Radon-222 is a naturally occurring radioactive gas in the uranium-238 decay series that has traditionally been called, simply, radon. The lung cancer risks associated with the inhalation of radon decay products have been well documented by epidemiological studies on populations of uranium miners.
The realization that radon is a public health hazard has raised the need for sampling and analytical guidelines for field personnel. Several sampling and analytical methods are being used to document radon concentrations in ground water and surface water worldwide but no convenient, single set of guidelines is available. Three different sampling and analytical methods-bubbler, liquid scintillation, and field screening-are discussed in this paper. The bubbler and liquid scintillation methods have high accuracy and precision, and small analytical method detection limits of 0.2 and 10 pCi/l (picocuries per liter), respectively. The field screening method generally is used as a qualitative reconnaissance tool.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00396521","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Cecil, L., and Gesell, T., 1992, Sampling and analysis for radon-222 dissolved in ground water and surface water: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 20, no. 1, p. 55-66, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00396521.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"55","endPage":"66","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224682,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ab06be4b0c8380cd87ad3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cecil, L. DeWayne","contributorId":66856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"L. DeWayne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gesell, T.F.","contributorId":22097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gesell","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017180,"text":"70017180 - 1992 - Energy, time, and channel evolution in catastrophically disturbed fluvial systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-30T13:28:55","indexId":"70017180","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Energy, time, and channel evolution in catastrophically disturbed fluvial systems","docAbstract":"The US Geological Survey has maintained a network of stations to collect samples for the measurement of tritium concentrations in precipitation and streamflow since the early 1960s. Tritium data from outflow waters of river basins draining 4500–75000 km2 are used to determine average residence times of water within the basins. The basins studied are the Colorado River above Cisco, Utah; the Kissimmee River above Lake Okeechobee, Florida; the Mississippi River above Anoka, Minnesota; the Neuse River above Streets Ferry Bridge near Vanceboro, North Carolina; the Potomac River above Point of Rocks, Maryland; the Sacramento River above Sacramento, California; the Susquehanna River above Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The basins are modeled with the assumption that the outflow in the river comes from two sources—prompt (within-year) runoff from precipitation, and flow from the long-term reservoirs of the basin. Tritium concentration in the outflow water of the basin is dependent on three factors: (1) tritium concentration in runoff from the long-term reservoir, which depends on the residence time for the reservoir and historical tritium concentrations in precipitation; (2) tritium concentrations in precipitation (the within-year runoff component); (3) relative contributions of flow from the long-term and within-year components. Predicted tritium concentrations for the outflow water in the river basins were calculated for different residence times and for different relative contributions from the two reservoirs. A box model was used to calculate tritium concentrations in the long-term reservoir. Calculated values of outflow tritium concentrations for the basin were regressed against the measured data to obtain a slope as close as possible to 1. These regressions assumed an intercept of zero and were carried out for different values of residence time and reservoir contribution to maximize the fit of modeled versus actual data for all the above rivers. The final slopes of the fitted regression lines ranged from 0.95 to 1.01 (correlation coefficient > 0.96) for the basins studied. Values for the residence time of waters within the basins and average relative contributions of the within-year and long-term reservoirs to outflow were obtained. Values for river basin residence times ranged from 2 years for the Kissimmee River basin to 20 years for the Potomac River basin. The residence times indicate the time scale in which the basin responds to anthropogenic inputs. The modeled tritium concentrations for the basins also furnish input data for urban and agricultural settings where these river waters are used.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(92)90117-E","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Michel, R.L., 1992, Residence times in river basins as determined by analysis of long-term tritium records: Journal of Hydrology, v. 130, no. 1-4, p. 367-378, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(92)90117-E.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"378","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489980,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub/434","text":"External Repository"},{"id":222910,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"130","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa974e4b0c8380cd85de2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michel, R. L.","contributorId":86375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016967,"text":"70016967 - 1992 - Thermal waters along the Konocti Bay fault zone, Lake County, California: a re-evaluation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:53","indexId":"70016967","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal waters along the Konocti Bay fault zone, Lake County, California: a re-evaluation","docAbstract":"The Konocti Bay fault zone (KBFZ), initially regarded by some as a promising target for liquid-dominated geothermal systems, has been a disappointment. At least five exploratory wells were drilled in the vicinity of the KBFZ, but none were successful. Although the Na-K-Ca and Na-Li geothermometers indicate that the thermal waters discharging in the vicinity of Howard and Seigler Springs may have equilibrated at temperatures greater than 200??C, the spring temperatures and fluid discharges are low. Most thermal waters along the KBFZ contain >100 mg/l Mg. High concentrations of dissolved magnesium are usually indicative of relatively cool hydrothermal systems. Dissolution of serpentine at shallow depths may contribute dissolved silica and magnesium to rising thermal waters. Most thermal waters are saturated with respect to amorphous silica at the measured spring temperature. Silica geothermometers and mixing models are useless because the dissolved silica concentration is not controlled by the solubility of either quartz or chalcedony. Cation geothermometry indicates the possibility of a high-temperature fluid (> 200??C) only in the vicinity of Howard and Seigler Springs. However, even if the fluid temperature is as high as that indicated by the geothermometers, the permeability may be low. Deuterium and oxygen-18 values of the thermal waters indicate that they recharged locally and became enriched in oxygen-18 by exchange with rock. Diluting meteoric water and the thermal water appear to have the same deuterium value. Lack of tritium in the diluted spring waters suggest that the diluting water is old. ?? 1992.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Thompson, J., Mariner, R.H., White, L.D., Presser, T.S., and Evans, W.C., 1992, Thermal waters along the Konocti Bay fault zone, Lake County, California: a re-evaluation: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 53, no. 1-4, p. 167-183.","startPage":"167","endPage":"183","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb263e4b08c986b32578c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, J. M.","contributorId":77142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mariner, Robert H.","contributorId":81075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mariner","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, L. D.","contributorId":14330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Presser, T. S.","contributorId":93875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presser","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Evans, William C.","contributorId":104903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70016968,"text":"70016968 - 1992 - Comparison of purge and trap GC/MS and purgeable organic chloride analysis for monitoring volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-15T05:23:34","indexId":"70016968","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of purge and trap GC/MS and purgeable organic chloride analysis for monitoring volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons","docAbstract":"A combined field and laboratory study was conducted to compare purge and trap gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (PT‐GC/MS) and purgeable organic chloride (POC1) analysis for measuring volatile chlorinated hydro‐carbons (VCH) in ground water. Distilled‐water spike and recovery experiments using 10 VCH indicate that at concentrations greater than 1 /ig/1 recovery is more than 80 percent for both methods with relative standard deviations of about 10 percent. Ground‐water samples were collected from a site on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, where a shallow unconfined aquifer has been contaminated by VCH, and were analyzed by both methods. Results for PT‐GC/MS and POC1 analysis of the ground‐water samples were not significantly different (alpha = 0.05, paired t‐test analysis) and indicated little bias between the two methods. Similar conclusions about concentrations and distributions of VCH in the ground‐water contamination plume were drawn from the two data sets. However, only PT‐GC/MS analysis identified the individual compounds present and determined their concentrations, which was necessary for toxicological and biogeochemical evaluation of the contaminated ground water. POC1 analysis was a complimentary method for use with PT‐GC/MS analysis for identifying samples with VCH concentrations below the detection limit or with high VCH concentrations that require dilution. Use of POC1 as a complimentary monitoring method for PT‐GC/MS can result in more efficient use of analytical resources.
Piezometer nests were installed at study sites in each of five north-south-trending end moraines of the late Pleistocene Oak Creek Formation in southeastern Wisconsin. The formation is composed primarily of a fine-grained glacial diamicton (till) and laterally continuous and discontinuous, coarse-grained lake and meltwater stream sediment. It overlies the Silurian dolomite aquifer, which is a source of drinking water to rural areas. The average vertical linear velocity and age of ground water in the Oak Creek Formation were estimated by three methods: Darcy's Law, environmental isotopes including 3H, δ2H, δ18O, and 14C (dissolved inorganic carbon), and solute transport modeling of 18O. The F-1 and Metro sites in the Tinley moraine showed excellent agreement among the three estimates of vertical velocity and showed the lowest velocity values (0.3–0.5 cm year−1 downward), which suggests that diffusion controls vertical mass transport at these sites. Although the extrapolated maximum age of ground water is 35 000 years, ground water below 75 m at these sites is probably not older than 15 000 years, which is the maximum age of the formation. Estimates of velocity showed less agreement at study sites in the Lake Border moraine system to the east and ranged from about 0.2 to 20.7 cm year−1; maximum groundwater age could range from 213 to 6000 years. Higher and more variable velocities, perhaps owing to thinner and more heterogeneous sediment in these areas, suggest that diffusion may not dominate vertical mass transport. Heterogeneity and fractures may also promote the development of groundwater flow systems dominated by lateral flow. Because of the uncertainty about the nature of groundwater flow, velocity, and age in the formation east of the Tinley moraine, future waste-disposal activity in southeastern Wisconsin should be confined to the thickest parts of the Tinley moraine near the present F-1 and Metro sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(92)90183-V","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Simpkins, W., and Bradbury, K.R., 1992, Groundwater flow, velocity, and age in a thick, fine-grained till unit in southeastern Wisconsin: Journal of Hydrology, v. 132, no. 1-4, p. 283-319, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(92)90183-V.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"283","endPage":"319","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222857,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"132","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2da4e4b0c8380cd5bf79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpkins, W.W.","contributorId":41594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpkins","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradbury, K. R.","contributorId":86070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017161,"text":"70017161 - 1992 - Mass transfer constraints on the chemical evolution of an active hydrothermal system, Valles caldera, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:53","indexId":"70017161","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mass transfer constraints on the chemical evolution of an active hydrothermal system, Valles caldera, New Mexico","docAbstract":"Partial equilibrium conditions occur between fluids and secondary minerals in the Valles hydrothermal system, contained principally in the Tertiary rhyolitic Bandelier Tuff. The mass transfer processes are governed by reactive phase compositions, surface areas, water-rock ratios, reaction rates, and fluid residence times. Experimental dissolution of the vitric phase of the tuff was congruent with respect to Cl in the solid and produced reaction rates which obeyed a general Arrhenius release rate between 250 and 300??C. The 18O differences between reacted and unreacted rock and fluids, and mass balances calculations involving Cl in the glass phase, produced comparable water-rock ratios of unity, confirming the importance of irreversible reaction of the vitric tuff. A fluid residence time of approximately 2 ?? 103 years, determined from fluid reservoir volume and discharge rates, is less than 0.2% of the total age of the hydrothermal system and denotes a geochemically and isotopically open system. Mass transfer calculations generally replicated observed reservoir pH, Pco2, and PO2 conditions, cation concentrations, and the secondary mineral assemblage between 250 and 300??C. The only extraneous component required to maintain observed calcite saturation and high Pco2 pressures was carbon presumably derived from underlying Paleozoic limestones. Phase rule constraints indicate that Cl was the only incompatible aqueous component not controlled by mineral equilibrium. Concentrations of Cl in the reservoir directly reflect mass transport rates as evidenced by correlations between anomalously high Cl concentrations in the fluids and tuff in the Valles caldera relative to other hydrothermal systems in rhyolitic rocks. ?? 1992.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"White, A.F., Chuma, N., and Goff, F., 1992, Mass transfer constraints on the chemical evolution of an active hydrothermal system, Valles caldera, New Mexico: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 49, no. 3-4, p. 233-253.","startPage":"233","endPage":"253","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224965,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5259e4b0c8380cd6c347","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, A. F.","contributorId":36546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chuma, N.J.","contributorId":48319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chuma","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goff, F.","contributorId":53408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goff","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017158,"text":"70017158 - 1992 - Redistribution of soil nitrogen, carbon and organic matter by mechanical disturbance during whole-tree harvesting in northern hardwoods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-19T10:23:57","indexId":"70017158","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Redistribution of soil nitrogen, carbon and organic matter by mechanical disturbance during whole-tree harvesting in northern hardwoods","docAbstract":"To investigate whether mechanical mixing during harvesting could account for losses observed from forest floor, we measured surface disturbance on a 22 ha watershed that was whole-tree harvested. Surface soil on each 10 cm interval along 81, randomly placed transects was classified immediately after harvesting as mineral or organic, and as undisturbed, depressed, rutted, mounded, scarified, or scalped (forest floor scraped away). We quantitatively sampled these surface categories to collect soil in which preharvest forest floor might reside after harvest. Mechanically mixed mineral and organic soil horizons were readily identified. Buried forest floor under mixed mineral soil occurred in 57% of mounds with mineral surface soil. Harvesting disturbed 65% of the watershed surface and removed forest floor from 25% of the area. Mechanically mixed soil under ruts with organic or mineral surface soil, and mounds with mineral surface soil contained organic carbon and nitrogen pools significantly greater than undisturbed forest floor. Mechanical mixing into underlying mineral soil could account for the loss of forest floor observed between the preharvest condition and the second growing season after whole-tree harvesting.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0378-1127(92)90162-3","issn":"03781127","usgsCitation":"Ryan, D., Huntington, T.G., and Wayne, M.C., 1992, Redistribution of soil nitrogen, carbon and organic matter by mechanical disturbance during whole-tree harvesting in northern hardwoods: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 49, no. 1-2, p. 87-99, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(92)90162-3.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"99","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488052,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(92)90162-3","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":224920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","otherGeospatial":" Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest","volume":"49","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3bae4b0e8fec6cdb948","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryan, D.F.","contributorId":43626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huntington, Thomas G. 0000-0002-9427-3530 thunting@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":117440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"Thomas","email":"thunting@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":375586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wayne, Martin C.","contributorId":84634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wayne","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016982,"text":"70016982 - 1992 - Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopes of ultramafic xenoliths in volcanic rocks of Eastern China: Enriched components EMI and EMII in subcontinental lithosphere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-09T01:04:27.747736","indexId":"70016982","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopes of ultramafic xenoliths in volcanic rocks of Eastern China: Enriched components EMI and EMII in subcontinental lithosphere","docAbstract":"The U-Th-Pb, Sm-Nd, and Rb-Sr isotopic systematics of mafic and ultramafic xenolithic rocks and associated megacrystic inclusions of aluminous augite and garnet, that occur in three alkalic volcanic suites: Kuandian in eastern Liaoning Province, Hanluoba in Hebei Province, and Minxi in western Fujian Province, China are described. In various isotopic data plots, the inclusion data invariably fall outside the isotopic ranges displayed by the host volcanic rocks, testifying to the true xenolithic nature of the inclusions. The major element partitioning data on Ca, Mg, Fe, and Al among the coexisting silicate minerals of the xenoliths establish their growth at ambient mantle temperatures of 1000–1100°C and possible depths of 70–80 km in the subcontinental lithosphere. Although the partitioning of these elements reflects equilibrium between coexisting minerals, equilibria of the Pb, Nd, and Sr isotopic systems among the minerals were not preserved. The disequilibria are most notable with respect to the206Pb/204Pb ratios of the minerals. On a Nd-Sr isotopic diagram, the inclusion data plot in a wider area than that for oceanic basalts from a distinctly more depleted component than MORB with higher143Nd/144Nd and a much broader range of87Sr/86Sr values, paralleling the theoretical trajectory of a sea-water altered lithosphere in Nd-Sr space. The garnets consistently show lowerμ andκ values than the pyroxenes and pyroxenites, whereas a phlogopite shows the highestμ andκ values among all the minerals and rocks studied.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(92)90214-G","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Tatsumoto, M., Basu, A.R., Wankang, H., Junwen, W., and Guanghong, X., 1992, Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopes of ultramafic xenoliths in volcanic rocks of Eastern China: Enriched components EMI and EMII in subcontinental lithosphere: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 113, no. 1-2, p. 107-128, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(92)90214-G.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"107","endPage":"128","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224956,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9640e4b08c986b31b3cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Basu, A. R.","contributorId":99697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Basu","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wankang, H.","contributorId":24101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wankang","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Junwen, W.","contributorId":32683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Junwen","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Guanghong, X.","contributorId":33853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guanghong","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017093,"text":"70017093 - 1992 - The dynamic relationship between ground water and the Columbia River: Using deuterium and oxygen-18 as tracers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:48:32.42053","indexId":"70017093","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The dynamic relationship between ground water and the Columbia River: Using deuterium and oxygen-18 as tracers","docAbstract":"Deuterium and oxygen-18 were used as natural tracers to investigate the hydraulic relationship between the Columbia River and the Blue Lake gravel aquifer near Portland, Oregon. A time series of stable-isotope data collected from surface and ground waters during a March 1990 aquifer test confirms that the river and aquifer are hydraulically connected. Calculations based on simple mixing show that the river contributed 40–50% of the yield of three wells after 5–6 days of pumping. Data collected during August 1990, show that the river contributed 65–80% of the yield of one well after 22 days of pumping and indicate that the contribution of the river was still increasing.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(92)90078-A","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, K.A., McFarland, W.D., Wilkinson, J., and White, L.D., 1992, The dynamic relationship between ground water and the Columbia River: Using deuterium and oxygen-18 as tracers: Journal of Hydrology, v. 135, no. 1-4, p. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(92)90078-A.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224628,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"135","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baae7e4b08c986b322ab5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarthy, K. A.","contributorId":107309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McFarland, W. D.","contributorId":57099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McFarland","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilkinson, J.M.","contributorId":12068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkinson","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"White, L. D.","contributorId":14330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016177,"text":"70016177 - 1992 - Sulfur isotopic disequilibrium and fluid-rock interaction during metamorphism of sulfidic black shales from the Waterville-Augusta area, Maine, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-12T16:13:20.694502","indexId":"70016177","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sulfur isotopic disequilibrium and fluid-rock interaction during metamorphism of sulfidic black shales from the Waterville-Augusta area, Maine, USA","docAbstract":"Sulfur isotope ratios of pyrite (py) and pyrrhotite (po) from regionally metamorphosed graphitic sulfidic schists and related rocks from south-central Maine, USA, were analysed using SO2 and SF6 techniques. There is a broad range in δ34S values for both pyrite and pyrrhotite at most outcrops, up to 8%. and overall the values are isotopically light, averaging ~ −27‰ for the entire data set, suggesting that the rocks have not been grossly isotopically disturbed by regional metamorphism from their inferred organic-rich sedimentary origins. At all temperatures from chlorite to sillimanite grades, sulfide analysed from veins and blebs within the schists show predominantly disequilibrium fractionations ranging from
Arsenic‐contaminated mine tailings that were discharged into Whitewood Creek at Lead, South Dakota, from 1876 to 1978, were deposited along the floodplains of Whitewood Creek and the Belle Fourche River. The resulting arsenic‐contaminated floodplain deposit consists mostly of overbank sediments and filled abandoned meanders along White‐wood Creek, and overbank and point‐bar sediments along the Belle Fourche River. Arsenic concentrations of the contaminated sediments indicate the degree of dilution of mine tailings by uncontaminated alluvium.
About 13 per cent of the 110 × 106 Mg of mine tailings that were discharged at Lead were deposited along the Whitewood Creek floodplain. Deposition of mine tailings near the mouth of Whitewood Creek was augmented by an engineered structure. About 29 per cent of the mine tailings delivered by Whitewood Creek were deposited along the Belle Fourche River floodplain. About 60 per cent of that sediment is contained in overbank deposits. Deposition along a segment of the Belle Fourche River was augmented by rapid channel migration. The proportions of contaminated sediment stored along Whitewood Creek and the Belle Fourche River are consistent with sediment storage along the floodplains of perennial streams in other, similar sized watersheds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/esp.3290170704","usgsCitation":"Marron, D., 1992, Floodplain storage of mine tailings in the Belle Fourche river system: a sediment budget approach: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 17, no. 7, p. 675-685, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290170704.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"675","endPage":"685","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224485,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269248,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290170704"}],"volume":"17","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a118be4b0c8380cd54024","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marron, D. C.","contributorId":16031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marron","given":"D. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016727,"text":"70016727 - 1992 - Contribution of 222Rn in domestic water supplies to 222Rn in indoor air in Colorado homes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:48","indexId":"70016727","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1884,"text":"Health Physics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contribution of 222Rn in domestic water supplies to 222Rn in indoor air in Colorado homes","docAbstract":"The contribution of 222Rn from domestic water wells to indoor air was investigated in a study of 28 houses near Conifer, CO. Air concentrations determined by alpha-track detectors (ATDs) and continuous radon monitors were compared with the predictions of a single-cell model. In many of the houses, the water supply was shown to contribute significantly to levels of indoor 222Rn. The data from the ATD study were augmented with a continuous monitoring study of a house near Lyons, CO. The well water in that house has the highest known concentration of 222Rn in water yet reported (93 MBq m-3). The temporal pattern in the indoor 222Rn concentration corresponds to water-use records. In general, it is difficult to quantify the proportion of indoor radon attributable to water use. Several lines of evidence suggest that the single-cell model underestimates this proportion. Continuous- monitoring data, although useful, are impractical due to the cost of the equipment. We propose a protocol for 222Rn measurement based on three simultaneous integrating radon detectors that may help estimate the proportion of indoor 222Rn derived from the water supply.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Health Physics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00179078","usgsCitation":"Lawrence, E., Wanty, R., and Nyberg, P., 1992, Contribution of 222Rn in domestic water supplies to 222Rn in indoor air in Colorado homes: Health Physics, v. 62, no. 2, p. 171-177.","startPage":"171","endPage":"177","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225075,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa80e4b0c8380cd4db28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawrence, E.P.","contributorId":65129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"E.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wanty, R. B. 0000-0002-2063-6423","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":66704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nyberg, P.","contributorId":31919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nyberg","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016167,"text":"70016167 - 1992 - Ground-water models cannot be validated","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-15T05:32:33","indexId":"70016167","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground-water models cannot be validated","docAbstract":"Ground-water models are embodiments of scientific hypotheses. As such, the models cannot be proven or validated, but only tested and invalidated. However, model testing and the evaluation of predictive errors lead to improved models and a better understanding of the problem at hand. In applying ground-water models to field problems, errors arise from conceptual deficiencies, numerical errors, and inadequate parameter estimation. Case histories of model applications to the Dakota Aquifer, South Dakota, to bedded salts in New Mexico, and to the upper Coachella Valley, California, illustrate that calibration produces a nonunique solution and that validation, per se, is a futile objective. Although models are definitely valuable tools for analyzing ground-water systems, their predictive accuracy is limited. The terms validation and verification are misleading and their use in ground-water science should be abandoned in favor of more meaningful model-assessment descriptors.
The Bayhorse base and precious metal district is situated east of the Idaho batholith in south-central Idaho. The ores occur near the Nevada Mountain granitic stock as veins cutting the lower Paleozoic Ramshorn Slate and the Garden Creek Phyllite, and as fillings around breccia fragments within the Bayhorse Dolomite. The veins are dominated by siderite and tetrahedrite, with lesser quartz and galena, whereas the breccia ores dominantly comprise only quartz and galena. Mineralization and intrusive activity were contemporaneous during Cretaceous time. Fluid inclusion and stable isotope data indicate that mineralization formed from hot (ca. 375 degrees -225 degrees C), CO 2 -rich (< or =8.3+ or -1.4 mole %) brines (5-20 wt % NaCl equiv) at confining pressures between 1.1 and 1.7 kbars. Fluid cooling and the resulting CO 2 effervescence were the most important causes of ore deposition.Whole-rock delta 18 O and delta D values from the Garden Creek Phyllite define an isotopically depleted zone (60 km 2 ) around the Nevada Mountain stock and are the result of high-temperature interactions with ancient meteoric waters at water/rock ratios (mass fractions) ranging from 0.002 to 0.09. The delta 18 O (sub H 2 O) and delta D (sub H 2 O) values of the ore fluids ranged from 11.2 to 3.9 per rail and from -55 to -146 per mil, respectively. Comparison of the ore fluid delta 18 O (sub H 2 O) and delta D (sub H 2 O) values with hypothetical waters equilibrated with the Garden Creek Phyllite intricates that the hydrothermal fluids must have also interacted with the basal dolomite of Bayhorse Creek, which underlies the phyllite. Early delta 13 C (sub CO 2 ) values calculated in equilibrium with siderite ranged from -9.1 to -7.4 per mil, whereas later delta 13 C (sub CO 2 ) values obtained from quartz-hosted fluid inclusion extracts range from -4.0 to -1.8 per mil. The delta 13 C (sub CO 2 ) values for the hydrothermal fluids thus also record a transition from early water/rock interactions that were dominated by the Garden Creek Phyllite (organic matter delta 13 C = -23.6 to -20.9ppm) to later interactions that were influenced significantly by the basal dolomite of Bayhorse Creek (delta 13 C = -2.3 to -2.2ppm). The delta 34 S values of main-stage hydrothermal sulfides range from 3.0 to 28.3 per mil and display a distinct mode at approximately 10 per mil. The range of values may be interpreted as either a heterogeneous sedimentary source or mixed sedimentary-magmatic sources. On the basis of mass balance considerations, it is likely that all of the fluid salinity and the dissolved metals were derived from the Garden Creek Phyllite. The paragenetic sequence developed in the ores appears to be related to: (1) processes at the site of deposition, most notably cooling and CO 2 effervescence, and (2) water-rock interactions within the Garden Creek Phyllite in the 60-km 2 isotopically altered area surrounding the Nevada Mountain stock.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.87.2.271","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Seal, R., and Rye, R.O., 1992, Stable isotope study of water-rock interaction and ore formation, Bayhorse base and precious metal district, Idaho: Economic Geology, v. 87, no. 2, p. 271-287, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.87.2.271.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"287","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224980,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1992-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b967de4b08c986b31b53d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seal, R.R. II","contributorId":102097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"R.R.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017082,"text":"70017082 - 1992 - Herbicide transport in rivers: Importance of hydrology and geochemistry in nonpoint-source contamination","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-19T07:43:39","indexId":"70017082","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Herbicide transport in rivers: Importance of hydrology and geochemistry in nonpoint-source contamination","docAbstract":"Rainfall was sampled for pesticides to assess their occurrence in precipitation and potential impacts on water resources. Three areas in Iowa were sampled; two localities were in rural settings, and a third in an urban area. Fourteen pesticides, including ten herbicides and four insecticides, were detected from October 1987 through September 1990. Atrazine, alachlor, cyanazine, and metolachlor were the most commonly detected, with one or more of these four herbicides found in almost every rainfall sample during the growing season. Concentrations of individual pesticides ranged from 0.1 µg L−1 to 40.0 µg L−1, with most detections under 1.0 µg L−1. Pesticide detections in rainfall began in April and ended in July or August, probably related to the timing of chemical application and greater volatilization rates during warmer weather. Samples from the urban site had detections of the same agricultural chemicals found at the rural sites, but in lesser quantities. In addition to the commonly detected herbicides, three of the four insecticides detected in rainfall were only found in urban samples. Two of these have urban as well as agricultural uses. Some variation of pesticide detections were seen at the three sampling localities, related to regional and local use patterns. Concentrations were greater at sampling sites near fields where pesticides are applied, suggesting that local volatilization and distance of transport affect the concentrations in rainfall. Pesticide concentrations were highest at the beginning of a rainfall event with concentrations becoming lower in samples taken later in the event.
Surface and ground waters, collected over a period of three years from the Osamu Utsumi uranium mine and the Morro do Ferro thorium/rare-earth element (Th/REE) deposits, were analyzed and interpreted to identify the major hydrogeochemical processes. These results provided information on the current geochemical evolution of ground waters for two study sites within the Poços de Caldas Natural Analogue Project.
\nThe ground waters are a K–Fe–SO4–F type, a highly unusual composition related to intense weathering of a hydrothermally altered and mineralized complex of phonolites. Tritium and stable isotope data indicate that ground waters are of meteoric origin and are not affected significantly by evaporation or water–rock interactions. Recharging ground waters at both study sites demonstrate water of less than about 35 years in age, whereas deeper, more evolved ground waters are below 1 TU but still contain in most cases detectable tritium. These deeper ground waters may be interpreted as being of 35 to 60 or more years in age, resulting mainly from an admixture of younger with older ground waters and/or indicating the influence of subsurface produced tritium.
\nGeochemical processes involving water–rock–gas interactions have been modeled using ground water compositions, mineralogic data, ion plots and computations of speciation, non-thermodynamic mass balance and thermodynamic mass transfer. The geochemical reaction models can reproduce the water chemistry and mineral occurrences and they were validated by comparing the results of thermodynamic mass transfer calculations (using the PHREEQE program, Parkhurst et al., 1980). The results from the geochemical reaction models reveal that the dominant processes are production of CO2 in the soil zone through aerobic decay of organic matter, dissolution of fluorite, calcite, K-feldspar, albite, chlorite and manganese oxides, oxidation of pyrite and sphalerite, and precipitation of ferric oxides, silica and kaolinite. Gibbsite precipitation can be modeled for the shallow (recharge) water chemistry at Morro do Ferro, consistent with known mineralogy. Recharge waters are undersaturated with respect to barite and discharging waters and deeper ground waters are saturated to supersaturated with respect to barite demonstrating a strong solubility control. Strontium isotope data demonstrate that sources other than calcium-bearing minerals are required to account for the dissolved strontium in the ground waters. These may include K-feldspar, smectite–chlorite mixed-layer clays and goyazite [SrAl3(PO4)2 (OH)5 • H2O].
\n1992.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-444-89934-7.50011-6","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Nordstrom, D.K., McNutt, R., Puigdomenech, I., Smellie, J.A., and Wolf, M., 1992, Ground water chemistry and geochemical modeling of water-rock interactions at the Osamu Utsumi mine and the Morro do Ferro analogue study sites, Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 45, no. 1-3, p. 249-287, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-89934-7.50011-6.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"249","endPage":"287","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224677,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2aaae4b0c8380cd5b371","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":375381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McNutt, R.H.","contributorId":53097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNutt","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puigdomenech, I.","contributorId":85337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puigdomenech","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smellie, John A.T.","contributorId":26437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smellie","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wolf, M.","contributorId":43504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}