moves slowly downward to deeper formations and downgradient to form or join the regional flow system.</p>\n<p>Computer simulations of regional ground-water flow improve understanding of the regional character of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system. Ground-water flow in the confined part of the aquifer system is mainly horizontal, away from the structural highs in the north, toward the structural basins in the south and east. The rate of ground-water movement is very slow, and the flux along flow paths into the basins decreases because of a progressive loss of head and small but widespread upward leakage. Saline water in the basins restricts movement of freshwater into the deeper parts of the basins, thereby forcing flow upward through confining units. Principal regional discharge areas are the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, the Illinois and Michigan structural basins, and Lake Michigan. However, the lake is not in direct hydraulic connection with the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system and receives flow primarily from the Silurian-Devonian aquifer, which it directly overlies. The longest regional flow paths originate in recharge areas in northwestern Iowa and extend southeastward as much as 400 miles toward the Illinois basin.</p>\n<p>Simulated predevelopment recharge and discharge for the Cambrian- Ordovician aquifer system balance at 351 million gallons per day.</p>\n<p>Development of the aquifer system began in various parts of the northern Midwest in the 1860's and 1870's with the drilling of deep, generally flowing artesian wells near Lake Michigan in eastern Wisconsin and northeastern Illinois and along the valleys of the Mississippi River and its tributaries. Initial heads of 186 and 130 feet above Lake Michigan at Milwaukee and Chicago, respectively, have been reported. Large-scale pumping has produced cones of depression in these two areas, with respective head declines of as much as 375 and 900 feet. Other major pumping centers generally have had much smaller declines. The largest withdrawals from the aquifer system were about 180 million gallons per day in each of the major metropolitan areas of Chicago and Minneapolis-St. Paul (Twin Cities). However, the total decline in head in the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer in the Twin Cities by 1980 was only 90 feet because the aquifer is unconfined. Most of the eastern two-thirds of Iowa, where the aquifer system is tightly confined, is characterized by more than 50 feet of head decline, with 200 feet or more at Mason City and the Quad Cities. Pumpage from the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system throughout the study area averaged 683 million gallons per day for the period 1976-80. Results of a transient-model simulation show that recharge increased over predevelopment recharge by 447 million gallons per day. Natural discharge decreased by 99 million gallons per day, and 137 million gallons per day was released from aquifer storage. Mineralization of ground water in the aquifer system increases from slightly mineralized calcium magnesium bicarbonate water in the northern recharge areas, through more mineralized, mixed water types with increased sodium and sulfate, to highly mineralized sodium chloride brines in the deeper parts of the structural basins.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Regional aquifer-system analysis - northern Midwest","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1405A","usgsCitation":"Young, H.L., 1992, Summary of ground-water hydrology of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the northern Midwest, United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1405, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1405A.","productDescription":"55 p.","numberOfPages":"67","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388615,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4851.htm"},{"id":119767,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1405a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64918,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1405a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -86.044921875,\n              45.9511496866914\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.330078125,\n              46.042735653846506\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.3955078125,\n              46.31658418182218\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.59277343749999,\n              46.34692761055676\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.603515625,\n              46.13417004624326\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.7021484375,\n              45.24395342262324\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.8447265625,\n              43.644025847699496\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.6796875,\n              42.553080288955826\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.7236328125,\n              41.83682786072714\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.328125,\n              40.78054143186031\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.2734375,\n              39.16414104768742\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.8779296875,\n              38.37611542403604\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.8232421875,\n              37.996162679728116\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.7470703125,\n              37.54457732085582\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.69238281249999,\n              37.71859032558816\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.1982421875,\n              38.03078569382294\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.01171875,\n              38.685509760012\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.78125,\n              39.16414104768742\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.4404296875,\n              42.45588764197166\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.8798828125,\n              43.29320031385282\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.099609375,\n              44.15068115978091\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.044921875,\n              45.9511496866914\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db6991cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Young, H. 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