{"pageNumber":"175","pageRowStart":"4350","pageSize":"25","recordCount":6233,"records":[{"id":23694,"text":"ofr95731 - 1995 - Evaluation of a monitoring program for assessing the effects of management practices on the quantity and quality of drainwater from the Panoche Water District, western San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:10","indexId":"ofr95731","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-731","title":"Evaluation of a monitoring program for assessing the effects of management practices on the quantity and quality of drainwater from the Panoche Water District, western San Joaquin Valley, California","docAbstract":"An evaluation was made of an existing monitoring program in the Panoche Water District for 1986-93. The Panoche Water District is an agricultural area located in the western San Joaquin Valley of California. Because irrigation drainage from this area has high concentrations of dissolved solids and selenium, management strategies have been developed to improve the quality of drainwater discharge. The purpose of the Panoche Water District's monitoring program is to assess the effects of water- and land-use practices on local ground water and drain flow from the district. Drainflow from the district consists of the discharge from 50 separate on-farm underground tile-drainage systems. The Panoche Water District maintains information on water deliveries, planned and actual crop types, and planned and actual acreages planted each year. In addition, the water district monitors ground-water and drainage-system discharges using a variety of data-collection methods. A total of 62 observation well sites are used to monitor ground-water level and quality. A total of 42 sites were monitored for drainflow quantity, and drain flow quality samples were collected from the outlets of each of the 50 drainage systems. However, these data were collected inconsistently and (or) intermittently during the period studied. All data obtained from the water district were compiled and stored in a geographic information system database. Water delivered for irrigation by the Panoche Water District is a mix of imported water and local ground water pumped directly into delivery canals. Although delivered water is a mix, information on the proportion of water from the two sources is not reported. Also, individual growers pump directly to their crops unknown quantities of ground water, the total of which could be greater than 60 percent of total applications during years when water district deliveries are greatly reduced (for example, the years during and following a drought). To evaluate the effects of irrigation on ground-water and drainflow quality, data on the combined chemical characteristics and the volume of water applied to crops are needed as part of the district's monitoring program. For example, without these data, this study could estimate only the effects of irrigation on ground-water recharge for 1986 (60.4 106 m3/y), 1987 (74.2  106 m3/y), and 1988 (56.0 106 m3/y) in the Panoche Water District water years when the amount of ground water pumped by individual growers was probably small. Water-level data show a significant decline of the water table in the upslope, undrained parts of the study area, and little or no significant change in the down slope, drained parts of the study area. Pumping from productions wells, most of which are located in the upslope part of the study area, may have contributed to the decline of the water table in the upslope area. The quantities of drainflow, dissolved solids, and selenium discharged from the study area decreased during the study period. However, drainflow, dissolved solids, and selenium discharged from individual on-farm drainage systems did not decrease. These data also illustrate the need for consistent and regular monitoring of the factors that affect drainage in the western San Joaquin Valley.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Report Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95731","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Leighton, D.A., and Fio, J.L., 1995, Evaluation of a monitoring program for assessing the effects of management practices on the quantity and quality of drainwater from the Panoche Water District, western San Joaquin Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-731, iv, 25 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95731.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1713,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/archive/reports/panoche/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0731/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52942,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0731/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9f21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leighton, David A.","contributorId":95493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leighton","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fio, John L.","contributorId":77543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fio","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30269,"text":"wri954179 - 1995 - Application of a sediment-transport model to estimate bridge scour at selected sites in Colorado, 1991-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:51","indexId":"wri954179","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4179","title":"Application of a sediment-transport model to estimate bridge scour at selected sites in Colorado, 1991-93","docAbstract":"A bridge-scour study by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Colorado Department of Transportation, was begun in 1991 to evaluate bridges in the State for potential scour during floods. A part of that study was to apply a computer model for sediment-transport routing to simulate channel aggradation or degradation and pier scour during floods at three bridge sites in Colorado. Stream-channel reaches upstream and downstream from the bridges were simulated using the Bridge Stream Tube model for Alluvial River Simulation (BRI-STARS). Synthetic flood hydrographs for the 500-year floods were developed for Surveyor Creek near Platner and for the Rio Grande at Wagon Wheel Gap. A part of the recorded mean daily hydrograph for the peak flow of record was used for the Yampa River near Maybell. The recorded hydrograph for the peak flow of record exceeded the computed 500-year-flood magnitude for this stream by about 22 percent. Bed-material particle-size distributions were determined from samples collected at Surveyor Creek and the Rio Grande. Existing data were used for the Yampa River. The model was used to compute a sediment-inflow hydrograph using particle-size data collected and a specified sediment-transport equation at each site. Particle sizes ranged from less than 0.5 to 16 millimeters for Surveyor Creek, less than 4 to 128 millimeters for the Yampa River, and 22.5 to 150 millimeters for the Rio Grande. Computed scour at the peak steamflows ranged from -2.32 feet at Surveyor Creek near Platner to +0.63 foot at the Rio Grande at Wagon Wheel Gap. Pier- scour depths computed at the peak streamflows ranged from 4.46 feet at the Rio Grande at Wagon Wheel Gap to 5.94 feet at the Yampa River near Maybell. The number of streamtubes used in the model varied at each site.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954179","usgsCitation":"Vaill, J.E., 1995, Application of a sediment-transport model to estimate bridge scour at selected sites in Colorado, 1991-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4179, iii, 37 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954179.","productDescription":"iii, 37 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123546,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4179/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59055,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4179/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67ab93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vaill, J. E.","contributorId":86362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaill","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25454,"text":"wri914146 - 1995 - Distribution of carbonate-rock aquifers and the potential for their development, southern Nevada and adjacent parts of California, Arizona, and Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:15","indexId":"wri914146","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4146","title":"Distribution of carbonate-rock aquifers and the potential for their development, southern Nevada and adjacent parts of California, Arizona, and Utah","docAbstract":"In 1985, the State of Nevada entered into a cooperative effort with the U.S. Department of the Interior to study and test the State's carbonate- rock aquifers. The studies were focused on southern Nevada and were intended to address the following concerns: Where is water potentially available in the aquifers?; How much water potentially can bewithdrawn from aquifers?; and What effects might result from development of the aquifers? The studies included basic-data collection, geologic mapping, geophysical and geochemical analyses, well drilling, and aquifer testing. The studies showed that the carbonate rocks are continuous and extensive enough to form regional aquifer systems only beneath thecentral third of the region. About 130,000 acre-feet per year of ground water flows through all the aquifers in this corridor (carbonate and noncarbonate), and about 77,000 acre-feet per year discharges directly from the carbonate-rock aquifers at regional springs in southern Nevada or at discharge areas in Death Valley, California. A larger volume of water -as much as 6 million acre-feet in the upper 100 feet alone-is stored in the rocks. Once depleted, however, that resource would be replenished by natural processes only very slowly. Ultimately, long-term development of the carbonate-rock aquifers would result in depletion of stored water, or in the capture of water that otherwise would discharge from the aquifers of southern Nevada and vicinity, or both. In manyplaces, development might extract water from both carbonate-rock and basin-fill aquifers. Possible effects of developing the carbonate-rock aquifers include declining water levels, decreasing springflow rates, drying up of some streams, playas, and meadows, and changing water quality. Specific impacts would depend upon the magnitude and length of development and site-specific conditions around the areas where the water is withdrawn. Confidence in predictions of the potential effects ofdevelopment of the carbonate-rock aquifers will remain limited until observations become available that document changes as the aquifers respond locally to long-term pumping stresses. However, if staged development were undertaken together with adequate monitoring, effects of continued or increased development could be estimated with progressively higher degrees of confidence.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri914146","usgsCitation":"Dettinger, M.D., Harrill, J., Schmidt, D.L., and Hess, J., 1995, Distribution of carbonate-rock aquifers and the potential for their development, southern Nevada and adjacent parts of California, Arizona, and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4146, vi, 100 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914146.","productDescription":"vi, 100 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123667,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4146/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54185,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4146/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54186,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4146/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54187,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4146/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6486e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":193761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harrill, J. R.","contributorId":10417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrill","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmidt, D. L.","contributorId":23934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hess, J.W.","contributorId":106155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":21786,"text":"ofr95353 - 1995 - Flow duration of Kentucky streams through 1990; historical and monthly flow characteristics, including the effects of reservoirs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:50","indexId":"ofr95353","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-353","title":"Flow duration of Kentucky streams through 1990; historical and monthly flow characteristics, including the effects of reservoirs","docAbstract":"This report presents flow-duration tables and plots for selected streamflow sites in Kentucky with three or more years of continuous record through 1990. Flow duration describes the frequency with which given streamflows are equalled or exceeded. The flow-duration tables were computed using daily mean discharge values for the entire period specified and for each month of the period specified. Only complete years of record were used for the computation. For sites where the streamflow is affected by regulation, separate tables are presented for the period before regulation (unregulated), the period of record after regulation (regulated) and the entire period of record (historical). Flow-duration plots are also presented for each station using the data for the entire period specified. Where practicable, several flow-duration plots are shown together. This includes stations on the same stream, such as main-stem stations, and stations within the same watershed. For stations affected by regulation, which have up to three sets of data available for one station (unregulated, regulated, and historical), the three plots are shown together to clearly illustrate the influence of regulation in augmenting low flows and reducing high flows.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95353","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Ruhl, K., Burns, R., Martin, G.R., and Allgeier, D., 1995, Flow duration of Kentucky streams through 1990; historical and monthly flow characteristics, including the effects of reservoirs: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-353, iii, 291 p. (1 folded) :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95353.","productDescription":"iii, 291 p. (1 folded) :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153766,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0353/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51285,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0353/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d7e4b07f02db5deb48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhl, K.J.","contributorId":35322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burns, R.J.","contributorId":50930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, G. R.","contributorId":14004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Allgeier, D.P.","contributorId":27881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allgeier","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":27863,"text":"wri954183 - 1995 - Geology, Streamflow, and Water Chemistry of the Talufofo Stream Basin, Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:15","indexId":"wri954183","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4183","title":"Geology, Streamflow, and Water Chemistry of the Talufofo Stream Basin, Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands","docAbstract":"A study of the geology, streamflow, and water chemistry of Talufofo Stream Basin, Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, was undertaken to determine the flow characteristics of Talufofo Stream and the relation to the geology of the drainage basin. The Commonwealth government is exploring the feasibility of using water from Talufofo Stream to supplement Saipan's stressed municipal water supply.\r\n\r\nStreamflow records from gaging stations on the principal forks of Talufofo Stream indicate that peak streamflows and long-term average flow are higher at the South Fork gaging station than at the Middle Fork gaging station because the drainage area of the South Fork gaging station is larger, but persistent base flow from ground-water discharge during dry weather is greater in the Middle Fork gaging station. The sum of the average flows at the Middle Fork and South Fork gaging stations, plus an estimate of the average flow at a point in the lower reaches of the North Fork, is about 2.96 cubic feet per second or 1.91 million gallons per day. Although this average represents the theoretical maximum long-term draft rate possible from the Talufofo Stream Basin if an adequate reservoir can be built, the actual amount of surface water available will be less because of evaporation, leaks, induced infiltration, and reservoir-design constraints. \r\n\r\nBase-flow characteristics, such as stream seepage and spring discharge, are related to geology of the basin. Base flow in the Talufofo Stream Basin originates as discharge from springs near the base of limestones located in the headwaters of Talufofo Stream, flows over low-permeability volcanic rocks in the middle reaches, and seeps back into the high-permeability limestones in the lower reaches. \r\n\r\nWater sampled from Talufofo Stream during base flow had high dissolved-calcium concentrations (between 35 and 98 milligrams per liter), characteristic of water from a limestone aquifer. Concentrations of potassium, sodium, and chloride ions in water samples from Talufofo Stream are characteristic of water draining a heavily vegetated basin near the ocean.\r\n\r\nThe streamflow and water-chemistry data indicate that discharge from springs is in hydraulic connection with the limestone aquifer near the headwaters of the basin. The base flow therefore is subject to stresses placed on the nearby limestone ground-water system. Pumping from wells in the limestones at the headwaters of Talufofo Stream Basin may decrease spring flow in Talufofo Stream.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri954183","usgsCitation":"Izuka, S.K., and Ewart, C.J., 1995, Geology, Streamflow, and Water Chemistry of the Talufofo Stream Basin, Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4183, iv, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954183.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123759,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4183/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56688,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4183/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ee81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izuka, Scot K. 0000-0002-8758-9414 skizuka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-9414","contributorId":2645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izuka","given":"Scot","email":"skizuka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":198803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ewart, Charles J. III","contributorId":76361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ewart","given":"Charles","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25523,"text":"wri944237 - 1995 - Geohydrology and water quality of the Durham Center Area, Durham, Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-15T06:53:59","indexId":"wri944237","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4237","title":"Geohydrology and water quality of the Durham Center Area, Durham, Connecticut","docAbstract":"Contaminated ground water is widespread and persistent beneath the Durham Center area in the town of Durham, Conn. Most of the contaminants are organic halides, usually trichloroethene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and tetrachloroethene. Less extensive chemical contamination of surface water, soil, and glacial sediments also has been detected. Two manufacturing companies, located at the northern and southern ends of this largely residential area, are believed to be the principal sources of the organic compounds detected in ground water. The contamination of water in the bedrock, the primary source of drinking water throughout the area, is the major environmental concern. Maximum concentrations of trichloroethene in three bed- rock wells range from 4,500 to about 5,500 mg/L (micrograms per liter). Concentrations of trichloroethene greater than 5 mg/L, the maximum contaminant level established for drinking water by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency, have regularly been detected in water samples from many other bedrock wells for at least 9 years. The geohydrology of the area is highly complex. Compact lodgment till that is up to 30 feet thick and probably fractured, overlies the bedrock. The bedrock is lithologically heterogeneous, and con- sists mostly of red fluvial sandstone, siltstone, and conglomerate; it is locally interbedded with black lacustrine shales and gray sandstones. Lithology and stratigraphy interpreted from borehole-geophysical logs at Durham Center are consistent with the Portland Formation subfacies described in earlier geologic studies. Beds strike nearly north-south and dip gently eastward. At least one high-angle normal fault transects the bedrock; it strikes northeast and dips northwest. Acoustic televiewer logs, measurements at out-crops, and azimuthal, square-array, resistivity data indicate a dominance of northeast-striking fractures that dip steeply northwest and southeast. Less prevalent strike directions are north to east-north-east. The till and sedimentary bedrock are dual-porosity, dual-permeability media. The hydraulic conductivity of the bulk mass of till is believed to be on the order of tenths of a foot per day to about 2.5 feet per day, with a total porosity of about 25 percent and an estimated average fracture porosity of less than 1 percent. The reported transmissivities of the bedrock range from less than 1 to about 17,000 feet squared per day and storativity is generally about 10-4, but the accuracy of these values is uncertain. The intergranular porosity of the sandstone units is estimated to average 5 percent, and estimates of fracture porosity from square-array, resistivity soundings at two sites were 1.1 and 2.7 percent. The bedrock has characteristics of both a single aquifer and a multi-unit, artesian or leaky aquifer system. A local ground-water-flow system that includes the upper part of the bedrock is unconfined. A large- scale flow system in deeper parts of the bedrock has transported organic compounds across topographic drainage divides. Borehole-geophysical logs and head measurements indicate that the natural ground- water-flow system in the bedrock has been altered by drilled wells that connect fractures and by with- drawals from wells. A conceptual model of the movement and fate of organic contaminants suggests that (1) nonaqueous phase organic halides are retained near their source; (2) flow is primarily through fractures in the till and through fractures and bedding-plane openings in the sedimentary rocks; (3) retardation of contaminants occurs primarily by diffusion from fractures into the aquifer matrix; and (4) transport directions of dissolved organic halides are controlled by a combination of natural hydraulic gradients, hydraulic gradients produced by the cyclical pumping of wells, and by the strike directions of bedrock faults, fractures, and bedding planes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944237","usgsCitation":"Melvin, R., Stone, J.R., Craft, P.A., Lane, J., and Davies, B., 1995, Geohydrology and water quality of the Durham Center Area, Durham, Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4237, v, 97 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944237.","productDescription":"v, 97 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4237/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54239,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4237/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","county":"Middlesex 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R.","contributorId":87964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Craft, P. A.","contributorId":102105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craft","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lane, J.W. Jr.","contributorId":66723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"J.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Davies, B.S. III","contributorId":72413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"B.S.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":27074,"text":"wri954067 - 1995 - Water-quality conditions at selected landfills in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, 1986-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T11:26:35","indexId":"wri954067","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4067","title":"Water-quality conditions at selected landfills in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, 1986-92","docAbstract":"Water-quality conditions at five municipal landfills in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, were studied during 1986-92. Analytical results of water samples from monitoring wells and streams at and near the landfills were used to evaluate effects of leachate on surface and ground water. Ground-water levels at monitoring wells were used to determine directions of ground-water flow at the landfills. Data from previous studies were used for analysis of temporal trends in selected water-quality properties and chemical constituents.\r\n\r\nEffects of leachate, such as large biochemical- and chemical-oxygen demands, generally were evident in small streams originating within the landfills, whereas effects of leachate generally were not evident in most of the larger streams. In larger streams, surface-water quality upstream and downstream from most of the landfills was similar. However, the chemical quality of water in Irwin Creek appears to have been affected by the Statesville Road landfill. Concentrations of several constituents indicative of leachate were larger in samples collected from Irwin Creek downstream from the Statesville Road landfill than in samples collected from Irwin Creek upstream from the landfill.\r\n\r\nThe effect of leachate on ground-water quality generally was largest in water from wells adjacent to waste-disposal cells. Concentrations of most constituents considered indicative of leachate generally were smaller with increasing distance from waste-disposal cells. Water samples from offsite wells generally indicated no effect or very small effects of leachate.\r\n\r\nAction levels designated by the Mecklenburg County Engineering Department and maximum contaminant levels established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency were exceeded in some samples from the landfills. Ground-water samples exceeded action levels and maximum contaminant levels more commonly than surface-water samples. Iron and manganese were the constituents that most commonly exceeded action levels in water samples from the landfills.\r\n\r\nSynthetic organic compounds were detected more commonly and in larger concentrations in ground-water samples than in surface-water samples. Concentrations of synthetic organic compounds detected in water samples from monitoring sites at the landfills generally were much less than maximum contaminant levels. However, concentrations of some chlorinated organic compounds exceeded maximum contaminant levels in samples from several monitoring wells at the Harrisburg Road and York Road landfills.\r\n\r\nTrend analysis indicated statistically significant temporal changes in concentrations of selected water-quality constituents and properties at some of the monitoring sites. Trends detected for the Holbrooks Road and Statesville Road landfills generally indicated an improvement in water quality and a decrease in effects of leachate at most monitoring sites at these landfills from 1979 to 1992. Water-quality trends detected for monitoring sites at the Harrisburg Road and York Road landfills, the largest landfills in the study, differed in magnitude and direction. Upward trends generally were detected for sites near recently closed waste-disposal cells, whereas downward trends generally were detected for sites near older waste-disposal cells. Temporal trends in water quality generally reflected changes in degradation processes associated with the aging of landfill wastes.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954067","usgsCitation":"Ferrell, G., and Smith, D., 1995, Water-quality conditions at selected landfills in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, 1986-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4067, vi, 112 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954067.","productDescription":"vi, 112 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158688,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4067/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55944,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4067/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Mecklenburg County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-80.7823,35.5113],[-80.7867,35.5031],[-80.7889,35.4949],[-80.7831,35.4836],[-80.7819,35.475],[-80.7779,35.4668],[-80.7778,35.4614],[-80.7744,35.4578],[-80.7549,35.423],[-80.7525,35.4148],[-80.7553,35.4125],[-80.7638,35.4134],[-80.7693,35.402],[-80.7551,35.3944],[-80.7364,35.3786],[-80.7187,35.3624],[-80.704,35.3552],[-80.6983,35.3507],[-80.6822,35.3131],[-80.6677,35.2705],[-80.6214,35.2499],[-80.5954,35.2369],[-80.5485,35.2108],[-80.6245,35.1487],[-80.7328,35.0627],[-80.7645,35.0375],[-80.7684,35.0348],[-80.7746,35.0329],[-80.7858,35.0315],[-80.7892,35.0314],[-80.8009,35.0286],[-80.8155,35.0204],[-80.8194,35.019],[-80.8216,35.018],[-80.8216,35.0167],[-80.8288,35.0098],[-80.835,35.0061],[-80.8405,35.0016],[-80.8604,35.0246],[-80.8854,35.0535],[-80.9016,35.0716],[-80.9312,35.1049],[-80.9373,35.1018],[-81.0383,35.0452],[-81.0419,35.0432],[-81.0447,35.0468],[-81.0464,35.0482],[-81.0483,35.0507],[-81.0503,35.0527],[-81.0528,35.0557],[-81.0548,35.0582],[-81.0568,35.0611],[-81.0577,35.0636],[-81.0586,35.067],[-81.0582,35.0722],[-81.0577,35.0788],[-81.0566,35.0834],[-81.0554,35.0868],[-81.0541,35.0904],[-81.0533,35.0927],[-81.0523,35.0956],[-81.0503,35.0975],[-81.0487,35.099],[-81.0462,35.1003],[-81.0437,35.1014],[-81.042,35.1022],[-81.0391,35.1027],[-81.0369,35.1036],[-81.0352,35.1054],[-81.0344,35.1072],[-81.0341,35.1095],[-81.0341,35.1136],[-81.0358,35.1186],[-81.0363,35.1213],[-81.038,35.124],[-81.0408,35.1267],[-81.0425,35.1281],[-81.0454,35.1289],[-81.0476,35.1295],[-81.0499,35.1302],[-81.051,35.1313],[-81.0521,35.1335],[-81.0523,35.1365],[-81.0517,35.1392],[-81.0501,35.142],[-81.0476,35.1463],[-81.0448,35.1494],[-81.0238,35.1486],[-81.0176,35.1536],[-81.0109,35.1532],[-81.0076,35.1569],[-81.0088,35.165],[-81.0049,35.1728],[-81.0045,35.1814],[-81.0046,35.1864],[-81.0063,35.1923],[-81.0064,35.1973],[-81.0054,35.2055],[-81.0071,35.2109],[-81.0129,35.2231],[-81.0113,35.2309],[-81.012,35.2349],[-81.0082,35.2509],[-81.0139,35.2585],[-81.0152,35.2685],[-81.0143,35.2876],[-81.0133,35.293],[-81.0105,35.2944],[-81.0033,35.3017],[-81.0022,35.3045],[-80.9961,35.3113],[-80.9938,35.3132],[-80.9894,35.3205],[-80.9844,35.3237],[-80.9805,35.3287],[-80.9823,35.3341],[-80.984,35.3373],[-80.9818,35.3446],[-80.9706,35.3501],[-80.9656,35.3506],[-80.9593,35.3489],[-80.9537,35.3521],[-80.9442,35.3521],[-80.9374,35.3572],[-80.9285,35.3614],[-80.9268,35.3627],[-80.9296,35.3636],[-80.9432,35.3658],[-80.9505,35.3675],[-80.9563,35.3738],[-80.9597,35.3756],[-80.9625,35.3756],[-80.9647,35.3738],[-80.9669,35.3688],[-80.9697,35.3669],[-80.9742,35.3642],[-80.9776,35.3646],[-80.9844,35.3695],[-80.9868,35.38],[-80.9846,35.3822],[-80.9806,35.3823],[-80.9761,35.3828],[-80.9632,35.3901],[-80.9554,35.3925],[-80.9549,35.4006],[-80.959,35.4133],[-80.9569,35.4288],[-80.9587,35.436],[-80.9527,35.446],[-80.9465,35.4524],[-80.9421,35.457],[-80.9432,35.4602],[-80.9506,35.4656],[-80.9518,35.4701],[-80.948,35.481],[-80.947,35.486],[-80.951,35.4942],[-80.9612,35.4986],[-80.9664,35.509],[-80.9637,35.5131],[-80.9586,35.5163],[-80.9569,35.5177],[-80.7823,35.5113]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Mecklenburg\",\"state\":\"NC\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db6879ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferrell, G.M.","contributorId":92681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrell","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, D.G.","contributorId":49393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26165,"text":"wri954234 - 1995 - Streamflow, ground-water recharge and discharge, and characteristics of surficial deposits in Buzzards Bay basin, southeastern Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:31","indexId":"wri954234","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4234","title":"Streamflow, ground-water recharge and discharge, and characteristics of surficial deposits in Buzzards Bay basin, southeastern Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Streamflows exceeded between 50 and 99 percent of the time during water years 1967-91 were estimated for 14 low-flow partial-record stations and two discontinued streamflow-gaging stations in Buzzards Bay Basin, Massachusetts. At low flows, stream discharge per unit area for subbasins underlain primarily by stratified-drift deposits was several times greater than for subbasins underlain primarily by till and bedrock deposits. Streamflow measured three times at the Paskamanset River showed that streamflows downstream of municipal pumping wells were affected by ground-water pumpage near the river. Mean ground-water recharge rates were estimated to be 19.7 to 22.6 and 23.8 to 25.2 inches per year for basins underlain primarily by till and bedrock deposits and stratified drift deposits, respectively. Annual ground-water recharge during drought years can be less than one-half of the mean ground-water recharge rate for water years 1967-91. Ground-water discharge rates generally were estimated to be 1 to 4 inches per year less than ground-water recharge rates. Thus, ground-water discharge rates could be used as a low estimate of ground-water recharge rates. From the 50 to 99 percent flow duration, ground-water discharges averaged 85.7 percent of the total streamflow at six nearby streamflow-gaging stations. Ground-water discharges were estimated at the 16 stations in the basin by multiplying estimated streamflows at the selected flow durations from 50- to 99-percent for water years 1967-91 by 85.7 percent. Based on new well-log and seismic-refraction survey data, a few minor corrections were determined in existing saturated thickness maps for stratified-drift deposits in basin.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954234","usgsCitation":"Bent, G.C., 1995, Streamflow, ground-water recharge and discharge, and characteristics of surficial deposits in Buzzards Bay basin, southeastern Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4234, v, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954234.","productDescription":"v, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2085,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954234","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123928,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_95_4234.gif"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abac6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bent, Gardner C. 0000-0002-5085-3146 gbent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5085-3146","contributorId":1864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bent","given":"Gardner","email":"gbent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":6859,"text":"fs18895 - 1995 - Flood of 1993—Mississippi River near the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial (Arch), St. Louis, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-18T15:35:23","indexId":"fs18895","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"188-95","displayTitle":"Flood of 1993—Mississippi River near the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial (Arch), St. Louis, Missouri","title":"Flood of 1993—Mississippi River near the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial (Arch), St. Louis, Missouri","docAbstract":"<p>River-flow data have been collected on the Mississippi River at St. Louis near the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial (Arch) since 1861. Water at this location is excess river flow from 13 States and part of Canada (drainage area of about 697,000 square miles). Many disaster conditions, including floods and droughts, have affected this area; however, the flood of 1993 will be remembered not only for its intensity and duration, but as the largest flood in 150 years in the area.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs18895","usgsCitation":"Southard, R.E., and Smith, B.J., 1995, Flood of 1993—Mississippi River near the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial (Arch), St. Louis, Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 188-95, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs18895.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":34176,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0188/fs19950188.pdf","text":"Report","size":"754 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 1995–0188"},{"id":117939,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0188/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"<p>Director, <a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/cm-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/cm-water\">Central Midwest Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>1400 Independence Road<br>Rolla, MO 65401</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Introduction</li><li>Flood of 1993</li><li>References</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5ef02b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Southard, Rodney E. 0000-0001-8024-9698 southard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8024-9698","contributorId":3880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Southard","given":"Rodney","email":"southard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":153464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Brenda J.","contributorId":61421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Brenda","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":6844,"text":"fs23195 - 1995 - Water-quality assessment in the Trinity River Basin, Texas: Nutrient concentrations in streams winter and spring 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-02T15:29:54.815813","indexId":"fs23195","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"231-95","title":"Water-quality assessment in the Trinity River Basin, Texas: Nutrient concentrations in streams winter and spring 1994","docAbstract":"<p>A consistent, basin-wide set of data for streams in the Trinity River Basin is a necessary baseline to compare current conditions with historical data and to provide a reference for future studies. In addition, the basin-wide surveys begin the process of addressing the cause-effect relations for water quality in the basin. Effects of land use, geology, vegetation, soils, and reservoirs on water quality were considered in selection of sites. Seasonal differences were addressed by conducting two surveys, the first during the winter low-flow period and the second during the late spring high-flow period.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs23195","usgsCitation":"Shipp, A.A., 1995, Water-quality assessment in the Trinity River Basin, Texas: Nutrient concentrations in streams winter and spring 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 231-95, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs23195.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":49157,"text":"Rocky Mountain Regional Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":34170,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0231/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"986.24 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":125338,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0231/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Trinity River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -98.72314453125,\n              33.60546961227188\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.118896484375,\n              33.52307880890422\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.503662109375,\n              33.52307880890422\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.96533203125,\n              33.394759218577995\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.45996093749999,\n              33.23868752757414\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.888671875,\n              32.657875736955305\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.372314453125,\n              32.30570601389429\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.910888671875,\n              31.70947636001935\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.58129882812499,\n              30.996445897426373\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.306640625,\n              30.32547125932808\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.306640625,\n              29.983486718474694\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.4384765625,\n              29.77391386999227\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.833984375,\n              29.66896252599253\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20751953125,\n              29.563901551414443\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.701904296875,\n              29.592565403314087\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.888671875,\n              29.945415337104453\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.229248046875,\n              30.477082932837682\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.624755859375,\n              31.12819929911196\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.9873046875,\n              31.409912194070973\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.49267578125,\n              31.90554145590038\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.02001953125,\n              32.12910537866886\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.5693359375,\n              32.33355894864106\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.89892578125,\n              32.7872745269555\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.975830078125,\n              33.19273094190692\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.82202148437499,\n              33.54139466898275\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.72314453125,\n              33.60546961227188\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7220","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shipp, Allison A. 0000-0003-2927-8893 aashipp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2927-8893","contributorId":338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shipp","given":"Allison","email":"aashipp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":49157,"text":"Rocky Mountain Regional Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26733,"text":"wri944253 - 1995 - Geochemistry of ground water in the Gallup, Dakota, and Morrison aquifers, San Juan Basin, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:37","indexId":"wri944253","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4253","title":"Geochemistry of ground water in the Gallup, Dakota, and Morrison aquifers, San Juan Basin, New Mexico","docAbstract":"Ground water was sampled from wells completed in the Gallup,\r\nDakota, and Morrison aquifers in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico,\r\nto examine controls on solute concentrations. Samples were \r\ncollected from 38 wells primarily from the Morrison aquifer (25 \r\nwells) in the northwestern part of the basin. A series of samples\r\nwas collected along ground-water flow paths; dissolved \r\nconstituents varied horizontally and vertically.\r\n\r\n     The understanding of the flow system changed as a result of\r\nthe geochemical analyses. The conceptual model of the flow system in\r\nthe Morrison aquifer prior to the study reported here assumed the\r\nWestwater Canyon Member of the Morrison aquifer as the only \r\nsignificant regional aquifer; flow was assumed to be two \r\ndimensional; and vertical leakage was assumed to be negligible.\r\nThe geochemical results indicate that the Westwater Canyon Member\r\nis not the only major water-yielding zone and that the flow\r\nsystem is three dimensional. The data presented in this report \r\nsuggest an upward component of flow into the Morrison aquifer. The \r\nentire section above and below the Morrison aquifer appears to be \r\ncontrolled by a three-dimensional flow regime where saline brine\r\nleaks near the San Juan River discharge area.\r\n\r\n     Predominant ions in the Gallup aquifer were calcium\r\nbicarbonate in recharge areas and sodium sulfate in discharge areas.  \r\nIn the Dakota aquifer, predominant ions were sodium bicarbonate and\r\nsodium sulfate. Water in the Morrison aquifer was predominantly sodium \r\nbicarbonate in the recharge area, changing to sodium sulfate \r\ndowngradient.\r\n\r\n     Chemical and radioisotopic data indicate that water from \r\noverlying and underlying units mixes with recharge water in the \r\nMorrison aquifer. Recharge water contained a large ratio of \r\nchlorine-36 to chlorine and a small ratio of bromide to chloride.\r\nApproximately 10 miles downgradient, samples from four wells \r\ncompleted in the Morrison aquifer were considerably different in\r\ncomposition compared to recharge samples. Oxygen stable isotopes\r\ndecreased by 2.8 per mil and deuterium decreased 26 per mil, \r\nrelative to recharge. Carbon-14 radioisotope activities were not\r\ndetectable. Chloride-36 radioisotope ratios were small and\r\nbromide to chloride concentration ratios were large. These results\r\nsuggest two potentially viable processes: ion filtration or trapping of\r\nancient dilute water recharged under a humid climate. For water\r\nsamples near the San Juan River, pH decreased to about 8.0, \r\nchloride concentrations increased to more than 100 milligrams per\r\nliter, and ratios of chlorine-36 to chlorine and bromide to \r\nchloride were small. Leakage of deep basin brine into the fresher\r\nwater of the Morrison aquifer appears to control ion concentrations.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, [Water Resources Division, New Mexico District] ;\r\nCan be purchased from U.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri944253","usgsCitation":"Dam, W.L., 1995, Geochemistry of ground water in the Gallup, Dakota, and Morrison aquifers, San Juan Basin, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4253, vii, 76 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944253.","productDescription":"vii, 76 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125156,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4253/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55609,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4253/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6aaeb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dam, W. L.","contributorId":100890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dam","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27410,"text":"wri944110 - 1995 - Water levels in the Calumet aquifer and their relation to surface-water levels in northern Lake County, Indiana, 1985-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-24T10:55:16","indexId":"wri944110","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4110","title":"Water levels in the Calumet aquifer and their relation to surface-water levels in northern Lake County, Indiana, 1985-92","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey made 2,328 water-level measurements at a total of 96 ground-water and surface-water sites in northern Lake County, Indiana, from August 1985 through September 1992. This report lists and summarizes the significance of the measurements. Northern Lake County is on the southern shore of Lake Michigan and includes the cities of East Chicago, Gary, Hammond, and Whiting. The study area is underlain by the unconfined Calumet aquifer and receives about 36 inches of precipitation per year.</p>\n<p>The U.S. Geological Survey investigated ground-water levels and flow in the Calumet aquifer and the effect of Lake Michigan levels on ground-water and surface-water levels throughout the study area. Summary statistics of the water-level data were computed for each site.</p>\n<p>Ground-water levels annually reach a maximum in June or July and a minimum in September or October. Measured groundwater fluctuations in the Calumet aquifer during the study period ranged from 0.40 to 5.01 feet, and the mean ground-water fluctuation was about 2.3 feet The largest surface-water fluctuations were affected by record setting Lake Michigan levels. Midmonth daily averages for the data-collection period show that Lake Michigan fluctuated 4.14 feet Water-level fluctuations on the Grand Calumet River were from 1.06 to 2.45 feet.</p>\n<p>Analysis of water-level data indicates that the 1988 drought did not substantially affect water levels in the Calumet aquifer, but the deficit in precipitation reversed vertical flow gradients in ground water at three paired deep and shallow wells. High water levels in Lake Michigan during 1985-87 created long-term backwater effects on the Grand Calumet River as far as 11.0 miles upstream from Lake Michigan.</p>\n<p>Analysis of water-level data from the data-collection network indicates that the water table normally slopes toward streams, ditches, sewers, the Indiana Harbor Canal, and Lake Michigan. The slope of the water table toward the Grand Calumet River is greatest in the winter and can decrease to being almost horizontal in the summer. Wells near streams respond quickly to nearby surface-water-level changes. Water-table maps indicate that sewers and dewatering systems are lowering ground-water levels in large areas. Ditches, the Grand Calumet River, and the Indiana Harbor Canal connect the Lake Michigan water level to large parts of the study area. The surface-water stage in the Indiana Harbor Canal, which functions as a ditch, can equal Lake Michigan's stage up to 3.75 miles inland from the lakeshore. Human activity, the stage of Lake Michigan, and the storage capacity of the Calumet aquifer combine to reduce vertical changes in the water table in the study area.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri944110","collaboration":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management","usgsCitation":"Greeman, T.K., 1995, Water levels in the Calumet aquifer and their relation to surface-water levels in northern Lake County, Indiana, 1985-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4110, v, 61 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944110.","productDescription":"v, 61 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"61","numberOfPages":"67","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158683,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4110/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56269,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4110/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Lake","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-87.2223,41.6248],[-87.2222,41.6152],[-87.2221,41.6039],[-87.2218,41.5698],[-87.22,41.4632],[-87.2198,41.3747],[-87.2196,41.3601],[-87.22,41.3388],[-87.2198,41.3188],[-87.2197,41.3043],[-87.2189,41.2893],[-87.2187,41.2744],[-87.2193,41.2671],[-87.219,41.2426],[-87.2184,41.2417],[-87.2263,41.2353],[-87.2762,41.2187],[-87.2859,41.2154],[-87.3241,41.1862],[-87.3313,41.1829],[-87.3405,41.1824],[-87.3448,41.1824],[-87.38,41.1726],[-87.394,41.1625],[-87.4,41.1625],[-87.4055,41.1625],[-87.4147,41.1619],[-87.4411,41.1731],[-87.4466,41.174],[-87.4484,41.1744],[-87.4587,41.1702],[-87.4801,41.1701],[-87.5263,41.1661],[-87.5261,41.267],[-87.5265,41.2983],[-87.527,41.4086],[-87.5265,41.4712],[-87.5255,41.5516],[-87.5239,41.6941],[-87.524,41.7135],[-87.5234,41.7131],[-87.5134,41.7054],[-87.5158,41.7027],[-87.5133,41.7004],[-87.4997,41.6914],[-87.4922,41.6865],[-87.4848,41.6843],[-87.4829,41.6811],[-87.4768,41.6789],[-87.4712,41.6753],[-87.4613,41.6718],[-87.4503,41.6741],[-87.4397,41.6647],[-87.436,41.6656],[-87.4355,41.6729],[-87.4245,41.6802],[-87.4177,41.6753],[-87.4396,41.6565],[-87.4228,41.6439],[-87.4167,41.6439],[-87.4099,41.644],[-87.4087,41.644],[-87.4044,41.6413],[-87.392,41.6382],[-87.3748,41.6329],[-87.3711,41.6315],[-87.3538,41.6285],[-87.3384,41.6259],[-87.3274,41.6259],[-87.3218,41.6219],[-87.315,41.6201],[-87.3101,41.6201],[-87.3058,41.6202],[-87.3003,41.6202],[-87.296,41.6198],[-87.2831,41.6203],[-87.2702,41.6208],[-87.2223,41.6248]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Lake\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9d21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greeman, Theodore K.","contributorId":30655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeman","given":"Theodore","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24043,"text":"ofr95298 - 1995 - Base-flow characteristics of streams in the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont physiographic provinces of Virginia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":24043,"text":"ofr95298 - 1995 - Base-flow characteristics of streams in the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont physiographic provinces of Virginia","indexId":"ofr95298","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Base-flow characteristics of streams in the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont physiographic provinces of Virginia"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2374,"text":"wsp2457 - 1997 - Base-flow characteristics of streams in the Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont physiographic provinces of Virginia","indexId":"wsp2457","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Base-flow characteristics of streams in the Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont physiographic provinces of Virginia"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2374,"text":"wsp2457 - 1997 - Base-flow characteristics of streams in the Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont physiographic provinces of Virginia","indexId":"wsp2457","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Base-flow characteristics of streams in the Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont physiographic provinces of Virginia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-04T20:45:59.70411","indexId":"ofr95298","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-298","title":"Base-flow characteristics of streams in the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont physiographic provinces of Virginia","docAbstract":"<p>Growth within the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont Physiographic Provinces of Virginia has focused concern about allocation of surface-water flow and increased demands on the ground-water resources. The purpose of this report is to (1) describe the base-flow characteristics of streams, (2) identify regional differences in these flow characteristics, and (3) describe, if possible, the potential surface-water and ground-water yields of basins on the basis of the base-flow characteristics. </p><p>Base-flow characteristics are presented for streams in the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont Physiographic Provinces of Virginia. The provinces are separated into five regions: (1) Valley and Ridge, (2) Blue Ridge, (3) Piedmont/Blue Ridge transition, (4) Piedmont northern, and (5) Piedmont southern. Different flow statistics, which represent streamflows predominantly comprised of base flow, were determined for 217 continuous-record streamflow-gaging stations from historical mean daily discharge and for 192 partial-record streamflow-gaging stations by means of correlation of discharge measurements. Variability of base flow is represented by a duration ratio developed during this investigation. Effective recharge rates were also calculated. </p><p>Median values for the different flow statistics range from 0.05 cubic foot per second per square mile for the 90-percent discharge on the streamflow-duration curve to 0.61 cubic foot per second per square mile for mean base flow. An excellent estimator of mean base flow for the Piedmont/Blue Ridge transition region and Piedmont southern region is the 50-percent discharge on the streamflow-duration curve, but tends to underestimate mean base flow for the remaining regions. The base-flow variability index ranges from 0.07 to 2.27, with a median value of 0.55. Effective recharge rates range from 0.07 to 33.07 inches per year, with a median value of 8.32 inches per year. </p><p>Differences in the base-flow characteristics exist between regions. The median discharges for the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont/Blue Ridge transition regions are higher than those for the Piedmont regions. Results from statistical analysis indicate that the regions can be ranked in terms of base-flow characteristics from highest to lowest as follows: (1) Piedmont/Blue Ridge transition, (2) Valley and Ridge and Blue Ridge, (3) Piedmont southern, and (4) Piedmont northern. The flow statistics are consistently higher and the values for base-flow variability are lower for basins within the Piedmont/Blue Ridge transition region relative to those from the other regions, whereas the basins within the Piedmont northern region show the opposite pattern. The group rankings of the base-flow characteristics were used to designate the potential surface-water yield for the regions. In addition, an approach developed for this investigation assigns a rank for potential surface-water yield to a basin according to the quartiles in which the values for the base-flow characteristics are located. Both procedures indicate that the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont/Blue Ridge transition regions have moderate-to-high potential surface-water yield and the Piedmont regions have low-to-moderate potential surface-water yield. </p><p>In order to indicate potential ground-water yield from base-flow characteristics, aquifer properties for 51 streamflow-gaging stations with continuous record of streamflow data were determined by methods that use streamflow records and basin characteristics. Areal diffusivity ranges from 17,100 to 88,400 feet squared per day, with a median value of 38,400 feet squared per day. Areal transmissivity ranges from 63 to 830 feet squared per day, with a median value of 270 feet squared per day. Storage coefficients, which were estimated by dividing areal transmissivity by areal diffusivity, range from approximately 0.001 to 0.019 (dimensionless), with a median value of 0.007.&nbsp;</p><p><span>The median value for areal diffusivity </span><span>decreases as potential surface-water yield of the </span><span>basins increases. The ranking of areal diffusivity </span><span>does not correspond with the ranking of poten</span><span>tial surface-water yield for either the regions or </span><span>the basins. Areal transmissivity generally </span><span>increases as storage coefficient increases; how</span><span>ever, basins with low potential surface-water </span><span>yield generally have high values of areal trans</span><span>missivity associated with low values of storage </span><span>coefficient over a narrow range relative to those </span><span>from basins designated as having moderate-to-</span><span>high potential surface-water yield. Although the </span><span>basins with high potential surface-water yield </span><span>tend to have comparatively lower values for </span><span>areal transmissivity, storage coefficients gener</span><span>ally are large when compared to those from </span><span>basins with similar values of areal transmissivity </span><span>but different potential surface-water yield.</span></p><p><span>Aquifer properties were grouped by potential surface-water yield and were related to hydrogeologic units categorized by large, medium, and small well yields for the Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province and for the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Physiographic Provinces. Generally, no trend is evident between areal diffusivity and the hydrogeologic units. Some of the high val-ues of areal diffusivity are associated with basins predominantly underlain by hydrogeologic units with small well yields, especially basins with a low potential surface-water yield. Areal transmissivity and storage coefficient tend to decrease, which is the expected trend, as more of the basin is underlain by the hydrogeologic unit with small well yields in the Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province. A similar trend is indi-cated for the hydrogeologic unit with medium well yields in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Physiographic Provinces. Areal transmissivity and storage coefficient tend to increase, which is not the expected trend, as more of the basin is underlain by the hydrogeologic unit with small well yields in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Physiographic Provinces. The base-flow characteristics of a basin may provide a relative indication of the potential ground-water yield; but other factors need to be considered, such as geologic structure, lithology, precipitation, relief, and the degree of hydraulic interconnection between the regolith and bedrock. </span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr95298","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Nelms, D., Harlow, G., and Hayes, D.C., 1995, Base-flow characteristics of streams in the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont physiographic provinces of Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-298, Report: iv, 52 p.; 1 Plate: 34.23 x 23.27 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95298.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 52 p.; 1 Plate: 34.23 x 23.27 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Jr.","contributorId":68776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harlow","given":"G.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayes, Donald C.","contributorId":14000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":23884,"text":"ofr95426 - 1995 - Potential hazards from flood in part of the Chalone Creek and Bear Valley drainage basins, Pinnacles National Monument, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:07","indexId":"ofr95426","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-426","title":"Potential hazards from flood in part of the Chalone Creek and Bear Valley drainage basins, Pinnacles National Monument, California","docAbstract":"Areas of Chalone Creek and Bear Valley drainage basins in Pinnacles National Monument, California, are subject to frontal storms that can cause major flooding from November to April in areas designated for public use. To enhance visitor safety and to protect cultural and natural resources, the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the National Park Service studied flood-hazard potentials within the boundaries of the Pinnacles National Monument. This study area extends from about a quarter of a mile north of Chalone Creek Campground to the mouth of Bear Valley and from the east monument entrance to Chalone Creek. Historical data of precipitation and floodflow within the monument area are sparse to nonexistent, therefore, U.S. Soil Conservation Service unit-hydrograph procedures were used to determine the magnitude of a 100-year flood. Because of a lack of specific storm-rainfall data, a simulated storm was applied to the basins using a digital-computer model developed by the Soil Conservation Service. A graphical relation was used to define the regionally based maximum flood for Chalone Creek and Bear Valley. Water-surface elevations and inundation areas were determined using a conventional step-backwater program. Flood-zone boundaries were derived from the computed water-surface elevations. The 100-year flood plain for both streams would be inundated at all points by the regional maximum flood. Most of the buildings and proposed building sites in the monument area are above the elevation of the 100-year flood, except the proposed building sites near the horse corral and the east monument entrance. The 100-year flood may cause reverse flow through a 12-inch culvert embedded in the embankment of Old Pinnacles Campground Road in the center of Chalone Creek Campground. The likelihood of this occurring is dependant upon the amount of aggradation that occurs upstream; therefore, the campground area also is considered to be within the 100-year flood zone.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95426","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Meyer, R.W., 1995, Potential hazards from flood in part of the Chalone Creek and Bear Valley drainage basins, Pinnacles National Monument, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-426, iv, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95426.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156539,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0426/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":19487,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0426/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19488,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0426/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db6832d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, Robert W.","contributorId":69601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26008,"text":"wri924192 - 1995 - Geohydrology and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the middle Merrimack River basin, south-central New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:24","indexId":"wri924192","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4192","title":"Geohydrology and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the middle Merrimack River basin, south-central New Hampshire","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the State of New Hampshire, Department of Environmental Services, Water Resources Division has assessed the geohydrology and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the middle Merrimack River basin in south-central New Hampshire. The middle Merrimack River basin drains 469 square miles; 98 square miles is underlain by stratified-drift aquifers. Saturated thickness of stratified drift within the study area is generally less than 40 feet but locally greater than 100 feet. Transmissivity of stratified-drift aquifers is generally less than 2,000 feet squared per day but locally exceeds 6, 000 feet squared per day. At present (1990), ground-water withdrawals from stratified drift for public supply are about 0.4 million gallons per day within the basin. Many of the stratified-drift aquifers within the study area are not developed to their fullest potential. The geohydrology of stratified-drift aquifers was investigated by focusing on basic aquifer properties, including aquifer boundaries; recharge, discharge, and direction of ground-water flow; saturated thickness and storage; and transmissivity. Surficial geologic mapping assisted in the determination of aquifer boundaries. Data from 757 wells and test borings were used to produce maps of water-table altitude, saturated thickness, and transmissivity of stratified drift. More than 10 miles of seismic-refraction profiling and 14 miles of seismic-reflection profiling were also used to construct the water table and saturated-thickness maps. Stratified-drift aquifers in the southern, western, and central parts of the study area are typically small and discontinuous, whereas aquifers in the eastern part along the Merrimack River valley are continuous. The Merrimack River valley aquifers formed in glacial Lakes Merrimack and Hooksett. Many other smaller discontinuous aquifers formed in small temporary ponds during deglaciation. A stratified-drift aquifer in Goffstown was analyzed for aquifer yield by use of a two-dimensional, finite-difference ground-water-flow model. Yield of the Goffstown aquifer was estimated to be 2.5 million gallons per day. Sensitivity analysis showed that the estimate of aquifer yield was most sensitive to changes in hydraulic conductivity. The amount of water induced into the aquifer from the Piscataquog River was most affected by changes in estimates of streambed conductance. Results of analysis of water samples from 10 test wells indicate that, with some exceptions, water in the stratified-drift aquifers generally meets U.S. Environmental Protection Agency primary and secondary drinking-water regulations. Water from two wells had elevated sodium concentrations, waterfront two wells had elevated concentrations of dissolved iron, and waterfront seven wells had elevated concentrations of manganese. Known areas of contamination were avoided during water-quality sampling.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924192","usgsCitation":"Ayotte, J., and Toppin, K.W., 1995, Geohydrology and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the middle Merrimack River basin, south-central New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4192, 1 v. (various pagings) :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.;  PGS - 149 p., 4 over-size sheets, scale 1:24,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924192.","productDescription":"1 v. (various pagings) :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.;  PGS - 149 p., 4 over-size sheets, scale 1:24,000","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2007,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri924192/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123655,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_92_4192.jpg"},{"id":54767,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4192/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54768,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4192/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54769,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4192/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54770,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4192/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54771,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4192/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54772,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4192/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54773,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4192/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54774,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4192/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8b8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayotte, Joseph D. jayotte@usgs.gov","contributorId":1802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayotte","given":"Joseph D.","email":"jayotte@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Toppin, Kenneth W. ktoppin@usgs.gov","contributorId":3753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toppin","given":"Kenneth","email":"ktoppin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29531,"text":"wri934135 - 1995 - Hydrology of Laguna Joyuda, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:57","indexId":"wri934135","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4135","title":"Hydrology of Laguna Joyuda, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"A study was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey to define the hydraulic and hydrologic characteristics of the Laguna Joyuda system (in southwestern Puerto Rico) and to determine the water budget of the lagoon. This shallow-water lagoon is connected to the sea by a single canal. Rainfall and evaporation, surface-water, groundwater, and tidal-flow data were collected from December 1, 1985, to April 30, 1988. A conceptual hydrologic model of the lagoon was developed and discharge measurements and modeling were undertaken to quantify the different flow components. The water balance during the 29-month study period was determined by measuring and estimating the different hydrologic components: 4.14 million cubic meters rainfall; 5.38 million cubic meters evaporation; 1.1 8 million cubic meters surface water; and 0.34 million cubic meters ground water. A total of 18.9 million cubic meters ebb flow (tidal outflow) was discharged from the lagoon and 14.4 million cubic meters flood flow (tidal inflow) entered through the canal during the study. Seawater inflow accounted for 71 percent of the water into the lagoon. The storage volume of the lagoon was about 1.55 million cubic meters. The lagoon's hydrologic-budget residual was 4.22 million cubic meters, whereas the sum of the estimated errors for the different hydrologic components amounted to 4.51 million cubic meters. Average flushing rate for the lagoon was estimated at 72 days. During the study, the specific conductance of the lagoon water ranged from 32,000 to 52,000 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius, whereas the specific conductance of local seawater is about 45,000 to 55,000 microsiemens.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934135","usgsCitation":"Santiago-Rivera, L., and Quinones-Aponte, V., 1995, Hydrology of Laguna Joyuda, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4135, v, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934135.","productDescription":"v, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119418,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4135/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58368,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4135/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a28ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Santiago-Rivera, Luis","contributorId":83888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santiago-Rivera","given":"Luis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quinones-Aponte, Vicente","contributorId":48552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones-Aponte","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30281,"text":"wri944086 - 1995 - Water-quality assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas— Analysis of available information on nutrients and suspended sediment, 1974-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-03T21:54:20.971195","indexId":"wri944086","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4086","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas— Analysis of available information on nutrients and suspended sediment, 1974-91","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey is conducting an assessment of water quality in the Trinity River Basin as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. During the planning phase of this study, existing information on nutrients and suspended sediment was compiled and analyzed. A total of about 5,700 water-quality samples were analyzed from local, State, and Federal agencies. Of these, about 4,200 were from streams and about 1,500 were from wells. Additionally, atmospheric deposition data for two locations were obtained and analyzed.</p>\n<p>Spatial variations in nutrient concentrations in streams are related primarily to point sources and reservoirs. Median total nitrogen concentrations downstream from major point sources, downstream from reservoirs, and on tributaries were 6.0, 1.3, and 2.4 milligrams per liter, respectively. Median total phosphorus concentrations for the same three settings were 1.6, O. 1, and 0.2 milligrams per liter, respectively. The largest concentrations occurred at low flow downstream from Dallas, Texas, when streamflow dominated by treated wastewater from point sources. The smallest concentrations occurred immediately downstream from reservoirs, which act as sinks for nutrients. Nutrient concentrations in agricultural areas were positively correlated to percent of drainage in agricultural land use and to discharge, indicating washoff of nutrients from nonpoint sources during storms.</p>\n<p>As with concentrations, nutrient loads were related to the presence of point sources and reservoirs. Loads increased substantially in the Dallas-Fort Worth area with the addition of nutrients from point sources; loads decreased substantially as flow passed through Livingston Reservoir.</p>\n<p>Concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus did not change significantly, at the 95 percent confidence level, from 1974 to 1991 at most sites. The exception was a decrease in phosphorus concentrations at two sites downstream from major wastewater-treatment plants in the Dallas area. Concentrations of organic nitrogen and ammonia declined and concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate increased at sites below major wastewater-treatment plants. These changes are indicative of improvements in wastewater treatment that converts organic nitrogen and ammonia to nitrite and finally nitrate. Because nitrogen conversion reactions consume oxygen, the occurrence of these reactions at the treatment plants instead of in the streams resulted in reduced loading of biochemical oxygen demand to the streams.</p>\n<p>The only nutrient measured in ground water was nitrate. Nitrate concentrations varied by aquifer with the largest median concentrations in the Queen City and Nacatoch aquifers. There was a significant rank correlation between nitrate concentrations and depth of well for all seven aquifer groups sampled, with largest concentrations present in shallow wells. The large concentrations could result from nonpoint sources of nitrate associated with agricultural and urban land use; however, attempts to correlate nitrogen fertilizer application rates and agricultural land use to concentrations of nitrate in ground water were inconclusive.</p>\n<p>Only limited suspended-sediment data were available. Four sites had daily sediment-discharge records for three or more water years (October 1 to September 30) between 1974 and 1985. An additional three sites had periodic measurements of suspended-sediment concentrations. There are differences in concentrations and yields among sites; however, the limited amount of data precludes developing statistical or cause-and-effect relations with environmental factors such as land use, soil, and geology. Data are sufficient, and the relation is pronounced enough, to indicate trapping of suspended sediment by Livingston Reservoir.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri944086","usgsCitation":"Van Metre, P., and Reutter, D., 1995, Water-quality assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas— Analysis of available information on nutrients and suspended sediment, 1974-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4086, vii, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944086.","productDescription":"vii, 71 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":391369,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48194.htm"},{"id":59070,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4086/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4086/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Trinity River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -98,\n              29.6667\n            ],\n            [\n              -94,\n              29.6667\n            ],\n            [\n              -94,\n              33.7283\n            ],\n            [\n              -98,\n              33.7283\n            ],\n            [\n              -98,\n              29.6667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd010","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Metre, Peter C.","contributorId":34104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Metre","given":"Peter C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reutter, David C. dreutter@usgs.gov","contributorId":5441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reutter","given":"David C.","email":"dreutter@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30564,"text":"wri924157 - 1995 - Computation of bedrock-aquifer recharge in northern Westchester County, New York, and chemical quality of water from selected bedrock wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:59","indexId":"wri924157","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4157","title":"Computation of bedrock-aquifer recharge in northern Westchester County, New York, and chemical quality of water from selected bedrock wells","docAbstract":"An empirical technique was used to calculate the recharge to bedrock aquifers in northern Westchester County. This method requires delineation of ground-water divides within the aquifer area and values for (1) the extent of till and exposed bedrock within the aquifer area, and (2) mean annual runoff. This report contains maps and data needed for calculation of recharge in any given area within the 165square-mile study area. Recharge was computed by this technique for a 93-square-mile part of the study area and used a ground-water-flow model to evaluate the reliability of the method. A two-layer, steady-state model of the selected area was calibrated. The area consists predominantly of bedrock overlain by small localized deposits of till and stratified drill Ground-water-level and streamflow data collected in mid-November 1987 were used for model calibration. The data set approximates average annual conditions. The model was calibrated from (1) estimates of recharge as computed through the empirical technique, and (2) a range of values for hydrologic properties derived from aquifer tests and published literature. Recharge values used for model simulation appear to be reasonable for average steady-state conditions.  Water-quality data were collected from 53 selected bedrock wells throughout northern Westchester County to define the background ground-water quality. The constituents and properties for which samples were analyzed included major cations and anions, temperature, pH, specific conductance, and hardness. Results indicate little difference in water quality among the bedrock aquifers within the study area. Ground water is mainly the calcium-bicarbonate type and is moderately hard. Average concentrations of sodium, sulfate, chloride, nitrate, iron, and manganese were within acceptable limits established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for domestic water supply.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Books and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924157","usgsCitation":"Wolcott, S.W., and Snow, R.F., 1995, Computation of bedrock-aquifer recharge in northern Westchester County, New York, and chemical quality of water from selected bedrock wells: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4157, viii, 57 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924157.","productDescription":"viii, 57 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123666,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4157/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59329,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4157/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d51d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolcott, Stephen W.","contributorId":93458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolcott","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snow, Robert F.","contributorId":87180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snow","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":24482,"text":"ofr95367 - 1995 - Hydrologic data and description of a hydrologic monitoring plan for the Borax Lake area, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T09:55:46","indexId":"ofr95367","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-367","title":"Hydrologic data and description of a hydrologic monitoring plan for the Borax Lake area, Oregon","docAbstract":"<p>Borax Lake is located in southeastern Oregon, within the Alvord Valley Known Geothermal Resource Area. Borax Lake is a large hot spring; there are more than 50 smaller hot springs within about one-half mile to the north of the lake. Several geothermal exploration wells have been drilled near Borax Lake, and there is concern that development of the geothermal resources could affect the lake and nearby hot springs. A factor to consider in developing the resource is that the Borax Lake chub is an endangered species of fish that is found exclusively in Borax Lake.</p>\n<p>This study was designed to collect basic hydrologic data to develop a long-term monitoring plan. Baseline data, collected before geothermal production wells are used extensively, will provide an understanding of natural trends and will help identify change caused by development.</p>\n<p>Basic data collected during reconnaissance field visits to the area included spring temperatures, specific conductances, and discharge; field measurements in wells included water-level measurements and temperature, specific conductance, and discharge measurements in flowing wells. The study of the Borax Lake area included depth and temperature measurements in the vent area of the lake, point velocity measurements, underwater video photography, and an evaluation of methods to measure discharge from the lake. Water-quality samples were collected at Borax Lake, one hot spring, and one flowing well.</p>\n<p>Information from field visits was used to develop a monitoring plan. The plan would include monitoring Borax Lake by measuring discharge, stage, evaporation, temperature, and specific conductance; water-quality sampling and analysis; and monitoring shallow ground-water levels near Borax Lake using shallow piezometers. Minimally, one hot spring in North Borax Lake Spring Group 1 would be monitored for temperature and specific conductance and sampled for water-quality analysis. In addition, two flowing wells would be monitored for water levels, temperature, specific conductance, and discharge and sampled for water-quality analysis. The construction characteristics of these wells must be verified before long-term data collection begins. In the future, it may be helpful to monitor shallow and (or) deep observation wells drilled into the thermal aquifer to understand the possible effects of geothermal development on Borax Lake and nearby springs.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/ofr95367","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bonneville Power Administration","usgsCitation":"Schneider, T.R., and McFarland, W.D., 1995, Hydrologic data and description of a hydrologic monitoring plan for the Borax Lake area, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-367, vi, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95367.","productDescription":"vi, 24 p.","numberOfPages":"31","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156515,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0367/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53550,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0367/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"416.33 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Borax Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.62419128417969,\n              42.24834342196849\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.62419128417969,\n              42.58190526622942\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.30627441406249,\n              42.58190526622942\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.30627441406249,\n              42.24834342196849\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.62419128417969,\n              42.24834342196849\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fb22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schneider, Tiffany Rae","contributorId":52610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Tiffany","email":"","middleInitial":"Rae","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McFarland, William D.","contributorId":18738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McFarland","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26121,"text":"wri954041 - 1995 - Use of surface and borehole geophysics to delineate the glacial-drift stratigraphy of northeastern St. Joseph County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:29","indexId":"wri954041","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4041","title":"Use of surface and borehole geophysics to delineate the glacial-drift stratigraphy of northeastern St. Joseph County, Indiana","docAbstract":"Inverse models of direct current electrical- resistivity sounding data and normal-resistivity and natural-gamma logs were used to assist delineation of the glacial-drift stratigraphy in a 580-square- kilometer area of northeastern St. Joseph County, Indiana. Unconsolidated deposits in the study area are composed of glacial-drift, including outwash, till, and lacustrine sediments; thicknesses range from about 15 to more than 70 meters. The glacial outwash deposits are mostly composed of sand and gravel and are the primary source of drinking water to northeastern St. Joseph County. The glacial till and glacio-lacustrine deposits contain a larger fraction of clay than the outwash deposits and may retard ground-water flow between shallow and deeper sand and gravel aquifers. Results of the geophysical measurements collected during this study indicate that glacial-drift deposits in the area north and east of the St. Joseph River are mostly composed of sand and gravel with inter-layered clay-rich deposits that are laterally discontinuous. In the area south of the St. Joseph River, the thickness of sand and gravel deposits diminishes, and clay-rich deposits dominate the stratigraphy. The presence of an electrically conductive bedrock, the Ellsworth Shale, beneath the glacial-drift deposits is identified in inverse models of direct current electrical-resistivity sounding data.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954041","usgsCitation":"Bayless, E.R., Westjohn, D.B., and Watson, L.R., 1995, Use of surface and borehole geophysics to delineate the glacial-drift stratigraphy of northeastern St. Joseph County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4041, iv, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954041.","productDescription":"iv, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157825,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4041/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54924,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4041/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db6920be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bayless, E. Randall 0000-0002-0357-3635","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0357-3635","contributorId":42586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayless","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Randall","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Westjohn, David B.","contributorId":84401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westjohn","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watson, Lee R.","contributorId":83545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":25533,"text":"wri954027 - 1995 - Geohydrology, water quality, and conceptual model of the hydrologic system Saco Landfill area, Saco, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-27T19:55:47.173605","indexId":"wri954027","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4027","title":"Geohydrology, water quality, and conceptual model of the hydrologic system Saco Landfill area, Saco, Maine","docAbstract":"<p>A geohydrologic study of the Saco Municipal Landfill in Saco, Maine, was done during 1993-94 to provide a preliminary interpretation of the geology and hydrology needed to guide additional studies at the landfill as part of the Superfund Program. The Saco Landfill, which was active from the early 1960's until 1986, includes three disposal areas on a 90-acre parcel. Sandy Brook, a small perennial stream, flows from north to south through the land-fill between the disposal areas. Discharge of leachate from the disposal areas to aquifers and streams has been documented since 1974. The landfill was declared a Superfund site in 1990 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Multiple lines of evidence are used in this study to indicate areas of ground-water contamination and sources of water flow in Sandy Brook. The geohydrologic system on the east side of Sandy Brook consists of an upper water-table aquifer and a lower aquifer, separated by a thick sequence of glaciomarine silt and clay. Depths to bedrock range from 60 to more than 200 ft (feet), on the basis of data from seismic-refraction studies and drilling. The upper aquifer, which is generally less than 15 ft thick, consists of fine-to medium-grained sand deposited in a shallow postglacial marine environment. The lower aquifer, which was deposited as a series of glaciomarine fans, contains two sediment types: Well-sorted sand and gravel and unsorted sediments called diamict sediments. East of Sandy Brook, the thickness of the lower aquifer ranges from 25 to 100 ft, based on drilling at the landfill. The glaciomarine silts and clays (known as the presumpscot Formation) range from 50 to more than 100 ft thick. West of Sandy Brook, the glaciomarine silt and clay is largely absent, and fractured bedrock is very close to land surface under one of the disposal areas in the northwestern part of the property. The lower aquifer is unconfined in the southwestern side of the study area; bedrock slopes towards the south, and the aquifer thickens to 100 ft at the southwestern end of the study area. Preliminary estimates of mean annual streamflow in Sandy Brook, based on a partial year of continuous record, indicate that runoff increases from approximately 2.1 ft3/s (cubic feet per second) upstream from the landfill to 2.7 ft3/s downstream from the landfill, although the drainage area down-stream is only 11 percent greater than the drainage area upstream. A water-budget estimate based on available streamflow and climatic data indicates that Sandy Brook below the landfill gains about 80 million gallons per year from sources outside the drainage-basin boundary. Possible sources include the lower aquifer north or west of the landfill area and the fractured bedrock northwest of Sandy Brook. Specific conductance of water in Sandy Brook increases downstream from the landfill. In September 1993, specific conductance was 184 liS/cm (microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius) upstream from the landfill and 496 uS/cm downstream from the landfill. Continuous monitoring of specific conductance in Sandy Brook shows that the downstream increase is less during periods of stormflow because of dilution. Electromagnetic terrain-conductivity surveys, results of ground-water chemical analyses, and changes in streamwater quality have been used to identify areas of likely ground-water contamination. The specific conductance of ground water exceeds 2,000 uS/cm in some areas near the landfills. This compares to specific conductances of less than 200 uS/cm in water from most shallow wells that are considered to represent background water quality. Ground water in the upper aquifer east of Sandy Brook and in the lower aquifer west of Sandy Brook has been affected by leachate flowing from the landfill areas. The extent of contamination in bedrock, if any, is unknown. Water levels measured in 16 wells were used to help determine the direction of ground-water flow. The electromagnetic terrain-conduct <span>surveys and stream specific-conductance data sup</span><span>port the interpretation that water in the upper aqui</span><span>fer flows radially away from the two disposal areas </span><span>east of Sandy Brook towards Sandy Brook and </span><span>other small surface-water bodies in the area. West </span><span>of Sandy Brook, ground water under the third dis</span><span>posal area moves in the lower aquifer northeast and </span><span>southeast towards Sandy Brook, where it </span><span>discharges to the stream. </span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri954027","usgsCitation":"Nielsen, M., Stone, J.R., Hansen, B.P., and Nielsen, J., 1995, Geohydrology, water quality, and conceptual model of the hydrologic system Saco Landfill area, Saco, Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4027, v, 94 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954027.","productDescription":"v, 94 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":382724,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4027/report.pdf"},{"id":157697,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4027/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","city":"Saco","otherGeospatial":"Saco Landfill area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.46356201171875,\n              43.496518702067206\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.41996002197266,\n              43.496518702067206\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.41996002197266,\n              43.50872101129684\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.46356201171875,\n              43.50872101129684\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.46356201171875,\n              43.496518702067206\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a877c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nielsen, M.G.","contributorId":103635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, J. R.","contributorId":87964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hansen, B. P.","contributorId":45332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nielsen, J.P.","contributorId":76355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":28467,"text":"wri954049 - 1995 - Hydrogeology and water quality of the Mississippi River alluvium near Muscatine, Iowa, June 1992 through June 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-25T16:45:56","indexId":"wri954049","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4049","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality of the Mississippi River alluvium near Muscatine, Iowa, June 1992 through June 1994","docAbstract":"<p>A study of the Mississippi River alluvium near Muscatine, Iowa, was conducted to evaluate ground-water flow and water quality using data collected from June 1992 through June 1994. The study area included approximately 80 square miles in parts of Muscatine and Louisa Counties in Iowa and Rock Island and Mercer Counties in Illinois.</p>\n<p>A steady-state, ground-water flow model was constructed using February 1993 hydrologic conditions. Model results indicate that drawdown in the lower alluvium caused by the pumping centers in Iowa extends beneath the Muscatine Slough in the northwest part of the study area and beneath the Mississippi River in the central and northern parts of the area. The primary sources of ground water in the alluvium are recharge from precipitation, leakage from the Mississippi River, and infiltration of upland runoff. The bedrock is not a major contributor of ground water to the alluvium.</p>\n<p>The areal distribution of selected water-quality properties and constituents in ground water results from several factors. Localized large chloride and nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen concentrations could be indicative of contamination from human activity. Specific conductance and calcium, magnesium, and sulfate concentrations are larger in ground water near the boundary between the river valley and upland area and could result from infiltration of upland runoff or lithologic differences in the alluvium. Large iron or manganese concentrations occur in the ground water near the Mississippi River and Muscatine Slough that result from microbial processes and the presence of dissolved organic carbon.</p>\n<p>Temporal variations of concentrations for selected water-quality constituents in groundwater samples attest to the dynamic nature of the ground-water system as it responds to natural and human-induced changes in water quality. Leakage from the Mississippi River affects ground-water quality in the alluvium adjacent to the river. Temporal variations in water quality of the Mississippi River can be caused by seasonally, amount of discharge, or upstream human activities.</p>\n<p>The quality of ground water induced from discrete zones of the alluvium by the pumping centers in Iowa has implications for the entire ground-water resource. The ground-water flow model calculated that 10 percent of the water that enters the zone of active pumping on the Iowa side of the Mississippi River originates from the zone west and north of Muscatine Slough, and that 5.2 percent originates from the zone on the Illinois side of the Mississippi River east of the center of the river channel.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/wri954049","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Muscatine Power and Water, Muscatine, Iowa","usgsCitation":"Lucey, K., Kuzniar, R., and Caldwell, J., 1995, Hydrogeology and water quality of the Mississippi River alluvium near Muscatine, Iowa, June 1992 through June 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4049, Report: vi, 74 p.; 1 plate: 30.39 x 40.43 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954049.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 74 p.; 1 plate: 30.39 x 40.43 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57269,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4049/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4049/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":355976,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4049/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.19270324707031,\n              41.22876543240588\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.19270324707031,\n              41.44118219439961\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.99014282226562,\n              41.44118219439961\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.99014282226562,\n              41.22876543240588\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.19270324707031,\n              41.22876543240588\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685325","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucey, K.J.","contributorId":70002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucey","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuzniar, R.L.","contributorId":44558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuzniar","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Caldwell, J.P.","contributorId":83496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":17258,"text":"ofr95161 - 1995 - Index of stations— Surface-water data-collection network of Texas, September 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-21T15:21:52.610011","indexId":"ofr95161","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-161","title":"Index of stations— Surface-water data-collection network of Texas, September 1993","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey's investigations of the water resources of Texas are conducted in cooperation with the Texas Water Development Board, river authorities, cities, counties, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Bureau of Reclamation, International Boundary and Water Commission, and others.</p>\n<p>Investigations are under the general direction of R.O. Hawkinson, District Chief, Texas District. The address of the Texas District office is 8011 Cameron Road, Austin, TX 78754.</p>\n<p>As of September 30, 1993, the surface-water data-collection network of Texas (table 1 at end of the report) included 342 continuous-recording streamflow stations (D), 36 gage-height record only stations (G), 18 crest-stage partial-record stations (C), 62 floodhydrograph partial-record stations (H), 28 low-flow partial-record stations (L), 2 continuous-recording temperature stations (Ml), 12 continuous-recording temperature and conductivity stations (M2), 5 continuous-recording temperature, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen stations (M3), 20 continuous-recording temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and pH stations (M4), 23 daily chemical-quality stations (Q), 158 periodic chemical-quality stations (Qp), 20 lake surveys for water quality (Qs), and 75 continuous or daily reservoir-content stations (R). Plate 1 shows the location of the stations listed in table 1.</p>\n<p>Table 1 shows the station number and name, latitude and longitude, type of station, and the office principally responsible for collection of the data. An 8-digit permanent numerical designation for all gaging stations has been adopted on a nationwide basis; stations are numbered and listed in downstream order. In the downstream direction along the main stem, all stations on a tributary entering between two main-stem stations are listed between them. A similar order is followed in listing stations by first rank, second rank, and other ranks of tributaries. The rank of any tributary&nbsp;with respect to the stream to which it is an immediate tributary is indicated by an indention in the table. Each indention represents one rank. This downstream order and system of indention shows which gaging stations are on tributaries between any two stations on a main stem and the rank of the tributary on which each gaging station is situated.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95161","usgsCitation":"1995, Index of stations— Surface-water data-collection network of Texas, September 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-161, Report: iii, 18 p.; Plate: 26.00 x 25.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95161.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 18 p.; Plate: 26.00 x 25.00 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":46403,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0161/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":390728,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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,{"id":27251,"text":"wri954094 - 1995 - Water-quality characteristics of streams in the Treyburn Development area of Falls Lake watershed, North Carolina, 1988-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T11:33:40","indexId":"wri954094","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4094","title":"Water-quality characteristics of streams in the Treyburn Development area of Falls Lake watershed, North Carolina, 1988-93","docAbstract":"Treyburn is a 5,400 acre planned, mixed-use community located in the Falls Lake watershed in the upper Neuse River Basin of North Carolina. From February 1988 through 1993, hydrologic-data were collected at 17 study sites in or near the Treyburn development to compare the effects of varying types of land-use development on the water-quality of streams flowing in or near the development. The collected hydrologic data included measurements of streamflow and concentrations of major dissolved constituents, nutrients, minor elements, and organic compounds. Streamflow in the study basin was approximately 40 percent lower in 1992 and 40 percent higher in 1993 than the long-term annual mean of the long-term discharge records at Flat River in Bahama. Calcium and bicarbonate were the predominant cation and anion at all study sites except one. Mean total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations at sites in the Treyburn development ranged from 0.5 to 0.8 and 0.03 to 0.10 milligrams per liter, respectively. Total aluminum, iron, and manganese were the metals most frequently detected in the 200 organic compunds analyzed. Dichloro- difluoromethane and methylene chloride were detected most often.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954094","usgsCitation":"Garrett, R.G., and Bales, J., 1995, Water-quality characteristics of streams in the Treyburn Development area of Falls Lake watershed, North Carolina, 1988-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4094, v, 79 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954094.","productDescription":"v, 79 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158648,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4094/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56117,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4094/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Falls Lake watershed, Treyburn Development area, Upper Neuse River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78.95256042480469,\n              35.9374323763197\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.95256042480469,\n              36.27029661150109\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.60580444335938,\n              36.27029661150109\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.60580444335938,\n              35.9374323763197\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.95256042480469,\n              35.9374323763197\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e6491","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garrett, R. G.","contributorId":93929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrett","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bales, J. D.","contributorId":21569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bales","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28050,"text":"wri944070 - 1995 - Statistical summaries of streamflow data for selected gaging stations in Idaho and western Wyoming through September 1990 — Volume 2: Gaging stations with 5 to 9 years of record or that measure discharge from springs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-21T21:08:28.168328","indexId":"wri944070","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4070","title":"Statistical summaries of streamflow data for selected gaging stations in Idaho and western Wyoming through September 1990 — Volume 2: Gaging stations with 5 to 9 years of record or that measure discharge from springs","docAbstract":"<p>This volume presents statistical summaries of streamflow data for 76 gaging stations with 5 to 9 years of continuous record, or with records of discharge measurements from springs, through September 1990. The gaging stations are located in Idaho and western Wyoming. Some of the gaging stations at which spring discharge is measured have 10 or more years of record. Volume 1 presents statistical summaries of streamflow data for 257 gaging stations with 10 or more years of continuous record through September 1990. The gaging stations are located in Idaho and adjacent States.</p><p>Streamflow statistics generated for gaging stations with 5 to 9 years of record or that measure discharge from springs were (1) magnitudes of monthly and annual flows; (2) duration of daily mean flows; and (3) maximum, median, and minimum daily mean flows. Streamflow statistics generated for stations with 10 or more years of record (volume 1) were (1) magnitudes of monthly and annual flows; (2) magnitudes and frequencies of daily low, high, instantaneous peak (flood frequency), and annual mean flows; (3) duration of daily mean flows; and (4) maximum, median, and minimum daily mean flows.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944070","usgsCitation":"Kjelstrom, L., Stone, M.A., and Harenberg, W., 1995, Statistical summaries of streamflow data for selected gaging stations in Idaho and western Wyoming through September 1990 — Volume 2: Gaging stations with 5 to 9 years of record or that measure discharge from springs: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4070, iii, 94 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944070.","productDescription":"iii, 94 p.","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":404291,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47969.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56888,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4070/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157974,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4070/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"1000000","country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.2411,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.0483,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.0483,\n              49\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.2411,\n              49\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.2411,\n              42\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dce4b07f02db5e1b21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kjelstrom, L.C.","contributorId":89104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kjelstrom","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, M. A. J.","contributorId":27496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harenberg, W. A.","contributorId":78743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harenberg","given":"W. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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