This report releases the results of selected chemical analyses by the USGS of fluids collected from geothennal power production wells at the Cerro Prieto Geothennal Field, Mexico. Cerro Prieto, the world's largest producing hot-water geothennal field, is located 32 km southeast of Mexicali, Baja California. Comision Federal de Electricidad de Mexico (CFE) gave permission for, and assisted in, sample collection. Data collection and reported analyses was made by the U.S. Geological Survey. Data collected in 1977 and 1978 where published previously by Ball and Jenne (1983) which was about half the data given here. This report also includes samples collected in 1979 which were not previously released. These activities, including this data release, are supported by the U.S. Department of Energy.
Analyses given in the following section were made by James W. Ball and E.A. Jenne. The data have been reviewed with the assistance of Cathy Janik, USGS, Menlo Park. Some, but not all, details from Ball and Jenne (1983) concerning collection, and preservation and analytical procedures are repeated here. Nehring and Trusdell (1977) also provide an outline of some of the issues involved in the difficult task of collecting samples from geothermal wells. The initial intent of the study was to provide basic data for use in determining how these fluids should be managed either in disposal or in reinjection. Some of the hot, corrosive brines were separated as two-phase (water and steam) samples under pressure using a coiled condenser tube submerged in an ice/water mixture (called \"condensed\" samples). It is not known if these were total flow samples. Other samples were collected from the brine sampling valve of the separators (called \"flashed\" samples). Analyses given in the following section area sorted by (1) well number, (2) date, and (3) sample type(s).
Analysis was by a Spectraspan III d.c. argon plasma emission spectrometer with a Spectraject III torch (Ball and Jenne, 1983). Elements were determined in two groups using interchangeable cassettes. Group one included B, Mn, Cu, Zn, Si, Zr, Be, Mn, Sr, Ti, Ca, Fe, Ba, K, Na, Rb, and Al. Group two included As, Se, Bi, Zn, Cd, Sb, Cu, Ni, Hg, Mo, Co, Cr, Fe, V, Tl, Li, and Pb. Ball and Jenne (1983) noted that analysis of B, Ca, Mg, Ba, and Sr generally gave precise results. Movement of the plasma or grating was observed to affect sensitivity over short time periods even while the instrument was carefully standardized and optimized. Sensitivity was also a function of sample concentration. All samples at the time of analysis contained a white precipitate (perhaps colloidal silica) thus the reported concentrations may not accurately represent the concentrations present at the time of collection (Ball and Jenne, 1983). Additional details about specific elements are given in the section on \"Evaluation of data\" (Bliss, this volume) following the data table.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr95514","usgsCitation":"1995, Cerro Prieto geothermal field, Mexico; chemical analyses and other data for 58 samples collected in 1977-1979: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-514, iii, 75 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95514.","productDescription":"iii, 75 p.","numberOfPages":"78","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":150231,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0514/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46057,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0514/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6e5f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bliss, James D. jbliss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"James","email":"jbliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":759394,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30094,"text":"wri954005 - 1995 - Water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Nutrients, dissolved oxygen, and fecal-indicator bacteria in surface water, April 1987 through August 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-16T20:38:41.200733","indexId":"wri954005","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4005","title":"Water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Nutrients, dissolved oxygen, and fecal-indicator bacteria in surface water, April 1987 through August 1990","docAbstract":"Data describing the presence, spatial distribution, and temporal variability of nutrients, dissolved oxygen, and fecal-indicator bacteria in surface water were collected from streams in the upper Illinois River Basin from 1987-90 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. The largest concen- trations and loads of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were observed in streams in the urban areas of the basin. Mean annual loads of total nitrogen and total phosphorus leaving the upper Illinois River Basin accounted for 30 and 4 percent, respectively, of the input of these nutrients to the basin. Upward trends in total nitrogen concen- trations from 1978-90 were observed at three surface-water sampling stations, and downward trends in total phosphorus concentrations were observed at two stations. Median dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from 3.4 to 12.2 milligrams per liter at eight long-term monitoring stations in the basin. During low-flow conditions, dissolved oxygen concentrations at 59 percent of the sites in the agricultural Kankakee River Basin and 49 percent of the sites in the urban Des Plaines River Basin were less than the Illinois water-quality standard of 5.0 milligrams per liter. Upward trends in dissolved oxygen concentrations were indicated at the two most downstream stations in the upper Illinois River Basin. Fecal-coliform densities at the fixed stations ranged from 1 to 45,000 colonies per 100 milliliters; stream-water samples from the Des Plaines River Basin typically had densities one or two orders of magnitude larger than samples from the rest of the Upper Illinois River Basin. Between 30 and 100 percent of the samples collected at surface-water sampling stations in the Des Plaines River Basin had densities of E.Coli greater than the Federal criteria for infrequently used full-body- contact water. Significant downward trends in bacteria densities were observed at three of the surface-water-monitoring stations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954005","usgsCitation":"Terrio, P.J., 1995, Water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Nutrients, dissolved oxygen, and fecal-indicator bacteria in surface water, April 1987 through August 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4005, vii, 79 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954005.","productDescription":"vii, 79 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393016,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48128.htm"},{"id":58908,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4005/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160575,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4005/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Illinois River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89,\n 40.4667\n ],\n [\n -86,\n 40.4667\n ],\n [\n -86,\n 43.1\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 43.1\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 40.4667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db545177","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Terrio, P. J.","contributorId":11645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terrio","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25767,"text":"wri954014 - 1995 - Simulated response of the High Plains aquifer to ground-water withdrawals in the Upper Republican Natural Resources District, Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:13","indexId":"wri954014","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4014","title":"Simulated response of the High Plains aquifer to ground-water withdrawals in the Upper Republican Natural Resources District, Nebraska","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Soil Tilth Laboratory of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, conducted a study as part of the multi- scale, interagency Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA) program to evaluate the effects of agricultural management (farming) systems on water quality. Data on surface flow, tileflow, and streamflow in the Walnut Creek watershed just south of Ames, Iowa, were collected during April 1991-September 1993 at five sites with drainage areas ranging from 366 to 5,130 hectares. Precipitation, flow discharge, and concentration, loads, and yields of nitrate as nitrogen, atrazine, and metolachlor were analyzed to relate the transport of agricultural chemicals to major water-flow processes and to examine and transport differences among three subwatersheds. Antecedent conditions and basin-characteristic differences had significant effects on the flow response from the subwatersheds. Monthly streamflow-to- precipitation ratios were greater than 1.0, as a result of snowmelt, and negative when streamflow was lost to the ground-water system in the downstream subwatershed. Dry antecedent conditions resulted in ratios less than 0.3 (July 1992), whereas wet antecedent conditions resulted in ratios from 0.7 to almost 1.0 (July 1993) during months with similar large rainfall amounts. Most of the streamflow from the upland subwatersheds came from tileflow. Surface flow (surface runoff, interflow, and return flow0 was highly variable and intermittent, usually lasting for only a few days after a storm, although it could be the dominant source of flow when stormflow was large. Tileflow was less variable and much more persistent, ceasing only after prolonged dry periods. Large quantities of nitrate as nitrogen were transported in Walnut Creek, with concen- trations often greater than the Maximum Contaminant Level of 10 milligrams per liter established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for finished drinking water. In the upland subwatersheds, ground-water flow from the tiles appears to have been the primary means of transport to the streams. Concentrations in tileflow and streamflow generally were 4 to 16 milligrams per liter, with the lower concen- trations often the result of dilution by surface runoff. Loss ratios, chemical yields expressed as a percentage of average application rates of nitrate as nitrogen for October 1992-September 1993, were about 10 percent for surface flow and more than 100 percent for tileflow from the 366-hectare basin and were more than 200 percent for streamflow from the downstream subwatershed. Concentrations of atrazine and metolachlor in streamflow, typically, were less than the Maximum Contaminant Level of 3.0 micrograms per liter, but were as high as 59 and 80 micrograms per liter, respectively, during stormflow. Concentrations as high as 170 micrograms per liter occurred in tileflow, but these were related to surface flow through surface inlets. The transport of herbicides was extremely variable, with most of the loads occurring during stormflow. Atrazine appeared more susceptable to transport losses to streamflow than did metolachlor. Loss ratios for streamflow from the subwatersheds for April- September periods were 0.3 to 20 percent for atrazine and 0.1 to 2.9 percent for metolachlor. Chemical loss ratios indicated differences in the transport characteristics of the three subwatersheds. The downstream subwatershed, which has steeper terrain, a more-developed natural drainage system, and fewer tiles than the two upland subwatersheds, had the largest loss rates for all three chemicals--206 percent for nitrate as nitrogen (October 1992-September 1993) and 20 percent for atrazine and 2.9 percent for metolachlor (April-September 1993). For May-July 1993, when most of the herbicides were transported, the downstream subwatershed also had the largest cumulative unit discharge and the largest streamflow-to-precipitation ra","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954014","usgsCitation":"Peckenpaugh, J.M., Kern, R., Dugan, J.T., and Kilpatrick, J.M., 1995, Simulated response of the High Plains aquifer to ground-water withdrawals in the Upper Republican Natural Resources District, Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4014, vi, 60 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954014.","productDescription":"vi, 60 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157027,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4014/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54523,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4014/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649400","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peckenpaugh, J. M.","contributorId":69559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peckenpaugh","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kern, R.A.","contributorId":107315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kern","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dugan, J. T.","contributorId":67890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dugan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kilpatrick, J. M.","contributorId":80706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilpatrick","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":29817,"text":"wri954038 - 1995 - Geology and hydrogeology of Naval Air Station Chase Field and Naval Auxiliary Landing Field Goliad, Bee and Goliad counties, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-16T14:48:34","indexId":"wri954038","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4038","title":"Geology and hydrogeology of Naval Air Station Chase Field and Naval Auxiliary Landing Field Goliad, Bee and Goliad counties, Texas","docAbstract":"The geologic formations that crop out near Naval Air Station Chase Field and Naval Auxiliary Landing Field Goliad military bases consist of fluvial to fluvial-deltaic sediments of Tertiary and Quaternary age. These formations include the Fleming and Goliad Formations of Miocene age, Lissie Formation of Pleistocene age, fluvial terrace deposits of Pleistocene to Holocene age, and alluvium of Holocene age. The lithology of these formations consists of sand, sandstone, silt, and clay, with lesser amounts of gravel and caliche in the outcrops.
\nThe freshwater aquifers underlying the study area are the unconfined Evangeline (watertable) aquifer, comprising the upper sandy parts of the Fleming Formation and Goliad Formation, and confined Fleming aquifers, comprising the thick sandstone beds of the Fleming Formation. Both military bases withdraw potable water from one of the confined aquifers. At Naval Air Station Chase Field, the transmissivity and storativity of the confined aquifer where the base withdraws its public water supply are 1,060 feet squared per day and 1.2x10-4, respectively, as computed from the results of a 74-hour constant-discharge aquifer test. Selected water-quality field measurements of specific conductance, pH, and temperature indicate that each of the three aquifers at Naval Air Station Chase Field are somewhat insulated from one another by the intervening confining units.
\nLarge vertical hydraulic-head gradients are present between the unconfined Evangeline aquifer and confined Fleming aquifers at Naval Air Station Chase Field and Naval Auxiliary Landing Field Goliad. These gradients, together with the results of the aquifer test at Naval Air Station Chase Field and assumed characteristics of the confining units, indicate that downward flow of ground water probably occurs from the water-table aquifer to the underlying aquifers. The rate of downward flow between the two confined Fleming aquifers (from A-sand to B-sand) can be approximated using an estimate of vertical hydraulic conductivity of the intervening confining unit obtained from assumed storage characteristics and data from the aquifer test. Under the relatively high vertical hydraulic-head gradient induced by the aquifer test, ground-water movement from the A-sand aquifer to the B-sand aquifer could require about 490 years; and about 730 years under the natural gradient. Future increases in ground-water withdrawals from the B-sand aquifer might increase downward flow in the aquifer system of the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri954038","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Navy, Navy Facilities Engineering Command, Southern Division, Charleston, South Carolina","usgsCitation":"Snyder, G.L., 1995, Geology and hydrogeology of Naval Air Station Chase Field and Naval Auxiliary Landing Field Goliad, Bee and Goliad counties, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4038, iv, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954038.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126640,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4038/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58620,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4038/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Bee County, Goliad County","otherGeospatial":"Naval Air Station Chase Field and Naval Auxiliary Landing Field Goliad","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-97.3742,28.3879],[-97.5355,28.1613],[-97.5607,28.1256],[-97.8084,28.1788],[-98.0167,28.5323],[-98.0894,28.6599],[-98.0037,28.6896],[-97.9189,28.7187],[-97.9127,28.7168],[-97.9035,28.7116],[-97.8999,28.7092],[-97.8989,28.7073],[-97.8995,28.7055],[-97.8975,28.7032],[-97.8954,28.7013],[-97.8913,28.6998],[-97.8795,28.6932],[-97.8682,28.6902],[-97.8641,28.6874],[-97.8637,28.6841],[-97.859,28.6845],[-97.8538,28.6839],[-97.8461,28.6824],[-97.8353,28.679],[-97.8291,28.6761],[-97.8276,28.6742],[-97.8267,28.6715],[-97.7929,28.6721],[-97.7882,28.6716],[-97.7847,28.6688],[-97.7812,28.6646],[-97.7743,28.669],[-97.7706,28.6717],[-97.5693,28.8157],[-97.4199,28.9233],[-97.4126,28.9241],[-97.4074,28.923],[-97.4043,28.9216],[-97.4044,28.9183],[-97.403,28.9146],[-97.403,28.9133],[-97.4015,28.9123],[-97.3994,28.9127],[-97.3973,28.9136],[-97.3957,28.9154],[-97.3951,28.9172],[-97.3894,28.9162],[-97.3853,28.9156],[-97.3832,28.9142],[-97.3833,28.9123],[-97.385,28.9087],[-97.385,28.9064],[-97.3588,28.8966],[-97.3557,28.8951],[-97.3553,28.8928],[-97.3538,28.8914],[-97.3527,28.8909],[-97.3506,28.8913],[-97.3464,28.8931],[-97.3417,28.8939],[-97.3381,28.8924],[-97.3305,28.8876],[-97.3264,28.8848],[-97.3249,28.8829],[-97.325,28.8811],[-97.3261,28.8792],[-97.3277,28.8765],[-97.3288,28.8743],[-97.3289,28.8729],[-97.3273,28.8719],[-97.3242,28.8718],[-97.3211,28.8727],[-97.319,28.8736],[-97.3174,28.874],[-97.3164,28.8735],[-97.3164,28.8717],[-97.317,28.8698],[-97.3145,28.8661],[-97.3068,28.8622],[-97.3033,28.8585],[-97.3018,28.8557],[-97.303,28.8525],[-97.3052,28.8484],[-97.3068,28.8462],[-97.3049,28.842],[-97.2997,28.8414],[-97.2856,28.8447],[-97.2725,28.8453],[-97.2653,28.8433],[-97.2606,28.8436],[-97.259,28.8459],[-97.2594,28.8491],[-97.2599,28.8514],[-97.2592,28.8541],[-97.2571,28.8559],[-97.2503,28.8562],[-97.2447,28.8538],[-97.239,28.8532],[-97.2364,28.8545],[-97.2383,28.8582],[-97.2419,28.861],[-97.2423,28.8629],[-97.2412,28.8642],[-97.2324,28.8649],[-97.2196,28.8586],[-97.215,28.8567],[-97.2084,28.8519],[-97.2074,28.8487],[-97.2024,28.8426],[-97.1968,28.8383],[-97.1923,28.8359],[-97.1919,28.8308],[-97.1911,28.8225],[-97.1945,28.8148],[-97.1861,28.8022],[-97.1792,28.7905],[-97.1731,28.7858],[-97.168,28.7843],[-97.1634,28.7819],[-97.163,28.7777],[-97.1647,28.775],[-97.1659,28.7691],[-97.1672,28.7604],[-97.1675,28.7535],[-97.1681,28.7498],[-97.1693,28.7471],[-97.1714,28.7449],[-97.1741,28.7431],[-97.1767,28.7413],[-97.1773,28.739],[-97.1779,28.7372],[-97.1769,28.7358],[-97.1738,28.7357],[-97.1717,28.7352],[-97.1692,28.7324],[-97.1699,28.7292],[-97.1711,28.7085],[-97.1759,28.5943],[-97.1709,28.5914],[-97.1632,28.5884],[-97.1586,28.5851],[-97.1566,28.5832],[-97.1572,28.5823],[-97.1582,28.5814],[-97.1613,28.5819],[-97.1624,28.582],[-97.164,28.5788],[-97.1647,28.5747],[-97.1648,28.5719],[-97.1623,28.5686],[-97.1586,28.5708],[-97.1581,28.5704],[-97.1593,28.5663],[-97.161,28.5622],[-97.1601,28.5576],[-97.1566,28.552],[-97.1516,28.5468],[-97.3477,28.4088],[-97.3631,28.3973],[-97.3742,28.3879]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Bee\",\"state\":\"TX\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4670","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, G. L.","contributorId":34505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28440,"text":"wri954074 - 1995 - Selected chemical characteristics and acute toxicity of urban stormwater, streamflow, and bed material, Maricopa County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-25T17:01:25","indexId":"wri954074","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4074","title":"Selected chemical characteristics and acute toxicity of urban stormwater, streamflow, and bed material, Maricopa County, Arizona","docAbstract":"The chemistry and toxicity of urban stormwater, streamflow, and bed material in the Phoenix, Arizona, area were characterized to determine if urban stormwater could degrade the quality of streams. Toxic phases of stormwater (oil and grease, suspended solids, dissolved metals, and dissolved organics) were identified to aid water-quality managers minimize the sources of toxicants. Acute aquatic toxicity tests were done using the water flea Ceriodaphnia dubia and fathead minnows (Pimaphales promelas), and acute sediment toxicity tests were done using the amphipod Hyalella azteca. Statistical analyses also were used to determine the effect of urbanization on the quality of water and bed material and to identify toxic constituents.
Statistical analyses indicated that urban stormwater could degrade the quality of streamflow with oil and grease, pesticides, dissolved trace metals, and ammonia, and that ammonia, lead, cadmium, and zinc are released by urban activities and accumulate in bed material. Ammonia may be from fertilizers, fecal matter, and other sources. Lead probably is from vehicles that use leaded gasoline. Cadmium and zinc could be from paniculate metal in oil, brake pads, and other sources.
Samples of the initial runoff from urban drainage basins appeared to be more toxic than flowweighted composite samples, and stormwater was more harmful to fathead minnows than to Ceriodaphnia dubia. Streamflow samples from the Salt River were not toxic to either species, which indicates that urban stormwater could degrade the quality of the Salt River. The enhanced mortality rate of fathead minnows exposed to urban stormwater from most urban drainage basins indicated that the toxicants were more detrimental to fish than to insects and could be present in stormwater throughout the Phoenix area. The most toxic stormwater samples were collected from the drainage basins with residential and commercial land use, and the toxicity probably was due to surfactants and (or) other constituents leached from asphalt and resealant Results of toxicity identification evaluations indicated that the toxicity of stormwater mostly was due to organic constituents; dissolved zinc and copper also appeared to contribute to stormwater toxicity. Statistical comparisons of chemical data to toxicity data indicated that organophosphate pesticides were not the toxic constituents, and the toxicity generally was due to organic constituents that were not analyzed.
The most toxic bed-material samples were collected from a drainage basin with undeveloped land use. In these bed-material samples, mortality rates were significantly higher than in samples from ephemeral channels. Comparisons between the toxicity of bed-material samples from undeveloped and urban drainage basins and between urban drainage basins and ephemeral channels showed no significant difference. In urban drainage basins, bed-material samples collected from areas where stormwater accumulates appeared to be more toxic than samples collected from areas where stormwater does not accumulate.
For bed-material samples from the undeveloped drainage basin, mortality rates strongly correlated with recoverable concentrations of zinc and moderately correlated with recoverable concentrations of copper. The high mortality rate probably was due to naturally occurring trace metals. For bed-material samples from urban drainage basins, mortality rates significantly correlated with recoverable concentrations of cadmium and zinc, which resulted from urban activities. The bioavailability of trace metals in bed material appeared to be controlled by the adsorption properties of organic carbon, iron, and manganese. Organochlorine pesticides were detected in most bed-material samples; however, mortality rates were poorly correlated with pesticide concentrations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954074","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"Lopes, T.J., and Fossum, K.D., 1995, Selected chemical characteristics and acute toxicity of urban stormwater, streamflow, and bed material, Maricopa County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4074, v, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954074.","productDescription":"v, 52 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":57242,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4074/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159175,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4074/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Maricopa County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.5,\n 33.25\n ],\n [\n -111.75,\n 33.25\n ],\n [\n -111.75,\n 33.75\n ],\n [\n -112.5,\n 33.75\n ],\n [\n -112.5,\n 33.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4a1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lopes, Thomas J. tjlopes@usgs.gov","contributorId":2302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopes","given":"Thomas","email":"tjlopes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":199801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fossum, Kenneth D.","contributorId":34121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fossum","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25766,"text":"wri944131 - 1995 - Simulated ground-water flow and sources of water in the Killbuck Creek Valley near Wooster, Wayne County, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:13","indexId":"wri944131","displayToPublicDate":"1995-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4131","title":"Simulated ground-water flow and sources of water in the Killbuck Creek Valley near Wooster, Wayne County, Ohio","docAbstract":"The stratified-drift aquifer in the 3,000-ft (feet)-wide and 100-ft-deep buried valley of Killbuck Creek near Wooster in northeastern Ohio was studied. The stratified drift with adjacent sandstone and shale bedrock produce a system of ground-water flow representative of the western part of the glaciated north-eastern United States. The stratified-drift aquifer is an excellent source of water for municipal and industrial wells. The aquifer is recharged locally by water from precipitation on the valley floor and uplands, by infiltration from streams, and by lateral flow to the valley from the uplands. As a result, the aquifer is vulnerable to surface or subsurface spills of contaminants in the valley or the adjacent uplands. Quality of water in the stratified drift is affected by influx of water from bedrock lateral to or beneath the valley. This influx is controlled, in part, by the pumping stress placed on the stratified-drift aquifer.\r\n\r\nHydrogeologic and aqueous-geochemical data were analyzed to establish the framework necessary for stead-state and transient simulations of ground-water flow in stratified drift and bedrock with a three-layer ground-water-flow model. A new model routine, the Variable-Recharge procedure, was developed to simulate areal recharge and the contribution of the uplands to the drift system. This procedure allows for water applied to land surface to infiltrate or to be rejected. Rejected recharge and ground water discharged when the water table is at land surface form surface runoff-this excess upland water can be redirected as runoff to other parts of the model.\r\n\r\nInfiltration of streamwater, areal recharge to uplands and valley, and lateral subsurface flow from the uplands to the valley are sources of water to the stratufued0druft aquifer. Water is removed from the stratified-drift aquifer at Wooster primarily by production wells pumping at a rate of approximately 8.5 ft3/s (cubic feet per second). The ground-water budget resulting from two types of simulations of ground-water flow in this study indicates the primary sources of water to the wells are recharge at or near land surface and lateral subsurface flow from the shale and sandstone bedrock. Components of recharge at land surface include induced infiltration from streams, precipitation on the valley floor, and infiltration of unchanneled upland runoff that reaches the valley floor.\r\n\r\nThe steady-state simulation was designed to represent conditions during the fall of 1984. The transient simulation was designed to represent an 11-day snowmelt event, 23 February to 5 March 1985, that caused water levels to rise significantly throughout the valley. Areal recharge to the valley and flow from the uplands to the valley were determined through the Variable-Recharge procedure. The total steady-state recharge to the valley was 12.5 ft3/s. Upland sources, areal valley recharge, and induced infiltration from Killnuck Creek accounted for 63, 23, and 8 percent, respectively, of the valley recharge.\r\n\r\nAn analysis of the simulated vertical flow to the buried stratified drift through surficial slit, clay, and fine sand indicates that about 75 percent of the total recharge to the buried deposits is the sum of areally extensive, relatively small flows less than about 0.01 ft? /s per model node), whereas about 25 percent of the recharge results from a really restricted, relatively large flows (greater than about 0.01 ft? /s per model node). The large-magnitude flows are located primarily beneath Clear and Little Killbuck Creeks where seepage provides abundant recharge and the surficial sediments grade into coarser alluvial-fan deposits.\r\n\r\nChemical and isotopic studies of ground water and streamwater combined with measurements of stream infiltration provide independent support for the conclusions derived from computer simulation of ground-water flow. In addition, the chemical and isotopic studies helped quantity the rate and pathways of infiltrating water from ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944131","usgsCitation":"Breen, K.J., Kontis, A., Rowe, G., and Haefner, R., 1995, Simulated ground-water flow and sources of water in the Killbuck Creek Valley near Wooster, Wayne County, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4131, vi, 104 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944131.","productDescription":"vi, 104 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157014,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4131/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54522,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4131/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f332a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Breen, K. J.","contributorId":44176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breen","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kontis, A.L.","contributorId":69542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kontis","given":"A.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rowe, G.L.","contributorId":23978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"G.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haefner, R.J.","contributorId":72393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haefner","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":28614,"text":"wri944221 - 1995 - Water-quality assessment of the upper Snake River Basin, Idaho and western Wyoming — Environmental setting, 1980-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-16T20:48:16.613157","indexId":"wri944221","displayToPublicDate":"1995-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4221","title":"Water-quality assessment of the upper Snake River Basin, Idaho and western Wyoming — Environmental setting, 1980-92","docAbstract":"The 35,800-square-mile upper Snake River \nBasin is one of 20 areas studied as part of the \nNational Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) \nProgram of the U.S. Geological Survey. Objectives of NAWQA are to study ground- and \nsurface-water quality, biology, and their relations \nto land-use activities. Major land and water uses \nthat affect water quality in the basin are irrigated \nagriculture, grazing, aquaculture, food processing, \nand wastewater treatment. Data summarized in \nthis report are used in companion reports to help \ndefine the relations among land use, water use, \nwater quality, and biological conditions.\nThe upper Snake River Basin is located in \nsoutheastern Idaho and northwestern Wyoming \nand includes small parts of Nevada and Utah. Total \npopulation in the basin was about 425,000 in 1990. \nMajor urban areas are Idaho Falls, Pocatello, \nRexburg, and Twin Falls, Idaho, which make up \n10, 11,3, and 6 percent of the total population, \nrespectively. Climate in the basin is mostly \nsemiarid and mean annual precipitation ranges \nfrom 8 to more than 60 inches. The eastern Snake \nRiver Plain is the major geologic feature in the \nbasin and is delineated mostly by Quaternary and \nTertiary basalt flows. It is about 55 to 62 miles \nwide and 320 miles long and bisects the basin in a \nnortheast-southwest direction.\nThe Snake River is the dominant surface-water \nfeature and flows about 453 miles from the \nsouthern border of Yellowstone National Park in \nWyoming to King Hill, Idaho, where it leaves the \nbasin. The Snake River flows through five reservoirs that provide a total storage capacity of more \nthan 4 million acre-feet. Gravity-flow diversions\nare predominant in the upper part of the basin and \ntotaled 8.8 million.acre-feet in 1980. Pumped \ndiversions occur mainly in the lower part of the \nbasin and totaled 408,500 acre-feet in 1980.\nThe Snake River Plain aquifer is the predominant ground-water feature in the upper Snake \nRiver Basin and underlies the eastern Snake River \nPlain. The upper 500 feet of the aquifer may store \n200 to 300 million acre-feet of water. Ground-water resources that supply agricultural lands are \nsustained by recharge from surface-water irrigation, precipitation, and tributary inflow. Major \nground-water discharges are at springs and seeps \nor from ground-water pumpage for irrigation.\nWater use in the basin is dominated by irrigated agriculture, which is the largest consumptive \nwater use in the basin. Major crops in the basin \ninclude potatoes, wheat, sugar beets, hay, and \nbarley. Most irrigation needs are supplied from \nsurface-water sources through a series of canals \nand laterals. In 1990, about 2.5 million acres were \nirrigated with more than 14.2 million acre-feet of \nsurface and ground water. About 21 percent of the \nbasin is agricultural land and 50 percent is \nrangeland.\nIdaho leads the Nation in trout production \nfor commercial sale. Combined mean annual \ndischarges from 12 aquacultural facilities in the \nbasin (1985-90) were about 787,000 acre-feet. \nThese facilities are clustered in a reach of the \nSnake River between Milner Dam and King Hill \nwhere ground-water discharge is from many seeps \nand springs that provide sufficient quantities of \ngood-quality water. Other facilities that release \neffluent to the Snake River include 13 municipal \nwastewater treatment plants and 3 industrial facilities.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944221","usgsCitation":"Maupin, M.A., 1995, Water-quality assessment of the upper Snake River Basin, Idaho and western Wyoming — Environmental setting, 1980-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4221, iv, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944221.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p.","numberOfPages":"39","temporalStart":"1980-01-01","temporalEnd":"1992-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393017,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48088.htm"},{"id":57437,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4221/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158959,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4221/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"upper Snake River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.3167,\n 41.4833\n ],\n [\n -109.9167,\n 41.4833\n ],\n [\n -109.9167,\n 44.6667\n ],\n [\n -115.3167,\n 44.6667\n ],\n [\n -115.3167,\n 41.4833\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ae32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maupin, Molly A. 0000-0002-2695-5505 mamaupin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2695-5505","contributorId":951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maupin","given":"Molly","email":"mamaupin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28586,"text":"wri944066 - 1995 - Effects of combined-sewer overflows and urban runoff on the water quality of Fall Creek, Indianapolis, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T12:26:07","indexId":"wri944066","displayToPublicDate":"1995-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4066","title":"Effects of combined-sewer overflows and urban runoff on the water quality of Fall Creek, Indianapolis, Indiana","docAbstract":"In 1986, the U.S. Geological Survey and the Indianapolis Department of Public Works began a study to evaluate the effects of combined-sewer overflows and urban runoff discharging to Fall Geek on the White River. This report describes the effects of combined-sewer overflows and urban runoff on the water quality of Fall Creek during summer 1987 by comparing the water quality during base flow with that during storm runoff and by comparing water quality in the urbanized area with that in the less urbanized area upstream from the combined-sewer overflows. Data were collected at three streamflow-gaging stations located upstream from, downstream from, and in the middle of 27 combined-sewer overflows on Fall Creek. The most downstream station also was immediately downstream from the discharge of filter backwash from a water-treatment plant for public supply.
\nSpecific conductance and concentrations of major ions and dissolved solids in base flow increased downstream in response to surface-water withdrawn for public supply, ground-water inflow, and the discharge of filter backwash. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen were least in the reach of Fall Creek in the middle of the combined- sewer overflows where black sludge deposits covered the stream bottom. Concentrations of nitrate plus nitrite and ammonia steadily increased downstream, whereas concentrations of organic nitrogen, phosphorus, and orthophosphate only increased at the most downstream station. Nearly all concentrations of chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc at the upstream and middle stations were less than the detection limit of 10 micrograms per liter. Detectable concentrations of these metals and high concentrations of suspended solids in base-flow samples at the most downstream station were caused by the discharges from the water-treatment plant.
\nConcentrations of dissolved oxygen measured at the station in the middle of the combined-sewer overflows were less than the Indiana minimum ambient water-quality standard of 4.0 milligrams per liter during all storms. Concentrations of ammonia, oxygen demand, copper, lead, zinc, and fecal coliform bacteria at the stations downstream from the combined-sewer overflows were much higher in storm runoff than in base flow. Increased concentrations of oxygen demand in runoff probably were caused by combined-sewer overflows, urban runoff, and the resuspension of organic material deposited on the streambed. Some of the increased concentrations of lead, zinc, and probably copper can be attributed to the discharge and resuspension of filter backwash
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri944066","collaboration":"Indianapolis Department of Public Works","usgsCitation":"Martin, J., 1995, Effects of combined-sewer overflows and urban runoff on the water quality of Fall Creek, Indianapolis, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4066, vi, 92 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944066.","productDescription":"vi, 92 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"98","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122875,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4066/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57414,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4066/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.2265396118164,\n 39.742306320384046\n ],\n [\n -86.2265396118164,\n 39.89946489938474\n ],\n [\n -85.9518814086914,\n 39.89946489938474\n ],\n [\n -85.9518814086914,\n 39.742306320384046\n ],\n [\n -86.2265396118164,\n 39.742306320384046\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db684562","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Jeffrey D.","contributorId":40609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Jeffrey D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27936,"text":"wri944187 - 1995 - Surface-water-quality assessment of the lower Kansas River Basin, Kansas and Nebraska: Suspended-sediment conditions, May 1987 through April 1990, and trends, 1963 through April 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-22T22:27:35.330207","indexId":"wri944187","displayToPublicDate":"1995-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4187","title":"Surface-water-quality assessment of the lower Kansas River Basin, Kansas and Nebraska: Suspended-sediment conditions, May 1987 through April 1990, and trends, 1963 through April 1990","docAbstract":"Median suspended-sediment concentrations ranged from 100 to 110 milligrams per liter for 3 stations on the Kansas River and from 4 to 110 milligrams per liter for 10 stations on tributary streams during May 1987 through April 1990. For tributary stream stations upstream from large reservoirs, concen- trations in the 90th percentile ranged from 240 to 3,200 milligrams per liter. The larger median and 90th-percentile concentrations were associated with high-density irrigated cropland with gradual slopes and nonirrigated cropland with steeper slopes. Smaller median and 90th-percentile concentrations upstream from reservoirs were from areas of little or no row-crop cultivation or areas of substantially less-than-normal precipitation and streamflow. Suspended-sediment concentrations followed a con- sistent seasonal pattern; after accounting for the effect of flow, concentrations were typically smallest during January-February and largest during July-August. Mean annual suspended-sediment transport in the Kansas River from May 1987 through April 1990 increased in the downstream direction from 1,700,000 to 4,100,000 tons per year. Suspended-sediment yields for tributary streams ranged from 17 to 260 tons per square mile per year. Because of abnormal climatic conditions and other factors, no conclusions could be reached con- cerning relations of suspended-sediment transport or yield to natural or human factors. Only one upward and one downward trend in flow-adjusted, suspended-sediment concentrations were statistically significant. The trend-test results could not be explained by data on cropland removed from production or the effect of detention structures.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944187","usgsCitation":"Jordan, P.R., 1995, Surface-water-quality assessment of the lower Kansas River Basin, Kansas and Nebraska: Suspended-sediment conditions, May 1987 through April 1990, and trends, 1963 through April 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4187, iv, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944187.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":396295,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48062.htm"},{"id":56750,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4187/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159012,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4187/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas, Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"lower Kansas River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99,\n 38.6667\n ],\n [\n -94.5806,\n 38.6667\n ],\n [\n -94.5806,\n 41.5\n ],\n [\n -99,\n 41.5\n ],\n [\n -99,\n 38.6667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a4c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jordan, Paul Robert","contributorId":57819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordan","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29831,"text":"wri944167 - 1995 - A hydrogeologic approach to identify land uses that overlie ground-water flow paths, Broward County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:54","indexId":"wri944167","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4167","title":"A hydrogeologic approach to identify land uses that overlie ground-water flow paths, Broward County, Florida","docAbstract":"A hydrogeologic approach that integrates the use of hydrogeologic and spatial tools aids in the identification of land uses that overlie ground- water flow paths and permits a better understanding of ground-water flow systems. A mathematical model was used to simulate the ground-water flow system in Broward County, particle-tracking software was used to determine flow paths leading to the monitor wells in Broward County, and a Geographic Information System was used to identify which land uses overlie the flow paths. A procedure using a geographic information system to evaluate the output from a ground-water flow model has been documented. The ground-water flow model was used to represent steady-state conditions during selected wet- and dry-season months, and an advective flow particle- tracking program was used to simulate the direction of ground-water flow in the aquifer system. Digital spatial data layers were created from the particle pathlines that lead to the vicinity of the open interval of selected wells in the Broward County ground-water quality monitoring network. Buffer zone data layers were created, surrounding the particle pathlines to represent the area of contribution to the water sampled from the monitor wells. Spatial data layers, combined with a land-use data layer, were used to identify the land uses that overlie the ground-water flow paths leading to the monitor wells. The simulation analysis was performed on five Broward County wells with different hydraulic parameters to determine the source of ground-water stress, determine selected particle pathlines, and identify land use in buffer zones in the vicinity of the wells. The flow paths that lead to the grid cells containing wells G-2355, G-2373, and G-2373A did not vary between the wet- and dry-season conditions. Changes in the area of contribution for wells G-2345X and G-2369 were attributed to variations in rainfall patterns, well-field pumpage, and surface-water management practices. Additionally, using a different open interval at a site, such as for wells G-2373 and G-2373A, can result in a very different area that overlies the flow path leading to the monitor well.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944167","usgsCitation":"Sonenshein, R., 1995, A hydrogeologic approach to identify land uses that overlie ground-water flow paths, Broward County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4167, iv, 59 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944167.","productDescription":"iv, 59 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124240,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4167/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58628,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4167/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae0ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sonenshein, R.S.","contributorId":10415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sonenshein","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29619,"text":"wri944211 - 1995 - Effect of the Cedar River on the quality of the ground-water supply for Cedar Rapids, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-09T22:54:20.267928","indexId":"wri944211","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4211","title":"Effect of the Cedar River on the quality of the ground-water supply for Cedar Rapids, Iowa","docAbstract":"The Surface Water Treatment Rule under the 1986 Amendment to the Safe Drinking Water Act requires that public-water supplies be evaluated for susceptibility to surface-water effects. The alluvial aquifer adjacent to the Cedar River is evaluated for biogenic material and monitored for selected water-quality properties and constituents to determine the effect of surface water on the water supply for the City of Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Results from monitoring of selected water-quality properties and constituents showed an inverse relation to river stage or discharge. Water-quality properties and constituents of the alluvial aquifer changed as water flowed from the river to the municipal well as a result of drawdown. The values of specific conductance, pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen at observation well CRM-4 and municipal well Seminole 10 generally follow the trends of values for the Cedar River. Values at observation well CRM-3 and the municipal water-treatment plant showed very little correlation with values from the river. The traveltime of water through the aquifer could be an indication of the susceptibility of the alluvial aquifer to surface-water effects. Estimated traveltimes from the Cedar River to municipal well Seminole 10 ranged from 7 to 17 days.
\nAbove-normal streamflow and precipitation during the study could have increased the effect the river had on the alluvial aquifer and on the possibility of contamination by a pathogen. Microscopic particulate analysis of 29 samples found no Giardia cysts or Crytosporidium oocysts in water collected from municipal wells. Data also indicate that the aquifer is filtering out large numbers of algae, diatoms, rotifers, and nematodes as well as filtering out Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and other protozoa. The number of algae, diatoms, rotifers, protozoa, and vegetative debris for selected municipal wells tested showed at least a reduction to 1 per 1,000 of the number found in the river. A relative risk factor and a log-reduction rate were determined for the aquifer in the vicinity of selected wells. One municipal well had a high-risk factor, three other wells had a moderate-risk factor, and four wells had a low-risk factor. The filtering efficiency of the aquifer is equivalent to a 3 log-reduction rate or 99.99-percent reduction in particulates.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/wri944211","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Cedar Rapids, Iowa","usgsCitation":"Schulmeyer, P., 1995, Effect of the Cedar River on the quality of the ground-water supply for Cedar Rapids, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4211, v, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944211.","productDescription":"v, 68 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424246,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48080.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":122754,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4211/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58442,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4211/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","city":"Cedar Rapids","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.7959213256836,\n 41.95336258301847\n ],\n [\n -91.7959213256836,\n 42.07478160216737\n ],\n [\n -91.6366195678711,\n 42.07478160216737\n ],\n [\n -91.6366195678711,\n 41.95336258301847\n ],\n [\n -91.7959213256836,\n 41.95336258301847\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6254a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schulmeyer, P.M.","contributorId":17208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulmeyer","given":"P.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19839,"text":"ofr95167 - 1995 - Hydrologic conditions, habitat characteristics, and occurrence of fishes in the Apalachicola River floodplain, Florida; second annual report of progress, October 1993-September 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:41","indexId":"ofr95167","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-167","title":"Hydrologic conditions, habitat characteristics, and occurrence of fishes in the Apalachicola River floodplain, Florida; second annual report of progress, October 1993-September 1994","docAbstract":"This report describes progress and interim results of the second year of a 4-year study. The purpose of the 4-year study is to describe aquatic habitat types in the Apalachicola River floodplain and quantify the amount of habitat inundated by the river at various stages. Final results will be used to determine possible effects of altered flows on floodplain habitats and their associated fish communities. The study is being conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Northwest Florida Water Management District as part of a comprehensive study of water needs throughout two large river basins in Florida, Georgia, and Alabama. By the end of the second year, approxi- mately 80 to 90 percent of field data collection was completed. Water levels at 56 floodplain and main channel locations at study sites were read numerous times during low water and once or twice during high water. Rating curves estimating the relationship between stage at a floodplain site and flow of the Apalachicola River at Chattahoochee are presented for 3 sites in the upper river. Elevation, substrate type, and amount of vegetative structure were described at 27 cross sections representing eight different floodplain tributary types at upper, middle, and lower river study sites. A summary of substrate and structure information from all cross sections is presented. Substrate and structure characteristics of floodplain habitats inundated when river flow was at record low flow, mean annual low flow, and mean flow are described for 3 cross sections in the upper river. Digital coverage of high-altitude infra-red aerial photography was processed for use in a Geographic Information System which will be used to map aquatic habitats in the third year of the study. A summary of the literature on fish utilization of floodplain habitats is described. Eighty-one percent of the species collected in the main channel of the Apalachicola River are known to occur in floodplain habitats of eastern rivers.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95167","usgsCitation":"Light, H.M., Darst, M.R., and Grubbs, J.W., 1995, Hydrologic conditions, habitat characteristics, and occurrence of fishes in the Apalachicola River floodplain, Florida; second annual report of progress, October 1993-September 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-167, iv, 33 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95167.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153450,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0167/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49322,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0167/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db60fe7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Light, Helen M.","contributorId":18355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Light","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Darst, Melanie R.","contributorId":93042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darst","given":"Melanie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grubbs, J. W.","contributorId":77139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grubbs","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30538,"text":"wri944241 - 1995 - Scour at selected bridge sites in Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:12","indexId":"wri944241","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4241","title":"Scour at selected bridge sites in Mississippi","docAbstract":"Scour data were collected during 1936-94 at 22 bridge sites in Mississippi. The drainage area of the bridge-scour sites ranged from 60.8 to 5,720 square miles, and the slope in the vicinity of each site ranged from 0.00011 to 0.00163 foot per foot. Measured pier-scour depths ranged from 0.6 to 20.4 feet. Measured total-scour depths at minimum-bed elevation ranged from 5.2 to 29.8 feet. Recurrence intervals of measured streamflow discharges ranged from less than 2 years to about 500 years. All of the Mississippi pier-scour depths were within 2.3 times the normal pier width, which agreed with previous research. Only 12 (6 percent) of the 190 measured pier-scour depths were greater than 1.1 times the normal pier width. Measured pier-scour depths were as much as 2.24 times a normal pier width of 3.3 feet. However, for pier widths greater than about 4 feet, measured pier-scour depths were significantly less than 2.3 times the normal pier width. An envelope-curve equation for the Mississippi pier-scour data was developed by relating pier-scour depth divided by normal pier width to measured approach-flow depth divided by normal pier width. The envelope-curve equation predictions could be used for reasonable verifi- cations of the HEC-18 pier-scour predictions, currently required for the design and mainte- nance of bridges over waterways in Mississippi.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944241","usgsCitation":"Wilson, K., 1995, Scour at selected bridge sites in Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4241, iv, 44 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944241.","productDescription":"iv, 44 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161076,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4241/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59313,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4241/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaee4b07f02db66c811","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, K.V. Jr.","contributorId":31419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"K.V.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27563,"text":"wri924154 - 1995 - Geohydrology and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the Contoocook River basin, south-central New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:42","indexId":"wri924154","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4154","title":"Geohydrology and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the Contoocook River basin, south-central New Hampshire","docAbstract":"Stratified-drift aquifers discontinuously underlie 121 mi2 (square miles) of the Contoocook River Basin, which has a total drainage area of 776 mi2. Maps of these aquifers, showing water-table configurations, saturated thicknesses, and transmissivities were prepared from well and test-hole data and seismic-refraction profiles. The distribution of stratified-drift aquifers is largely controlled by the Pleistocene glaciation process and the formation of multiple glacial lakes along the main stem of the Contoocook River. Locally, saturated thickness of stratified drift within these aquifers are as great as 200 feet. Estimated transmissivities exceed 8,000 ft2/d (squared feet per day) at three locations and is as high as 22,800 ft2/d at one location. Stratified-drift aquifers that have the greatest potential to supply additional amounts of water include the aquifers at Greenfield-Otter Brook and Hancock-Norway Pond. Potential yields to hypothetical supply wells were estimated for the Greenfield-Otter Brook, Hillsborough-Contoocook River, and Andover- Blackwater River aquifers by use of a analytical ground-water-flow model. The model results predict that the potential yields are greatest from the Greenfield-Otter Brook aquifer, yielding up to 1.85 gallons per day during half-year periods of no recharge. The effective ground-water recharge to the entire basin, which includes recharge to the till, bedrock, and stratified drift, is 13.9 in./yr (inches per year) (521 million gallons per day) on the basis of hydrograph separation of streamflow. The quality of water obtained from 11 observation wells and 10 municipal supply wells is generally suitable for drinking and most other domestic purposes. Ground water in the region has low alkalinity, is slightly acidic, and has low concentrations of dissolved solids. Concentrations of dissolved constituents in ground-water samples were generally less than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's primary and secondary maximum contaminant levels except for elevated iron concentrations (in water from six wells) and manganese concentrations in water from seven wells.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924154","usgsCitation":"Harte, P., and Johnson, W., 1995, Geohydrology and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the Contoocook River basin, south-central New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4154, 1 v. (various pagings) :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm. [PGS - 255 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924154.","productDescription":"1 v. (various pagings) :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm. [PGS - 255 p.]","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123590,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4154/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56420,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4154/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56421,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4154/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56422,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4154/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56423,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4154/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56424,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4154/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8b95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harte, P. T. 0000-0002-7718-1204","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7718-1204","contributorId":36143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harte","given":"P. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, William","contributorId":72033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29193,"text":"wri944134 - 1995 - Water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River Basin, Kentucky: Distribution of metals and other trace elements in sediment and water, 1987-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-27T21:26:18.030303","indexId":"wri944134","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4134","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River Basin, Kentucky: Distribution of metals and other trace elements in sediment and water, 1987-90","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program is designed to provide a nationally consistent description of the current status of water quality, to define water-quality trends, and to relate past and present water-quality conditions to natural features, uses of land and water, and other water-quality effects from human activities. The Kentucky River Basin is one of four NAWQA pilot projects that focused primarily on the quality of surface water. Water, sediment, and bedrock samples were collected in the Kentucky River Basin during 1987-90 for the purpose of (1) describing the spatial distribution, transport, and temporal variability of metals and other trace elements in streams of the basin; (2) estimating mean annual loads, yields, and trends of constituent concentrations and identifying potential causes (or sources) of spatial patterns; (3) providing baseline information for concentrations of metals in streambed and suspended sediments; (4) identifying stream reaches in the Kentucky River Basin with chronic water-quality problems; and (5) evaluating the merits of the NAWQA pilot study-approach for the assessment of metals and other trace elements in a river system.
The spatial distribution of metals and other trace elements in streambed sediments of the Kentucky River Basin is associated with regional differences of geology, land use and cover, and the results of human activities. Median concentrations of constituents differed significantly among physiographic regions of the basin because of relations to bedrock geochemistry and land disturbance. Concentrations of potentially toxic metals were large in urban and industrial areas of the basin. Elevated concentrations of certain metals were also found in streambed sediments of the Knobs Region because of the presence of Devonian shale bedrock. Elevated concentrations of lead and zinc found in streambed sediments of the Bluegrass Region are likely associated with urban stormwater runoff, point-source discharges, and waste-management practices. Concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, and silver were elevated in streambed sediments downstream from wastewater-treatment plant discharges. Streambed-sediment concentrations of barium, chromium, and lithium were elevated in streams that receive brine discharges from oil production. Elevated concentrations of antimony, arsenic, molybdenum, selenium, strontium, uranium, and vanadium in streambed sediments of the Kentucky River Basin were generally associated with natural sources.
Concentrations of metals and other trace elements in water samples from fixed stations (stations where water-quality samples were collected for 3.5 years) in the Kentucky River Basin were generally related to stream discharge and the concentration of suspended sediment, whereas constituent concentrations in the suspended-sediment matrix were indicative of natural and human sources. Estimated mean annual loads and yields for most metals and other trace elements were associated with the transport of suspended sediment. Land disturbance, such as surface mining and agriculture, contribute to increased transport of sediment in streams, thereby increasing concentrations of metals in water samples during periods of intense or prolonged rainfall and increased stream discharge. Concentrations of many metals and trace elements were reduced during low streamflow. Although total-recoverable and dissolved concentrations of certain metals and trace elements were large in streams affected by land disturbance, concentrations of constituents in the suspendedsediment matrix were commonly large in streams in the Knobs and Eastern Coal Field Regions (because of relations with bedrock geochemistry) and in streams that receive wastewater or oil-well-brine discharges. Concentrations and mean annual load estimates for aluminum, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, and mercury were larger than those obtained from data collected by a State agency, probably because of differences in sample-collection methodology, the range of discharge associated with water-quality samples, and laboratory analytical procedures. However, concentrations, loads, and yields of arsenic, barium, and zinc were similar to those determined from the State data.
Significant upward trends in the concentrations of aluminum, iron, magnesium, manganese, and zinc were indicated at one or more fixed stations in the Kentucky River Basin during the past 10 to 15 years. Upward trends for concentrations of aluminum, iron, and manganese were found at sites that receive drainage from coal mines in the upper Kentucky River Basin, whereas upward trends for zinc may be associated with urban sources. Water-quality criteria established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) or the State of Kentucky for concentrations of aluminum, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, silver, and zinc were exceeded at one or more fixed stations in the Kentucky River Basin. On a qualitative basis, dissolved concentrations of certain metals and trace elements were large during low streamflow at sites where (1) concentrations of these constituents in underlying streambed sediments were large, or (2) dissolvedoxygen concentrations were small. Concentrations of barium, lithium, and strontium were large during low streamflow, which indicates the influence of ground-water baseflows on the quality of surface water during low flow.
The effects of point-source discharges, landfills, and other wastemanagement practices are somewhat localized in the Kentucky River Basin and are best indicated by the spatial distribution of metals and other trace elements in streambed sediments and in the suspended-sediment fraction of water samples at stream locations near the source. It was not possible to quantify the contribution of point sources to the total transport of metals and other trace elements at fixed stations because data were not available for wastewater effluents. Quantification of baseline concentrations of metals and other trace elements in streambed sediments provides a basis for the detection of water-quality changes that may result from improvements in wastewater treatment or the implementation of best-management practices for controlling contamination from nonpoint sources in the Kentucky River Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944134","usgsCitation":"Porter, S.D., White, K., and Clark, J.R., 1995, Water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River Basin, Kentucky: Distribution of metals and other trace elements in sediment and water, 1987-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4134, Report: xi, 184 p.; 1 Plate: 24.13 x 26.62 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944134.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 184 p.; 1 Plate: 24.13 x 26.62 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":58056,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4134/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":393475,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36776.htm"},{"id":159417,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4134/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":354987,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4134/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"Kentucky River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.4022216796875,\n 36.82247761166621\n ],\n [\n -82.77099609375,\n 36.82247761166621\n ],\n [\n -82.77099609375,\n 38.929502416386605\n ],\n [\n -85.4022216796875,\n 38.929502416386605\n ],\n [\n -85.4022216796875,\n 36.82247761166621\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ade7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Porter, Stephen D.","contributorId":16429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Kevin D.","contributorId":81887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Kevin D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, J. R.","contributorId":55764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28114,"text":"wri944252 - 1995 - Estimated use of water in the New England States, 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:41","indexId":"wri944252","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4252","title":"Estimated use of water in the New England States, 1990","docAbstract":"Data on freshwater withdrawals in 1990 were compiled for the New England States. An estimated 4,160 Mgal/d (million gallons per day) of freshwater was withdrawn in 1990 in the six States. Of this total, 1,430 Mgal/d was withdrawn by public suppliers and delivered to users, and 2,720 Mgal/d was withdrawn by domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, mining, and thermoelectric power-generation users. More than 83 percent of the freshwater was from surface-water sources. Massachusetts, with the largest population, had the largest withdrawals of water. Data on saline water withdraw, and instream flow at hydroelectric plants were also compiled. An estimated 9, 170 Mgal/d of saline water was used for thermoelectric-power generation and industrial use in Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. Return flow fro public wastewater-treatment plants totaled 1,750 Mgal/d; more than half (55 percent) of this return flow was in Massachusetts. In addition, about 178,000 Mgal/d was used for instream hydroelectric power generation; the largest users were Maine (about 83,000 Mgal/d) and New Hampshire (46,000 Mgal/d). These data, some of which were based on site-specific water-use information and some based on estimation techniques, were compiled through joint efforts by the U.S. Geological Survey and State cooperators for the 1990 national water-use compilation.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944252","usgsCitation":"Korzendorfer, B., and Horn, M., 1995, Estimated use of water in the New England States, 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4252, iv, 21 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944252.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122962,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4252/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56942,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4252/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db545836","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Korzendorfer, B.A.","contributorId":84365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korzendorfer","given":"B.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horn, M.A.","contributorId":92223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horn","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30400,"text":"wri944238 - 1995 - Hydrogeology and simulation of flow between the alluvial and bedrock aquifers in the upper Black Squirrel Creek basin, El Paso County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-13T12:29:24","indexId":"wri944238","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4238","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of flow between the alluvial and bedrock aquifers in the upper Black Squirrel Creek basin, El Paso County, Colorado","docAbstract":"Anticipated increases in pumping from the bedrock aquifers in El Paso County potentially could affect the direction and rate of flow between the alluvial and bedrock aquifers and lower water levels in the overlying alluvial aquifer. The alluvial aquifer underlies about 90 square miles in the upper Black Squirrel Creek Basin of eastern El Paso County. The alluvial aquifer consists of unconsolidated alluvial deposits that unconformably overlie siltstones, sandstones, and conglomerate (bedrock aquifers) and claystone, shale, and coal (bedrock confining units) of the Denver Basin. The bedrock aquifers (Dawson, Denver, Arapahoe, and Laramie-Fox Hills aquifers) are separated by confining units (upper and lower Denver and the Laramie confining units) and overlie a relatively thick and impermeable Pierre confining unit. The Pierre confining unit is assumed to be a no-flow boundary at the base of the alluvial/ bedrock aquifer system.
During 1949-90, substantial water-level declines, as large as 50 feet, in the alluvial aquifer resulted from withdrawals from the alluvial aquifer for irrigation and municipal supplies. Average recharge to the alluvial aquifer from infiltration of precipitation and surface water was an estimated 11.97 cubic feet per second and from the underlying bedrock aquifers was an estimated 0.87 cubic foot per second.
Water-level data from eight bedrock observation wells and eight nearby alluvial wells indicate that, locally, the alluvial and bedrock aquifers probably are hydraulically connected and that the alluvial aquifer in the upper Black Squirrel Creek Basin receives recharge from the Denver and Arapahoe aquifers but-locally recharges the Laramie-Fox Hills aquifer.
Subsurface-temperature profiles were evaluated as a means of estimating specific discharge across the bedrock surface (the base of the alluvial aquifer). However, assumptions of the analytical method were not met by field conditions and, thus, analyses of subsurface-temperature profiles did not reliably estimate specific discharge across the bedrock surface. The vertical hydraulic diffusivity of a siltstone and sandstone in the lower Denver confining unit was estimated, by an aquifer test, to be about 8 x 10'4 square foot per day.
Physical and chemical characteristics of water from the bedrock aquifers in the study area generally differ from the physical and chemical characteristics of water from the alluvial aquifer, except for the physical and chemical characteristics of water from one bedrock well, which is completed in the Laramie-Fox Hills aquifer. In the southern part of the study area, physical and chemical characteristics of ground water indicate downward flow of water from the alluvial aquifer to the Laramie-Fox Hills aquifer.
A three-dimensional numerical model was used to evaluate flow of water between the alluvial aquifer and underlying bedrock. Simulation of steady-state conditions indicates that flow from the bedrock aquifers to the alluvial aquifer was about 7 percent of recharge to the alluvial aquifer, about 0.87 cubic foot per second. The potential effects of withdrawal from the alluvial and bedrock aquifers at estimated (October 1989 to September 1990) rates and from the bedrock aquifers at two larger hypothetical rates were simulated for a 50-year projection period. The model simulations indicate that water levels in the alluvial aquifer will decline an average of 8.6 feet after 50 years of pumping at estimated October 1989 to September 1990 rates. Increases in withdrawals from the bedrock aquifers in El Paso County were simulated to: (1) Capture flow that currently discharges from the bedrock aquifers to springs and streams in upland areas and to the alluvial aquifer, (2) induce flow downward from the alluvial aquifer, and (3) accelerate the rate of waterlevel decline in the alluvial aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944238","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Cherokee Metropolitan District; Colorado Springs Utilities, Water Resources Department; and the Upper Black Squirrel Creek Ground Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Watts, K.R., 1995, Hydrogeology and simulation of flow between the alluvial and bedrock aquifers in the upper Black Squirrel Creek basin, El Paso County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4238, viii, 82 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944238.","productDescription":"viii, 82 p.","costCenters":[{"id":225,"text":"Earth Science Information Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123314,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4238/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59170,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4238/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"15.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"El Paso County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-104.6642,39.1308],[-104.6072,39.1307],[-104.4958,39.1298],[-104.3854,39.1284],[-104.2733,39.1278],[-104.166,39.1277],[-104.0521,39.1264],[-104.0538,39.0407],[-104.0544,38.9528],[-104.0549,38.8666],[-104.0537,38.7801],[-104.0525,38.693],[-104.051,38.6585],[-104.0524,38.6069],[-104.054,38.523],[-104.1629,38.5215],[-104.2759,38.5204],[-104.2794,38.5205],[-104.2836,38.5201],[-104.3759,38.52],[-104.4971,38.5192],[-104.6071,38.5187],[-104.7171,38.5186],[-104.736,38.5183],[-104.8295,38.5183],[-104.943,38.5175],[-104.9432,38.5479],[-104.943,38.5624],[-104.9429,38.6041],[-104.9427,38.6186],[-104.9429,38.6467],[-104.9429,38.6503],[-104.9427,38.6621],[-104.9427,38.6648],[-104.9428,38.6938],[-104.9399,38.6938],[-104.9386,38.7808],[-104.939,38.7949],[-105.0671,38.7946],[-105.0674,38.8666],[-105.0502,38.8665],[-105.0296,38.8668],[-105.026,39.0413],[-105.032,39.1311],[-104.9371,39.1312],[-104.9175,39.131],[-104.8303,39.1311],[-104.6642,39.1308]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"El Paso\",\"state\":\"CO\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af0e4b07f02db6916df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watts, Kenneth R.","contributorId":43783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27967,"text":"wri944217 - 1995 - Efficiency of a stormwater detention pond in reducing loads of chemical and physical constituents in urban streamflow, Pinellas County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:36","indexId":"wri944217","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4217","title":"Efficiency of a stormwater detention pond in reducing loads of chemical and physical constituents in urban streamflow, Pinellas County, Florida","docAbstract":"A multipurpose wet stormwater detention pond in Pinellas Park, Florida was studied to determine its effectiveness in reducing the load of selected water-quality constituents commonly found in urban streamflow. Water-quality samples, and data on streamflow and precipitation were collected at the outflow and principal inflow of detention area 3 on Saint Joe Creek. To compare the constituent loads entering and leaving the detention pond, flows and water quality were monitored simultaneously at the inflow and outflow sites for six storms, and were monitored intermittently during periods of base flow. Lodas od 19 selected chemical and physical constituents were determined. Because all the stormwater entering the detention pond was not measured at the inflow site, computed stormwater inflow loads were adjusted to account for loads from the unmonitored areas. The ratio of storm- water volume measured at the outflow site to stormwater volume measured at the inflow site was used to adjust inflow loads for individual storms. Pond efficiencies for selected water- quality constituents for each of the storms were estimated by dividing the difference in outflow and adjusted inflow loads by the adjusted inflow load. Stormwater loads of the major ions (chloride, calcium and bicarbonate) and dissolved solids at the outflow site exceeded loads at the inflow site, partly as a result of mixing with base flow stored within the pond. However, the detention pond was effective in reducing the stormwater load of such urban-runoff contaminants as metals, nutrients, suspended solids, and biochemical and chemical oxygen demand. Estimated median pond efficiencies for reducing constituent loads ranged from 25 to more than 60 percent for metals, 2 to 52 percent for nutrients, 2 to 52 percent for nutrients, 7 to 11 percent for two measurements of suspended solids, and 16 to 49 percent for the oxygen- consuming substances. The reductions of constituent loads in stormwater are probably a result of dilution with pond water (particularly for smaller storms), adsorption, chemical precipitation, settling, biologic uptake, and oxidation. The establishment of aquatic vegetation midway through the study appears to have increased the efficiency of the pond in reducing loads of urban-runoff contaminants in stormwater. The efficiency of the detention pond in reducing base-flow loads was estimated by comparing base-flow loads at the out- flow site prior to and after construction of the pond. Loads of major ions and dissolved solids in base flow were reduced at median efficiencies ranging from 17 to 35 percent. Urban-runoff con- taminants in base flow were generally reduced at higher efficiencies. Median efficiencies ranged from 38 to 82 percent for metals, 19 to 83 percent for nutrients, 34 to 45 percent for suspended solids, and 43 to 65 for the oxygen-consuming substances. The reductions in loads in base flow are probably a result of adsorption, chemical precipitation, biologic uptake, and settling within the pond. These processes were more effective in reducing base-flow loads after the establishment of aquatic vegetation in the pond.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944217","usgsCitation":"Kantrowitz, I., and Woodham, W.M., 1995, Efficiency of a stormwater detention pond in reducing loads of chemical and physical constituents in urban streamflow, Pinellas County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4217, iv, 18 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944217.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123857,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4217/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56785,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4217/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db60684d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kantrowitz, I.H.","contributorId":15646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kantrowitz","given":"I.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodham, W. M.","contributorId":72356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodham","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29149,"text":"wri944190 - 1995 - Dendrogeomorphic estimate of changes in sedimentation rate along the Kankakee River near Momence, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:45","indexId":"wri944190","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4190","title":"Dendrogeomorphic estimate of changes in sedimentation rate along the Kankakee River near Momence, Illinois","docAbstract":"Changes in sedimentation rates wee estimated using root-burial depth and tree-age data at six selected data-collection sites along the Kankakee River near Momence in Kankakee County, Illinois. Five sites were in backwater areas away from the river channel, and one site was on a natural levee near the channel. A summary of the dendrogeomorphic data at the six sites indicates that sedimentation rates were greater after 1950 than before 1950. Greater sedimentation rates after 1950 were observed at four of the five backwater sites, whereas no change in sedimentation rate after 1950 was observed at the fifth backwater site. The observed rates could have been affected by any combination of soil erosion, soil compaction, or increased streamflow. A greater sedimentation rate after 1950 was observed at the levee site, which appeared to have been affected by erosion from a flood in 1950. Effects of erosion were not observed at any of th other sites. No erosional effects and soil not susceptible to compaction at the five backwater sites indicate that neither erosion nor compaction affected observed sedimentation rates. The effect of increased stream- flow in the Kankakee River Basin since the early 1900's on the observed sedimentation rates is not known.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944190","usgsCitation":"Phipps, R., Johnson, G., and Terrio, P.J., 1995, Dendrogeomorphic estimate of changes in sedimentation rate along the Kankakee River near Momence, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4190, iv, 30 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944190.","productDescription":"iv, 30 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122680,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4190/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58023,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4190/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66ec01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phipps, R.L.","contributorId":23985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phipps","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, G.P.","contributorId":34554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"G.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Terrio, P. J.","contributorId":11645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terrio","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29051,"text":"wri944230 - 1995 - Simulated monthly hydrologic data and estimated flood characteristics for Cherry Creek at a proposed reservoir site near Terry, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-21T13:46:18","indexId":"wri944230","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4230","title":"Simulated monthly hydrologic data and estimated flood characteristics for Cherry Creek at a proposed reservoir site near Terry, Montana","docAbstract":"Methods used to simulate a monthly hydrologic budget for water years 1937-92 for the proposed Cherry Creek Reservoir (maximum volume about 14,100 acre-feet) are described and monthly results of the simulation are presented. The budget is based on recorded and estimated streamflow, precipitation, evaporation, and estimated reservoir seepage. The budget also includes water diversions from the Yellowstone River whenever the reservoir depth was less than 20 feet (minimum operating level of 2,260 feet) and outflows whenever the reservoir elevation exceeded a maximum operating level of 2,290 feet. Monthly suspended sediment and dissolved-solids concentrations in the reservoir were estimated from regression relations between logarithms of concentration and streamflow for Cherry Creek and for the Yellowstone River near Sidney, Montana.
The results of the reservoir simulation indicate that flows from Cherry Creek, an intermittent stream having a drainage area of about 360 square miles, generally were adequate to maintain the reservoir elevation above the minimum operating level if no seepage loss occurred. With a seepage loss of 3 cubic feet per second, flow diversions from the Yellowstone River were required for 34 percent of the months to maintain the reservoir elevation at minimum operating level. The reservoir elevation generally was maintained near maximum operating level for a seepage loss of 0 cubic feet per second, but generally was close to minimum operating level for a seepage loss of 3 cubic feet per second. Cumulative sediment deposition for the 56-year period was estimated to be about 138 acre-feet from Cherry Creek alone and only slightly more (149 acre-feet) when additional water was imported from the Yellowstone River.
The simulated concentration of dissolved solids in the reservoir showed a slightly increasing trend over time, interrupted by several large decreases, for no reservoir seepage loss. The maximum concentration for no seepage loss reached a maximum value of about 2,500 milligrams per liter in 1982. For a seepage loss of 3 cubic feet per second, water was imported from the Yellowstone River, and the concentration generally ranged from about 500 to about 1,200 milligrams per liter throughout the period.
Flood hydrographs and volumes for flood discharges having 25-, 50-, and 100-year recurrence intervals were estimated from synthetic 24-hour duration storms having total storm depths with recurrence intervals of 25, 50, and 100 years. These synthetic storms were used in a rainfall-runoff model (HEC-1) based on the Clark unit-hydrograph method to develop flood hydrographs from which volumes were computed. The peak discharges of the 25-, 50-, and 100-year flood hydrographs determined from the rainfallrunoff model compared closely to the 25-, 50-, and 100-year peak discharges determined from regional equations developed by the U. S. Geological Survey. The volume of the 100-year hydrograph developed from the HEC-1 model was about 11,250 acre-feet.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/wri944230","usgsCitation":"Parrett, C., and Johnson, D., 1995, Simulated monthly hydrologic data and estimated flood characteristics for Cherry Creek at a proposed reservoir site near Terry, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4230, iv, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944230.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159577,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4230/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57916,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4230/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Prairie County","city":"Terry","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-105.4013,47.1824],[-105.3211,47.1826],[-105.324,46.9937],[-105.3241,46.9767],[-105.2415,46.9773],[-105.2202,46.9774],[-105.1936,46.9773],[-105.1942,46.9194],[-105.1736,46.919],[-105.153,46.9192],[-105.0679,46.9186],[-105.0672,46.9029],[-105.048,46.9026],[-105.0484,46.8888],[-105.0286,46.8881],[-105.0283,46.86],[-104.7963,46.8597],[-104.7744,46.8598],[-104.7525,46.8598],[-104.7112,46.8599],[-104.666,46.8598],[-104.6003,46.8597],[-104.5997,46.8284],[-104.6031,46.8277],[-104.603,46.8148],[-104.603,46.8001],[-104.6029,46.7858],[-104.6036,46.7712],[-104.6035,46.7427],[-104.6034,46.6985],[-104.6033,46.6847],[-104.604,46.6701],[-104.6039,46.6563],[-104.6278,46.6559],[-104.649,46.6559],[-104.6696,46.6554],[-104.708,46.6552],[-104.7299,46.6552],[-104.7298,46.641],[-104.7297,46.612],[-104.7708,46.6119],[-104.792,46.6119],[-104.7973,46.6116],[-104.8576,46.6114],[-104.8578,46.5857],[-104.858,46.5673],[-104.8983,46.5681],[-104.9816,46.5691],[-104.9814,46.5554],[-104.9814,46.5402],[-105.0694,46.5401],[-105.0905,46.54],[-105.113,46.54],[-105.1328,46.5403],[-105.1533,46.5401],[-105.1996,46.5401],[-105.2161,46.5403],[-105.238,46.5402],[-105.2375,46.554],[-105.2376,46.5691],[-105.2588,46.569],[-105.28,46.5694],[-105.3666,46.569],[-105.3832,46.5691],[-105.4043,46.5695],[-105.4083,46.5692],[-105.4255,46.5698],[-105.4493,46.5698],[-105.4501,46.5845],[-105.451,46.5992],[-105.4721,46.5995],[-105.4907,46.5993],[-105.4911,46.6117],[-105.4906,46.6259],[-105.4908,46.6411],[-105.4909,46.6576],[-105.5313,46.6568],[-105.5764,46.6566],[-105.5767,46.6708],[-105.5774,46.6869],[-105.5778,46.7003],[-105.5781,46.7141],[-105.5784,46.7453],[-105.6182,46.7449],[-105.6217,46.8314],[-105.7074,46.8316],[-105.7658,46.8314],[-105.7871,46.8316],[-105.8276,46.8316],[-105.8288,46.8606],[-105.8554,46.8606],[-105.876,46.8608],[-105.8972,46.8606],[-105.9185,46.8604],[-105.9391,46.8607],[-105.9604,46.8604],[-106.0235,46.8602],[-106.0447,46.86],[-106.0653,46.8597],[-106.0872,46.86],[-106.0866,46.9188],[-106.0865,46.9307],[-106.0853,47.007],[-106.0857,47.0208],[-106.0854,47.035],[-106.0861,47.0938],[-106.0876,47.1808],[-105.9574,47.1821],[-105.9575,47.0938],[-105.8308,47.0937],[-105.8311,47.1093],[-105.8313,47.1241],[-105.8317,47.1383],[-105.8319,47.182],[-105.7044,47.1813],[-105.4013,47.1824]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Prairie\",\"state\":\"MT\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bae6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parrett, Charles","contributorId":9635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrett","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, D.R.","contributorId":92711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":19609,"text":"ofr9547 - 1995 - Geochemical data of fumarolically altered rocks, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-06T12:54:41","indexId":"ofr9547","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-47","title":"Geochemical data of fumarolically altered rocks, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska","docAbstract":"Samples from a fossil fumarole originating in the 1912 ash-flow tuffin the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes have been analyzed to ascertain chemical changes resulting from high-temperature fumarolic alteration and subsequent cooling and weathering of the protolith. Samples of the underlying, dominantly leached, dacite-rich portion of the ash-flow tuff adjacent to the fumarolic conduit and samples of encrusted fallout from the shallow part of the fossil fumarole were interpreted using the isocon method of Grant (1986). The results show that, relative to unaltered l9l2 dacite, chosen as a standard composition for the protolith in this fossil fumarole, mass was conserved during the alteration reactions for most of the system, but mass gains of l4–2D% were determined for three samples in the leached ash-flow tuff Relative to unaltered dacite protolith, significant enrichments occurred in SO3, LOI (~H2O), Cl, F, Zn, Pb, Cu, Sn, Cr, Ni, As, Sb, Au, Br in various parts of the fossil fumarole. Some of these were during the high-temperature part of the alteration, and some were during cooling processes when acid alteration becomes prominent. The REEs indicate some depletion in highly altered samples relative to dacite protolith and differential mobility of Eu2+ relative to trivalent REEs. This is manifested by positive Eu anomalies in REE patterns normalized against REE in the dacite protolith.
Mineral phases introduced in the alteration assemblages include alunite reflecting high SO3, activity, hydrated aluminum hydroxy-fluoride (a ralstonite-like phase) and fluorite reflecting high F activity, smectite, magnetite, hematite, and goethite reflecting oxidation and hydration reactions. Opal and a portion of the α-cristobalite reflect SiO2, mobility; however, the abundance of α-cristobalite is formed from pumice leached during high-temperature vapor-phase processes and devitrification of the altered glass.
","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9547","usgsCitation":"Keith, T.E., 1995, Geochemical data of fumarolically altered rocks, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-47, 20 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9547.","productDescription":"20 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":152770,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0047/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49076,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0047/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae30c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keith, Terry E.","contributorId":51734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":20294,"text":"ofr95111 - 1995 - Selected hydrologic data for the Mesilla ground-water basin, 1987 through 1992 water years, Doña Ana County, New Mexico, and El Paso County, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-03T17:17:14.381788","indexId":"ofr95111","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-111","title":"Selected hydrologic data for the Mesilla ground-water basin, 1987 through 1992 water years, Doña Ana County, New Mexico, and El Paso County, Texas","docAbstract":"The Mesilla ground-water basin monitoring program was established in 1987 to document hydrologic conditions and establish a long-term, continuous data base to permit future quantitative evaluation of the ground-water flow system and stream/aquifer relations. Data collection is divided into three program elements. These are the (1) Mesilla ground- water basin observation-well program; (2) Mesilla Valley hydrologic sections; and (3) Rio Grande seepage investigations. This report is a compilation of hydrologic data collected for the Mesilla ground- water basin monitoring program during the 1987 through 1992 water years. Hydrologic data presented in the report include well records and water levels for 181 wells; mean daily river stage and ground- water levels at 37 sites; seepage investigations of the Rio Grande from Radium Springs, New Mexico, to El Paso, Texas; and chemical analyses of 29 water samples collected from the Rio Grande.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95111","usgsCitation":"Nickerson, E.L., 1995, Selected hydrologic data for the Mesilla ground-water basin, 1987 through 1992 water years, Doña Ana County, New Mexico, and El Paso County, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-111, x, 123 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95111.","productDescription":"x, 123 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152056,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0111/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49827,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0111/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":393692,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18399.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico, Texas","county":"Doña Ana County, El Paso County","otherGeospatial":"Mesilla ground-water basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.92169189453125,\n 31.76904009837115\n ],\n [\n -106.48223876953125,\n 31.76904009837115\n ],\n [\n -106.48223876953125,\n 32.44604389085962\n ],\n [\n -106.92169189453125,\n 32.44604389085962\n ],\n [\n -106.92169189453125,\n 31.76904009837115\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8b2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nickerson, Edward L.","contributorId":45335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nickerson","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18412,"text":"ofr94485 - 1995 - Water-level fluctuations, water temperatures, and tilts in sandbars -6.5R, 43.1L, and 172.3L, Grand Canyon, Arizona, 1990-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:24","indexId":"ofr94485","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-485","title":"Water-level fluctuations, water temperatures, and tilts in sandbars -6.5R, 43.1L, and 172.3L, Grand Canyon, Arizona, 1990-93","docAbstract":"Rill erosion, slumping, and fissuring develop on seepage faces of many sandbars along the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon at low river stage. Three sandbars were instrumented with sensors for continual monitoring of stage, pore pressure, ground-water temperature, and tilt to determine the relation between ground-water flow and sandbar deformation. Data were collected from October 1990 to July 1993 at sandbar -6.5R, which had 17 pore- pressure sensors, 1 stage sensor, 19 temperature sensors, and 8 tilt sensors. Data were collected from April 1991 to March 1993 at sandbar 172.3L, which had 15 pore-pressure sensors, 1 stage sensor, 29 temperature sensors, and 10 tilt sensors. Atten- uation of water-level fluctuation from the zone of fluctuating river stage to the back of the sandbars ranged from 70 percent at sandbar -6.5R to 40 percent for sandbars 43.1L and 172.3L. Shallow tilt occurred at sandbar 43.1L from July 7 to August 10, 1991. Tilt occurred at sandbar 172.3L on May 7-8, June 18-19, and September 1-2, 1991; July 3 and 31, 1992; January 12, 14, 20-21, and 31, 1993; and February 21 and 24, 1993.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94485","usgsCitation":"Carpenter, M.C., Crosswhite, J.A., and Carruth, R., 1995, Water-level fluctuations, water temperatures, and tilts in sandbars -6.5R, 43.1L, and 172.3L, Grand Canyon, Arizona, 1990-93: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-485, iv, 17 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94485.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151234,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0485/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47749,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0485/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7645","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carpenter, Michael C. mcarpent@usgs.gov","contributorId":3977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"Michael","email":"mcarpent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":179074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crosswhite, Jason A.","contributorId":46110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosswhite","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carruth, R. L.","contributorId":31413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carruth","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":17722,"text":"ofr94545 - 1995 - Streamflow, water-temperature, and specific-conductance data for selected streams draining into Lake Fryxell, lower Taylor Valley, Victoria Land, Antarctica, 1990-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:21","indexId":"ofr94545","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-545","title":"Streamflow, water-temperature, and specific-conductance data for selected streams draining into Lake Fryxell, lower Taylor Valley, Victoria Land, Antarctica, 1990-92","docAbstract":"During the 1990-91 and 1991-92 field seasons in Antarctica, streamflow, water-temperature, and specific-conductance data were collected on the major streams draining into Lake Fryxell. Lake Fryxell is a permanently ice-covered, closed-basin lake with 13 tributary streams. Continuous streamflow data were collected at eight sites, and periodic streamflow measurements were made at three sites. Continuous water-temperature and specific- conductance data were collected at seven sites, and periodic water-temperature and specific-conductance data were collected at all sites. Streamflow for all streams measured ranged from 0 to 0.651 cubic meter per second. Water temperatures for all streams measured ranged from 0 to 14.3 degrees Celsius. Specific conductance for all streams measured ranged from 11 to 491 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius. It is probable that stream- flow in the Lake Fryxell Basin during 1990-92 was greater than average. Examination of the 22-year streamflow record in the Onyx River in the Wright Valley revealed that in 1990 streamflow began earlier than for any previous year recorded and that the peak streamflow of record was exceeded. Similar high-flow conditions occurred during the 1991-92 field season. Thus, the data collected on streams draining into Lake Fryxell during 1990-92 are representative of greater than average stream- flow conditions.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94545","usgsCitation":"Von Guerard, P., McKnight, D.M., Harnish, R., Gartner, J.W., and Andrews, E., 1995, Streamflow, water-temperature, and specific-conductance data for selected streams draining into Lake Fryxell, lower Taylor Valley, Victoria Land, Antarctica, 1990-92: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-545, 65 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94545.","productDescription":"65 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150069,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0545/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":21644,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0545/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46944,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0545/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4c86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Von Guerard, Paul","contributorId":40620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Von Guerard","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":177593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harnish, R.A.","contributorId":44565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harnish","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gartner, J. W.","contributorId":81903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gartner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Andrews, E.D.","contributorId":13922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}