Accurate estimates of population size are often crucial to determining status and planning recovery of endangered species. The ability to detect trends in survival and population size over time enables conservation managers to make effective decisions for species and refuge management. During 2004–2007, the translocated population of endangered Laysan Teal (Anas laysanensis; also Laysan Duck) was fitted with radio transmitters providing known (―gold standard‖) measures of survival and reproduction. However, as the population grew, statistically rigorous monitoring protocols were needed that were less labor intensive than radio telemetry. A population die-off and alarmingly high number of carcasses (181) were recorded during a botulism epizootic in August–October 2008, which further reinforced the need for effective monitoring protocols since this endangered species is vulnerable to catastrophic population declines. In fall 2008, we initiated a pilot study using standardized surveys with uniquely marked birds to monitor abundance and estimate the population growth rate of the reintroduced Laysan Teal. Since few birds carried marks (leg bands) after the 2008 botulism die-off (only about 15% of the population), and standardized surveys were not yet implemented, the magnitude of the die-off on the population size was unknown.
\nTo learn more about this endangered species' status and develop monitoring protocols useful to refuge managers and recovery planners in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), we marked (banded) 252 new Laysan Teal for this pilot project. With skilled refuge staff and trained volunteers, we conducted counts of marked, unmarked, and unknown birds during bimonthly surveys from Oct 2008 to Jan 2010. We recorded the identities of marked birds observed, recovered carcasses, and then used the last date a bird was detected alive and the median resight frequency to conclude if a bird was likely to be alive on a given survey date. Using mark-resight data and individual resight frequencies, we produced a series of abundance estimates from surveys that met accuracy criteria and approached ―closed population‖ assumptions. Since only one year of standardized, atoll-wide surveys were conducted, we analyzed data selected from multiple surveys using Lincoln-Petersen (LP) estimates instead of multi-year likelihood estimators. We adjusted surveys to account for unknown birds (e.g., swimming birds), temporary band loss, and described the frequency of double counting. Double counting is an important consideration in the population estimate because we found a maximum of 13% of marked birds were counted multiple times during a survey.
\nThese survey protocols allowed us to estimate the species' post-fledging population (combined adults and juveniles), and the methods are comparable to those used on Laysan Island. The Laysan Teal population increased 91% from 247 (95% CI, 233–260) in 2007 to 439–508 in early 2010. There was no change from 2009 to 2010 indicating that there was no population growth, however, our 2010 estimate should be considered preliminary since only one month of 2010 resight data was used. We compared a series of direct counts to their corresponding population estimates during 2008–2009 to evaluate if counts could serve as an unbiased ―index‖ of population abundance. There was a moderate correlation between abundance estimates and total birds counted (r2 = 0.51) during resight surveys but a low correlation with all-wetland counts (r2 = 0.02). This indicated that using direct all-wetland counts to predict abundance would result in confidence intervals on the order of ± 200 birds, which is equal to 50% of the estimate. With such large confidence intervals, it would be unlikely to detect annual changes in abundance or determine the magnitude of a catastrophic decline.
\nTo improve the Laysan Teal population estimates, we recommend changes to the monitoring protocol. Additional years of data are needed to quantify inter-annual seasonal detection probabilities, which may allow the use of standardized direct counts as an unbiased index of population size. Survey protocols should be enhanced through frequent resights, regular survey intervals, and determining reliable standards to detect catastrophic declines and annual changes in adult abundance. In late 2009 to early 2010, 68% of the population was marked with unique color band combinations. This allowed for potentially accurate adult population estimates and survival estimates without the need to mark new birds in 2010, 2011, and possibly 2012. However, efforts should be made to replace worn or illegible bands so birds can be identified in future surveys. It would be valuable to develop more sophisticated population size and survival models using Program MARK, a state-of-the-art software package which uses likelihood models to analyze mark-recapture data. This would allow for more reliable adult population and survival estimates to compare with the ―source‖ Laysan Teal population on Laysan Island. These models will require additional years of resight data (> 1 year) and, in some cases, an intensive annual effort of marking and recapture. Because data indicate standardized all-wetland counts are a poor index of abundance, monitoring efforts could be improved by expanding resight surveys to include all wetlands, discontinuing the all-wetland counts, and reallocating some of the wetland count effort to collect additional opportunistic resights. Approximately two years of additional bimonthly surveys are needed to validate the direct count as an appropriate index of population abundance. Additional years of individual resight data will allow estimates of adult population size, as specified in recovery criteria, and to track species population dynamics at Midway Atoll.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Hawaii at Hilo","publisherLocation":"Hilo, HI","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, M.H., Brinck, K., and Laniawe, L., 2011, Population estimates and monitoring guidelines for endangered Laysan Teal, Anas Laysanensis, at Midway Atoll: Pilot study results 2008-2010.: Technical Report HCSU-021, ii, 67 p.","productDescription":"ii, 67 p.","numberOfPages":"70","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-021360","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326617,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b58b55e4b03bcb0104bc37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, Michelle H. 0000-0001-7253-8158 mreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7253-8158","contributorId":3871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Michelle","email":"mreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":645712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brinck, Kevin W. 0000-0001-7581-2482 kbrinck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7581-2482","contributorId":3847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brinck","given":"Kevin W.","email":"kbrinck@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laniawe, Leona","contributorId":140109,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Laniawe","given":"Leona","affiliations":[{"id":13385,"text":"University of Hawaii at Hilo Cooperative Studies Unit","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":645714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70003967,"text":"70003967 - 2011 - Mountain Glaciers and Ice Caps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-27T10:30:28","indexId":"70003967","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-18T15:24:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Mountain Glaciers and Ice Caps","docAbstract":"In addition to the Greenland Ice Sheet, the Arctic contains \na diverse array of smaller glaciers ranging from small cirque \nglaciers to large ice caps with areas up to 20 000 km\n2\n. Together, \nthese glaciers cover an area of more than 400 000 km\n2\n, over \nhalf the global area of mountain glaciers and ice caps. Their \ntotal volume is sufficient to raise global sea level by an average \nof about 0.41 m if they were to melt completely.\nThese glaciers exist in a range of different climatic regimes, \nfrom the maritime environments of southern Alaska, Iceland, \nwestern Scandinavia, and Svalbard, to the polar desert of the \nCanadian Arctic. Glaciers in all regions of the Arctic have \ndecreased in area and mass as a result of the warming that has \noccurred since the 1920s (in two pulses – from the 1920s to the \n1940s and since the mid-1980s). A new phase of accelerated \nmass loss began in the mid-1990s, and has been most marked in \nAlaska, the Canadian Arctic, and probably Greenland. Current \nrates of mass loss are estimated to be in the range 150 to 300 \nGt/y; comparable to current mass loss rates from the Greenland \nIce Sheet. This implies that the Arctic is now the largest regional \nsource of glacier contributions to global sea-level rise.\nMost of the current mass loss is probably attributable to a \nchange in surface mass balance (the balance between annual \nmass addition, primarily by snowfall, and annual mass loss by \nsurface melting and meltwater runoff). Iceberg calving is also \na significant source of mass loss in areas such as coastal Alaska, \nArctic Canada, Svalbard, and the Russian Arctic. However, \nneither the current rate of calving loss nor its temporal \nvariability have been well quantified in many regions, so this is a \nsignificant source of uncertainty in estimates of the total rate of \nmass loss. It is, however, clear that the larger Arctic ice caps have \nsimilar variability in ice dynamics to that of the Greenland Ice \nSheet. That is to say, areas of relatively slow glacier flow (which \nterminate mainly on land) are separated by faster-flowing outlet \nglaciers (which terminate mainly in the ocean). Several of these \noutlet glaciers exhibit surge-type behavior, while others have \nexhibited substantial velocity changes on seasonal and longer \ntimescales. It is very likely that these changes in ice dynamics \naffect the rate of mass loss by calving both from individual \nglaciers and the total ice cover.\nProjections of future rates of mass loss from mountain \nglaciers and ice caps in the Arctic focus primarily on projections \nof changes in the surface mass balance. Current models are not \nyet capable of making realistic forecasts of changes in losses by \ncalving. Surface mass balance models are forced with downscaled \noutput from climate models driven by forcing scenarios that \nmake assumptions about the future rate of growth of atmospheric \ngreenhouse gas concentrations. Thus, mass loss projections vary \nconsiderably, depending on the forcing scenario used and the \nclimate model from which climate projections are derived. A \nnew study in which a surface mass balance model is driven by \noutput from ten general circulation models (GCMs) forced by \nthe IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) A1B \nemissions scenario yields estimates of total mass loss of between \n51 and 136 mm sea-level equivalent (SLE) (or 13% to 36% of \ncurrent glacier volume) by 2100. This implies that there will still \nbe substantial glacier mass in the Arctic in 2100 and that Arctic \nmountain glaciers and ice caps will continue to influence global \nsea-level change well into the 22nd century.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) 2011","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme","usgsCitation":"Ananichheva, M., Arendt, A., Hagen, J., Hock, R., Josberger, E.G., Moore, R.D., Pfeffer, W.T., and Wolken, G.J., 2011, Mountain Glaciers and Ice Caps, chap. of Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) 2011, p. 7-1-7-62.","productDescription":"63 p.","startPage":"7-1","endPage":"7-62","numberOfPages":"63","ipdsId":"IP-023487","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279856,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":279855,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/snow-water-ice-and-permafrost-in-the-arctic-swipa-climate-change-and-the-cryosphere/743"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52972274e4b08e44bf670c42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ananichheva, Maria","contributorId":48083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ananichheva","given":"Maria","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arendt, Anthony","contributorId":74661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arendt","given":"Anthony","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hagen, Jon-Ove","contributorId":62512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagen","given":"Jon-Ove","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hock, Regine","contributorId":55727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hock","given":"Regine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Josberger, Edward G. ejosberg@usgs.gov","contributorId":1710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Josberger","given":"Edward","email":"ejosberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":349772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Moore, R. Dan","contributorId":99033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Dan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Pfeffer, William Tad","contributorId":76217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pfeffer","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Tad","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wolken, Gabriel J.","contributorId":9948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolken","given":"Gabriel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70150440,"text":"70150440 - 2011 - The hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis in teleosts and amphibians: Endocrine disruption and its consequences to natural populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-16T20:31:25.381892","indexId":"70150440","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-15T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1738,"text":"General and Comparative Endocrinology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis in teleosts and amphibians: Endocrine disruption and its consequences to natural populations","docAbstract":"Teleosts and pond-breeding amphibians may be exposed to a wide variety of anthropogenic, waterborne contaminants that affect the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Because thyroid hormone is required for their normal development and reproduction, the potential impact of HPT-disrupting contaminants on natural teleost and amphibian populations raises special concern. There is laboratory evidence indicating that persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals, pharmaceutical and personal care products, agricultural chemicals, and aerospace products may alter HPT activity, development, and reproduction in teleosts and amphibians. However, at present there is no evidence to clearly link contaminant-induced HPT alterations to impairments in teleost or amphibian population health in the field. Also, with the exception of perchlorate for which laboratory studies have shown a direct link between HPT disruption and adverse impacts on development and reproductive physiology, little is known about if or how other HPT-disrupting contaminants affect organismal performance. Future field studies should focus on establishing temporal associations between the presence of HPT-disrupting chemicals, the occurrence of HPT alterations, and adverse effects on development and reproduction in natural populations; as well as determining how complex mixtures of HPT contaminants affect organismal and population health.
","language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","publisherLocation":"Orlando, FL","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.06.001","usgsCitation":"Carr, J., and Patino, R., 2011, The hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis in teleosts and amphibians: Endocrine disruption and its consequences to natural populations: General and Comparative Endocrinology, v. 170, no. 2, p. 299-312, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.06.001.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"312","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-020711","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":302389,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"170","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"558e77bee4b0b6d21dd6597d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, J.A.","contributorId":106692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":556999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Patino, Reynaldo 0000-0002-4831-8400 r.patino@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4831-8400","contributorId":2311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patino","given":"Reynaldo","email":"r.patino@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":556887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":99000,"text":"ofr20101315 - 2011 - Elevation of the March - April 2010 flood high water in selected river reaches in central and eastern Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:39","indexId":"ofr20101315","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1315","title":"Elevation of the March - April 2010 flood high water in selected river reaches in central and eastern Massachusetts","docAbstract":"A series of widespread, large, low-pressure systems in southern New England in late February through late March 2010 resulted in record, or near record, rainfall and runoff. The total rainfall in the region during this period ranged from about 17 to 25 inches, which coupled with seasonal low evaporation, resulted in record or near record peak flows at 13 of 37 streamgages in central and eastern Massachusetts. The highest record peaks generally occurred in southeastern Massachusetts in late March - early April; at most other streamgages, the peak was in mid-March.\r\nDetermination of the flood-peak high-water elevation is a critical part of the recovery operations and post-flood analysis for improving future flood-hazard maps and flood-management practices. High-water marks (HWMs) were identified by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) from April 13 through May 10, 2010, and by a consultant for Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation (MADCR) after peak flows in mid-March and again in late March - early April. HWMs were identified at 25 river reaches in 7 designated Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs (EEA) basins by the USGS and at 8 river reaches in 2 designated EEA basins by MADCR. The USGS identified 293 HWMs at 152 sites. A site may have more than one HWM, typically upstream and downstream from a bridge. The MADCR identified 133 HWMs; of these, 98 are at unique locations, and 29 of the 133 HWMs were visited once following the mid-March peak and again following the late March peak. The HWMs identified by the USGS and MADCR covered about 300 river miles, determined from the upstream and downstream HWMs (about 230 and 70 river miles, respectively). Elevation of HWMs was later determined to a standard vertical datum (NAVD 88) using the Global Navigation Satellite System and survey grade Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers along with standard optical surveying equipment.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101315","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the\r\nU.S. Department of Homeland Security\r\nFederal Emergency Management Agency","usgsCitation":"Zarriello, P.J., and Bent, G.C., 2011, Elevation of the March - April 2010 flood high water in selected river reaches in central and eastern Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1315, iv, 18 p.; Appendix; Download of High-water elevations, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101315.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.; Appendix; Download of High-water elevations","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2010-03-01","temporalEnd":"2010-04-30","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126770,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1315.gif"},{"id":14437,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1315/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"25000","projection":"Polyconic projection","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.25,41.5 ], [ -72.25,43 ], [ -70.5,43 ], [ -70.5,41.5 ], [ -72.25,41.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab1e4b07f02db66ea8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zarriello, Phillip J. 0000-0001-9598-9904 pzarriel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9598-9904","contributorId":1868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zarriello","given":"Phillip","email":"pzarriel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bent, Gardner C. 0000-0002-5085-3146 gbent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5085-3146","contributorId":1864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bent","given":"Gardner","email":"gbent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98999,"text":"ofr20111012 - 2011 - Non-native fish control below Glen Canyon Dam - Report from a structured decision-making project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-05T12:09:04.888634","indexId":"ofr20111012","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1012","title":"Non-native fish control below Glen Canyon Dam - Report from a structured decision-making project","docAbstract":"This report describes the results of a structured decision-making project by the U.S. Geological Survey to provide substantive input to the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) for use in the preparation of an Environmental Assessment concerning control of non-native fish below Glen Canyon Dam. A forum was created to allow the diverse cooperating agencies and Tribes to discuss, expand, and articulate their respective values; to develop and evaluate a broad set of potential control alternatives using the best available science; and to define individual preferences of each group on how to manage the inherent trade-offs in this non-native fish control problem.\r\nThis project consisted of two face-to-face workshops, held in Mesa, Arizona, October 18-20 and November 8-10, 2010. At the first workshop, a diverse set of objectives was discussed, which represented the range of concerns of those agencies and Tribes present. A set of non-native fish control alternatives ('hybrid portfolios') was also developed. Over the 2-week period between the two workshops, four assessment teams worked to evaluate the control alternatives against the array of objectives. At the second workshop, the results of the assessment teams were presented. Multi-criteria decision analysis methods were used to examine the trade-offs inherent in the problem, and allowed the participating agencies and Tribes to express their individual judgments about how those trade-offs should best be managed in Reclamation`s selection of a preferred alternative.\r\nA broad array of objectives was identified and defined, and an effort was made to understand how these objectives are likely to be achieved by a variety of strategies. In general, the objectives reflected desired future conditions over 30 years. A rich set of alternative approaches was developed, and the complex structure of those alternatives was documented. Multi-criteria decision analysis methods allowed the evaluation of those alternatives against the array of objectives, with the values of individual agencies and tribes deliberately preserved.\r\nTrout removal strategies aimed at the Paria to Badger Rapid reach (PBR), with a variety of permutations in deference to cultural values, and with backup removal at the Little Colorado River reach (LCR) if necessary, were identified as top-ranking portfolios for all agencies and Tribes. These PBR/LCR removal portfolios outperformed LCR-only removal portfolios, for cultural reasons and for effectiveness - the probability of keeping the humpback chub population above a desired threshold was estimated to be higher under the PBR/LCR portfolios than the LCR-only portfolios. The PBR/LCR removal portfolios also outperformed portfolios based on flow manipulations, primarily because of the effect of sport fishery and wilderness recreation objectives, as well as cultural objectives. The preference for the PBR/LCR removal portfolios was quite robust to variation in the objective weights and to uncertainty about the underlying dynamics, at least over the ranges of uncertainty investigated.\r\nExamination of the effect of uncertainty on the recommended outcomes allowed us to complete a 'value of information' analysis. The results of this analysis led to an adaptive strategy that includes three possible long-term management actions (no action; LCR removal; or PBR removal) and seeks to reduce uncertainty about the following two issues: the degree to which rainbow trout limit chub populations, and the effectiveness of PBR removal to reduce trout emigration downstream into Marble and eastern Grand Canyons, where the largest population of humpback chub exist. In the face of uncertainty about the effectiveness of PBR removal, a case might be made for including flow manipulations in an adaptive strategy, but formal analysis of this case was not conducted.\r\nThe full set of conclusions described above is not definitive, however. This analysis described in this report is a simplified depiction of the t","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111012","usgsCitation":"Runge, M.C., Bean, E., Smith, D., and Kokos, S., 2011, Non-native fish control below Glen Canyon Dam - Report from a structured decision-making project: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1012, vi, 75 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111012.","productDescription":"vi, 75 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":14436,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1012/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":133722,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.5,35 ], [ -114.5,37.5 ], [ -111,37.5 ], [ -111,35 ], [ -114.5,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db6970bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runge, Michael C. 0000-0002-8081-536X mrunge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8081-536X","contributorId":3358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runge","given":"Michael","email":"mrunge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bean, Ellen","contributorId":77111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bean","given":"Ellen","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":307221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, David 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":1989,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":307218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kokos, Sonja","contributorId":46479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kokos","given":"Sonja","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":99003,"text":"ofr20111017 - 2011 - Relative abundance and distribution of fishes and crayfish at Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge, Nye County, Nevada, 2007-08","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:49","indexId":"ofr20111017","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1017","title":"Relative abundance and distribution of fishes and crayfish at Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge, Nye County, Nevada, 2007-08","docAbstract":"This study provides baseline data of native and non-native fish populations in Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Nye County, Nevada, that can serve as a gauge in native fish enhancement efforts. In support of Carson Slough restoration, comprehensive surveys of Ash Meadows NWR fishes were conducted seasonally from fall 2007 through summer 2008. A total of 853 sampling stations were created using Geographic Information Systems and National Agricultural Imagery Program. In four seasons of sampling, Amargosa pupfish (genus Cyprinodon) was captured at 388 of 659 stations. The number of captured Amargosa pupfish ranged from 5,815 (winter 2008) to 8,346 (summer 2008). The greatest success in capturing Amargosa pupfish was in warm water spring-pools with temperature greater than 25 degrees C, headwaters of warm water spring systems, and shallow (depths less than 10 centimeters) grassy marshes. In four seasons of sampling, Ash Meadows speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus nevadesis) was captured at 96 of 659 stations. The number of captured Ash Meadows speckled dace ranged from 1,009 (summer 2008) to 1,552 (winter 2008). The greatest success in capturing Ash Meadows speckled dace was in cool water spring-pools with temperature less than 20 degrees C and in the high flowing water outflows. Among 659 sampling stations within the range of Amargosa pupfish, red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) was collected at 458 stations, western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) at 374 stations, and sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna) at 128 stations. School Springs was restored during the course of this study. Prior to restoration of School Springs, maximum Warm Springs Amargosa pupfish (Cyprinodon nevadensis pectoralis) captured from the six springs of the Warm Springs Complex was 765 (fall 2007). In four seasons of sampling, Warm Springs Amargosa pupfish were captured at 85 of 177 stations. The greatest success in capturing Warm Springs Amargosa pupfish when co-occurring with red swamp crayfish and western mosquitofish was in water with temperature greater than 26 degrees C near the springhead, and in shallow (depths less than 10 centimeters) grassy marshes. Among 177 sampling stations within the range of Warm Springs Amargosa pupfish, red swamp crayfish were collected at 96 stations and western mosquitofish were collected at 49 stations. Removal of convict cichlid (Amatitlania nigrofasciata) from Fairbanks Spring was followed by a substantial increase in Ash Meadows Amargosa pupfish (Cyprinodon nevadensis mionectes) captures from 910 pre-removal to 3,056 post-removal. Red swamp crayfish was continually removed from Bradford 1 Spring, which seemed to cause an increase in the speckled dace population. Restoration of Kings Pool and Jackrabbit Springs promoted the success of native fishes with the greatest densities in restored reaches. Ongoing restoration of Carson Slough and its tributaries, as well as control and elimination of invasive species, is expected to increase abundance and distribution of Ash Meadows' native fish populations. Further analysis of data from this study will help determine the habitat characteristic(s) that promote native species and curtail non-native species. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111017","usgsCitation":"Scoppettone, G.G., Rissler, P., Johnson, D., and Hereford, M., 2011, Relative abundance and distribution of fishes and crayfish at Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge, Nye County, Nevada, 2007-08: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1017, iv, 27 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111017.","productDescription":"iv, 27 p.; Appendices","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2007-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126076,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1017.bmp"},{"id":14440,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1017/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db63446c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scoppettone, G. Gary","contributorId":61137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scoppettone","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rissler, Peter","contributorId":83647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rissler","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Danielle danielle_johnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":4911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Danielle","email":"danielle_johnson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hereford, Mark","contributorId":88067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":99001,"text":"ofr20111007 - 2011 - Terrestrial forest management plan for Palmyra Atoll","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:49","indexId":"ofr20111007","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1007","title":"Terrestrial forest management plan for Palmyra Atoll","docAbstract":"This 'Terrestrial Forest Management Plan for Palmyra Atoll' was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for The Nature Conservancy (TNC) Palmyra Program to refine and expand goals and objectives developed through the Conservation Action Plan process. It is one in a series of adaptive management plans designed to achieve TNC's mission toward the protection and enhancement of native wildlife and habitat. The 'Terrestrial Forest Management Plan for Palmyra Atoll' focuses on ecosystem integrity and specifically identifies and addresses issues related to assessing the status and distribution of resources, as well as the pressures acting upon them, most specifically nonnative and potentially invasive species. The plan, which presents strategies for increasing ecosystem integrity, provides a framework to implement and track the progress of conservation and restoration goals related to terrestrial resources on Palmyra Atoll. The report in its present form is intended to be an overview of what is known about historical and current forest resources; it is not an exhaustive review of all available literature relevant to forest management but an attempt to assemble as much information specific to Palmyra Atoll as possible.\r\n\r\nPalmyra Atoll is one of the Northern Line Islands in the Pacific Ocean southwest of the Hawai`ian Islands. It consists of many heavily vegetated islets arranged in a horseshoe pattern around four lagoons and surrounded by a coral reef. The terrestrial ecosystem consists of three primary native vegetation types: Pisonia grandis forest, coastal strand forest, and grassland. Among these vegetation types, the health and extent of Pisonia grandis forest is of particular concern. Overall, the three vegetation types support 25 native plant species (two of which may be extirpated), 14 species of sea birds, six shore birds, at least one native reptile, at least seven native insects, and six native land crabs. Green and hawksbill turtles forage at Palmyra Atoll, and though rarely documented, beach nesting could be affected by terrestrial management actions. There are various nonnative or invasive species throughout the terrestrial ecosystem. The most notable examples of terrestrial invasive species include coconut palms (Cocos nucifera) and black rats (Rattus rattus). Although it is unclear whether they are nonnative, coconut palms are currently the most dominant plant across Palmyra Atoll. They compete with native plant species for space and resources and are potentially detrimental to sea birds dependent on native vegetation for roosting and nesting habitat. This competition in turn impacts nutrient resource availability, thereby reshaping energy flow in the ecosystem. Black rats are known to prey on ground-nesting sea birds and are likely responsible for the lack of burrowing sea bird reproduction at Palmyra Atoll. In addition, they may be facilitating the invasion of other nonnative species and negatively impacting other native fauna. Although the extent and impacts of these and other nonnative and (or) invasive species are not fully understood, the extent and impacts are clearly a threat to the native species and one of the most urgent threats to the overall ecosystem integrity of Palmyra Atoll.\r\n\r\nThis 'Terrestrial Forest Management Plan for Palmyra Atoll' addresses issues related to invasive species and other problems. Priority goals are established as are associated objectives and strategies. The overarching goal is to perpetuate and where possible restore terrestrial ecosystem integrity through the following techniques:\r\n\r\n 1. Habitat management: Maintain and enhance habitat to the extent possible to sustain thriving Pisonia grandis forest, coastal strand forest, endemic grassland, self-sustaining populations of sea birds, shore birds, coconut crabs, native lizards, and native insects.\r\n 2. Monitoring and assessment: Acquire information on distribution and abundance as needed for conservation of each resour","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111007","collaboration":"Prepared for The Nature Conservancy Palmyra Program","usgsCitation":"Hathaway, S.A., McEachern, K., and Fisher, R.N., 2011, Terrestrial forest management plan for Palmyra Atoll: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1007, v, 53 p.; Tables; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111007.","productDescription":"v, 53 p.; Tables; Appendix","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126077,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1007.jpg"},{"id":14438,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1007/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db68503d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hathaway, Stacie A. 0000-0002-4167-8059 sahathaway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4167-8059","contributorId":3420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hathaway","given":"Stacie","email":"sahathaway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McEachern, Kathryn kathryn_mceachern@usgs.gov","contributorId":2411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEachern","given":"Kathryn","email":"kathryn_mceachern@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":307225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fisher, Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240 rfisher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":1529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert","email":"rfisher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":98998,"text":"ofr20101312 - 2011 - Overview of the ARkStorm scenario","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-04T22:54:31.860969","indexId":"ofr20101312","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-14T01:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1312","title":"Overview of the ARkStorm scenario","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, Multi Hazards Demonstration Project (MHDP) uses hazards science to improve resiliency of communities to natural disasters including earthquakes, tsunamis, wildfires, landslides, floods and coastal erosion. The project engages emergency planners, businesses, universities, government agencies, and others in preparing for major natural disasters. The project also helps to set research goals and provides decision-making information for loss reduction and improved resiliency. The first public product of the MHDP was the ShakeOut Earthquake Scenario published in May 2008. This detailed depiction of a hypothetical magnitude 7.8 earthquake on the San Andreas Fault in southern California served as the centerpiece of the largest earthquake drill in United States history, involving over 5,000 emergency responders and the participation of over 5.5 million citizens.
This document summarizes the next major public project for MHDP, a winter storm scenario called ARkStorm (for Atmospheric River 1,000). Experts have designed a large, scientifically realistic meteorological event followed by an examination of the secondary hazards (for example, landslides and flooding), physical damages to the built environment, and social and economic consequences. The hypothetical storm depicted here would strike the U.S. West Coast and be similar to the intense California winter storms of 1861 and 1862 that left the central valley of California impassible. The storm is estimated to produce precipitation that in many places exceeds levels only experienced on average once every 500 to 1,000 years.
Extensive flooding results. In many cases flooding overwhelms the state’s flood-protection system, which is typically designed to resist 100- to 200-year runoffs. The Central Valley experiences hypothetical flooding 300 miles long and 20 or more miles wide. Serious flooding also occurs in Orange County, Los Angeles County, San Diego, the San Francisco Bay area, and other coastal communities. Windspeeds in some places reach 125 miles per hour, hurricane-force winds. Across wider areas of the state, winds reach 60 miles per hour. Hundreds of landslides damage roads, highways, and homes. Property damage exceeds $300 billion, most from flooding. Demand surge (an increase in labor rates and other repair costs after major natural disasters) could increase property losses by 20 percent. Agricultural losses and other costs to repair lifelines, dewater (drain) flooded islands, and repair damage from landslides, brings the total direct property loss to nearly $400 billion, of which $20 to $30 billion would be recoverable through public and commercial insurance. Power, water, sewer, and other lifelines experience damage that takes weeks or months to restore. Flooding evacuation could involve 1.5 million residents in the inland region and delta counties. Business interruption costs reach $325 billion in addition to the $400 billion property repair costs, meaning that an ARkStorm could cost on the order of $725 billion, which is nearly 3 times the loss deemed to be realistic by the ShakeOut authors for a severe southern California earthquake, an event with roughly the same annual occurrence probability.
The ARkStorm has several public policy implications: (1) An ARkStorm raises serious questions about the ability of existing federal, state, and local disaster planning to handle a disaster of this magnitude. (2) A core policy issue raised is whether to pay now to mitigate, or pay a lot more later for recovery. (3) Innovative financing solutions are likely to be needed to avoid fiscal crisis and adequately fund response and recovery costs from a similar, real, disaster. (4) Responders and government managers at all levels could be encouraged to conduct risk assessments, and devise the full spectrum of exercises, to exercise ability of their plans to address a similar event. (5) ARkStorm can be a reference point for application of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and California Emergency Management Agency guidance connecting federal, state and local natural hazards mapping and mitigation planning under the National Flood Insurance Plan and Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000. (6) Common messages to educate the public about the risk of such an extreme disaster as the ARkStorm scenario could be developed and consistently communicated to facilitate policy formulation and transformation.
These impacts were estimated by a team of 117 scientists, engineers, public-policy experts, insurance experts, and employees of the affected lifelines. In many aspects the ARkStorm produced new science, such as the model of coastal inundation. The products of the ARkStorm are intended for use by emergency planners, utility operators, policymakers, and others to inform preparedness plans and to enhance resiliency.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101312","collaboration":"Multihazards Demonstration Project","usgsCitation":"Porter, K., Wein, A., Alpers, C.N., Baez, A., Barnard, P.L., Carter, J., Corsi, A., Costner, J., Cox, D., Das, T., Dettinger, M., Done, J., Eadie, C., Eymann, M., Ferris, J., Gunturi, P., Hughes, M., Jarrett, R., Johnson, L., Le-Griffin, H.D., Mitchell, D., Morman, S., Neiman, P., Olsen, A., Perry, S., Plumlee, G., Ralph, M., Reynolds, D., Rose, A., Schaefer, K., Serakos, J., Siembieda, W., Stock, J.D., Strong, D., Wing, I.S., Tang, A., Thomas, P., Topping, K., Wills, C., and Jones, L., 2011, Overview of the ARkStorm scenario: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1312, Report: xvi, 183 p.; 2 Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101312.","productDescription":"Report: xvi, 183 p.; 2 Appendices","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116264,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1312.gif"},{"id":14435,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1312/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":395510,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_94815.htm"},{"id":383728,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1312/of2010-1312_appendix_b.pdf","text":"Appendix B","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383727,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1312/of2010-1312_appendix_a.pdf","text":"Appendix A","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383726,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1312/of2010-1312_text.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125,32 ], [ -125,42 ], [ -114,42 ], [ -114,32 ], [ -125,32 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a19e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Porter, Keith","contributorId":28689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"Keith","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wein, Anne 0000-0002-5516-3697 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Pete","contributorId":58513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Pete","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":37},{"text":"Topping, Ken","contributorId":74626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topping","given":"Ken","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":38},{"text":"Wills, Chris","contributorId":61697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wills","given":"Chris","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":39},{"text":"Jones, Lucile","contributorId":9639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Lucile","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":40}]}} ,{"id":9000561,"text":"fs20103092 - 2011 - Upper Colorado River Basin Climate Effects Network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:12","indexId":"fs20103092","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-3092","title":"Upper Colorado River Basin Climate Effects Network","docAbstract":"The Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB) Climate Effects Network (CEN) is a science team established to provide information to assist land managers in future decision making processes by providing a better understanding of how future climate change, land use, invasive species, altered fire cycles, human systems, and the interactions among these factors will affect ecosystems and the services they provide to human communities. The goals of this group are to (1) identify science needs and provide tools to assist land managers in addressing these needs, (2) provide a Web site where users can access information pertinent to this region, and (3) provide managers technical assistance when needed. Answers to the team's working science questions are intended to address how interactions among climate change, land use, and management practices may affect key aspects of water availability, ecosystem changes, and societal needs within the UCRB.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20103092","usgsCitation":"Belnap, J., Campbell, D., and Kershner, J., 2011, Upper Colorado River Basin Climate Effects Network: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2010-3092, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103092.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":19188,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3092/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126072,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2010_3092.bmp"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a24e4b07f02db60e609","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, Donald","contributorId":9114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Donald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kershner, Jeff","contributorId":99422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kershner","given":"Jeff","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":9000560,"text":"sir20105218 - 2011 - Characterization of hydrology and salinity in the Dolores project area, McElmo Creek region, southwest Colorado, water years 1978-2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-13T21:40:43.180913","indexId":"sir20105218","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5218","title":"Characterization of hydrology and salinity in the Dolores project area, McElmo Creek region, southwest Colorado, water years 1978-2006","docAbstract":"Increasing salinity loading in the Colorado River has become a major concern for agricultural and municipal water supplies. The Colorado Salinity Control Act was implemented in 1974 to protect and enhance the quality of water in the Colorado River Basin. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation and the Colorado River Salinity Control Forum, summarized salinity reductions in the McElmo Creek basin in southwest Colorado as a result of salinity-control modifications and flow-regime changes that result from the Dolores Project, which consists of the construction of McPhee reservoir on the Dolores River and salinity control modifications along the irrigation water delivery system.
Flow-adjusted salinity trends using S-LOADEST estimations for a streamgage on McElmo Creek (site 1), that represents outflow from the basin, indicates a decrease in salinity load by 39,800 tons from water year 1978 through water year 2006, which is an average decrease of 1,370 tons per year for the 29-year period. Annual-load calculations for a streamgage on Mud Creek (site 6), that represents outflow from a tributary basin, indicate a decrease of 7,300 tons from water year 1982 through water year 2006, which is an average decrease of 292 tons per year for the 25-year period. The streamgage Dolores River at Dolores, CO (site 17) was chosen to represent a background site that is not affected by the Dolores Project. Annual load calculations for site 17 estimated a decrease of about 8,600 tons from water year 1978 through water year 2006, which is an average decrease of 297 tons per year for the 29-year period. The trend in salinity load at site 17 was considered to be representative of a natural trend in the region.
Typically, salinity concentrations at outflow sites decreased from the pre-Dolores Project period (water years 1978—1984) to the post-Dolores Project period (water years 2000—2006). The median salinity concentration for site 1 (main basin outflow) decreased from 2,210 milligrams per liter per day in the preperiod to 2,110 milligrams per liter per day in the postperiod. The median salinity concentration for site 6 (tributary outflow) increased from 3,370 milligrams per liter per day in the preperiod to 3,710 milligrams per liter per day in the postperiod. Salinity concentrations typically increased at inflow sites from the preperiod to the postperiod. Salinity concentrations increased from 178 milligrams per liter per day during the preperiod at Main Canal #1 (site 16) to 227 milligrams per liter per day during the postperiod at the Dolores Tunnel Outlet near Dolores, CO (site 15).
Calculation of the historical flow regime in McElmo Creek was done using a water-budget analysis of the basin. During water years 2000—2006, an estimated 845,000 acre-feet of water was consumed by crops and did not return to the creek as streamflow. The remaining 76,000 acre-feet, or 10,900 acre-feet per year for the 7-year postperiod, was assumed to represent a historical flow condition. The historical flow of 10,900 acre-feet per year is equivalent to 15.1 cubic feet per second.
Average total dissolved solids concentrations for water in each type of sedimentary rock were used to estimate natural salinity loads. Most surface-water sites used to fit the criteria needed to achieve a natural TDS concentration were springs. An average spring TDS value for sandstones geology in the basin was 350 milligrams per liter, and the average value for Mancos Shale geology was 4,000 milligrams per liter. The natural salinity loads in McElmo Creek were estimated to be 29,100 tons per year, which is 43 percent of the salinity load that was calculated for the postperiod.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105218","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation and the Colorado River Salinity Control Forum","usgsCitation":"Richards, R.J., and Leib, K.J., 2011, Characterization of hydrology and salinity in the Dolores project area, McElmo Creek region, southwest Colorado, water years 1978-2006: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5218, vi, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105218.","productDescription":"vi, 32 p.","numberOfPages":"38","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423544,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_98412.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126075,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5218.bmp"},{"id":19187,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5218/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"McElmo Creek region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.25,\n 37.6667\n ],\n [\n -109.25,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -108.3333,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -108.3333,\n 37.6667\n ],\n [\n -109.25,\n 37.6667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49a4e4b07f02db5c0696","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richards, Rodney J. 0000-0003-3953-984X rjrichar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3953-984X","contributorId":2204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"Rodney","email":"rjrichar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leib, Kenneth J. 0000-0002-0373-0768 kjleib@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0373-0768","contributorId":701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leib","given":"Kenneth","email":"kjleib@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":344221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9000562,"text":"sir20105168 - 2011 - Approaches to highly parameterized inversion: Pilot-point theory, guidelines, and research directions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:14","indexId":"sir20105168","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5168","title":"Approaches to highly parameterized inversion: Pilot-point theory, guidelines, and research directions","docAbstract":"Pilot points have been used in geophysics and hydrogeology for at least 30 years as a means to bridge the gap between estimating a parameter value in every cell of a model and subdividing models into a small number of homogeneous zones. Pilot points serve as surrogate parameters at which values are estimated in the inverse-modeling process, and their values are interpolated onto the modeling domain in such a way that heterogeneity can be represented at a much lower computational cost than trying to estimate parameters in every cell of a model. Although the use of pilot points is increasingly common, there are few works documenting the mathematical implications of their use and even fewer sources of guidelines for their implementation in hydrogeologic modeling studies. This report describes the mathematics of pilot-point use, provides guidelines for their use in the parameter-estimation software suite (PEST), and outlines several research directions. Two key attributes for pilot-point definitions are highlighted. First, the difference between the information contained in the every-cell parameter field and the surrogate parameter field created using pilot points should be in the realm of parameters which are not informed by the observed data (the null space). Second, the interpolation scheme for projecting pilot-point values onto model cells ideally should be orthogonal. These attributes are informed by the mathematics and have important ramifications for both the guidelines and suggestions for future research.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105168","usgsCitation":"Doherty, J.E., Fienen, M., and Hunt, R.J., 2011, Approaches to highly parameterized inversion: Pilot-point theory, guidelines, and research directions: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5168, iv, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105168.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"36","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155095,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":19189,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5168/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a854a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doherty, John E.","contributorId":8817,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Doherty","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7046,"text":"Watermark Numerical Computing","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":344228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fienen, Michael N. 0000-0002-7756-4651 mnfienen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7756-4651","contributorId":893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fienen","given":"Michael N.","email":"mnfienen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":344226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hunt, Randall J. 0000-0001-6465-9304 rjhunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-9304","contributorId":1129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Randall","email":"rjhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70198342,"text":"70198342 - 2011 - Cyclic spattering, seismic tremor, and surface fluctuation within a perched lava channel, Kilauea Volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-18T08:06:55","indexId":"70198342","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-13T08:06:51","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cyclic spattering, seismic tremor, and surface fluctuation within a perched lava channel, Kilauea Volcano","docAbstract":"In late 2007, a perched lava channel, built up to 45 m above the preexisting surface, developed during the ongoing eruption near Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō cone on Kīlauea Volcano’s east rift zone. The lava channel was segmented into four pools extending over a total of 1.4 km. From late October to mid-December, a cyclic behavior, consisting of steady lava level rise terminated by vigorous spattering and an abrupt drop in lava level, was commonly observed in pool 1. We use geologic observations, video, time-lapse camera images, and seismicity to characterize and understand this cyclic behavior. Spattering episodes occurred at intervals of 40–100 min during peak activity and involved small (5–10-m-high) fountains limited to the margins of the pool. Most spattering episodes had fountains which migrated downchannel. Each spattering episode was associated with a rapid lava level drop of about 1 m, which was concurrent with a conspicuous cigar-shaped tremor burst with peak frequencies of 4–5 Hz. We interpret this cyclic behavior to be gas pistoning, and this is the first documented instance of gas pistoning in lava well away from the deeper conduit. Our observations and data indicate that the gas pistoning was driven by gas accumulation beneath the visco-elastic component of the surface crust, contrary to other studies which attribute similar behavior to the periodic rise of gas slugs. The gas piston events typically had a gas mass of about 2,500 kg (similar to the explosions at Stromboli), with gas accumulation and release rates of about 1.1 and 5.7 kg s−1, respectively. The time-averaged gas output rate of the gas pistoning events accounted for about 1–2% of the total gas output rate of the east rift zone eruption.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00445-010-0431-2","usgsCitation":"Patrick, M.R., Orr, T.R., Wilson, D.C., Dow, D.C., and Freeman, R., 2011, Cyclic spattering, seismic tremor, and surface fluctuation within a perched lava channel, Kilauea Volcano: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 73, no. 6, p. 639-653, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-010-0431-2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"639","endPage":"653","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356175,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano ","volume":"73","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98b475e4b0702d0e844b42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patrick, Matthew R. 0000-0002-8042-6639 mpatrick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8042-6639","contributorId":2070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patrick","given":"Matthew","email":"mpatrick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":741148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Orr, Tim R. torr@usgs.gov","contributorId":139620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orr","given":"Tim","email":"torr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":741149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, David C. 0000-0003-2582-5159 dwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2582-5159","contributorId":145580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"David","email":"dwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":741150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dow, David C.","contributorId":52703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dow","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Freeman, R.","contributorId":7525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":98995,"text":"ofr20101323 - 2011 - Geochemical characteristics of Holocene laminated sapropel (unit II) and underlying lacustrine unit III in the Black Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:57","indexId":"ofr20101323","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1323","title":"Geochemical characteristics of Holocene laminated sapropel (unit II) and underlying lacustrine unit III in the Black Sea","docAbstract":"eg 1 of the 1988 R/V Knorr expeditions to the Black Sea recovered 90 gravity and box cores. The longest recovery by gravity cores was about 3 meters, with an average of about 2.5 meters, recovering all of the Holocene and upper Pleistocene sections in the Black Sea. During the latest Pleistocene glaciation, sea level dropped below the 35-meters-deep Bosporus outlet sill of the Black Sea. Therefore throughout most of its history the Black Sea was a lake, and most of its sediments are lacustrine.\r\n\r\nThe oldest sediments recovered (older than 8,000 calendar years) consist of massive to coarsely banded lacustrine calcareous clay designated as lithologic Unit III, generally containing less than 1 percent organic carbon (OC). The base of overlying Unit II marks the first incursion of Mediterranean seawater into the Black Sea, and the onset of bottom-water anoxia about 7,900 calendar years. Unit II contains as much as 15 percent OC in cores from the deepest part of the Black Sea (2,200 meters). The calcium carbonate (CaCO3) remains of the coccolith Emiliania huxleyi form the distinctive white laminae of overlying Unit I.\r\n\r\nThe composition of Unit III and Unit II sediments are quite different, reflecting different terrigenous clastic sources and increased contributions from hydrogenous and biogenic components in anoxic Unit II sapropel. In Unit II, positive covariance between OC and three trace elements commonly concentrated in OC-rich sediments where sulfate reduction has occurred (molybdenum, nickel, and vanadium) and a nutrient (phosphorus) suggest a large marine source for these elements although nickel and vanadium also have a large terrigenous clastic source. The marine sources may be biogenic or hydrogenous. A large biogenic source is also suggested for copper and cobalt. Because abundant pyrite forms in the water column and sediments of the Black Sea, we expected to find a large hydrogenous iron component, but a strong covariance of iron with aluminum suggests that the dominant source of iron is from terrigenous clastic material. Most elements in lacustrine Unit III sediments have a strong covariance with Al indicating a very dominant terrigenous source. In Unit II, some elements, especially nickel, molybdenum, vanadium, and zinc, do not correlate with aluminum and have concentrations well above terrigenous clastic material, indicating a marine source.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101323","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., and Arthur, M.A., 2011, Geochemical characteristics of Holocene laminated sapropel (unit II) and underlying lacustrine unit III in the Black Sea: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1323, iv, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101323.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":308,"text":"Geology and Environmental Change Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203260,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":14429,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1323/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 26,40 ], [ 26,47.5 ], [ 42,47.5 ], [ 42,40 ], [ 26,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae5b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arthur, Michael A.","contributorId":90018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70003314,"text":"70003314 - 2011 - Use of cover habitat by bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus, and lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, in a laboratory environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-12T23:29:52.059572","indexId":"70003314","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-11T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Use of cover habitat by bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus, and lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, in a laboratory environment","title":"Use of cover habitat by bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus, and lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, in a laboratory environment","docAbstract":"Lacustrine-adfluvial bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus, migrate from spawning and rearing streams to lacustrine environments as early as age 0. Within lacustrine environments, cover habitat provides refuge from potential predators and is a resource that is competed for if limiting. Competitive interactions between bull trout and other species could result in bull trout being displaced from cover habitat, and bull trout may lack evolutionary adaptations to compete with introduced species, such as lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush. A laboratory experiment was performed to examine habitat use and interactions for cover by juvenile (i.e., <80 mm total length) bull trout and lake trout. Differences were observed between bull trout and lake trout in the proportion of time using cover (F 1,22.6 = 20.08, P < 0.001) and bottom (F 1,23.7 = 37.01, P < 0.001) habitat, with bull trout using cover and bottom habitats more than lake trout. Habitat selection ratios indicated that bull trout avoided water column habitat in the presence of lake trout and that lake trout avoided bottom habitat. Intraspecific and interspecific agonistic interactions were infrequent, but approximately 10 times greater for intraspecific interactions between lake trout. Results from this study provide little evidence that juvenile bull trout and lake trout compete for cover, and that species-specific differences in habitat use and selection likely result in habitat partitioning between these species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10641-010-9747-1","usgsCitation":"Meeuwig, M., Guy, C.S., and Fredenberg, W.A., 2011, Use of cover habitat by bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus, and lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, in a laboratory environment: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 90, no. 4, p. 367-378, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-010-9747-1.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"378","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204269,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-11-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db60469c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meeuwig, Michael H.","contributorId":60761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meeuwig","given":"Michael H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guy, Christopher S. 0000-0002-9936-4781 cguy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9936-4781","contributorId":2876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guy","given":"Christopher","email":"cguy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":5062,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":346862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fredenberg, Wade A.","contributorId":78860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fredenberg","given":"Wade","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70148170,"text":"70148170 - 2011 - Distribution and habitat associations of breeding secretive marsh birds in Louisiana's Mississippi Alluvial Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-16T15:33:31","indexId":"70148170","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and habitat associations of breeding secretive marsh birds in Louisiana's Mississippi Alluvial Valley","docAbstract":"Populations of many North American secretive marsh birds (SMBs) have declined in recent decades, partially as a function of wetland loss. Protecting and restoring appropriate habitat for these species is contingent upon understanding the habitat features they utilize. We investigated breeding distributions of SMBs in northeast Louisiana at 118 wetlands in 2007 and 2008 and modeled species occupancy (psi) as a function of habitat variables measured at local (<= 100 m) and landscape (<= 1 km) scales. Common Moorhens (Gallinula chloropus), Least Bitterns (Ixobrychus exilis), and Purple Gallinules (Porphyrula martinica) were the most commonly detected species, whereas breeding King Rails (Rallus elegans) and American Coots (Fulica americana) were rare. Local habitat features consistently played a greater role in predicting psi than landscape features for the three most common species. The proportion of local wetland area dominated by robust emergent vegetation (i.e., Typha spp. and Zizaniopsis miliacea) positively influenced psi for all species, while other wetland vegetation types tended to have a minimal or negative effect. Our results suggest the habitat characteristics preferred by breeding SMBs differ from those used by migrating shorebirds and wintering waterfowl and management and restoration objectives for those species may be inadequate for enhancing SMB habitat.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s13157-010-0138-3","collaboration":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service State Wildlife; Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries.","usgsCitation":"Valente, J.J., King, S.L., and Wilson, R.R., 2011, Distribution and habitat associations of breeding secretive marsh birds in Louisiana's Mississippi Alluvial Valley: Wetlands, v. 31, no. 1, p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-010-0138-3.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","ipdsId":"IP-014497","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332250,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisana","otherGeospatial":"Alluvial Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.571533203125,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -90.867919921875,\n 30.704058230919504\n ],\n [\n -91.483154296875,\n 31.015278981711266\n ],\n [\n -91.56005859375,\n 31.147006308556566\n ],\n [\n -90.87890625,\n 32.48196313217176\n ],\n [\n -91.109619140625,\n 32.861132322810946\n ],\n [\n -91.64794921875,\n 32.676372772089834\n ],\n [\n -91.988525390625,\n 31.587894464070395\n ],\n [\n -91.790771484375,\n 30.278044377800153\n ],\n [\n -90.692138671875,\n 29.171348850951507\n ],\n [\n -89.571533203125,\n 28.97931203672246\n ],\n [\n -89.296875,\n 29.99300228455108\n ],\n [\n -89.571533203125,\n 30.06909396443887\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58550b87e4b02bdf681568bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Valente, Jonathan J.","contributorId":177530,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Valente","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, Sammy L. 0000-0002-5364-6361 sking@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5364-6361","contributorId":557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Sammy","email":"sking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, R. Randy","contributorId":171715,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Randy","affiliations":[{"id":26933,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 6578 Dogwood View Pkwy, Suite C, Jackson, MS 39213","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":656101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036904,"text":"70036904 - 2011 - Does prescribed fire benefit wetland vegetation?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-15T20:32:41.882503","indexId":"70036904","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Does prescribed fire benefit wetland vegetation?","docAbstract":"The effects of fire on wetland vegetation in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States are poorly known, despite the historical use of fire by federal, state, and private landowners in the Chesapeake Bay Region. Prescribed fire is widely used by land managers to promote vegetation that is beneficial to migratory waterfowl, muskrats, and other native wildlife and to reduce competition from less desirable plant species. We compared vegetative response to two fire rotations, annual burns and 3-year burns, and two control sites, Control 1 and Control 2. We tested the effects of fire within six tidal marsh wetlands at Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge and Fishing Bay Wildlife Management Area in Maryland. We examined changes in total live biomass (all species), total stem density, litter, and changes in live biomass and stem density of four dominant wetland plant species (11 variables). Our results suggest that annual prescribed fires will decrease the accumulation of litter, increase the biomass and stem densities of some wetland plants generally considered less desirable for wildlife, and have little or no effect on other wetland plants previously thought to benefit from fire.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s13157-010-0131-x","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Flores, C., Bounds, D., and Ruby, D., 2011, Does prescribed fire benefit wetland vegetation?: Wetlands, v. 31, no. 1, p. 35-44, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-010-0131-x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"44","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":381392,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","city":"Cambridge, Maryland","otherGeospatial":"National Wildlife Refuge and Fishing Bay Wildlife Management Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.34674072265625,\n 38.55246141354153\n ],\n [\n -75.86334228515625,\n 38.55246141354153\n ],\n [\n -75.86334228515625,\n 38.724090458956965\n ],\n [\n -76.34674072265625,\n 38.724090458956965\n ],\n [\n -76.34674072265625,\n 38.55246141354153\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0396e4b0c8380cd5055d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flores, C.","contributorId":78587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flores","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bounds, D.L.","contributorId":97601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bounds","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruby, D.E.","contributorId":70220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruby","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70156078,"text":"70156078 - 2011 - Seasonal use of a New England estuary by foraging contingents of migratory striped bass","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-11T19:47:55.379319","indexId":"70156078","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal use of a New England estuary by foraging contingents of migratory striped bass","docAbstract":"Using acoustic telemetry on migratory striped bass Morone saxatilis in Plum Island Estuary (PIE), Massachusetts, we found that striped bass (335–634 mm total length) tagged in the spring and summer of 2005 (n = 14) and 2006 (n = 46) stayed in the estuary for an average of 66.0 d in 2005 and 72.2 d in 2006. Striped bass spent the most time in two specific reaches: middle Plum Island Sound and lower Rowley River. In both years, three different use-groups of striped bass were observed in PIE. Short-term visitors (n = 24) stayed in the estuary only briefly (range = 5–20 d). Two groups of seasonal residents stayed for more than 30 d, either in the Rowley River (n = 14) or in Plum Island Sound (n = 22). Within PIE, the two seasonal-resident use-groups may be foraging contingents that learn how to feed efficiently in specific parts of the estuary. These distinct within-estuary use patterns could have different implications for striped bass condition and prey impact.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis Online","doi":"10.1577/T08-222.1","usgsCitation":"Mather, M.E., Pautzke, S.M., Finn, J.T., Deegan, L.A., and Muth, R.M., 2011, Seasonal use of a New England estuary by foraging contingents of migratory striped bass: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 139, no. 1, p. 257-269, https://doi.org/10.1577/T08-222.1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"269","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-009009","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475038,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/3480","text":"External Repository"},{"id":306819,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Plum Island, Plum Island Sound, Rowley 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Woods Hole, MA 02543.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Muth, Robert M.","contributorId":41682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muth","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70033631,"text":"70033631 - 2011 - How systematic age underestimation can impede understanding of fish population dynamics: Lessons learned from a Lake Superior cisco stock","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-07T16:02:25.891171","indexId":"70033631","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"How systematic age underestimation can impede understanding of fish population dynamics: Lessons learned from a Lake Superior cisco stock","docAbstract":"Systematic underestimation of fish age can impede understanding of recruitment variability and adaptive strategies (like longevity) and can bias estimates of survivorship. We suspected that previous estimates of annual survival (S; range = 0.20-0.44) for Lake Superior ciscoes Coregonus artedi developed from scale ages were biased low. To test this hypothesis, we estimated the total instantaneous mortality rate of adult ciscoes from the Thunder Bay, Ontario, stock by use of cohort-based catch curves developed from commercial gill-net catches and otolith-aged fish. Mean S based on otolith ages was greater for adult females (0.80) than for adult males (0.75), but these differences were not significant. Applying the results of a study of agreement between scale and otolith ages, we modeled a scale age for each otolith-aged fish to reconstruct catch curves. Using modeled scale ages, estimates of S (0.42 for females, 0.36 for males) were comparable with those reported in past studies. We conducted a November 2005 acoustic and midwater trawl survey to estimate the abundance of ciscoes when the fish were being harvested for roe. Estimated exploitation rates were 0.085 for females and 0.025 for males, and the instantaneous rates of fishing mortality were 0.089 for females and 0.025 for males. The instantaneous rates of natural mortality were 0.131 and 0.265 for females and males, respectively. Using otolith ages, we found that strong year-classes at large during November 2005 were caught in high numbers as age-1 fish in previous annual bottom trawl surveys, whereas weak or absent year-classes were not. For decades, large-scale fisheries on the Great Lakes were allowed to operate because ciscoes were assumed to be short lived and to have regular recruitment. We postulate that the collapse of these fisheries was linked in part to a misunderstanding of cisco biology driven by scale-ageing error.
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One electrofishing method for sampling riverine fishes that has become popular in the last decade is the prepositioned area electrofisher (PAE). We investigated the relationship between sampling effort and fish species richness at seven sites in the Tallapoosa River system, USA based on 1,400 PAE samples collected during 1994 and 1995. First, we estimated species richness at each site using the first-order jackknife and compared observed values for species richness and jackknife estimates of species richness to estimates based on historical collection data. Second, we used a permutation procedure and nonlinear regression to examine rates of species accumulation. Third, we used regression to predict the number of PAE samples required to collect the jackknife estimate of species richness at each site during 1994 and 1995. We found that jackknife estimates of species richness generally were less than or equal to estimates based on historical collection data. The relationship between PAE electrofishing effort and species richness in the Tallapoosa River was described by a positive asymptotic curve as found in other studies using different electrofishing gears in wadable streams. Results from nonlinear regression analyses indicted that rates of species accumulation were variable among sites and between years. Across sites and years, predictions of sampling effort required to collect jackknife estimates of species richness suggested that doubling sampling effort (to 200 PAEs) would typically increase observed species richness by not more than six species. However, sampling effort beyond about 60 PAE samples typically increased observed species richness by < 10%. We recommend using historical collection data in conjunction with a preliminary sample size of at least 70 PAE samples to evaluate estimates of species richness in medium-sized rivers. Seventy PAE samples should provide enough information to describe the relationship between sampling effort and species richness and thus facilitate evaluation of a sampling effort.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1998)018<0144:SEAEOS>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bowen, Z., and Freeman, M.C., 2011, Sampling effort and estimates of species richness based on prepositioned area electrofisher samples: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 18, no. 1, p. 144-153, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1998)018<0144:SEAEOS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"144","endPage":"153","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198603,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"18","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e499fe4b07f02db5bd598","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowen, Zachary H. 0000-0002-8656-1831","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8656-1831","contributorId":26932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowen","given":"Zachary H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, Mary C. 0000-0001-7615-6923","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7615-6923","contributorId":99659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":338416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70004271,"text":"70004271 - 2011 - Structural and functional effects of herbicides on non-target organisms in aquatic ecosystems with an emphasis on atrazine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-29T08:02:16","indexId":"70004271","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-08T05:15:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"18","title":"Structural and functional effects of herbicides on non-target organisms in aquatic ecosystems with an emphasis on atrazine","docAbstract":"Herbicide use has increased dramatically around the world over the past 6 decades (Gianessi and Reigner, 2007). Few herbicides were in use in the 1950s. However, by 2001 approximately 1.14 billion kilograms of herbicides were applied globally for the control of undesireable vegetation in agricultural, silvicultural, lawncare, aquacultural, and irrigation/recreational water management activities (Kiely et al., 2004). Twenty-eight percent of the total mass of herbicides is applied in the United States, with the remaining 72 percent being applied elsewhere around the globe (Kiely et al., 2004). Herbicides represent 36% of global pesticide use, followed by insecticides (25%), fungicides (10%) and other chemical classes (Kiely et al., 2004).
\nAgricultural production accounts for approximately 90% of herbicide use in the U.S. (Kiely et al., 2004). Gianessi and Reigner (2007) indicated that herbicides are routinely used on more than 90% of the area designated for large commercial crops including corn, soybeans, cotton, sugar beets, peanuts, and rice. Increased farm mechanization, technological advancements in production of inexpensive sources of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer (e.g., anhydrous ammonia), and conversion of forest, grassland, and wetland habitats to cropland has led to a tremendous increase in global food production over the past half-century. Herbicides have augmented advances in large-scale agricultural systems and have largely replaced mechanical and hand-weeding control mechanisms (Gianessi and Reigner, 2007). The wide-spread use of herbicides in agriculture has resulted in frequent chemical detections in surface and groundwaters (Gilliom, 2007). The majority of herbicides used are highly water soluble and are therefore prone to runoff from terrestrial environments. In additon, spray drift and atmospheric deposition can contribute to herbicide contamination of aquatic environments. Lastly, selected herbicides are deliberately applied to aquatic environments for controlling nuisance aquatic vegetation. Although aquatic herbicide exposure has been widely documented, these exposures are not necessarily related to adverse non-target ecological effects on natural communities in aquatic environments. This chapter evaluates the potential for effects of herbicides on the structure and function of aquatic envrionments at the population, community, and ecosystem levels of biological organization. In this manuscript I examine several critical aspects of the subject matter area: primary herbicides in use and chemical modes of action; the regulatory process used for registration and risk assessment of herbicides; data regarding non-target risks and the relative sensitivity of aquatic plants, inveretebrates, and fish to herbicides; and emerging areas of science regarding the potential for endocrine-disrupting effects of herbicides on aquatic vertebrates. Much of the focus of this paper is on atrazine due to the extensive database which exists regarding its fate and effects.
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River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-25T15:54:06.985312","indexId":"1003425","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat associations of small fishes around islands in the upper Mississippi River","docAbstract":"In large rivers, islands provide a variety of habitat types and increase habitat heterogeneity. Creating or modifying islands with dredged sediments from channel maintenance operations provides an opportunity to enhance habitat features that might promote certain fish communities or general fish abundance. To determine associations between fish species and habitat features of islands, we sampled fish by seining at 62 sites around 20 islands in the upper Mississippi River from Winona, Minnesota, to Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin (180 km). Habitat characteristics were divided into macrohabitat features associated with islands, such as island shape, location, or maximum depth around the island, and mesohabitat features of sites, such as depth, sediment type, and vegetation abundance. Cluster analysis of islands based on macrohabitat features identified four clusters distinguished primarily by water depth and distance from the main channel. Mean fish density did not differ among island clusters. Cluster analysis of sites based on mesohabitat features produced four clusters distinguished primarily by vegetation abundance. Mean densities of most fish taxa were highest in clusters with moderate or dense vegetation and lowest in the cluster with no vegetation. For the eight most abundant fish species, multiple-regression analysis of density on mesohabitat features across all sites indicated that all species were positively correlated with vegetation abundance, which explained 7-49% of variation in density. Our results suggest that mesohabitat features of sites were more important than macrohabitat features of islands in determining density of small fishes and that modifications that increase the abundance of vegetation around islands are most likely to increase fish density.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1998)018<0327:HAOSFA>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Johnson, B.L., and Jennings, C.A., 2011, Habitat associations of small fishes around islands in the upper Mississippi River: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 18, no. 2, p. 327-336, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1998)018<0327:HAOSFA>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"327","endPage":"336","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133919,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.7259217454691,\n 44.109900177614634\n ],\n [\n -91.7259217454691,\n 43.03654263357964\n ],\n [\n -90.99042076365409,\n 43.03654263357964\n ],\n [\n -90.99042076365409,\n 44.109900177614634\n ],\n [\n -91.7259217454691,\n 44.109900177614634\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64971b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Barry L. bljohnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Barry","email":"bljohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":313261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jennings, Cecil A. 0000-0002-6159-6026 jennings@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6159-6026","contributorId":874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"Cecil","email":"jennings@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":313262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019901,"text":"70019901 - 2011 - Trends in relative weight of walleye stocks in Wyoming reservoirs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-25T16:40:37.096183","indexId":"70019901","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trends in relative weight of walleye stocks in Wyoming reservoirs","docAbstract":"The relative weight (Wr) index of body condition provided insight into the stock dynamics of walleye Stizostedion vitreum in six reservoirs in the North Platte River drainage of Wyoming. The three most upstream reservoirs are managed as both walleye and trout (Oncorhynchus spp. and Salmo spp.) fisheries; trout are stocked annually. The three downstream reservoirs are managed for coolwater and warmwater fishes, and walleye fry are stocked almost annually in two of the reservoirs. Positive relations between stocking densities of trout and Wr of walleyes and between water levels and Wr of walleyes were observed. Length-related trends in Wr within walleye stocks over time were related to prey availability.
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\"}}]}","volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb7fde4b08c986b3275e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marwitz, T.D.","contributorId":64407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marwitz","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubert, W.A.","contributorId":12822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014768,"text":"1014768 - 2011 - Passage and behavior of adult American shad in an experimental louver bypass system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-26T23:16:53.994674","indexId":"1014768","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Passage and behavior of adult American shad in an experimental louver bypass system","docAbstract":"We tested 436 adult American shad Alosa sapidissima in an experimental louver bypass system, which was similar to a system operating at Holyoke Dam, Massachusetts, to determine guidance and passage efficiency and to study fish response to stimuli from physical structures, light intensity, and water velocity. Groups of 5–29 fish were exposed to combinations of two bypass exits (wide-shallow and vertical-slot sharp-crested weirs) and two louver arrays (7.6- and 15.2-cm slat spacing) oriented 20° to water flow direction. Underwater video observations showed fish responded to louvers as a physical barrier during the day, when they stayed 30–55 cm (1.3 cm/5 klx) away from and oriented parallel to louvers, and as a behavioral barrier at night, when they moved closer to louvers and oriented into the current. Both louver arrays guided fish effectively, (i.e., prevented fish from passing through the slats) 100% for narrow spacing and 97% for wide spacing. Adults avoided moving closer than 0.5 m to either exit type; instead, fish remained 0.8–1.4 bodylengths upstream, depending on light intensity (farther upstream during daytime, similar to behavior at louvers). At exits, water velocity increased from 0.4 m/s to 0.8 m/s or more in a distance of 0.9 m (rate of velocity increase, 0.44 m/s per meter). This rapid velocity increase elicited an avoidance response by fish that resulted in few fish (5%) passing. Our results provide behavioral explanations for the efficient guidance of adult American shad by louvers and for the fishes' avoidance of the exit at the Holyoke Dam. From this, we provide suggestions on how to prevent fish avoidance of exits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1997)017<0734:PABOAA>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Kynard, B., and Buerkett, C., 2011, Passage and behavior of adult American shad in an experimental louver bypass system: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 17, no. 3, p. 734-742, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1997)017<0734:PABOAA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"734","endPage":"742","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130007,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Turners Falls","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.56439453147735,\n 42.61302490774074\n ],\n [\n -72.56439453147735,\n 42.60332345024415\n ],\n [\n -72.54419313325342,\n 42.60332345024415\n ],\n [\n -72.54419313325342,\n 42.61302490774074\n ],\n [\n -72.56439453147735,\n 42.61302490774074\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db688ec6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kynard, B.","contributorId":51232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kynard","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buerkett, C.","contributorId":89088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buerkett","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019688,"text":"70019688 - 2011 - Movement of saugers in the lower Tennessee River determined by radio telemetry, and implications for management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-25T16:46:47.988841","indexId":"70019688","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movement of saugers in the lower Tennessee River determined by radio telemetry, and implications for management","docAbstract":"Since 1979, abundances of sauger Stizostedion canadense have declined in the Tennessee River system. Reasons for this decline may include overharvest, loss of spawning habitat, and low recruitment due to extreme flows. The purpose of this study was to investigate the movements of saugers following winter concentration below Pickwick Dam, Tennessee. Thirty-seven saugers were implanted with radio transmitters directly below Pickwick Dam and were tracked between December 1992 and June 1993. Four saugers moved upstream through the locks at Pickwick Dam: the remaining fish stayed within the first 30 km of the tailwater throughout the spawning season. Three areas below Pickwick Dam were identified as possible March prespawn staging sites. After April 1, saugers in the tailwater area began a rapid downstream migration to the main basin of Kentucky Lake. Some fish moved downstream more than 200 km in less than 10 d in this semiclosed system. Movements encompassed four states (Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama) along the Tennessee River system, underscoring the need for interjurisdictional management.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1997)017<0763:MOSITL>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Pegg, M., Bettoli, P., and Layzer, J., 2011, Movement of saugers in the lower Tennessee River determined by radio telemetry, and implications for management: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 17, no. 3, p. 763-768, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1997)017<0763:MOSITL>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"763","endPage":"768","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227839,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"lower Tennessee River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.25447074552507,\n 35.07834841562719\n ],\n [\n -88.25447074552507,\n 34.98560481127086\n ],\n [\n -88.17100581823034,\n 34.98560481127086\n ],\n [\n -88.17100581823034,\n 35.07834841562719\n ],\n [\n -88.25447074552507,\n 35.07834841562719\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5f22e4b0c8380cd70db6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pegg, M.A.","contributorId":46469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pegg","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bettoli, P.W.","contributorId":80606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bettoli","given":"P.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Layzer, J.B.","contributorId":53878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Layzer","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019938,"text":"70019938 - 2011 - Estimating the impacts of reservoir elevation changes on kokanee emergence in Flaming Gorge Reservoir, Wyoming-Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-25T16:36:06.524412","indexId":"70019938","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating the impacts of reservoir elevation changes on kokanee emergence in Flaming Gorge Reservoir, Wyoming-Utah","docAbstract":"Flaming Gorge Reservoir, like many western North American reservoirs, is managed to release water during the winter months to allow for water storage associated with melting snow and rain during spring. Decreases in reservoir elevation during winter can cause mortalities of kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka spawned along the shoreline the previous fall. This study compared data on depth distribution of embryos and depth-adjusted survival to estimate the relative survival of emergent kokanee at different depths and the effect of winter drawdown on the proportion of deposited eggs that survive to emergence. Estimates of decreases in kokanee survival to emergence were 8.3% and 38.1% for reservoir elevation reductions of 1.0 m and 5.0 m, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1997)017<0470:ETIORE>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Modde, T., Jeric, R., Hubert, W., and Gipson, R., 2011, Estimating the impacts of reservoir elevation changes on kokanee emergence in Flaming Gorge Reservoir, Wyoming-Utah: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 17, no. 2, p. 470-473, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1997)017<0470:ETIORE>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"470","endPage":"473","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227944,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Flaming Gorge Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.7259217454691,\n 44.109900177614634\n ],\n [\n -91.7259217454691,\n 43.03654263357964\n ],\n [\n -90.99042076365409,\n 43.03654263357964\n ],\n [\n -90.99042076365409,\n 44.109900177614634\n ],\n [\n -91.7259217454691,\n 44.109900177614634\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.6673836628923,\n 41.243442077416546\n ],\n [\n -109.6673836628923,\n 40.891102273111585\n ],\n [\n -109.47876873021526,\n 40.891102273111585\n ],\n [\n -109.47876873021526,\n 41.243442077416546\n ],\n [\n -109.6673836628923,\n 41.243442077416546\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b5be4b0c8380cd526b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Modde, T.","contributorId":98243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Modde","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jeric, R.J.","contributorId":93223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jeric","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hubert, W.A.","contributorId":12822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gipson, R.D.","contributorId":70945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gipson","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}