{"pageNumber":"175","pageRowStart":"4350","pageSize":"25","recordCount":11370,"records":[{"id":70026994,"text":"70026994 - 2004 - Comparing the November 2002 Denali and November 2001 Kunlun earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70026994","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparing the November 2002 Denali and November 2001 Kunlun earthquakes","docAbstract":"Major strike-slip earthquakes recently occurred in Alaska on the central Denali fault (M 7.9) on 3 November 2002, and in Tibet on the central Kunlun fault (M 7.8) on 14 November 2001. Both earthquakes generated large surface waves with Ms [U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)] of 8.5 (Denali) and 8.0 (Kunlun). Each event occurred on an east-west-trending strike-slip fault situated near the northern boundary of an intense deformation zone that is characterized by lateral extrusion and rotation of crustal blocks. Each earthquake produced east-directed nearly unilateral ruptures that propagated 300 to 400 km. Maximum lateral surface offsets and maximum moment release occurred well beyond 100 km from the rupture initiation, with the events exhibiting by far the largest separations of USGS hypocenter and Harvard Moment Tensor Centroid (CMT) for strike-slip earthquakes in the 27-year CMT catalog. In each sequence, the largest aftershock was more than two orders of magnitude smaller than the mainshock. Regional moment release had been accelerating prior to the main shocks. The close proximity in space and time of the 1964 Prince William Sound and 2002 Denali earthquakes, relative to their rupture lengths and estimated return times, suggests that these events may be part of a recurrent cluster in the vicinity of a complex plate boundary.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120030185","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Bufe, C., 2004, Comparing the November 2002 Denali and November 2001 Kunlun earthquakes: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 3, p. 1159-1165, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120030185.","startPage":"1159","endPage":"1165","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208979,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120030185"},{"id":235121,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f83ae4b0c8380cd4cf67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bufe, C. G.","contributorId":79443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bufe","given":"C. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70027016,"text":"70027016 - 2004 - The late cretaceous Donlin Creek gold deposit, Southwestern Alaska: Controls on epizonal ore formation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-19T10:34:51","indexId":"70027016","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The late cretaceous Donlin Creek gold deposit, Southwestern Alaska: Controls on epizonal ore formation","docAbstract":"<p>The Donlin Creek gold deposit, southwestern Alaska, has an indicated and inferred resource of approximately 25 million ounces (Moz) Au at a cutoff grade of 1.5 g/t. The ca. 70 Ma deposit is hosted in the Late Cretaceous Kuskokwim flysch basin, which developed in the back part of the arc region of an active continental margin, on previously accreted oceanic terranes and continental fragments. A hypabyssal, mainly rhyolitic to rhyodacitic, and commonly porphyritic, 8- × 3-km dike complex, part of a regional ca. 77 to 58 Ma magmatic arc, formed a structurally competent host for the mineralization. This deposit is subdivided into about one dozen distinct prospects, most of which consist of dense quartz ± carbonate veinlet networks that fill north-northeast–striking extensional fractures in the northeast-trending igneous rocks. The sulfide mineral assemblage is dominated by arsenopyrite, pyrite, and, typically younger, stibnite; gold is refractory within the arsenopyrite. Sericitization, carbonatization, and sulfidation were the main alteration processes.</p><p>Fluid inclusion studies of the quartz that hosts the resource indicate dominantly aqueous ore fluids with also about 3 to 7 mol percent CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>± CH<sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and a few tenths to a few mole percent NaCl + KCl. The gold-bearing fluids were mainly homogeneously trapped at approximately 275° to 300°C and at depths of 1 to 2 km. Some of the younger stibnite may have been deposited by late-stage aqueous fluids at lower temperature. Measured<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O values for the gold-bearing quartz range between 11 and 25 per mil; the estimated<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O fluid values range from 7 to12 per mil, suggesting a mainly crustally derived fluid. A broad range of measured<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i>D values for hydrothermal micas, between –150 and –80 per mil, is suggestive of a contribution from devolatilization of organic matter and/or minor amounts of mixing with meteoric fluids. Gold-associated hydrothermal sulfide minerals are characterized by<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>34</sup>S values mainly between –16 and –10 per mil, with the sulfur derived from diagenetic pyrite and organic matter within the flysch basin. A smaller group of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>34</sup>S measurements, which shows values as depleted as –27 per mil, suggests a different local sulfur reservoir in the basin for the later hydrothermal episode dominated by stibnite. Initial<span>&nbsp;</span><i>ϵ</i><sub>Nd</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>of –8.7 to –3.1 and<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr measurements of 0.706 to 0.709 for the ore-hosting dikes also indicate a crustal reservoir for some of the Late Cretaceous magmatism. Overlapping lead isotope data for these intrusive rocks and for sulfide minerals suggest a crustal contribution for the lead in both.</p><p>Copper- and gold-bearing stockwork veinlets in hornfels occur at Dome, a prospect located at the northern end of the Donlin Creek deposit. These stockworks are cut by the younger auriferous gold veins that define the main Donlin Creek gold mineralization. Highly saline, gas-rich, heterogeneously trapped fluids deposited the stockworks at temperatures approximately 100°C hotter than those of the main gold-forming event at Donlin Creek. The genetic relationship of the Dome prospect to the main Donlin Creek gold resource is equivocal.</p><p>The epizonal Donlin Creek deposit shows affinities to the gold systems interpreted by various workers as orogenic or intrusion related; it shows important differences from typical epithermal and Carlin-like deposits. The ore-forming fluids were derived by either broad-scale metamorphic devolatilization above rising mantle melts or exsolution from a magma that was dominated by a significant flysch melt component.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/99.4.643","usgsCitation":"Goldfarb, R.J., Ayuso, R.A., Miller, M.L., Ebert, S.W., Marsh, E.E., Petsel, S.A., Miller, L.D., Bradley, D., Johnson, C., and McClelland, W.C., 2004, The late cretaceous Donlin Creek gold deposit, Southwestern Alaska: Controls on epizonal ore formation: Economic Geology, v. 99, no. 4, p. 643-671, https://doi.org/10.2113/99.4.643.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"643","endPage":"671","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235512,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad87e4b08c986b323c8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldfarb, Richard J. goldfarb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"Richard","email":"goldfarb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":412027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ayuso, Robert A. 0000-0002-8496-9534 rayuso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8496-9534","contributorId":2654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayuso","given":"Robert","email":"rayuso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Marti L. 0000-0003-0285-4942 mlmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0285-4942","contributorId":561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Marti","email":"mlmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ebert, Shane W.","contributorId":57609,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ebert","given":"Shane","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marsh, Erin E. 0000-0001-5245-9532 emarsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5245-9532","contributorId":1250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"Erin","email":"emarsh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Petsel, Scott A.","contributorId":96975,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petsel","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Miller, Lance D.","contributorId":30287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Lance","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bradley, Dwight 0000-0001-9116-5289 bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-5289","contributorId":2358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Dwight","email":"bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Johnson, Chad","contributorId":88678,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Chad","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"McClelland, William C.","contributorId":194066,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McClelland","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70027032,"text":"70027032 - 2004 - Mapping recent lava flows at Westdahl Volcano, Alaska, using radar and optical satellite imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-23T09:30:18","indexId":"70027032","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping recent lava flows at Westdahl Volcano, Alaska, using radar and optical satellite imagery","docAbstract":"<p><span>Field mapping of young lava flows at Aleutian volcanoes is logistically difficult, and the utility of optical images from aircraft or satellites for this purpose is greatly reduced by persistent cloud cover. These factors have hampered earlier estimates of the areas and volumes of three young lava flows at Westdahl Volcano, including its most recent (1991–1992) flow. We combined information from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images with multispectral Landsat-7 data to differentiate the 1991–1992 flow from the 1964 flow and a pre-1964 flow, and to calculate the flow areas (8.4, 9.2, and 7.3 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>, respectively). By differencing a digital elevation model (DEM) from the 1970–1980s with a DEM from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) in February 2000, we estimated the average thickness of the 1991–1992 flow to be 13 m, which reasonably agrees with field observations (5–10 m). Lava-flow maps produced in this way can be used to facilitate field mapping and flow-hazards assessment, and to study magma-supply dynamics and thus to anticipate future eruptive activity. Based on the recurrence interval of recent eruptions and the results of this study, the next eruption at Westdahl may occur before the end of this decade.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2004.03.015","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Lu, Z., Rykhus, R., Masterlark, T., and Dean, K., 2004, Mapping recent lava flows at Westdahl Volcano, Alaska, using radar and optical satellite imagery: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 91, no. 3-4, p. 345-353, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.03.015.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"345","endPage":"353","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209047,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.03.015"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Westdahl Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -164.79629516601562,\n              54.44449176335762\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.43237304687497,\n              54.44449176335762\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.43237304687497,\n              54.59593668117202\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.79629516601562,\n              54.59593668117202\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.79629516601562,\n              54.44449176335762\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"91","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5072e4b0c8380cd6b6c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rykhus, Russ","contributorId":53575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rykhus","given":"Russ","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Masterlark, Timothy","contributorId":92829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Masterlark","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35607,"text":"South Dakota School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":412074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dean, K.G.","contributorId":64402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"K.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70027053,"text":"70027053 - 2004 - Estimating Dungeness crab (<i>Cancer magister</i>) abundance: Crab pots and dive transects compared","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-27T14:31:07","indexId":"70027053","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1663,"text":"Fishery Bulletin","printIssn":"0090-0656","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating Dungeness crab (<i>Cancer magister</i>) abundance: Crab pots and dive transects compared","docAbstract":"<p>Dungeness crabs (<i>Cancer magister</i>) were sampled with commercial pots and counted by scuba divers on benthic transects at eight sites near Glacier Bay, Alaska. Catch per unit of effort (CPUE) from pots was compared to the density estimates from dives to evaluate the bias and power of the two techniques. Yearly sampling was conducted in two seasons: April and September, from 1992 to 2000. Male CPUE estimates from pots were significantly lower in April than in the following September; a step-wise regression demonstrated that season accounted for more of the variation in male CPUE than did temperature. In both April and September, pot sampling was significantly biased against females. When females were categorized as ovigerous and nonovigerous, it was clear that ovigerous females accounted for the majority of the bias because pots were not biased against nonovigerous females. We compared the power of pots and dive transects in detecting trends in populations and found that pots had much higher power than dive transects. Despite their low power, the dive transects were very useful for detecting bias in our pot sampling and in identifying the optimal times of year to sample so that pot bias could be avoided.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service","issn":"00900656","usgsCitation":"Taggart, S.J., O’Clair, C.E., Shirley, T.C., and Mondragon, J., 2004, Estimating Dungeness crab (<i>Cancer magister</i>) abundance: Crab pots and dive transects compared: Fishery Bulletin, v. 102, no. 3, p. 488-497.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"488","endPage":"497","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":336092,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://fishbull.noaa.gov/1023/1023toc.htm","text":"Fishery Bulletin: Volume 102, Issue 3"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Glacier Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -137.04345703125,\n              58.25028193440733\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.4010009765625,\n              58.25028193440733\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.4010009765625,\n              58.77104825721719\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.04345703125,\n              58.77104825721719\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.04345703125,\n              58.25028193440733\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"102","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0afde4b0c8380cd524f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taggart, S. James","contributorId":30131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taggart","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Clair, Charles E.","contributorId":60571,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Clair","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shirley, Thomas C.","contributorId":17409,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shirley","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":12548,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks, School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":412140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mondragon, Jennifer","contributorId":57580,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mondragon","given":"Jennifer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70027067,"text":"70027067 - 2004 - Founding events influence genetic population structure of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Lake Clark, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-19T10:25:51","indexId":"70027067","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2774,"text":"Molecular Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Founding events influence genetic population structure of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Lake Clark, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Bottlenecks can have lasting effects on genetic population structure that obscure patterns of contemporary gene flow and drift. Sockeye salmon are vulnerable to bottleneck effects because they are a highly structured species with excellent colonizing abilities and often occupy geologically young habitats. We describe genetic divergence among and genetic variation within spawning populations of sockeye salmon throughout the Lake Clark area of Alaska. Fin tissue was collected from sockeye salmon representing 15 spawning populations of Lake Clark, Six-mile Lake, and Lake Iliamna. Allele frequencies differed significantly at 11 microsatellite loci in 96 of 105 pairwise population comparisons. Pairwise estimates of FST ranged from zero to 0.089. Six-mile Lake and Lake Clark populations have historically been grouped together for management purposes and are geographically proximate. However, Six-mile Lake populations are genetically similar to Lake Iliamna populations and are divergent from Lake Clark populations. The reduced allelic diversity and strong divergence of Lake Clark populations relative to Six-mile Lake and Lake Iliamna populations suggest a bottleneck associated with the colonization of Lake Clark by sockeye salmon. Geographic distance and spawning habitat differences apparently do not contribute to isolation and divergence among populations. However, temporal isolation based on spawning time and founder effects associated with ongoing glacial retreat and colonization of new spawning habitats contribute to the genetic population structure of Lake Clark sock-eye salmon. Nonequilibrium conditions and the strong influence of genetic drift caution against using estimates of divergence to estimate gene flow among populations of Lake Clark sockeye salmon.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Molecular Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.2062.x","issn":"09621083","usgsCitation":"Ramstad, K., Woody, C., Sage, G.K., and Allendorf, F., 2004, Founding events influence genetic population structure of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Lake Clark, Alaska: Molecular Ecology, v. 13, no. 2, p. 277-290, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.2062.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"277","endPage":"290","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235191,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209024,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.2062.x"}],"volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-01-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1392e4b0c8380cd546ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramstad, K.M.","contributorId":90090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramstad","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woody, C.A.","contributorId":99211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woody","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sage, G. Kevin 0000-0003-1431-2286 ksage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1431-2286","contributorId":4348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sage","given":"G.","email":"ksage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kevin","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":412205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Allendorf, F.W.","contributorId":99937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allendorf","given":"F.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70027072,"text":"70027072 - 2004 - Ultra-high chlorine in submarine Kı̄lauea glasses: Evidence for direct assimilation of brine by magma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-15T10:57:05","indexId":"70027072","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ultra-high chlorine in submarine Kı̄lauea glasses: Evidence for direct assimilation of brine by magma","docAbstract":"<p><span>Basaltic glass grains from the submarine south flank of Kı̄lauea, Hawai′i, have Cl concentrations of 0.01–1.68 wt%, the latter being the highest Cl content yet recorded for a Hawaiian glass. The high-Cl glass grains are products of brine assimilation by tholeiite magma. The glasses are grains in a sandstone clast from bedded breccias draping the southwestern margin of Kı̄lauea’s submarine midslope bench. The clast contains two distinct suites of glass grains: abundant degassed tholeiites, perhaps derived from subaerial lavas of Mauna Loa that shattered upon ocean entry, and a smaller population of Kea-type tholeiite (</span><i>n</i><span>=17 analyzed) that erupted subaqueously, based on elevated S (780–1050 ppm), H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O (0.42–1.27 wt%), and CO</span><sub>2</sub><span> (&lt;30–120 ppm), probably early in Kı̄lauea’s shield-building stage. Ten grains in this group have Cl&gt;1000 ppm, six &gt;5000 ppm, and two grains have &gt;10 000 ppm dissolved Cl. Abundances of H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O, Na</span><sub>2</sub><span>O, K</span><sub>2</sub><span>O, and several trace elements increase regularly with Cl concentration, and we estimate that Cl enrichment was due to up to 13 wt% addition of a brine consisting of 78% H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O (wt), 13% Cl, 4.4% Na, 2.6% K, 2.6% Ca, 620 ppm Ba, 360 ppm Sr, 65 ppm Rb, and 7 ppm Pb. The large amounts of brine addition argue against bulk assimilation of low-porosity brine-bearing rock. The brine’s composition is appropriate for a seawater-derived hydrothermal fluid that reacted with basaltic wall rocks at </span><i>T</i><span>&gt;100°C, losing Mg and S and gaining K, Ca, Rb, Ba, Sr, and Pb, followed by phase separation near 500°C and ∼50 MPa (5 km below sea level at hydrostatic pressure). Brine was assimilated at or near the depth it formed, as estimated on petrologic grounds, but under lithostatic conditions. The highest extents of assimilation either forced volatile saturation of the magma or enriched already coexisting magmatic vapor in H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O. Possible mechanisms for assimilation are: (1) forcible injection of brine into magma during bursting of overpressured pockets heated by new dikes, or (2) intrusion of magma into lenses or sills occupied by trapped brine.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00631-9","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Coombs, M.L., Sisson, T.W., and Kimura, J., 2004, Ultra-high chlorine in submarine Kı̄lauea glasses: Evidence for direct assimilation of brine by magma: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 217, no. 3-4, p. 297-313, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00631-9.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"297","endPage":"313","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235292,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kı̄lauea","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.29131889343262,\n              19.378603724290507\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.2375030517578,\n              19.378603724290507\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.2375030517578,\n              19.416816177675052\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.29131889343262,\n              19.416816177675052\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.29131889343262,\n              19.378603724290507\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"217","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbbfde4b08c986b328963","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sisson, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3380-6425 tsisson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3380-6425","contributorId":2341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"Thomas","email":"tsisson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kimura, Jun-Ichi","contributorId":77719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimura","given":"Jun-Ichi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027075,"text":"70027075 - 2004 - Changes in crustal seismic deformation rates associated with the 1964 Great Alaska earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-01T22:54:52.764816","indexId":"70027075","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in crustal seismic deformation rates associated with the 1964 Great Alaska earthquake","docAbstract":"<p><span>We calculated seismic moment rates from crustal earthquake information for the upper Cook Inlet region, including Anchorage, Alaska, for the 30 yr prior to and 36 yr following the 1964 Great Alaska earthquake. Our results suggest over a factor of 1000 decrease in seismic moment rate (in units of dyne centimeters per year) following the 1964 mainshock. We used geologic information on structures within the Cook Inlet basin to estimate a regional geologic moment rate, assuming the structures extend to 30 km depth and have near-vertical dips. The geologic moment rates could underestimate the true rates by up to 70% since it is difficult determine the amount of horizontal offset that has occurred along many structures within the basin. Nevertheless, the geologic moment rate is only 3-7 times lower than the pre-1964 seismic moment rate, suggesting the 1964 mainshock has significantly slowed regional crustal deformation. If we compare the geologic moment rate to the post-1964 seismic moment rate, the moment rate deficit over the past 36 yr is equivalent to a moment magnitude 6.6-7.0 earthquake. These observed differences in moment rates highlight the difficulty in using seismicity in the decades following a large megathrust earthquake to adequately characterize long-term crustal deformation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120030096","usgsCitation":"Doser, D.I., Ratchkovski, N.A., Haeussler, P.J., and Saltus, R., 2004, Changes in crustal seismic deformation rates associated with the 1964 Great Alaska earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 1, p. 320-325, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120030096.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"320","endPage":"325","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235331,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook Inlet","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -154.2919921875,\n              59.108308258604964\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.6669921875,\n              59.108308258604964\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.6669921875,\n              61.8665112570728\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.2919921875,\n              61.8665112570728\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.2919921875,\n              59.108308258604964\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f40fe4b0c8380cd4bafe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doser, D. I.","contributorId":93256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doser","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ratchkovski, N. A.","contributorId":53995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratchkovski","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Saltus, R.","contributorId":107040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70027089,"text":"70027089 - 2004 - Use of digital multispectral videography to assess seagrass distribution in San Quintin Bay, Baja California, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-06T14:08:46.50932","indexId":"70027089","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1239,"text":"Ciencias Marinas","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of digital multispectral videography to assess seagrass distribution in San Quintin Bay, Baja California, Mexico","docAbstract":"<p>Apparent threats to the spatial distribution of seagrass in San Quintín Bay prompted us to make a detailed assessment of habitats in the bay. Six coastal habitats and three seagrass subclasses were delineated using airborne digital multispectral videography (DMSV). Eelgrass, Zostera marina, was the predominant seagrass and covered 40% (1949 ha) of the areal extent of the bay in 1999. Eelgrass grew over a wide range of tidal depths from about –3.0 m mean lower low water (MLLW) to about 1.0 m MLLW, but greatest spatial extent occurred in intertidal areas –0.6 m to 1.0 m MLLW. Exposed-continuous (i.e., high density) eelgrass was the most abundant habitat in the bay. Widgeongrass, <i>Ruppia maritima</i>, was the only other seagrass present and covered 3% (136 ha) of the areal extent of the entire bay. Widgeongrass grew in single species stands in the upper intertidal (≥ 0.4 MLLW) and intermixed with eelgrass at lower tidal depths. Overall accuracy of the six habitat classes and three subclasses in the DMSV map was relatively high at 84%. Our detailed map of San Quintín Bay can be used in future change detection analyses to monitor the health of seagrasses in the bay.</p>","language":"English, Spanish","publisher":"Institute of Oceanographic Research, University of Baja California","doi":"10.7773/cm.v30i11.121","usgsCitation":"Ward, D.H., Tibbitts, T.L., Morton, A., Carrera-Gonzalez, E., and Kempka, R., 2004, Use of digital multispectral videography to assess seagrass distribution in San Quintin Bay, Baja California, Mexico: Ciencias Marinas, v. 30, no. 1A, p. 47-60, https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.v30i11.121.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"47","endPage":"60","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489819,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.v30i11.121","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235589,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Baja California, San Quintin Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.05133056640625,\n              30.36695095297672\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.92361450195311,\n              30.36695095297672\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.92361450195311,\n              30.501934231542496\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.05133056640625,\n              30.501934231542496\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.05133056640625,\n              30.36695095297672\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"1A","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-03-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbee5e4b08c986b329845","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, David H. 0000-0002-5242-2526 dward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2526","contributorId":3247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"David","email":"dward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tibbitts, T. Lee 0000-0002-0290-7592 ltibbitts@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0290-7592","contributorId":140455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tibbitts","given":"T.","email":"ltibbitts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":412309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morton, Alexandra","contributorId":42323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"Alexandra","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carrera-Gonzalez, Eduardo","contributorId":65638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrera-Gonzalez","given":"Eduardo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kempka, R.","contributorId":59315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kempka","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70027100,"text":"70027100 - 2004 - Winter ecology of Spectacled Eiders: Environmental characteristics and population change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-02T16:41:08.63497","indexId":"70027100","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Winter ecology of Spectacled Eiders: Environmental characteristics and population change","docAbstract":"<p>We described characteristics of the wintering area used by Spectacled Eiders (<i>Somateria fischeri</i>) in the Bering Sea, Alaska, and evaluated these characteristics in relation to long-term population trends. Remoteness, limited daylight, and extreme weather conditions precluded direct observations, so we derived the location of the wintering area from satellite telemetry, ice conditions from remotely sensed data, weather conditions from archived data sets, and benthic communities from the literature. Based on analyses of two indices spanning 1957-2002 and 1988-2002, we identified no single environmental parameter that explained the precipitous decline in nesting populations in western Alaska. In general, we found that the number of days with extreme sea ice in winter, extreme winds, and winds in spring explained the greatest variability in annual indices. These analyses support the conclusion that annual population estimates on the breeding grounds can be negatively impacted by extended periods of dense sea-ice concentration and weather during the previous winter. Examination of population indices did not support the hypothesis that changes in benthic community on the wintering grounds have contributed to the decline or inhibited the recovery of the Spectacled Eider breeding population in western Alaska.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1093/condor/106.1.79","usgsCitation":"Petersen, M.R., and Douglas, D., 2004, Winter ecology of Spectacled Eiders: Environmental characteristics and population change: Condor, v. 106, no. 1, p. 79-94, https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.1.79.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"94","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478149,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.1.79","text":"Publisher Index 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Margaret R. 0000-0001-6082-3189 mrpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-3189","contributorId":167729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Margaret","email":"mrpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70027104,"text":"70027104 - 2004 - Chemical versus temporal controls on the evolution of tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magmas at two volcanoes in the Alaska-Aleutian arc","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-17T10:50:40","indexId":"70027104","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical versus temporal controls on the evolution of tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magmas at two volcanoes in the Alaska-Aleutian arc","docAbstract":"The Alaska-Aleutian island arc is well known for erupting both tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magmas. To investigate the relative roles of chemical and temporal controls in generating these contrasting liquid lines of descent we have undertaken a detailed study of tholeiitic lavas from Akutan volcano in the oceanic A1eutian arc and calc-alkaline products from Aniakchak volcano on the continental A1askan Peninsula. The differences do not appear to be linked to parental magma composition. The Akutan lavas can be explained by closed-system magmatic evolution, whereas curvilinear trace element trends and a large range in 87 Sr/86 Sr isotope ratios in the Aniakchak data appear to require the combined effects of fractional crystallization, assimilation and magma mixing. Both magmatic suites preserve a similar range in 226 Ra-230 Th disequilibria, which suggests that the time scale of crustal residence of magmas beneath both these volcanoes was similar, and of the order of several thousand years. This is consistent with numerical estimates of the time scales for crystallization caused by cooling in convecting crustal magma chambers. During that time interval the tholeiitic Akutan magmas underwent restricted, closed-system, compositional evolution. In contrast, the calc-alkaline magmas beneath Aniakchak volcano underwent significant open-system compositional evolution. Combining these results with data from other studies we suggest that differentiation is faster in calc-alkaline and potassic magma series than in tholeiitic series, owing to a combination of greater extents of assimilation, magma mixing and cooling.","language":"English","doi":"10.1093/petrology/egg086","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"George, R., Turner, S., Hawkesworth, C., Bacon, C., Nye, C., Stelling, P., and Dreher, S., 2004, Chemical versus temporal controls on the evolution of tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magmas at two volcanoes in the Alaska-Aleutian arc: Journal of Petrology, v. 45, no. 1, p. 203-219, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egg086.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"219","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478094,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egg086","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235295,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f598e4b0c8380cd4c2e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"George, R.","contributorId":65269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turner, S.","contributorId":18947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hawkesworth, C.","contributorId":20489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hawkesworth","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":412365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nye, C.","contributorId":16198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nye","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stelling, P.","contributorId":58820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stelling","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dreher, S.","contributorId":98513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dreher","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70027106,"text":"70027106 - 2004 - The influence of diet, consumption and lipid use on recruitment of white bass","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-06T18:42:22.980272","indexId":"70027106","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2594,"text":"Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The influence of diet, consumption and lipid use on recruitment of white bass","docAbstract":"<p>The abundance of white bass (<i>Morone chrysops</i>) in Lake Erie has declined in recent years, sparking interest in mechanisms influencing its recruitment. We evaluate two mechanisms affecting recruitment: diet and the potential for competition, and storage of lipid energy reserves and the relationship to overwinter survival. The fish in our study were characteristic of white bass in the northern portion of their range, feeding predominantly on zooplankton. Only the largest age-0 white bass ate fish as a significant portion of their diet. Over the summer sampling period, we found decreasing ration sizes, expressed as a percentage of maximum ration, as the summer progressed with a concomitant decrease in the relative amount of lipid storage. In laboratory experiments, age-0 white bass held at <span>5°C</span> and given food <i>ad libitum</i> did feed, but at rates that were insufficient to maintain body weight. Loss in weight was accompanied with a loss in lipids at a rate of 2.8 mg of lipids per gram of body weight per day. Based on our data, we concluded that age-0 white bass in Lake Erie were food-limited. Food limitation resulted in reduced growth rates, presumably related to competition with other planktivorous fishes. Reduced growth results in increased mortality and, ultimately, low recruitment through increased risk of predation by larger piscivorous fishes, reduced ability for white bass to switch to more energetically profitable piscivory and the increased likelihood of higher overwinter mortality because of reduced lipid stores.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1320-5331.2004.00239.x","usgsCitation":"Eckmayer, W., and Margraf, F., 2004, The influence of diet, consumption and lipid use on recruitment of white bass: Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management, v. 9, no. 2, p. 133-141, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1320-5331.2004.00239.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"141","costCenters":[{"id":108,"text":"Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235333,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Lake Erie","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.507080078125,\n              41.64007838467894\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.33129882812499,\n              41.6154423246811\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.12255859375,\n              41.53325414281322\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.99072265625,\n              41.393294288784865\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.474365234375,\n              41.352072144512924\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.144775390625,\n              41.409775832009565\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.474609375,\n              41.52502957323801\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.0791015625,\n              41.705728515237524\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.650634765625,\n              41.84501267270689\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.013427734375,\n              42.06560675405716\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.2333984375,\n              42.48019996901214\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.73901367187499,\n              42.85985981506277\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.771728515625,\n              42.90816007196054\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.18920898437499,\n              42.80346172417078\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.540771484375,\n              42.65012181368022\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.9033203125,\n              42.67435857693381\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.265869140625,\n              42.68243539838623\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.265625,\n              42.23665188032057\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.73803710937499,\n              42.049292638686836\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.33129882812499,\n              42.05745022024682\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.507080078125,\n              41.64007838467894\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad1ce4b08c986b3239a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eckmayer, W.J.","contributorId":103042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eckmayer","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Margraf, F.J.","contributorId":47738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Margraf","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70027143,"text":"70027143 - 2004 - Structural complexity and land-surface energy exchange along a gradient from arctic tundra to boreal forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-28T16:50:17.407006","indexId":"70027143","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2490,"text":"Journal of Vegetation Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural complexity and land-surface energy exchange along a gradient from arctic tundra to boreal forest","docAbstract":"Question: Current climate changes in the Alaskan Arctic, which are characterized by increases in temperature and length of growing season, could alter vegetation structure, especially through increases in shrub cover or the movement of treeline. These changes in vegetation structure have consequences for the climate system. What is the relationship between structural complexity and partitioning of surface energy along a gradient from tundra through shrub tundra to closed canopy forest? Location: Arctic tundra-boreal forest transition in the Alaskan Arctic. Methods: Along this gradient of increasing canopy complexity, we measured key vegetation characteristics, including community composition, biomass, cover, height, leaf area index and stem area index. We relate these vegetation characteristics to albedo and the partitioning of net radiation into ground, latent, and sensible heating fluxes. Results: Canopy complexity increased along the sequence from tundra to forest due to the addition of new plant functional types. This led to non-linear changes in biomass, cover, and height in the understory. The increased canopy complexity resulted in reduced ground heat fluxes, relatively conserved latent heat fluxes and increased sensible heat fluxes. The localized warming associated with increased sensible heating over more complex canopies may amplify regional warming, causing further vegetation change in the Alaskan Arctic.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1654-1103.2004.tb02277.x","usgsCitation":"Thompson, C., Beringer, J., Chapin, F.S., and McGuire, A., 2004, Structural complexity and land-surface energy exchange along a gradient from arctic tundra to boreal forest: Journal of Vegetation Science, v. 15, no. 3, p. 397-406, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2004.tb02277.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"397","endPage":"406","costCenters":[{"id":108,"text":"Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70027146,"text":"70027146 - 2004 - Bryophytes from Simeonof Island in the Shumagin Islands, southwestern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-27T17:15:10.638814","indexId":"70027146","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2548,"text":"Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bryophytes from Simeonof Island in the Shumagin Islands, southwestern Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Simeonof Island is located south of the Alaska Peninsula in the hyperoceanic sector of the middle boreal subzone. We examined the bryoflora of Simeonof Island to determine species composition in an area where no previous collections had been reported. This field study was conducted in sites selected to represent the spectrum of environmental variation within Simeonof Island. Data were analyzed using published reports to compare bryophyte distribution patterns at three levels, the Northern Hemisphere, North America, and Alaska. A total of 271 bryophytes were identified: 202 mosses and 69 liverworts. The annotated list of species for Simeonof Island expands the known range for many species and fills distribution gaps within <span>Hultén's</span> Western Pacific Coast district. Maps and notes on the distribution of 14 significant distribution records are presented. Compared with bryophyte distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, the bryoflora of Simeonof Island primarily includes taxa of boreal (55%), temperate (20%), arctic (10%), and cosmopolitan (8%) distribution; 6% of the moss flora are western North America endemics. A description of the bryophytes present in the vegetation and habitat types is provided as is a quantitative analysis of the most frequently occurring bryophytes in crowberry heath.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Hattori Botanical Laboratory","doi":"10.18968/jhbl.95.0_155","usgsCitation":"Schofield, W., Talbot, S., and Talbot, S.L., 2004, Bryophytes from Simeonof Island in the Shumagin Islands, southwestern Alaska: Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory, v. 95, p. 155-198, https://doi.org/10.18968/jhbl.95.0_155.","productDescription":"44 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"198","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235410,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Simeonof Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -159.3511962890625,\n              54.838663612975104\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.136962890625,\n              54.838663612975104\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.136962890625,\n              54.97446103959508\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.3511962890625,\n              54.97446103959508\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.3511962890625,\n              54.838663612975104\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"95","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2a0e4b0c8380cd4b269","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schofield, Wilfred B.","contributorId":97827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schofield","given":"Wilfred B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Talbot, Stephen S.","contributorId":73266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Stephen S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Talbot, Sandra L. 0000-0002-3312-7214 stalbot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-7214","contributorId":140512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Sandra","email":"stalbot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027147,"text":"70027147 - 2004 - Emplacement, rapid burial, and exhumation of 90-Ma plutons in southeastern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-20T17:02:34","indexId":"70027147","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Emplacement, rapid burial, and exhumation of 90-Ma plutons in southeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"In southeastern Alaska, granodiorite-tonalite plutons of the Admiralty-Revillagigedo belt intruded the Jurassic-Cretaceous Gravina belt along the eastern side of the Alexander terrane around 90 Ma. These plutons postdate some deformation related to a major contractional event between the previously amalgamated Wrangellia and Alexander terranes and the previously accreted terranes of the North American margin. We studied the aureole mineral assemblages of these plutons near Petersburg, Alaska, determined pressure and temperature of equilibration, and examined structures that developed within and adjacent to these plutons. Parallelism of magmatic and submagmatic fabrics with fabrics in the country rock indicates synchroneity of pluton emplacement with regional deformation and suggests that magma transport to higher crustal levels was assisted by regional deformation. Replacement of andalusite by kyanite or sillimanite indicates crustal thickening soon after pluton emplacement. Regional structural analysis indicates the crustal thickening was accomplished by thrust burial. Thermobarometric analyses indicate the aureoles reached near-peak temperatures of 525 to 635 ??C at pressures of 570 to 630 MPa. Consideration of the rate of thermal decay of the aureoles suggests that burial was rapid and occurred at rates around 5 to 8 mm/year. Structural observations indicate there was contractional deformation before, during, and after emplacement of the 90-Ma plutons. Initial exhumation of the Admiralty-Revillagedo belt in the Petersburg area may have occurred along a thrust west of the pluton belt within the Gravina belt. ?? 2004 NRC Canada.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/e03-087","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Himmelberg, G.R., Haeussler, P.J., and Brew, D.A., 2004, Emplacement, rapid burial, and exhumation of 90-Ma plutons in southeastern Alaska: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 41, no. 1, p. 87-102, https://doi.org/10.1139/e03-087.","startPage":"87","endPage":"102","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235411,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209172,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e03-087"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0916e4b0c8380cd51dcd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Himmelberg, G. R.","contributorId":27106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Himmelberg","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brew, D. A.","contributorId":88344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brew","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027149,"text":"70027149 - 2004 - Carnivore re-colonisation: Reality, possibility and a non-equilibrium century for grizzly bears in the southern Yellowstone ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-11T13:16:00","indexId":"70027149","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":774,"text":"Animal Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carnivore re-colonisation: Reality, possibility and a non-equilibrium century for grizzly bears in the southern Yellowstone ecosystem","docAbstract":"<p>Most large native carnivores have experienced range contractions due to conflicts with humans, although neither rates of spatial collapse nor expansion have been well characterised. In North America, the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) once ranged from Mexico northward to Alaska, however its range in the continental USA has been reduced by 95-98%. Under the U. S. Endangered Species Act, the Yellowstone grizzly bear population has re-colonised habitats outside Yellowstone National Park. We analysed historical and current records, including data on radio-collared bears, (1) to evaluate changes in grizzly bear distribution in the southern Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) over a 100-year period, (2) to utilise historical rates of re-colonisation to project future expansion trends and (3) to evaluate the reality of future expansion based on human limitations and land use. Analysis of distribution in 20-year increments reflects range reduction from south to north (1900-1940) and expansion to the south (1940-2000). Expansion was exponential and the area occupied by grizzly bears doubled approximately every 20 years. A complementary analysis of bear occurrence in Grand Teton National Park also suggests an unprecedented period of rapid expansion during the last 20-30 years. The grizzly bear population currently has re-occupied about 50% of the southern GYE. Based on assumptions of continued protection and ecological stasis, our model suggests total occupancy in 25 years. Alternatively, extrapolation of linear expansion rates from the period prior to protection suggests total occupancy could take &gt; 100 years. Analyses of historical trends can be useful as a restoration tool because they enable a framework and timeline to be constructed to pre-emptively address the social challenges affecting future carnivore recovery. ?? 2004 The Zoological Society of London.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Zoological Society of London","publisherLocation":"United Kingdom","doi":"10.1017/S1367943003001203","issn":"13679430","usgsCitation":"Pyare, S., Cain, S., Moody, D., Schwartz, C., and Berger, J., 2004, Carnivore re-colonisation: Reality, possibility and a non-equilibrium century for grizzly bears in the southern Yellowstone ecosystem: Animal Conservation, v. 7, no. 1, p. 71-77, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1367943003001203.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"77","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science 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,{"id":70027158,"text":"70027158 - 2004 - Temporal and geographic variation in survival of juvenile black brant","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-02T16:28:58.678496","indexId":"70027158","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal and geographic variation in survival of juvenile black brant","docAbstract":"<p>First-year survival has important implications for the structure and growth of populations. We examined variation in seasonal survival of first-year Pacific Black Brant (<i>Branta bernicla nigricans</i>) marked late in summer in Alaska at two brood-rearing areas on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (Tutakoke and Kokechik) and one area on the Arctic Coastal Plain to provide insight into the magnitude and timing of mortality during fall migration. First-year survival was lower in early fall (15 July-1 October), when birds fledged from brood-rearing areas and migrated to their primary fall staging area at Izembek Lagoon, Alaska, than during late fall and early winter (1 October-15 February), when birds made a long-distance transoceanic flight (&gt;5000 km) to wintering areas in Baja California, Mexico. When compared to other years, monthly survival during early fall was 20-24% lower in 1992, the year of latest hatch dates and slowest growth of goslings. There was strong evidence to indicate that survival varied geographically within the early fall period. Monthly survival estimates during early fall were lowest for birds from Tutakoke, highest for birds from the Arctic Coastal Plain, and intermediate at Kokechik. Our findings revealed that most juvenile mortality occurred during the first 2 months following banding, and variation in juvenile survival during this period was likely influenced significantly by environmental parameters and habitat conditions on the breeding grounds. Monthly survival estimates during the subsequent 4 months were similar across geographic areas, and long-distance migration was likely the most important contributor to juvenile mortality during this period.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.1650/7387","usgsCitation":"Ward, D.H., Schmutz, J.A., Sedinger, J.S., Bollinger, K.S., Martin, P.D., and Anderson, B., 2004, Temporal and geographic variation in survival of juvenile black brant: Condor, v. 106, no. 2, p. 263-274, https://doi.org/10.1650/7387.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"274","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478148,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1650/7387","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70027168,"text":"70027168 - 2004 - Toward mapping surface deformation in three dimensions using InSAR","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T11:54:27","indexId":"70027168","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toward mapping surface deformation in three dimensions using InSAR","docAbstract":"<p><span>One of the limitations of deformation measurements made with interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is that an interferogram only measures one component of the surface deformation — in the satellite's line of sight. We investigate strategies for mapping surface deformation in three dimensions by using multiple interferograms, with different imaging geometries. Geometries for both current and future missions are evaluated, and their abilities to resolve the displacement vector are compared. The north component is always the most difficult to determine using data from near-polar orbiting satellites. However, a satellite with an inclination of about 60°/120° would enable all three components to be well resolved. We attempt to resolve the 3D displacements for the 23 October 2002 Nenana Mountain (Alaska) Earthquake. The north component's error is much larger than the signal, but proxies for eastward and vertical motion can be determined if the north component is assumed negligible. Inversions of hypothetical coseismic interferograms demonstrate that earthquake model parameters can be well recovered from two interferograms, acquired on ascending and descending tracks.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2003GL018827","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Wright, T.J., Parsons, B.E., and Lu, Z., 2004, Toward mapping surface deformation in three dimensions using InSAR: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 31, no. 1, L01607: 5 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018827.","productDescription":"L01607: 5 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-01-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb5b9e4b08c986b326867","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Tim J.","contributorId":84959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Tim","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parsons, Barry E.","contributorId":36344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"Barry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lu, Zhong 0000-0001-9181-1818 lu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9181-1818","contributorId":901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Zhong","email":"lu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":412614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027175,"text":"70027175 - 2004 - Complex proximal deposition during the Plinian eruptions of 1912 at Novarupta, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-21T12:33:48","indexId":"70027175","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Complex proximal deposition during the Plinian eruptions of 1912 at Novarupta, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Proximal (&lt;3 km) deposits from episodes II and III of the 60-h-long Novarupta 1912 eruption exhibit a very complex stratigraphy, the result of at least four transport regimes and diverse depositional mechanisms. They contrast with the relatively simple stratigraphy (and inferred emplacement mechanisms) for the previously documented, better known, medial-distal fall deposits and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes ignimbrite. The proximal products include alternations and mixtures of both locally and regionally dispersed fall ejecta, and numerous thin complex deposits of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) with no regional analogs. The locally dispersed component of the fall deposits forms sector-confined wedges of material whose thicknesses halve radially from and concentrically about the vent over distances of 100-300 m (cf. several kilometers for the medial-distal fall deposits). This locally dispersed fall material (and many of the associated PDC deposits) is rich in andesitic and banded pumices and richer in shallow-derived wall-rock lithics in comparison with the coeval medial fall units of almost entirely dacitic composition. There are no marked contrasts in grain size in the near-vent deposits, however, between locally and widely dispersed beds, and all samples of the proximal fall deposits plot as a simple continuation of grain size trends for medial-distal samples. Associated PDC deposits form a spectrum of facies from fines-poor, avalanched beds through thin-bedded, landscape-mantling beds to channelized lobes of pumice-block-rich ignimbrite. The origins of the Novarupta near-vent deposits are considered within a spectrum of four transport regimes: (1) sustained buoyant plume, (2) fountaining with co-current flow, (3) fountaining with counter-current flow, and (4) direct lateral ejection. The Novarupta deposits suggest a model where buoyant, stable, regime-1 plumes characterized most of episodes II and III, but were accompanied by transient and variable partitioning of clasts into the other three regimes. Only one short period of vent blockage and cessation of the Plinian plume occurred, separating episodes II and III, which was followed by a single PDC interpreted as an overpressured \"blast\" involving direct lateral ejection. In contrast, regimes 2 and 3 were reflected by spasmodic sedimentation from the margins of the jet and perhaps lower plume, which were being strongly affected by short-lived instabilities. These instabilities in turn are inferred to be associated with heterogeneities in the mixture of gas and pyroclasts emerging from the vent. Of the parameters that control explosive eruptive behavior, only such sudden and asymmetrical changes in the particle concentration could operate on time scales sufficiently short to explain the rapid changes in the proximal 1912 products. Springer-Verlag 2003.</p>","language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00445-003-0297-7","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Houghton, B.F., Wilson, C.J., Fierstein, J., and Hildreth, W., 2004, Complex proximal deposition during the Plinian eruptions of 1912 at Novarupta, Alaska: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 66, no. 2, p. 95-133, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-003-0297-7.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"133","numberOfPages":"39","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235298,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209098,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-003-0297-7"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Novarupta","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.24917602539062,\n              58.157301142472754\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.94979858398438,\n              58.157301142472754\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.94979858398438,\n              58.244500350217336\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.24917602539062,\n              58.244500350217336\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.24917602539062,\n              58.157301142472754\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f90fe4b0c8380cd4d3ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Houghton, Bruce F. 0000-0002-7532-9770","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-9770","contributorId":140077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Houghton","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13351,"text":"University of Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":6977,"text":"University of Hawai`i at Hilo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":412635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, C. J. N.","contributorId":22096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fierstein, J.","contributorId":67666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fierstein","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hildreth, W. 0000-0002-7925-4251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":100487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70027178,"text":"70027178 - 2004 - Dynamics of intertidal foraging by coastal brown bears in Southwestern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70027178","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamics of intertidal foraging by coastal brown bears in Southwestern Alaska","docAbstract":"Shoreline areas provide early season foraging opportunities for coastal bears in Alaska. We investigated use by brown bears (Ursus arctos) of soft-shelled (Mya arenaria) and Pacific razor (Siliqua patula) clams at Katmai National Park, Alaska, USA, to identify the potential importance of these clams to bears. We used direct observations of bear foraging behavior in the summers of 1998, 1999, and 2001 to model the nutritional importance of clamming behavior. We also used previously described models to estimate the relative importance of clamming and vegetative foraging in meeting the maintenance requirements of bears. At the harvest rate that we observed (0.69 ?? 0.46 clams/min), bears achieved higher rates of digestible energy intake than those foraging on vegetation. Although clams are available for only a few hours per day, bears could significantly reduce their total daily foraging time by utilizing clams. Smaller single bears and females with dependent young were the most represented groups of bears using intertidal areas. Large male bears, faced with higher energy requirements, likely are unable to efficiently exploit these intertidal resources. Depending on the relationship between clam size and tissue mass, the relative quality of clams differed by species. Bears foraging on Pacific razor clams required the fewest hours to meet maintenance, followed by bears consuming soft-shelled clams. Our findings highlight the significance of intertidal habitats for coastal bears, especially females.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[0233:DOIFBC]2.0.CO;2","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Smith, T.S., and Partridge, S.T., 2004, Dynamics of intertidal foraging by coastal brown bears in Southwestern Alaska: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 68, no. 2, p. 233-240, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[0233:DOIFBC]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"233","endPage":"240","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209126,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[0233:DOIFBC]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":235338,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0433e4b0c8380cd5084f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, T. S.","contributorId":47326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Partridge, Steven T.","contributorId":56014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Partridge","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":412645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70027182,"text":"70027182 - 2004 - Variation in responses to spawning Pacific salmon among three south-eastern Alaska streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70027182","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variation in responses to spawning Pacific salmon among three south-eastern Alaska streams","docAbstract":"1. Pacific salmon are thought to stimulate the productivity of the fresh waters in which they spawn by fertilising them with marine-derived nutrients (MDN). We compared the influence of salmon spawners on surface streamwater chemistry and benthic biota among three southeastern Alaska streams. Within each stream, reaches up- and downstream of barriers to salmon migration were sampled during or soon after spawners entered the streams. 2. Within streams, concentrations of dissolved ammonium and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), abundance of epilithon (chlorophyll a and ash-free dry mass) and biomass of chironomids were significantly higher in reaches with salmon spawners. In contrast, biomass of the mayflies Epeorus spp. and Rhithrogena spp. was significantly higher in reaches lacking spawners. 3. Among streams, significant differences were found in concentrations of dissolved ammonium, dissolved organic carbon, nitrate and SRP, abundance of epilithon, and the biomass of chironomids and Rhithrogena. These differences did not appear to reflect differences among streams in spawner density, nor the changes in water chemistry resulting from salmon spawners. 4. Our results suggest that the 'enrichment' effect of salmon spawners (e.g. increased streamwater nutrient concentrations) was balanced by other concurrent effects of spawners on streams (e.g. sediment disturbance). Furthermore, the collective effect of spawners on lotic ecosystems is likely to be constrained by conditions unique to individual streams, such as temperature, background water chemistry and light attenuation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Freshwater Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01213.x","issn":"00465070","usgsCitation":"Chaloner, D.T., Lamberti, G.A., Merritt, R., Mitchell, N., Ostrom, P., and Wipfli, M., 2004, Variation in responses to spawning Pacific salmon among three south-eastern Alaska streams: Freshwater Biology, v. 49, no. 5, p. 587-599, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01213.x.","startPage":"587","endPage":"599","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489834,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01213.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":209174,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01213.x"},{"id":235413,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-04-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc163e4b08c986b32a552","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chaloner, D. T.","contributorId":54388,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chaloner","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamberti, G. A.","contributorId":44229,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lamberti","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Merritt, R.W.","contributorId":30588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merritt","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mitchell, N.L.","contributorId":46266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ostrom, P.H.","contributorId":38753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostrom","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wipfli, M.S.","contributorId":51963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wipfli","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70027197,"text":"70027197 - 2004 - Holocene loess deposition and soil formation as competing processes, Matanuska Valley, southern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:34","indexId":"70027197","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene loess deposition and soil formation as competing processes, Matanuska Valley, southern Alaska","docAbstract":"Although loess-paleosol sequences are among the most important records of Quaternary climate change and past dust deposition cycles, few modern examples of such sedimentation systems have been studied. Stratigraphic studies and 22 new accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon ages from the Matanuska Valley in southern Alaska show that loess deposition there began sometime after ???6500 14C yr B.P. and has continued to the present. The silts are produced through grinding by the Matanuska and Knik glaciers, deposited as outwash, entrained by strong winds, and redeposited as loess. Over a downwind distance of ???40 km, loess thickness, sand content, and sand-plus-coarse-silt content decrease, whereas fine-silt content increases. Loess deposition was episodic, as shown by the presence of paleosols, at distances >10 km from the outwash plain loess source. Stratigraphic complexity is at a maximum (i.e., the greatest number of loesses and paleosols) at intermediate (10-25 km) distances from the loess source. Surface soils increase in degree of development with distance downwind from the source, where sedimentation rates are lower. Proximal soils are Entisols or Inceptisols, whereas distal soils are Spodosols. Ratios of mobile CaO, K2O, and Fe2O3 to immobile TiO2 show decreases in surface horizons with distance from the source. Thus, as in China, where loess deposition also takes place today, eolian sedimentation and soil formation are competing processes. Study of loess and paleosols in southern Alaska shows that particle size can vary over short distances, loess deposition can be episodic over limited time intervals, and soils developed in stabilized loess can show considerable variability under the same vegetation. ?? 2004 University of Washington. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.yqres.2004.02.003","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Muhs, D., McGeehin, J., Beann, J., and Fisher, E., 2004, Holocene loess deposition and soil formation as competing processes, Matanuska Valley, southern Alaska: Quaternary Research, v. 61, no. 3, p. 265-276, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2004.02.003.","startPage":"265","endPage":"276","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208964,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2004.02.003"},{"id":235099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31ebe4b0c8380cd5e34f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muhs, D.R. 0000-0001-7449-251X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":61460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGeehin, J. P. 0000-0002-5320-6091","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5320-6091","contributorId":48593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGeehin","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beann, J.","contributorId":24075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beann","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fisher, E.","contributorId":103844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70027210,"text":"70027210 - 2004 - Lack of spatial genetic structure among nesting and wintering King Eiders","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-18T10:03:05","indexId":"70027210","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lack of spatial genetic structure among nesting and wintering King Eiders","docAbstract":"<p>The King Eider (Somateria spectabilis) has been delineated into two broadly distributed breeding populations in North America (the western and eastern Arctic) on the basis of banding data and their use of widely separated Pacific and Atlantic wintering areas. Little is known about the level of gene flow between these two populations. Also unknown is whether behavioral patterns common among migratory waterfowl, such as site fidelity to wintering areas and pair formation at these sites, have existed for sufficient time to create a population structure defined by philopatry to wintering rather than to nesting locations. We used six nuclear microsatellite DNA loci and cytochrome b mitochondrial DNA sequence data to estimate the extent of spatial genetic differentiation among nesting and wintering areas of King Eiders across North America and adjacent regions. Estimates of interpopulation variance in microsatellite allele and mtDNA haplotype frequency were both low and nonsignificant based on samples from three wintering and four nesting areas. Results from nested clade analysis, mismatch distributions, and coalescent-based analyses suggest historical population growth and gene flow that collectively may have homogenized gene frequencies. The presence of several unique mtDNA haplotypes among birds wintering near Greenland suggests that gene flow may now be more limited between the western and eastern Arctic, which is consistent with banding data.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1650/7357","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Pearce, J.M., Talbot, S.L., Pierson, B.J., Petersen, M.R., Scribner, K.T., Dickson, D.L., and Mosbech, A., 2004, Lack of spatial genetic structure among nesting and wintering King Eiders: Condor, v. 106, no. 2, p. 229-240, https://doi.org/10.1650/7357.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"240","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235301,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a412de4b0c8380cd65371","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pearce, John M. 0000-0002-8503-5485 jpearce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-5485","contributorId":181766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearce","given":"John","email":"jpearce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Talbot, Sandra L. 0000-0002-3312-7214 stalbot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-7214","contributorId":140512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Sandra","email":"stalbot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pierson, Barbara J. 0000-0001-8233-874X bpierson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8233-874X","contributorId":194939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierson","given":"Barbara","email":"bpierson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Petersen, Margaret R. 0000-0001-6082-3189 mrpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-3189","contributorId":167729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Margaret","email":"mrpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scribner, Kim T.","contributorId":95434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scribner","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":412762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dickson, D. Lynne.","contributorId":26121,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dickson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lynne.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mosbech, Anders","contributorId":105501,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mosbech","given":"Anders","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70027234,"text":"70027234 - 2004 - Glaucous gull predation of goslings on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-07T17:18:40","indexId":"70027234","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Glaucous gull predation of goslings on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Glaucous Gulls (<i>Larus hyperboreus</i>) nesting on the Yukon-Kuskokwim (Y-K) Delta frequently prey on juvenile waterfowl. We collected 434 Glaucous Gulls from late June to early August 1994 to examine diet. Identification of undigested prey tissue, based on DNA microsatellite loci, showed three species of goslings in gull stomachs: Emperor Goose (<i>Chen canagica</i>), White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons), and Cackling Canada Goose (<i>Branta canadensis minima</i>). Gulls that nested inland and were collected &gt; 1.6 km from the coast accounted for approximately 70% of the total gull predation on Emperor and Canada Geese, and 96% on White-fronted Geese. Our stratified sample of gull stomachs and aerial survey estimates of population size and distribution of gulls and juvenile geese enabled extrapolation of species-specific predation rates to the entire Y-K Delta. We estimated that a minimum of 21 000 Emperor Goose, 34 000 Canada Goose, and 16 000 White-fronted Goose goslings were consumed by 12 600 Glaucous Gulls during the brood-rearing period on the Y-K Delta in 1994. Minimum estimated take by gulls represented 33% of Cackling Canada Goose, 47% of Emperor Goose, and 39% of White-fronted Goose eggs estimated to have hatched in the same area as gull collections. Gulls selected the three species of geese approximately in proportion to their abundance. Although gull predation caused significant gosling mortality, its role in regulating goose populations on Y-K Delta remains unresolved.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1650/7326","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Bowman, T.D., Stehn, R., and Scribner, K., 2004, Glaucous gull predation of goslings on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska: Condor, v. 106, no. 2, p. 288-298, https://doi.org/10.1650/7326.","startPage":"288","endPage":"298","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478215,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1650/7326","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a292de4b0c8380cd5a713","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowman, Timothy D.","contributorId":80779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowman","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stehn, R.A.","contributorId":107642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stehn","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scribner, K.T.","contributorId":97033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scribner","given":"K.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70027263,"text":"70027263 - 2004 - Determinants of reproductive costs in the long-lived Black-legged Kittiwake: A multiyear experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T10:53:40","indexId":"70027263","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1459,"text":"Ecological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determinants of reproductive costs in the long-lived Black-legged Kittiwake: A multiyear experiment","docAbstract":"<p>We studied reproductive costs of Black-legged Kittiwakes (<i><span class=\"genusSpeciesInfoAsset\">Rissa tridactyla</span></i>) in Prince William Sound, Alaska (USA) by removing entire clutches from randomly selected nests over four successive years, and then contrasting survival and fecundity of adults from manipulated and unmanipulated nests in each subsequent year. To elucidate mechanisms that lead to the expression of reproductive costs, we simultaneously characterized several behavioral and physiological parameters among adults in the two treatment groups. We also examined naturally nonbreeding adults that previously bred to determine their survival and future nonbreeding probabilities.</p><p>Food availability varied during the study, being generally poor at the onset, and improving in later years. Adult nest attendance and body condition (assessed late in the chick- rearing period) varied accordingly among years, and between adults raising chicks and adults that had their eggs removed. Adults from unmanipulated nests incurred significant survival costs in all years, although fecundity costs were strongly expressed in only one of four years. Neither survival nor fecundity costs were strongly influenced by body condition or food availability, and no difference in reproductive costs was detected between the sexes. Although unmanipulated breeders survived at lower rates than manipulated breeders due to costs of reproduction, their survival rates were elevated compared to those of natural nonbreeders, presumably due to differences in individual ability. These findings indicate that models of adult survival must consider not only an organism's reproductive state, but also the factors that lead to that state.</p><p>Although body condition appeared to be weakly related to survival, it was insufficient to explain the full magnitude of survival costs observed. We suggest that other parameters that were found to differ between treatment groups (e.g., rates of energy turnover, baseline levels of stress, and patterns of allocating body reserves) may be important mechanistic determinants of reproductive costs in kittiwakes, and potentially other long-lived species. Future efforts should move beyond simple assessments of body condition and toward more integrated measures of physiological condition when attempting to identify factors that influence how long-lived species balance the costs and benefits of reproduction.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1890/02-4029","issn":"00129615","usgsCitation":"Golet, G.H., Schmutz, J.A., Irons, D.B., and Estes, J.A., 2004, Determinants of reproductive costs in the long-lived Black-legged Kittiwake: A multiyear experiment: Ecological Monographs, v. 74, no. 2, p. 353-372, https://doi.org/10.1890/02-4029.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"353","endPage":"372","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235524,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound, Shoup Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -146.67160034179685,\n              61.11339606337689\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.546630859375,\n              61.11339606337689\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.546630859375,\n              61.17503266354878\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.67160034179685,\n              61.17503266354878\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.67160034179685,\n              61.11339606337689\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"74","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff83e4b0c8380cd4f223","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Golet, Gregory H.","contributorId":89844,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Golet","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Irons, David B.","contributorId":63658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irons","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Estes, James A. jim_estes@usgs.gov","contributorId":53325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"James","email":"jim_estes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":412952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70027265,"text":"70027265 - 2004 - Reaction rim growth on olivine in silicic melts: Implications for magma mixing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-15T10:53:15","indexId":"70027265","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reaction rim growth on olivine in silicic melts: Implications for magma mixing","docAbstract":"<p>Finely crystalline amphibole or pyroxene rims that form during reaction between silicic host melt and cognate olivine xenocrysts, newly introduced during magma mixing events, can provide information about the timing between mixing and volcanic eruptions. We investigated rim growth experimentally by placing forsteritic olivine in rhyolitic and rhyodacitic melts for times between 25 and 622 h at 50 and 150 MPa, H<sub>2</sub>O-saturated, at the Ni-NiO buffer. Rims of orthopyroxene microlites formed from high-silica rhyolite and rhyodacite melts at 885<span>°</span><span>C</span> and 50 MPa, and in the rhyolite at 150 MPa and 885°C. Rims of amphibole with lesser orthopyroxene formed in the rhyolite at 150 MPa and 800<span>°</span><span>C</span> and in the rhyodacite at 150 MPa and 885<span>°</span><span>C</span>. Irregular, convolute olivine edges and mass balance between olivine, melt, and rim phases show that olivine partly dissolved at all conditions. Iron-rich zones at the exteriors of olivines, which increased in width parabolically with time, show that Fe-Mg interdiffusion occurring in olivines was not outpaced by olivine dissolution. Linear increases of the square of rim widths with time suggest that diffusion within the melt is the rate-controlling process for olivine dissolution and rim growth. Rims grew one-half to one order-of-magnitude faster when melt water contents were doubled, unless conditions were far above the liquidus. Rim growth rate in rhyolite increases from 0.055&nbsp;<span>±&nbsp;</span>0.01 µm<sup>2</sup>/h at 885<span>°</span><span>C</span> and 50 MPa to 0.64 <span>±</span> 0.13 <span>µ</span><span>m</span><sup>2</sup>/h at 800<span>°</span><span>C</span> and 150 MPa. Melt composition has a lesser effect on rim growth rates, with growth rate increasing as melt SiO<sub>2</sub> content decreases. Pyroxene rims on olivines in andesite erupted from Arenal volcano (Costa Rica) grew at a rate of 3.0 <span>±</span> 0.2 <span>µ</span><span>m</span><sup>2</sup>/h over an eleven-year period. This rate is faster than those of the experiments due to lower melt viscosity and higher temperatures, and suggests that a magma mixing event preceded the start of the eruption by days.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Society of America","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Coombs, M.L., and Gardner, J.E., 2004, Reaction rim growth on olivine in silicic melts: Implications for magma mixing: American Mineralogist, v. 89, no. 5-6, p. 748-759.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"748","endPage":"759","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235563,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":334517,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.minsocam.org/MSA/AmMin/TOC/2004/MJ04.html"}],"volume":"89","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a957ee4b0c8380cd81a4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, James E.","contributorId":43243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}