Background Shorebirds (Charadriiformes) are considered one of the primary reservoirs of avian influenza. Because these species are highly migratory, there is concern that infected shorebirds may be a mechanism by which highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 could be introduced into North America from Asia. Large numbers of dunlin (Calidris alpina) migrate from wintering areas in central and eastern Asia, where HPAIV H5N1 is endemic, across the Bering Sea to breeding areas in Alaska. Low pathogenic avian influenza virus has been previously detected in dunlin, and thus, dunlin represent a potential risk to transport HPAIV to North America. To date no experimental challenge studies have been performed in shorebirds.
\nMethods Wild dunlin were inoculated intranasally and intrachoanally various doses of HPAIV H5N1. The birds were monitored daily for virus excretion, disease signs, morbidity, and mortality.
\nResults The infectious dose of HPAIV H5N1 in dunlin was determined to be 101.7 EID50/100 μl and that the lethal dose was 101.83 EID50/100 μl. Clinical signs were consistent with neurotropic disease, and histochemical analyses revealed that infection was systemic with viral antigen and RNA most consistently found in brain tissues. Infected birds excreted relatively large amounts of virus orally (104 EID50) and smaller amounts cloacally.
\nConclusions Dunlin are highly susceptible to infection with HPAIV H5N1. They become infected after exposure to relatively small doses of the virus and if they become infected, they are most likely to suffer mortality within 3–5 days. These results have important implications regarding the risks of transport and transmission of HPAIV H5N1 to North America by this species and raises questions for further investigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00238.x","usgsCitation":"Hall, J.S., Franson, J., Gill, R., Meteyer, C.U., TeSlaa, J.L., Nashold, S.W., Dusek, R., and Ip, S., 2011, Experimental challenge and pathology of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 in dunlin (Calidris alpina), an intercontinental migrant shorebird species: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, v. 5, no. 5, p. 365-372, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00238.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"365","endPage":"372","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474724,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00238.x","text":"External Repository"},{"id":257821,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta","volume":"5","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-03-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0dc3e4b0c8380cd531a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, Jeffrey S. 0000-0001-5599-2826 jshall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5599-2826","contributorId":2254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jshall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Franson, J. Christian 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":95002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J. Christian","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":353227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meteyer, Carol U. 0000-0002-4007-3410 cmeteyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4007-3410","contributorId":111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meteyer","given":"Carol","email":"cmeteyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"U.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":353220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"TeSlaa, Joshua L. 0000-0001-7802-3454 jteslaa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7802-3454","contributorId":46813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"TeSlaa","given":"Joshua","email":"jteslaa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nashold, Sean W. 0000-0002-8869-6633 snashold@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8869-6633","contributorId":3611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nashold","given":"Sean","email":"snashold@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":353225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dusek, Robert J. 0000-0001-6177-7479 rdusek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6177-7479","contributorId":2397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusek","given":"Robert J.","email":"rdusek@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":353223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ip, S. 0000-0003-4844-7533 hip@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4844-7533","contributorId":727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ip","given":"S.","email":"hip@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70038359,"text":"ds613 - 2011 - Concentrations and loads of nutrients in the tributaries of the Lake Okeechobee watershed, south-central Florida, water years 2004-2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-05-15T01:01:40","indexId":"ds613","displayToPublicDate":"2012-05-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"613","title":"Concentrations and loads of nutrients in the tributaries of the Lake Okeechobee watershed, south-central Florida, water years 2004-2008","docAbstract":"Lake Okeechobee in south-central Florida is the second largest freshwater lake in the contiguous United States. Excessive phosphorus loading, harmful high and low water levels, and rapid expansion of non-native vegetation have threatened the health of the lake in recent decades. A study was conducted to monitor discharge and nutrient concentrations from selected tributaries into Lake Okeechobee and to evaluate nutrient loads. The data analysis was performed at 16 monitoring stations from December 2003 to September 2008. Annual and seasonal discharge measured at monitoring stations is affected by rainfall. Hurricanes affected three wet years (2004, 2005, and the latter part of 2008) and resulted in substantially greater discharge than the drought years of 2006, 2007, and the early part of 2008. Rainfall supplies about 50 percent of the water to Lake Okeechobee, discharge from the Kissimmee River supplies about 25 percent, and discharge from tributaries and groundwater seepage along the lake perimeter collectively provide the remaining 25 percent. Annually, tributary discharge from basins located on the west side of the Kissimmee River is about 5 to 6 times greater than that from basins located on the east side. For the purposes of this study, the basins on the east side of the Kissimmee River are called \"priority basins\" because of elevated phosphorus concentrations, while those on the west side are called \"nonpriority\" basins. Total annual discharge in the non-priority basins ranged from 245,000 acre-feet (acre-ft) in 2007 to 1,322,000 acre-ft in 2005, while annual discharge from the priority basins ranged from 41,000 acre-ft in 2007 to 219,000 acre-ft in 2005. Mean total phosphorus concentrations ranged from 0.10 to 0.54 milligrams per liter (mg/L) at the 16 tributaries during 2004–2008. Mean concentrations were significantly higher at priority basin sites than at non-priority basin sites, particularly at Arbuckle Creek and C 41A Canal. Concentrations of organic nitrogen plus ammonia ranged from 1.27 to 2.96 mg/L at the 16 tributaries during 2004–2008. Mean concentrations were highest at Fisheating Creek at Lake Placid (a non-priority site), and lowest at Wolff Creek, Taylor Creek near Grassy Island, and Otter Creek (three priority basin sites), and at Arbuckle Creek (a non-priority basin site). Mean concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate ranged from 0.01 to 0.55 mg/L at the 16 tributaries during 2004–2008. Mean concentrations measured in priority basins were significantly higher than those measured in non-priority basins. Nutrient concentrations were substantially lower in the non-priority basins; however, total loads were substantially higher due to discharge that was 5 to 6 times greater than from the priority basins. Total phosphorus, organic nitrogen plus ammonia, and nitrite plus nitrate loads from the non-priority basins were 1.5, 4.5, and 3.5 times greater, respectively, than were loads from the priority basins. In the non-priority basins, total phosphorus loads ranged from 35 metric tons (MT) in 2007 to 247 MT in 2005. In the priority basins, the loads ranged from 18 MT in 2007 to 136 MT in 2005. In the non-priority basins, organic nitrogen plus ammonia loads ranged from 337 MT in 2007 to 2,817 MT in 2005. In the priority basins, organic nitrogen plus ammonia loads ranged from 85 MT in 2007 to 503 MT in 2005. In the non-priority basins, nitrite plus nitrate loads ranged from 34 MT in 2007 to 143 MT in 2005. In the priority basins, nitrite plus nitrate loads ranged from 4 MT in 2007 to 27 MT in 2005.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds613","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, South Florida Water Management District, and Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services","usgsCitation":"Byrne, M., and Wood, M.S., 2011, Concentrations and loads of nutrients in the tributaries of the Lake Okeechobee watershed, south-central Florida, water years 2004-2008: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 613, v, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds613.","productDescription":"v, 22 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"22","numberOfPages":"27","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2003-12-01","temporalEnd":"2008-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":285,"text":"Florida Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":254771,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_613.jpg"},{"id":254761,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/613/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Lake Okeechobee Watershed","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f988e4b0c8380cd4d665","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Byrne, Michael J.","contributorId":8550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byrne","given":"Michael J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wood, Molly S. 0000-0002-5184-8306 mswood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5184-8306","contributorId":788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Molly","email":"mswood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37786,"text":"WMA - Observing Systems Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":463959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70037860,"text":"sim3125 - 2011 - Surficial geologic map of the Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T16:43:39","indexId":"sim3125","displayToPublicDate":"2012-03-21T09:03:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3125","title":"Surficial geologic map of the Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve (GAAR) is centered over the central Brooks Range of northern Alaska. To the west, it abuts the Noatak National Preserve; its eastern boundary is the transportation corridor occupied by the Dalton Highway and the Alyeska Pipeline. The GAAR extends northward beyond the northern flank of the Brooks Range into the southern Arctic Foothills. Its southern boundary lies beyond the south flank of the Brooks Range within foothills and depositional basins of interior Alaska. The accompanying surficial geologic map covers all of the GAAR with the addition of a 10-km (6.2-mi) belt or \"buffer zone\" beyond its boundaries. A narrower (5-km) buffer zone is employed where the GAAR extends farthest north and south of the Brooks Range, in the north-central and southwestern parts of the map area, respectively.
\nThe surfical geologic map incorporates parts of ten surficial geologic maps previously published at 1:250,000 scale. In addition, a small part of the buffer zone mapped in the southwest corner of the map area was compiled from unpublished surficial geologic mapping of the Shungnak 1:250,000-scale quadrangle. Each of those individual maps was developed from (1) aerial and surface observations of morphology and composition of unconsolidated deposits, (2) tracing the distribution and interrelation of terraces, abandoned meltwater channels, moraines, abandoned lake beds, and other landforms, (3) stratigraphic study of exposures along lake shores and river bluffs, (4) examination of sediments and soil profiles in auger borings and test pits, and exposed in roadcuts and placer workings, and (5) analysis of previously published geologic maps and reports. The map units used for those maps and employed in the present compilation are defined on the basis of their physical character, genesis, and age. Relative and absolute ages of the map units were determined from their geographic locations and from their stratigraphic positions and radiocarbon ages.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3125","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, T.D., and Labay, K., 2011, Surficial geologic map of the Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3125, Pamphlet: ii, 19 p.; Map Sheet: 55.70 x 39.02 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3125.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: ii, 19 p.; Map Sheet: 55.70 x 39.02 inches","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":246788,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_3125.gif"},{"id":246786,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3125/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"300000","projection":"Alaska Albers Equal Area Conic projection","datum":"North American Datum 1927","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Gates Of The Arctic National Park And Preserve","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -157.25,68.75 ], [ -157.25,66.58333333333333 ], [ -149.25,66.58333333333333 ], [ -149.25,68.75 ], [ -157.25,68.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba1f7e4b08c986b31f409","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, Thomas D.","contributorId":91474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Labay, Keith A. 0000-0002-6763-3190 klabay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6763-3190","contributorId":2097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Labay","given":"Keith A.","email":"klabay@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":462897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70009657,"text":"pp1786 - 2011 - Stratigraphy and depositional environments of the upper Pleistocene Chemehuevi Formation along the lower Colorado River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-21T15:54:02","indexId":"pp1786","displayToPublicDate":"2012-03-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1786","title":"Stratigraphy and depositional environments of the upper Pleistocene Chemehuevi Formation along the lower Colorado River","docAbstract":"The Chemehuevi Formation forms a conspicuous, widespread, and correlative set of nonmarine sediments lining the valleys of the Colorado River and several of its larger tributaries in the Basin and Range geologic province. These sediments have been examined by geologists since J. S. Newberry visited the region in 1857 and are widely cited in the geologic literature; however their origin remains unresolved and their stratigraphic context has been confused by inconsistent nomenclature and by conflicting interpretations of their origin. This is one of the most prominent stratigraphic units along the river below the Grand Canyon, and the formation records an important event or set of events in the history of the Colorado River. Here we summarize what is known about these deposits throughout their range, present new stratigraphic, sedimentologic, topographic, and tephrochronologic data, and formally define them as a lithostratigraphic unit. The Chemehuevi Formation consists primarily of a bluff-forming mud facies, consisting of gypsum-bearing, horizontally bedded sand, silt, and clay, and a slope-forming sand facies containing poorly bedded, well sorted, quartz rich sand and scattered gravel. The sedimentary characteristics and fossil assemblages of the two facies types suggest that they were deposited in flood plain and channel environments, respectively. In addition to these two primary facies, we identify three other mappable facies in the formation: a thick-bedded rhythmite facies, now drowned by Lake Mead; a valley-margin facies containing abundant locally derived sediment; and several tributary facies consisting of mixed fluvial and lacustrine deposits in the lower parts of major tributary valleys. Observations from the subsurface and at outcrops near the elevation of the modern flood plain suggest that the formation also contains a regional basal gravel member. Surveys of numerous outcrops using high-precision GPS demonstrate that although the sand facies commonly overlies the mud facies where the two are found together, contacts between the two occur over a range in elevation, and as a consequence, the sand and mud facies are similarly distributed both horizontally and vertically throughout the valley. Collectively, the outcrops of the formation lie below a smooth elevation envelope that slopes 50 percent more steeply than the historic (pre-Hoover Dam) valley, from nearly 150 m above the historic flood plain near the mouth of the Grand Canyon to less than 30 m above the flood plain at the head of the flood plain near Yuma, Arizona. The steepness of the valley at the peak of aggradation probably represents a depositional slope. Layers of fine grained volcanic tephra have been found below and within the Chemehuevi Formation at five widely separated sites, one of which is now submerged beneath Lake Mead. Major element geochemistry of glass shards from the four accessible tephra sites were analyzed. Three of the sampled tephra layers are interbedded within the Chemehuevi Formation, and a fourth tephra conformably underlies the formation. The three interbedded tephra layers are similar enough to one another that they are probably from the same eruptive unit, hereafter referred to as the Monkey Rock tephra bed. The other sample, which locally underlies the formation, is similar enough to the Monkey Rock tephra bed to suggest it is from the same volcanic source area; however, it may not be from the same eruption, and thus may not be the same age. On the basis of the stratigraphic contexts of chemically similar tephra layers found elsewhere in the Basin and Range, we suspect that the source area is the Mammoth Mountain dome complex in Long Valley, east-central California. Two samples of proximal Mammoth Mountain pumice were analyzed and produced geochemical signatures similar to all four of the Chemehuevi Formation tephra, supporting Mammoth Mountain as a possible source area. The Mammoth Mountain volcanic center produced eruptions between about 111±2 and 57±2 ka and was most active in the later part of this time interval, during Marine Oxygen Isotope (MOI) stage 4 (between 74 and 59 ka ago). Chemically similar tephra in cores from Owens Lake and Walker Lake are approximately 70 and 74 ky old, based on age models of those cores. Other lines of stratigraphic evidence from nine tephra-containing sections in the Basin and Range are also consistent with an age assignment for the Monkey Rock tephra of ~72 ky, near the beginning of MOI stage 4. We propose to designate the Chemehuevi Formation as a formal lithostratigraphic unit, and propose as the type section a well exposed outcrop near the ranger station at Katherine Landing, Arizona, in the Lake Mead National Recreation Area. This exposure shows the two dominant facies, an example of one of the four known tephra layers, and interbedded lenses of locally derived gravel. In the type section, as in many of the other examples of the formation, the sand facies overlies the mud facies on a conspicuous, abrupt erosional surface; however, nearby is a contiguous section demonstrating that the mud and sand facies interfinger. In addition to the type section, measured reference sections compiled here illustrate other important lithologic and stratigraphic features of the formation. Our preferred interpretation of the Chemehuevi Formation is that it contains the remnants of deposits formed during a single major episode of fluvial aggradation, during which the Colorado River filled its valley with a great volume of dominantly sand-size sediment. This would reflect an increase in the supply of sand-size sediment, and(or) a reduction in transport capacity below the mouth of Grand Canyon. The most likely cause for the aggradation is an extraordinary increase in sand supply, likely due to widespread climatic change. However, other explanations have not been ruled out. Other aggradation events predated the Chemehuevi Formation, and some smaller events may have postdated the formation. However, the Chemehuevi Formation contains the remnants of the most recent large magnitude (>100 m) aggradation of the Colorado River.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1786","usgsCitation":"Malmon, D.V., Howard, K.A., House, P.K., Lundstrom, S.C., Pearthree, P.A., Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., Wan, E., and Wahl, D.B., 2011, Stratigraphy and depositional environments of the upper Pleistocene Chemehuevi Formation along the lower Colorado River: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1786, v, 69; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1786.","productDescription":"v, 69; Appendices","startPage":"i","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"100","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":671,"text":"Western Region Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204843,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1786.gif"},{"id":204841,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1786/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California;Nevada;Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Chemehuevi Formation;Colorado River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b998ae4b08c986b31c4a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Malmon, Daniel V.","contributorId":89998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malmon","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"House, P. Kyle","contributorId":60374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"House","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kyle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lundstrom, Scott C. 0000-0003-4149-2219 sclundst@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4149-2219","contributorId":2446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lundstrom","given":"Scott","email":"sclundst@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pearthree, Philip A.","contributorId":17363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearthree","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sarna-Wojcicki, Andrei M. 0000-0002-0244-9149 asarna@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0244-9149","contributorId":1046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarna-Wojcicki","given":"Andrei","email":"asarna@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":356820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wan, Elmira 0000-0002-9255-112X ewan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9255-112X","contributorId":3434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wan","given":"Elmira","email":"ewan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wahl, David B. 0000-0002-0451-3554 dwahl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0451-3554","contributorId":3433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahl","given":"David","email":"dwahl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24693,"text":"Climate Research and Development","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70007549,"text":"ofr20101333 - 2011 - Triggered surface slips in southern California associated with the 2010 El Mayor-Cucapah, Baja California, Mexico, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-29T17:02:32","indexId":"ofr20101333","displayToPublicDate":"2012-02-29T07:55:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1333","title":"Triggered surface slips in southern California associated with the 2010 El Mayor-Cucapah, Baja California, Mexico, earthquake","docAbstract":"The April 4, 2010 (Mw7.2), El Mayor-Cucapah, Baja California, Mexico, earthquake is the strongest earthquake to shake the Salton Trough area since the 1992 (Mw7.3) Landers earthquake. Similar to the Landers event, ground-surface fracturing occurred on multiple faults in the trough. However, the 2010 event triggered surface slip on more faults in the central Salton Trough than previous earthquakes, including multiple faults in the Yuha Desert area, the southwestern section of the Salton Trough. In the central Salton Trough, surface fracturing occurred along the southern San Andreas, Coyote Creek, Superstition Hills, Wienert, Kalin, and Imperial Faults and along the Brawley Fault Zone, all of which are known to have slipped in historical time, either in primary (tectonic) slip and/or in triggered slip. Surface slip in association with the El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake is at least the eighth time in the past 42 years that a local or regional earthquake has triggered slip along faults in the central Salton Trough. In the southwestern part of the Salton Trough, surface fractures (triggered slip) occurred in a broad area of the Yuha Desert. This is the first time that triggered slip has been observed in the southwestern Salton Trough.
\nTriggered slip in the Yuha Desert area occurred along more than two dozen faults, only some of which were recognized before the April 4, 2010, El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake. From east to northwest, slip occurred in seven general areas: (1) in the Northern Centinela Fault Zone (newly named), (2) along unnamed faults south of Pinto Wash, (3) along the Yuha Fault (newly named), (4) along both east and west branches of the Laguna Salada Fault, (5) along the Yuha Well Fault Zone (newly revised name) and related faults between it and the Yuha Fault, (6) along the Ocotillo Fault (newly named) and related faults to the north and south, and (7) along the southeasternmost section of the Elsinore Fault. Faults that slipped in the Yuha Desert area include northwest-trending right-lateral faults, northeast-trending left-lateral faults, and north-south faults, some of which had dominantly vertical offset. Triggered slip along the Ocotillo and Elsinore Faults appears to have occurred only in association with the June 14, 2010 (Mw5.7), aftershock. This aftershock also resulted in slip along other faults near the town of Ocotillo. Triggered offset on faults in the Yuha Desert area was mostly less than 20 mm, with three significant exceptions, including slip of about 50–60 mm on the Yuha Fault, 40 mm on a fault south of Pinto Wash, and about 85 mm on the Ocotillo Fault. All triggered slips in the Yuha Desert area occurred along preexisting faults, whether previously recognized or not.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101333","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Geological Survey; University of Oregon; University of Colorado; University of California, San Diego; and Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology.","usgsCitation":"Rymer, M.J., Treiman, J.A., Kendrick, K.J., Lienkaemper, J.J., Weldon, R., Bilham, R.G., Wei, M., Fielding, E.J., Hernandez, J.L., Olson, B., Irvine, P.J., Knepprath, N., Sickler, R.R., Tong, X., and Siem, M.E., 2011, Triggered surface slips in southern California associated with the 2010 El Mayor-Cucapah, Baja California, Mexico, earthquake: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1333, vi, 49 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101333.","productDescription":"vi, 49 p.; Appendix","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science 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mrymer@usgs.gov","contributorId":1522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rymer","given":"Michael","email":"mrymer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Treiman, Jerome A.","contributorId":75010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Treiman","given":"Jerome","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kendrick, Katherine J. 0000-0002-9839-6861 kendrick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9839-6861","contributorId":2716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendrick","given":"Katherine","email":"kendrick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science 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0000-0002-5547-4102","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5547-4102","contributorId":48200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bilham","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":356665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wei, Meng","contributorId":53662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wei","given":"Meng","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Fielding, Eric J.","contributorId":99837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fielding","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hernandez, Janis L.","contributorId":90603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hernandez","given":"Janis","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Olson, Brian","contributorId":56519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Brian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Irvine, Pamela J.","contributorId":45190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irvine","given":"Pamela","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Knepprath, Nichole","contributorId":18233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knepprath","given":"Nichole","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Sickler, Robert R. 0000-0002-9141-625X rsickler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9141-625X","contributorId":3235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sickler","given":"Robert","email":"rsickler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Tong, Xiaopeng","contributorId":31267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tong","given":"Xiaopeng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Siem, Martin E.","contributorId":58524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siem","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}} ,{"id":70005591,"text":"70005591 - 2011 - DNA-based detection of the fungal pathogen Geomyces destructans in soil from bat hibernacula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-24T11:35:57","indexId":"70005591","displayToPublicDate":"2012-02-26T16:03:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2798,"text":"Mycologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"DNA-based detection of the fungal pathogen Geomyces destructans in soil from bat hibernacula","docAbstract":"White-nose syndrome (WNS) is an emerging disease causing unprecedented morbidity and mortality among bats in eastern North America. The disease is characterized by cutaneous infection of hibernating bats by the psychrophilic fungus Geomyces destructans. Detection of G. destructans in environments occupied by bats will be critical for WNS surveillance, management and characterization of the fungal lifecycle. We initiated an rRNA gene region-based molecular survey to characterize the distribution of G. destructans in soil samples collected from bat hibernacula in the eastern United States with an existing PCR test. Although this test did not specifically detect G. destructans in soil samples based on a presence/absence metric, it did favor amplification of DNA from putative Geomyces species. Cloning and sequencing of PCR products amplified from 24 soil samples revealed 74 unique sequence variants representing 12 clades. Clones with exact sequence matches to G. destructans were identified in three of 19 soil samples from hibernacula in states where WNS is known to occur. Geomyces destructans was not identified in an additional five samples collected outside the region where WNS has been documented. This study highlights the diversity of putative Geomyces spp. in soil from bat hibernacula and indicates that further research is needed to better define the taxonomy of this genus and to develop enhanced diagnostic tests for rapid and specific detection of G. destructans in environmental samples.
","language":"English","publisher":"Mycological Society of America","doi":"10.3852/10-262","usgsCitation":"Lindner, D.L., Gargas, A., Lorch, J.M., Banik, M.T., Glaeser, J., Kunz, T.H., and Blehert, D., 2011, DNA-based detection of the fungal pathogen Geomyces destructans in soil from bat hibernacula: Mycologia, v. 103, no. 2, p. 241-246, https://doi.org/10.3852/10-262.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"241","endPage":"246","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204835,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-71.799242,42.008065],[-71.860513,41.320248],[-72.997948,41.222697],[-73.78806,40.854131],[-72.245348,41.161217],[-72.241252,41.04477],[-71.93825,41.077413],[-72.029357,40.999909],[-73.262106,40.621476],[-74.143387,40.641903],[-74.26759,40.471806],[-73.971381,40.371709],[-74.090945,39.799978],[-74.864458,38.94041],[-74.967274,38.933413],[-74.885914,39.143627],[-75.465212,39.43893],[-75.498843,39.833312],[-79.476574,39.644206],[-79.486873,39.205961],[-78.818899,39.59037],[-77.842785,39.607255],[-77.735009,39.327015],[-77.032798,38.841712],[-77.28835,38.351286],[-77.069956,38.377895],[-76.265998,37.91138],[-76.36232,37.610368],[-76.733046,37.852009],[-76.265056,37.481365],[-76.475927,37.250543],[-76.300352,37.00885],[-76.75047,37.190098],[-76.482407,36.917364],[-75.996252,36.922047],[-75.874145,36.583853],[-88.011792,36.677025],[-88.127378,36.49854],[-89.346053,36.50321],[-89.058036,37.188767],[-88.444605,37.098601],[-88.476592,37.386875],[-88.072386,37.483563],[-88.151646,37.675098],[-87.982688,38.221527],[-87.496537,38.778571],[-87.524844,41.691635],[-84.825196,41.75999],[-84.819802,39.157613],[-83.738207,38.647932],[-82.923694,38.750076],[-82.569368,38.406258],[-82.222168,38.591384],[-82.027262,39.028378],[-81.915898,38.88427],[-81.542346,39.352874],[-80.865805,39.686484],[-80.519058,40.792298],[-80.519405,41.976158],[-78.868556,42.770258],[-79.070469,43.262454],[-78.370221,43.376505],[-76.999691,43.271456],[-76.259858,43.524728],[-76.158249,43.887542],[-76.312647,44.199044],[-75.005155,44.958402],[-71.502487,45.013367],[-71.336392,45.273066],[-71.133994,45.244167],[-70.971039,43.425606],[-70.663548,42.677603],[-71.01568,42.326019],[-70.73056,42.21094],[-70.471552,41.761563],[-70.064314,41.772845],[-70.148294,42.06195],[-70.033501,42.017736],[-69.928261,41.6917],[-70.928197,41.415781],[-70.6948,41.52564],[-70.670453,41.721912],[-71.12057,41.497448],[-71.381466,41.984998],[-71.799242,42.008065]]],[[[-70.59628,41.471905],[-70.517584,41.403769],[-70.819415,41.327212],[-70.59628,41.471905]]],[[[-70.092142,41.297741],[-69.960277,41.278731],[-70.237175,41.282724],[-70.092142,41.297741]]],[[[-91.217706,43.50055],[-96.453049,43.500415],[-96.452791,45.28428],[-96.857751,45.605962],[-96.593216,45.813873],[-96.562811,46.11625],[-97.217992,48.919735],[-95.153711,48.998903],[-95.153333,49.305655],[-94.957465,49.370186],[-94.690889,48.778066],[-94.500203,48.698175],[-93.709147,48.518029],[-92.984963,48.623731],[-92.627833,48.522167],[-92.712562,48.463013],[-92.378922,48.235782],[-92.055228,48.359213],[-91.542512,48.053268],[-90.925092,48.229897],[-90.761555,48.100133],[-89.489226,48.014528],[-90.86827,47.5569],[-92.086089,46.794339],[-91.781928,46.697604],[-90.871126,46.961129],[-90.760095,46.903296],[-90.920813,46.637432],[-88.127428,45.926153],[-87.837343,45.716919],[-87.86195,45.433072],[-87.704337,45.385462],[-87.624693,45.014176],[-87.983065,44.72073],[-87.943801,44.529693],[-86.970355,45.278455],[-87.726766,43.903297],[-87.900242,42.49302],[-90.640927,42.508302],[-91.069549,42.769628],[-91.217706,43.50055]]],[[[-90.309297,34.995694],[-88.258111,34.995463],[-88.10756,34.811628],[-88.46866,31.933173],[-88.395023,30.369425],[-88.504802,30.321472],[-88.922031,30.393798],[-89.549053,30.191597],[-89.819696,30.596785],[-89.72993,30.98209],[-91.594693,31.091444],[-91.516567,31.611818],[-90.875631,32.372434],[-90.986672,32.35176],[-91.165328,32.751301],[-91.063875,32.922692],[-91.195953,33.104561],[-91.065629,33.232982],[-91.219048,33.661503],[-91.026782,33.763642],[-90.93268,34.214824],[-90.568397,34.424805],[-90.565646,34.721053],[-90.250095,34.90732],[-90.309297,34.995694]]],[[[-74.144428,40.53516],[-74.246688,40.496103],[-74.086485,40.648601],[-74.144428,40.53516]]],[[[-75.242266,38.027209],[-75.800755,37.197297],[-75.998647,37.188739],[-75.669711,37.950796],[-75.242266,38.027209]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Connecticut\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"103","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd4fe4b0c8380cd4e770","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindner, Daniel L.","contributorId":7411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindner","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gargas, Andrea","contributorId":101805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gargas","given":"Andrea","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lorch, Jeffrey M. 0000-0003-2239-1252 jlorch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2239-1252","contributorId":5565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorch","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jlorch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Banik, Mark T.","contributorId":95608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banik","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Glaeser, Jessie","contributorId":37471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glaeser","given":"Jessie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kunz, Thomas H.","contributorId":73325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunz","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Blehert, David S. 0000-0002-1065-9760 dblehert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1065-9760","contributorId":1816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blehert","given":"David S.","email":"dblehert@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":352895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70007430,"text":"sir20115111 - 2011 - Hydrology, phosphorus, and suspended solids in five agricultural streams in the Lower Fox River and Green Bay Watersheds, Wisconsin, Water Years 2004-06","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:29:15","indexId":"sir20115111","displayToPublicDate":"2012-02-15T09:06:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5111","title":"Hydrology, phosphorus, and suspended solids in five agricultural streams in the Lower Fox River and Green Bay Watersheds, Wisconsin, Water Years 2004-06","docAbstract":"A 3-year study was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey and the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay to characterize water quality in agricultural streams in the Fox/Wolf watershed in northeastern Wisconsin and provide information to assist in the calibration of a watershed model for the area. Streamflow, phosphorus, and suspended solids data were collected between October 1, 2003, and September 30, 2006, in five streams, including Apple Creek, Ashwaubenon Creek, Baird Creek, Duck Creek, and the East River. During this study, total annual precipitation was close to the 30-year normal of 29.12 inches. The 3-year mean streamflow was highest in the East River (113 ft3/s), followed by Duck Creek (58.2 ft3/s), Apple Creek (26.9 ft3/s), Baird Creek (12.8 ft3/s), and Ashwaubenon Creek (9.1 ft3/s). On a yield basis, during these three years, the East River had the highest flow (0.78 ft3/s/mi2), followed by Baird Creek (0.61 ft3/s/mi2), Apple Creek (0.59 ft3/s/mi2), Duck Creek (0.54 ft3/s/mi2), and Ashwaubenon Creek (0.46 ft3/s/mi2). \nThe overall median total suspended solids (TSS) concentration was highest in Baird Creek (73.5 mg/L), followed by Apple and Ashwaubenon Creeks (65 mg/L), East River (40 mg/L), and Duck Creek (30 mg/L). The median total phosphorus (TP) concentration was highest in Ashwaubenon Creek (0.60 mg/L), followed by Baird Creek (0.47 mg/L), Apple Creek (0.37 mg/L), East River (0.26 mg/L), and Duck Creek (0.22 mg/L).
\nThe average annual TSS yields ranged from 111 tons/mi2 in Apple Creek to 45 tons/mi2 in Duck Creek. All five watersheds yielded more TSS than the median value (32.4 tons/mi2) from previous studies in the Southeastern Wisconsin Till Plains (SWTP) ecoregion. The average annual TP yields ranged from 663 lbs/mi2 in Baird Creek to 382 lbs/mi2 in Duck Creek. All five watersheds yielded more TP than the median value from previous studies in the SWTP ecoregion, and the Baird Creek watershed yielded more TP than the statewide median of 650 lbs/mi2 from previous studies.Overall, Duck Creek had the lowest median and volumetric weighted concentrations and mean yield of TSS and TP. The same pattern was true for dissolved phosphorus (DP), except the volumetrically weighted concentration was lowest in the East River. In contrast, Ashwaubenon, Baird, and Apple Creeks had greater median and volumetrically weighted concentrations and mean yields of TSS, TP, DP than Duck Creek and the East River. Water quality in Duck Creek and East River were distinctly different from Ashwaubenon, Baird, and Apple Creeks. Loads from individual runoff events for all of these streams were important to the total annual mass transport of the constituents. On average, about 20 percent of the annual TSS loads and about 17 percent of the TP loads were transported in 1-day events in each stream.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115111","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay","usgsCitation":"Graczyk, D., Robertson, D.M., Baumgart, P.D., and Fermanich, K., 2011, Hydrology, phosphorus, and suspended solids in five agricultural streams in the Lower Fox River and Green Bay Watersheds, Wisconsin, Water Years 2004-06: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5111, vi, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115111.","productDescription":"vi, 28 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5111.gif"},{"id":116345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5111/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lower Fox River Watershed;Green Bay Watershed","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a377ee4b0c8380cd60f10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graczyk, David J.","contributorId":107265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graczyk","given":"David J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":356385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baumgart, Paul D.","contributorId":92423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baumgart","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fermanich, Kevin 0000-0002-5354-2941","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5354-2941","contributorId":63945,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fermanich","given":"Kevin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35036,"text":"University of Wisconsin-Green Bay","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":356383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70007437,"text":"ds69W - 2011 - Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Williston Basin Province of North Dakota, Montana, and South Dakota, 2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-05-07T16:22:34.405828","indexId":"ds69W","displayToPublicDate":"2012-02-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"69","chapter":"W","title":"Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Williston Basin Province of North Dakota, Montana, and South Dakota, 2010","docAbstract":"Using a geology-based assessment method, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated mean undiscovered volumes of 3.8 billion barrels of undiscovered oil, 3.7 trillion cubic feet of associated/dissolved natural gas, and 0.2 billion barrels of undiscovered natural gas liquids in the Williston Basin Province, North Dakota, Montana, and South Dakota. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) recently completed a comprehensive oil and gas assessment of the Williston Basin, which encompasses more than 90 million acres in parts of North Dakota, eastern Montana, and northern South Dakota. The assessment is based on the geologic elements of each total petroleum system (TPS) defined in the province, including hydrocarbon source rocks (source-rock maturation, hydrocarbon generation, and migration), reservoir rocks (sequence stratigraphy and petrophysical properties), and hydrocarbon traps (trap formation and timing). Using this geologic framework, the USGS defined 11 TPS and 19 Assessment Units (AU).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds69W","collaboration":"Williston Basin Province Assessment Team","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey Williston Basin Province Assessment Team, 2011, Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Williston Basin Province of North Dakota, Montana, and South Dakota, 2010 (Version 1.1 November 2013): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 69, HTML Document; Read Me File; 7 Chapter Links; Spatial Data; ZIP Download of CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds69W.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Read Me File; 7 Chapter Links; Spatial Data; ZIP Download of CD-ROM","temporalStart":"2010-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":504101,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_96456.htm","text":"chapter 6 of part W"},{"id":504100,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_96455.htm","text":"Part W"},{"id":115804,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-w/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":116349,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/DS_69_W.png"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota, Montana, North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Williston Basin Province","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.8797,\n 48.5417\n ],\n [\n -101.8825,\n 48.5417\n ],\n [\n -101.8825,\n 47.7833\n ],\n [\n -102.8797,\n 47.7833\n ],\n [\n -102.8797,\n 48.5417\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.1 November 2013","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee7ee4b0c8380cd49db0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey Williston Basin Province Assessment Team","contributorId":127951,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey Williston Basin Province Assessment Team","id":535137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70003713,"text":"70003713 - 2011 - Investigating and managing the rapid emergence of white-nose syndrome, a novel, fatal, infectious disease of hibernating bats","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-07T20:16:02.726473","indexId":"70003713","displayToPublicDate":"2012-02-12T14:24:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigating and managing the rapid emergence of white-nose syndrome, a novel, fatal, infectious disease of hibernating bats","docAbstract":"White-nose syndrome (WNS) is a fatal disease of bats that hibernate. The etiologic agent of WNS is the fungus Geomyces destructans, which infects the skin and wing membranes. Over 1 million bats in six species in eastern North America have died from WNS since 2006, and as a result several species of bats may become endangered or extinct. Information is lacking on the pathogenesis of G. destructans and WNS, WNS transmission and maintenance, individual and site factors that contribute to the probability of an outbreak of WNS, and spatial dynamics of WNS spread in North America. We considered how descriptive and analytical epidemiology could be used to fill these information gaps, including a four-step (modified) outbreak investigation, application of a set of criteria (Hill's) for assessing causation, compartment models of disease dynamics, and spatial modeling. We cataloged and critiqued adaptive-management options that have been either previously proposed for WNS or were helpful in addressing other emerging diseases of wild animals. These include an ongoing program of prospective surveillance of bats and hibernacula for WNS, treatment of individual bats, increasing population resistance to WNS (through vaccines, immunomodulators, or other methods), improving probability of survival from starvation and dehydration associated with WNS, modifying hibernacula environments to eliminate G. destructans, culling individuals or populations, controlling anthropogenic spread of WNS, conserving genetic diversity of bats, and educating the public about bats and bat conservation issues associated with WNS.","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Conservation Biology","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01638.x","usgsCitation":"Foley, J., Clifford, D., Castle, K., Cryan, P.M., and Ostfeld, R.S., 2011, Investigating and managing the rapid emergence of white-nose syndrome, a novel, fatal, infectious disease of hibernating bats: Conservation Biology, v. 25, no. 2, p. 223-231, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01638.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"231","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503797,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zotero.org/groups/5435545/items/U94UK65E","text":"External Repository"},{"id":204606,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Mexico, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.94140625,\n 21.616579336740603\n ],\n [\n -97.734375,\n 21.289374355860424\n ],\n [\n -96.15234375,\n 28.613459424004414\n ],\n [\n -89.47265625,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n -85.60546875,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n -81.5625,\n 24.5271348225978\n ],\n [\n -78.92578124999999,\n 27.839076094777816\n ],\n [\n -81.03515625,\n 31.353636941500987\n ],\n [\n -72.7734375,\n 39.095962936305476\n ],\n [\n -57.83203125,\n 46.558860303117164\n ],\n [\n -69.08203125,\n 51.6180165487737\n ],\n [\n -75.234375,\n 53.64463782485651\n ],\n [\n -108.984375,\n 55.47885346331034\n ],\n [\n -130.95703125,\n 54.57206165565852\n ],\n [\n -127.08984375000001,\n 48.10743118848039\n ],\n [\n -124.45312499999999,\n 45.583289756006316\n ],\n [\n -126.03515625,\n 39.36827914916014\n ],\n [\n -117.94921874999999,\n 31.952162238024975\n ],\n [\n -113.90625,\n 25.005972656239187\n ],\n [\n -105.8203125,\n 21.616579336740603\n ],\n [\n -104.94140625,\n 21.616579336740603\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e66e4b0c8380cd63d4b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foley, Janet","contributorId":64799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Janet","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clifford, Deana","contributorId":71316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clifford","given":"Deana","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Castle, Kevin","contributorId":87286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castle","given":"Kevin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cryan, Paul M. 0000-0002-2915-8894 cryanp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2915-8894","contributorId":2356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cryan","given":"Paul","email":"cryanp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":348434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ostfeld, Richard S.","contributorId":64800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostfeld","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70007466,"text":"70007466 - 2011 - Using remote sensing and imagery exploitation to monitor the dynamics of East Timbalier Island, LA: 2000-2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-21T00:10:15","indexId":"70007466","displayToPublicDate":"2012-02-12T12:34:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1753,"text":"Geocarto International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using remote sensing and imagery exploitation to monitor the dynamics of East Timbalier Island, LA: 2000-2010","docAbstract":"In 1999, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-National Marine Fisheries Service and the State of Louisiana jointly undertook the restoration of East Timbalier, a barrier island along a sediment-starved portion of the Gulf of Mexico coast of Louisiana. High-resolution overhead imagery was used to monitor the course of this restoration effort. This article describes the changes in area and movement of East Timbalier Island and compares these changes with the previous measurements. Between 2000 and 2010, East Timbalier Island lost 52–66% of its area and moved northwards 12–105 m/year. The area of East Timbalier Island is less today than at any time since 1887. Understanding of the physical processes in nature that control the size, shape and movement of the island, as well as the human impacts that have hastened its degradation, is critical for accomplishing any future restoration.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geocarto International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1080/10106049.2011.623791","usgsCitation":"Thomas, J.P., Fisher, G.B., Chandler, L.A., Angeli, K., Wheeler, D.J., Glover, R.P., Schenck-Gardner, E.J., Wiles, S.E., Lindley, C.F., and Peccini, M.B., 2011, Using remote sensing and imagery exploitation to monitor the dynamics of East Timbalier Island, LA: 2000-2010: Geocarto International, v. 26, no. 8, p. 613-632, https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2011.623791.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"613","endPage":"632","numberOfPages":"19","temporalStart":"2000-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204603,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":115821,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2011.623791","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"East Timbalier Island","volume":"26","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc096e4b08c986b32a1ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, James P.","contributorId":27606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, Gary B. gfisher@usgs.gov","contributorId":3034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Gary","email":"gfisher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":356434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chandler, Lisbeth A. lchandle@usgs.gov","contributorId":4627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chandler","given":"Lisbeth","email":"lchandle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":356437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Angeli, Kim M. kangeli@usgs.gov","contributorId":4699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angeli","given":"Kim M.","email":"kangeli@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":356438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wheeler, Douglas J. dwheeler@usgs.gov","contributorId":4472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"Douglas","email":"dwheeler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":356436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Glover, Robert P. rglover@usgs.gov","contributorId":4208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glover","given":"Robert","email":"rglover@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":356435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schenck-Gardner, Elizabeth J.","contributorId":108246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schenck-Gardner","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wiles, Steve E.","contributorId":84074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiles","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lindley, Carolyn F.","contributorId":100530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindley","given":"Carolyn","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Peccini, Michael B.","contributorId":83267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peccini","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70007325,"text":"sir20115195 - 2011 - Gas hydrate prospecting using well cuttings and mud-gas geochemistry from 35 wells, North Slope, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-09T23:21:54","indexId":"sir20115195","displayToPublicDate":"2012-02-08T10:53:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5195","title":"Gas hydrate prospecting using well cuttings and mud-gas geochemistry from 35 wells, North Slope, Alaska","docAbstract":"Gas hydrate deposits are common on the North Slope of Alaska around Prudhoe Bay; however, the extent of these deposits is unknown outside of this area. As part of a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and Bureau of Land Management gas hydrate research collaboration, well-cutting and mud-gas samples have been collected and analyzed from mainly industry-drilled wells on the North Slope for the purpose of prospecting for gas hydrate deposits. On the Alaska North Slope, gas hydrates are now recognized as an element within a petroleum systems approach or \"total petroleum system.\" Since 1979, 35 wells have been sampled from as far west as Wainwright to Prudhoe Bay in the east. Regionally, the USGS has assessed the gas hydrate resources of the North Slope and determined that there is about 85.4 trillion cubic feet of technically recoverable hydrate-bound gas within three assessment units. The assessment units are defined mainly by three separate stratigraphic sections and constrained by the physical temperatures and pressures where gas hydrate can form. Geochemical studies of known gas hydrate occurrences on the North Slope have shown a link between gas hydrate and more deeply buried conventional oil and gas deposits. The link is established when hydrocarbon gases migrate from depth and charge the reservoir rock within the gas hydrate stability zone. It is likely gases migrated into conventional traps as free gas and were later converted to gas hydrate in response to climate cooling concurrent with permafrost formation. Results from this study indicate that some thermogenic gas is present in 31 of the wells, with limited evidence of thermogenic gas in four other wells and only one well with no thermogenic gas. Gas hydrate is known to occur in one of the sampled wells, likely present in 22 others on the basis of gas geochemistry, and inferred by equivocal gas geochemistry in 11 wells, and one well was without gas hydrate. Gas migration routes are common in the North Slope and include faults and widespread, continuous shallowly dipping permeable sand sections that are potentially in communication with deeper oil and gas sources. The application of the petroleum system model with the geochemical evidence suggests that gas hydrate deposits may be widespread across the North Slope of Alaska.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115195","usgsCitation":"Lorenson, T., and Collett, T.S., 2011, Gas hydrate prospecting using well cuttings and mud-gas geochemistry from 35 wells, North Slope, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5195, iv, 25 p.; Appendices; Appendix 2 download; Appendix 3 download; Appendix 4 download, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115195.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.; Appendices; Appendix 2 download; Appendix 3 download; Appendix 4 download","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116461,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5195.gif"},{"id":115783,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5195/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"North Slope","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -162,69.5 ], [ -162,71.25 ], [ -144,71.25 ], [ -144,69.5 ], [ -162,69.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14cfe4b0c8380cd54b93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorenson, T.D. tlorenson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenson","given":"T.D.","email":"tlorenson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":356266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collett, Timothy S. 0000-0002-7598-4708 tcollett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":1698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"Timothy","email":"tcollett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70003969,"text":"70003969 - 2011 - Using data from an encounter sampler to model fish dispersal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:16:02","indexId":"70003969","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-24T10:33:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using data from an encounter sampler to model fish dispersal","docAbstract":"A method to estimate speed of free-ranging fishes using a passive sampling device is described and illustrated with data from the Everglades, U.S.A. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) from minnow traps embedded in drift fences was treated as an encounter rate and used to estimate speed, when combined with an independent estimate of density obtained by use of throw traps that enclose 1 m2 of marsh habitat. Underwater video was used to evaluate capture efficiency and species-specific bias of minnow traps and two sampling studies were used to estimate trap saturation and diel-movement patterns; these results were used to optimize sampling and derive correction factors to adjust species-specific encounter rates for bias and capture efficiency. Sailfin mollies Poecilia latipinna displayed a high frequency of escape from traps, whereas eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki were most likely to avoid a trap once they encountered it; dollar sunfish Lepomis marginatus were least likely to avoid the trap once they encountered it or to escape once they were captured. Length of sampling and time of day affected CPUE; fishes generally had a very low retention rate over a 24 h sample time and only the Everglades pygmy sunfish Elassoma evergladei were commonly captured at night. Dispersal speed of fishes in the Florida Everglades, U.S.A., was shown to vary seasonally and among species, ranging from 0.05 to 0.15 m s-1 for small poeciliids and fundulids to 0.1 to 1.8 m s-1 for L. marginatus. Speed was generally highest late in the wet season and lowest in the dry season, possibly tied to dispersal behaviours linked to finding and remaining in dry-season refuges. These speed estimates can be used to estimate the diffusive movement rate, which is commonly employed in spatial ecological models.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Fish Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Fisheries Society of the British Isles","doi":"10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02867.x","usgsCitation":"Obaza, A., DeAngelis, D., and Trexler, J., 2011, Using data from an encounter sampler to model fish dispersal: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 78, no. 2, p. 495-513, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02867.x.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"495","endPage":"513","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":115757,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02867.x","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":204582,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades","volume":"78","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc042e4b08c986b32a00d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Obaza, A.","contributorId":14109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obaza","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeAngelis, D.L. 0000-0002-1570-4057","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":32470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trexler, J.C.","contributorId":23108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trexler","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70007204,"text":"ofr20111265 - 2011 - Impact of mine and natural sources of mercury on water, sediment, and biota in Harley Gulch adjacent to the Abbott-Turkey Run mine, Lake County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-19T15:08:05.776269","indexId":"ofr20111265","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1265","title":"Impact of mine and natural sources of mercury on water, sediment, and biota in Harley Gulch adjacent to the Abbott-Turkey Run mine, Lake County, California","docAbstract":"
Executive Summary
Stable-isotope data indicate that there are three sources of water that effect the composition and Hg concentration of waters in Harley Gulch: (1) meteoric water that dominates water chemistry during the wet season; (2) thermal water effluent from the Turkey Run mine that effects the chemistry at sample site HG1; and (3) cold connate groundwater that dominates water chemistry during the dry season as it upwells and reaches the surface. The results from sampling executed for this study suggest four distinct areas in Harley Gulch: (1) the contaminated West Fork of Harley Gulch, consisting of the stream immediately downstream from the mine area and the wetlands upstream from Harley Gulch canyon (sample sites HG1-HG2, (2) the East Fork of Harley Gulch, where no mining has occurred (sample site HG3), (3) sample sites HG4-HG7, where a seasonal influx of saline groundwater alters stream chemistry, and (4) sample sites HG7-HG10, downstream in Harley Gulch towards the confluence with Cache Creek.
West Fork: Mine Area and Wetlands
The concentration of Hg in both storm sediment and active channel sediment was highest at sample site HG1, immediately downstream from the mine. The highest concentrations of total Hg (HgT) in water also occurred at site HG1, and they decreased systematically downstream from the mine. The high concentration of HgT at site HG1 reflects input of thermal-water effluent from the Turkey Run mine which comprises most of the flow at this site during the dry season. During the May 2011 low-flow sampling, HgT concentration was very high at site HG1, but the maximum in HgT concentration occurred at sample site HG1.5 in the middle of the wetland area. The high concentration of HgT and isotopic chemistry at this site indicates that a significant input of connate groundwater into the creek at this location contributes to the high Hg concentration in water. At site HG1, just downstream from the thermal water input from the Turkey Run mine, water sampled in June 2010 was almost entirely composed of thermal-water effluent. During the storm sampling in March 2011, which resulted in the highest flows of the winter, thermal effluent was virtually undetectable at site HG1, and the water was all meteoric. During the May 2011 sampling event, the input of connate groundwater in the middle of the wetland area at site HG1.5 was dominant. Discharge from the adit and runoff from the mine contributes to the high Hg concentration at site HG1 under both high and low-flow conditions.
East Fork: Background
Hg levels in waters collected from the East Fork of Harley Gulch, where no mining has occurred, were as high as 32.8 parts per trillion (pptr). These levels of Hg in water are significantly higher than regional background Hg concentrations, which range from 4-7 pptr. These anomalous Hg concentrations are partially explained by the abundance of Hg-enriched groundwater in Harley Gulch.
Sites HG4-HG7
Downstream from the wetland, the aqueous concentration of HgT decreased, but remained above background levels as another input of connate groundwater occurs in the creek segment between sample sites HG4 and HG7. The input of connate groundwater in this segment of the creek is reflected in the increase in dissolved constituents characteristic of the connate groundwater, such as sulfate (SO4), chloride (Cl) and magnesium (Mg). Stable-isotope data for heavy isotopes d18O and d2D also confirm two areas of input of connate groundwater into Harley Gulch: the creek segment in the West Fork near sample site HG1.5 and the segment between sample sites HG4 and HG7. Downstream from the second area of input of connate groundwater, both HgF and HgT concentrations decrease similarly, but the percentage of Hg in the filtered fraction increases. The decreases in HgT and HgF between sample sites HG5 and HG7 suggests that this second source of connate groundwater to Harley Gulch is distinct from the Hg-enriched source that enters the middle of the wetlands at sample site HG1.5. During low-flow conditions in June 2010, input of connate groundwater increased from sample site HG4 and reached a maximum near sample site HG7, where it dominated creek water chemistry. Waters collected from sample site HG7 during the June 2010 sampling event were the heaviest isotopically and contained high concentrations of Cl and SO4, constituents that are characteristically high in the connate groundwater. Both above and below sample site HG7, the amount of connate groundwater in the creek water decreased.
Sites HG8-HG10
Sediment with high Hg concentration is present throughout the West Fork of Harley Gulch below the mine and in the upper part of the Harley Gulch main stem to just above sample site HG10. At the sample site furthest downstream, HG10, Hg concentration is at background levels, as are cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and tungsten (W), indicating that the sediment is not significantly contaminated with Hg from the mine.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111265","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Rytuba, J.J., Hothem, R.L., Brussee, B.E., and Goldstein, D., 2011, Impact of mine and natural sources of mercury on water, sediment, and biota in Harley Gulch adjacent to the Abbott-Turkey Run mine, Lake County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1265, ix, 105 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111265.","productDescription":"ix, 105 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":663,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center-Menlo Park Office","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1265.gif"},{"id":115690,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1265/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":394515,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1265/of2011-1265.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Lake County","otherGeospatial":"Harley Gulch","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.47550010681154,\n 38.98630040014555\n ],\n [\n -122.46953487396239,\n 38.98913576852135\n ],\n [\n -122.46584415435791,\n 38.99210444428017\n ],\n [\n -122.46232509613036,\n 38.99610695603966\n ],\n [\n -122.45932102203369,\n 38.99847500223872\n ],\n [\n -122.45584487915039,\n 38.99994248405357\n ],\n [\n -122.45090961456299,\n 39.000642862372096\n ],\n [\n -122.44996547698975,\n 39.00231040189239\n ],\n [\n -122.44528770446779,\n 39.003977902109774\n ],\n [\n -122.4415111541748,\n 39.0037444544454\n ],\n [\n -122.44013786315918,\n 39.004478144510884\n ],\n [\n -122.43631839752197,\n 39.003777804158915\n ],\n [\n -122.43498802185059,\n 39.00371110471618\n ],\n [\n -122.42915153503418,\n 39.00727943658698\n ],\n [\n -122.4305248260498,\n 39.00941367990123\n ],\n [\n -122.43348598480225,\n 39.00948037396715\n ],\n [\n -122.43614673614502,\n 39.00954706797022\n ],\n [\n -122.44155406951904,\n 39.00797974227288\n ],\n [\n -122.4439573287964,\n 39.00864669362303\n ],\n [\n -122.44949340820312,\n 39.0077463078146\n ],\n [\n -122.451810836792,\n 39.0061455936338\n ],\n [\n -122.45803356170654,\n 39.004344746883135\n ],\n [\n -122.46138095855713,\n 39.00524517598894\n ],\n [\n -122.46442794799805,\n 39.003177506910475\n ],\n [\n -122.46743202209471,\n 39.00117647929471\n ],\n [\n -122.46923446655273,\n 38.99854170661785\n ],\n [\n -122.47047901153564,\n 38.997441076321095\n ],\n [\n -122.47116565704346,\n 38.996307075685365\n ],\n [\n -122.47318267822266,\n 38.99410572845627\n ],\n [\n -122.47464179992674,\n 38.992304575244454\n ],\n [\n -122.47610092163085,\n 38.99003639117867\n ],\n [\n -122.47871875762938,\n 38.98860206079838\n ],\n [\n -122.47550010681154,\n 38.98630040014555\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38c1e4b0c8380cd616a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rytuba, James J. jrytuba@usgs.gov","contributorId":3043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rytuba","given":"James","email":"jrytuba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hothem, Roger L. roger_hothem@usgs.gov","contributorId":1721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hothem","given":"Roger","email":"roger_hothem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brussee, Brianne E. 0000-0002-2452-7101 bbrussee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2452-7101","contributorId":4249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brussee","given":"Brianne","email":"bbrussee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goldstein, Daniel N.","contributorId":87671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"Daniel N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70007191,"text":"ofr20111315 - 2011 - Bathymetry and digital elevation models of Coyote Creek and Alviso Slough, South San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-09T18:09:19.490137","indexId":"ofr20111315","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-23T13:04:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1315","title":"Bathymetry and digital elevation models of Coyote Creek and Alviso Slough, South San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"In 2010, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center completed three cruises to map the bathymetry of the main channel and shallow intertidal mudflats in the southernmost part of south San Francisco Bay. The three surveys were merged to generate comprehensive maps of Coyote Creek (from Calaveras Point east to the railroad bridge) and Alviso Slough (from the bay to the town of Alviso) to establish baseline bathymetry prior to the breaching of levees adjacent to Alviso and Guadalupe Sloughs as part of the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project (http://www.southbayrestoration.org). Since 2010, the USGS has conducted fourteen additional surveys to monitor bathymetric change in this region as restoration progresses.
The bathymetric surveys were conducted using the state-of-the-art research vessel R/V Parke Snavely outfitted with an interferometric sidescan sonar for swath mapping in extremely shallow water. This publication provides high-resolution bathymetric data collected by the USGS. For the 2010 baseline survey we have merged the bathymetry with aerial lidar data that were collected for the USGS during the same time period to create a seamless, high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of the study area. The series of bathymetric datasets are provided at 1 m resolution and the 2010 bathymetric/topographic DEM at 2 m resolution. The data are formatted as both X, Y, Z text files and ESRI Arc ASCII files that are accompanied by Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) compliant metadata.
Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2885 Mission Street
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
In this paper we examine the variations of the boreal summer season sea breeze circulation along the Florida panhandle coast from relatively high resolution (10 km) regional climate model integrations. The 23 year climatology (1979–2001) of the multidecadal dynamically downscaled simulations forced by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–Department of Energy (NCEP‐DOE) Reanalysis II at the lateral boundaries verify quite well with the observed climatology. The variations at diurnal and interannual time scales are also well simulated with respect to the observations. We show from composite analyses made from these downscaled simulations that sea breezes in northwestern Florida are associated with changes in the size of the Atlantic Warm Pool (AWP) on interannual time scales. In large AWP years when the North Atlantic Subtropical High becomes weaker and moves further eastward relative to the small AWP years, a large part of the southeast U.S. including Florida comes under the influence of relatively strong anomalous low‐level northerly flow and large‐scale subsidence consistent with the theory of the Sverdrup balance. This tends to suppress the diurnal convection over the Florida panhandle coast in large AWP years. This study is also an illustration of the benefit of dynamic downscaling in understanding the low‐frequency variations of the sea breeze.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2010JD015367","usgsCitation":"Misra, V., Moeller, L., Stefanova, L., Chan, S., O’Brien, J.J., Smith, T.J., and Plant, N., 2011, The influence of the Atlantic Warm Pool on the Florida panhandle sea breeze: Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, v. 116, no. 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III tom_j_smith@usgs.gov","contributorId":1615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Thomas","suffix":"III","email":"tom_j_smith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":353385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Plant, Nathaniel 0000-0002-5703-5672","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5703-5672","contributorId":81234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plant","given":"Nathaniel","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70007076,"text":"sir20115164 - 2011 - Pathogenic bacteria and microbial-source tracking markers in Brandywine Creek Basin, Pennsylvania and Delaware, 2009-10","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-19T09:18:06","indexId":"sir20115164","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5164","title":"Pathogenic bacteria and microbial-source tracking markers in Brandywine Creek Basin, Pennsylvania and Delaware, 2009-10","docAbstract":"The City of Wilmington, Delaware, is in the downstream part of the Brandywine Creek Basin, on the main stem of Brandywine Creek. Wilmington uses this stream, which drains a mixed-land-use area upstream, for its main drinking-water supply. Because the stream is used for drinking water, Wilmington is in need of information about the occurrence and distribution of specific fecally derived pathogenic bacteria (disease-causing bacteria) and their relations to commonly measured fecal-indicator bacteria (FIB), as well as information regarding the potential sources of the fecal pollution and pathogens in the basin. This study focused on five routinely sampled sites within the basin, one each on the West Branch and the East Branch of Brandywine Creek and at three on the main stem below the confluence of the West and East Branches. These sites were sampled monthly for 1 year. Targeted event samples were collected on two occasions during high flow and two occasions during normal flow. On the basis of this study, high flows in the Brandywine Creek Basin were related to increases in FIB densities, and in the frequency of selected pathogen and source markers, in the West Branch and main stem of Brandywine Creek, but not in the East Branch. Water exceeding the moderate fullbody-contact single-sample recreational water-quality criteria (RWQC) for Escherichia coli (E. coli) was more likely to contain selected markers for pathogenic E. coli (eaeA,stx1, and rfbO157 gene markers) and bovine fecal sources (E. hirae and LTIIa gene markers), whereas samples exceeding the enterococci RWQC were more likely to contain the same pathogenic markers but also were more likely to carry a marker indicative of human source (esp gene marker). On four sample dates, during high flow between October and March, the West Branch was the only observed potential contributor of selected pathogen and bovine source markers to the main stem of Brandywine Creek. Indeed, the stx2 marker, which indicates a highly virulent type of pathogenic E. coli, was found only in the West Branch and main stem at high flow but was not found in the East Branch under similar conditions. However, it must be noted that throughout the entire year of sampling there were occasions, during both high and normal flows, when both the East and West Branches were potential contributors of pathogen and microbial-source tracking markers to the main stem. Therefore, this study indicates that under selected conditions (high flow, October through March), West Branch Brandywine Creek Basin was the most likely source of elevated FIB densities in the main stem. These elevated densities are associated with more frequent detection of selected pathogenic E. coli markers (rfbO157 stx1) and are associated with MST markers of bovine source. However, during other times of the year, both the West Branch and East Branch Basins are acting as potential sources of FIB and fecally derived pathogens.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115164","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Wilmington, Delaware","usgsCitation":"Duris, J.W., Reif, A.G., Olson, L.E., and Johnson, H., 2011, Pathogenic bacteria and microbial-source tracking markers in Brandywine Creek Basin, Pennsylvania and Delaware, 2009-10: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5164, vi, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115164.","productDescription":"vi, 22 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116340,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5164.jpg"},{"id":112426,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5164/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania, Delaware","otherGeospatial":"Brandywine Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76,39.666666666666664 ], [ -76,40.166666666666664 ], [ -75.5,40.166666666666664 ], [ -75.5,39.666666666666664 ], [ -76,39.666666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7597e4b0c8380cd77c26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duris, Joseph W. 0000-0002-8669-8109 jwduris@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8669-8109","contributorId":1981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duris","given":"Joseph","email":"jwduris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":355783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reif, Andrew G. 0000-0002-5054-5207 agreif@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-5207","contributorId":2632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reif","given":"Andrew","email":"agreif@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olson, Leif E. leolson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Leif","email":"leolson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":355784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Heather E.","contributorId":207837,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Heather E.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":12456,"text":"former USGS scientist","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":744846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}