The largest potential reservoir for the storage of potable water is in the unsaturated zone. Use of this space for the storage and retrieval of potable water is a multifaceted problem which requires application of the best talent from the scientific community.
Artificial recharge has many similarities to liquidwaste disposal through deep wells. In both, the problem is to place liquid in a permeable lithologic unit at an economic rate, to predict movement and the chemical reactions and physical changes that take place while the liquid is in the reservoir. Differences between the two operations are principally in the type of fluid injected and the ultimate objective. In artificial recharge the objective is to store and retrieve water of good quality; in waste disposal the objective is to store permanently water of objectionable quality. In both artificial recharge and liquid-waste storage, the nature of the storage must be known, particularly that of the unsaturated zone. The techniques of investigation for recharge and waste disposal are generally the same.
Water commonly is recharged by surface spreading through basins or by induced recharge from adjacent streams and lakes or through injection wells. Research in recharge through basins has been dominated by mathematical models based on idealized conditions and empirical relations, derived by experimental sequencing of recharge operations, and operational controls in the pretreatment of recharge water. Recharge by injection wells has been undertaken in a variety of hydrologic environments. In Israel efforts have been directed toward the analyses of diffusion and dispersion of the injected water. Much research in the United States has been directed toward the movement of bacteria and organic matter through an aquifer and toward the chemical modeling of changes in recharged water as it moves.
Much more research is needed on the basic properties of aquifers, particularly in the unsaturated zone, and on all aspects of recharge-water quality. Research and the use of data produced are increasingly the responsibility of interdisciplinary teams which consider the geologic, hydraulic, and economic aspects of the system.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1974.tb03015.x","usgsCitation":"Brown, R.F., and Signor, D., 1974, Artificial Recharge — State of the Art: Groundwater, v. 12, no. 3, p. 152-160, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1974.tb03015.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"152","endPage":"160","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":419505,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, R. F.","contributorId":55803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":879462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Signor, D. C.","contributorId":95100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signor","given":"D. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":879463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156685,"text":"70156685 - 1974 - Stabilities of calcite and aragonite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-08T16:08:31","indexId":"70156685","displayToPublicDate":"1974-04-27T15:45:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stabilities of calcite and aragonite","docAbstract":"A revaluation of the 25° C activity-product constants of calcite (KC) and aragonite (KA) was made on the basis of the known solubilities of these phases for which the activity of total dissolved calcium was corrected for the presence of the ion pair CaHCO3+ in the aqueous phase. The value of the dissociation constant of CaHCO3+ was taken to be 10-1.225±0.02. This value, combined with values of the analytical concentrations in solutions with partial pressure PCO2 =0.97 atmosphere, leads to KC=l0-8.52±0.04 and KA= 10-8.36±0.04. Based on these K values, standard free energies of formation of calcite and aragonite were calculated to be -270,144±375 and -269,926±375 calories mole-1, (-1,130,282±1,569 and -1,129,370±1,569 joules mole-1), respectively. From the 25°C K values, using appropriate entropy and heat capacity data, values of KC and KA were calculated over the temperature range 0° to 200°C. Possible errors in interpretation of measured pH values and inferred PCO2values and the bearing of these errors on calculations of K values are discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Christ, C., Hostetler, P.B., and Siebert, R.M., 1974, Stabilities of calcite and aragonite: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 2, p. 175-184.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"184","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307492,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307491,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue2/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"22.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91bee4b0518e354dd1c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christ, C. L.","contributorId":53906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christ","given":"C. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hostetler, P. B.","contributorId":107849,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hostetler","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":13719,"text":"Department of Geology, University of Missouri","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":569963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Siebert, R. M.","contributorId":147019,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Siebert","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13719,"text":"Department of Geology, University of Missouri","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":569964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70232379,"text":"70232379 - 1974 - WATEQ, a computer program for calculating chemical equilibria of natural waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-29T16:47:32.05893","indexId":"70232379","displayToPublicDate":"1974-03-01T11:43:01","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"WATEQ, a computer program for calculating chemical equilibria of natural waters","docAbstract":"The computer program, WATEQ, calculates the equilibrium distribution of inorganic aqueous species of major and important minor elements in natural waters using the chemical analysis and in situ measurements of temperature, pH, and redox potential. From this model, the states of reaction of the water with solid and gaseous phases are calculated. Thermodynamic stabilities of aqueous species, minerals, and gases have been selected from a careful consideration of all available experimental data. The program is written in PL-1 for IBM 360 computers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Truesdell, A.H., and Jones, B.F., 1974, WATEQ, a computer program for calculating chemical equilibria of natural waters: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 2, p. 233-248.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"248","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":402697,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402696,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Truesdell, A. H.","contributorId":140646,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Truesdell","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":590,"text":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","active":false,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":845386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Blair F. bfjones@usgs.gov","contributorId":2784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Blair","email":"bfjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":845387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70232371,"text":"70232371 - 1974 - Thermal inertia mapping from satellite – Discrimination of geologic units in Oman","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-29T14:25:06.955886","indexId":"70232371","displayToPublicDate":"1974-03-01T09:21:11","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal inertia mapping from satellite – Discrimination of geologic units in Oman","docAbstract":"The Nimbus III and IV satellites provide reflectance and emittance data from the earth's surface at 8-km resolution. These data have been used to derive a physical property of geologic materials termed '\"thermal inertia\" which appears to have great promise for discriminating surficial units. A thermal inertia map of part of Oman was produced from the Nimbus satellite measurements. Correlation of this map with a reconnaissance geologic map showed gross agreement with the major units but also suggested the need for some modifications of the reconnaissance map. Some of the anomalies were verified by comparison with a later, more detailed map; others remain unexplained and may indicate previously undiscriminated geologic units.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Pohn, H., Offield, T., and Watson, K., 1974, Thermal inertia mapping from satellite – Discrimination of geologic units in Oman: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 2, p. 147-158.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"158","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402679,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402678,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Oman","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 55.953369140625,\n 22.61401087437029\n ],\n [\n 58.32641601562499,\n 22.61401087437029\n ],\n [\n 58.32641601562499,\n 25.31423555219758\n ],\n [\n 55.953369140625,\n 25.31423555219758\n ],\n [\n 55.953369140625,\n 22.61401087437029\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pohn, H. A.","contributorId":6912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pohn","given":"H. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Offield, Terry W.","contributorId":64217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Offield","given":"Terry W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watson, Kenneth","contributorId":91109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"Kenneth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70199339,"text":"70199339 - 1974 - Lakes of Oregon, Volume 2: Benton, Lincoln, and Polk Counties","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-21T14:27:23","indexId":"70199339","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T15:27:14","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Lakes of Oregon, Volume 2: Benton, Lincoln, and Polk Counties","docAbstract":"An inventory of lakes and reservoirs of Oregon is essential for a complete evaluation of the total surface-water supply of the State and to provide a basis for answering questions about Oregon's lakes. Much of the information on lakes and reservoirs previously collected by Federal and State agencies has never been published. These data were compiled and used as a basis for collecting additional information. This report provides information for use by city, county, and State planning groups as well as for sportsmen, tourists, and others interested in preserving the recreational value of Oregon's lakes.
Because of the large number of lakes and reservoirs in Oregon, a single report covering the State would be bulky. Therefore, the lake information is being published in several volumes on a county or multicounty basis. Volume .1, published in 1973, covered Clatsop, Columbia, and Tillamook Counties. Benton, Lincoln, and Polk Counties were selected for this report. (See fig. 1.)
In addition to office compilation of existing data, most lakes were also visited. Visits were made in late summer or early fall when lakes were most accessible and when water temperature and biological activity are at a maximum. Some lakes previously studied by other Federal or State agencies and included in this report were not visited during the study.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70199339","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Oregon State Engineer","usgsCitation":"Shulters, M., 1974, Lakes of Oregon, Volume 2: Benton, Lincoln, and Polk Counties: Open-File Report, iii, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70199339.","productDescription":"iii, 71 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":357627,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70199339/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":357628,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70199339/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","county":"Benton County, Lincoln County, Polk County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.10705566406249,\n 44.25\n ],\n [\n -123,\n 44.25\n ],\n [\n -123,\n 45.15\n ],\n [\n -124.10705566406249,\n 45.15\n ],\n [\n -124.10705566406249,\n 44.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shulters, M.V.","contributorId":54583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shulters","given":"M.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70168647,"text":"70168647 - 1974 - Water resources data for Iowa, water year 1973","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-22T14:02:29","indexId":"70168647","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T15:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Water resources data for Iowa, water year 1973","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City","doi":"10.3133/70168647","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1974, Water resources data for Iowa, water year 1973, https://doi.org/10.3133/70168647.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318286,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-91.217706,43.50055],[-91.216035,43.481142],[-91.233367,43.455168],[-91.200359,43.412701],[-91.198953,43.389835],[-91.21477,43.365874],[-91.20662,43.352524],[-91.132813,43.32803],[-91.107237,43.313645],[-91.07371,43.274746],[-91.071698,43.261014],[-91.058644,43.257679],[-91.066398,43.239293],[-91.12217,43.197255],[-91.1462,43.152405],[-91.1562,43.142945],[-91.175253,43.134665],[-91.179457,43.067427],[-91.156562,42.978226],[-91.14543,42.958211],[-91.14988,42.941955],[-91.1438,42.922877],[-91.146177,42.90985],[-91.100565,42.883078],[-91.097656,42.859871],[-91.091837,42.851225],[-91.09406,42.830813],[-91.078665,42.827678],[-91.069549,42.769628],[-91.060261,42.761847],[-91.065783,42.753387],[-91.056297,42.747341],[-91.051275,42.737001],[-91.035418,42.73734],[-91.026786,42.724228],[-91.000128,42.716189],[-90.977735,42.696816],[-90.949213,42.685573],[-90.923634,42.6855],[-90.88743,42.67247],[-90.731132,42.643437],[-90.706303,42.634169],[-90.692031,42.610366],[-90.686975,42.591774],[-90.661527,42.567999],[-90.654127,42.5499],[-90.643927,42.540401],[-90.636927,42.513202],[-90.655927,42.491703],[-90.654027,42.478503],[-90.624328,42.458904],[-90.567968,42.440389],[-90.560439,42.432897],[-90.555018,42.416138],[-90.477279,42.383794],[-90.462619,42.367253],[-90.443874,42.355218],[-90.416535,42.325109],[-90.430884,42.27823],[-90.419326,42.254467],[-90.400653,42.239293],[-90.391108,42.225473],[-90.356964,42.205445],[-90.328273,42.201047],[-90.282173,42.178846],[-90.234919,42.165431],[-90.209479,42.15268],[-90.197342,42.128163],[-90.167533,42.122475],[-90.161159,42.106372],[-90.168358,42.075779],[-90.164485,42.042105],[-90.151579,42.030633],[-90.140061,42.003252],[-90.146225,41.981329],[-90.164135,41.956178],[-90.163847,41.944934],[-90.152659,41.933058],[-90.153584,41.906614],[-90.181401,41.844647],[-90.181973,41.80707],[-90.278633,41.767358],[-90.310708,41.742214],[-90.317668,41.72269],[-90.313435,41.698082],[-90.334525,41.679559],[-90.343452,41.646959],[-90.339528,41.598633],[-90.343228,41.587833],[-90.41283,41.565333],[-90.461432,41.523533],[-90.500633,41.518033],[-90.540935,41.526133],[-90.591037,41.512832],[-90.602137,41.506032],[-90.605937,41.494232],[-90.655839,41.462132],[-90.750142,41.449632],[-90.846558,41.455141],[-90.930016,41.421404],[-90.979815,41.434321],[-91.027787,41.423603],[-91.043988,41.415897],[-91.05101,41.387556],[-91.06652,41.365246],[-91.074841,41.305578],[-91.092034,41.286911],[-91.114186,41.250029],[-91.113648,41.241401],[-91.07298,41.207151],[-91.041536,41.166138],[-91.027214,41.163373],[-91.007586,41.166183],[-90.99496,41.160624],[-90.946627,41.096632],[-90.949383,41.072711],[-90.942253,41.034702],[-90.945949,41.006495],[-90.958142,40.979767],[-90.952233,40.954047],[-90.965344,40.921633],[-91.009536,40.900565],[-91.021562,40.884021],[-91.044653,40.868356],[-91.05643,40.848387],[-91.092993,40.821079],[-91.097649,40.805575],[-91.091703,40.779708],[-91.110424,40.745528],[-91.115735,40.725168],[-91.11194,40.697018],[-91.123928,40.669152],[-91.185428,40.638071],[-91.253074,40.637962],[-91.306524,40.626231],[-91.339719,40.613488],[-91.359873,40.601805],[-91.379752,40.57445],[-91.401482,40.559458],[-91.406373,40.551831],[-91.404125,40.539127],[-91.384531,40.530948],[-91.369059,40.512532],[-91.364211,40.500043],[-91.364915,40.484168],[-91.381769,40.442555],[-91.372554,40.4012],[-91.381958,40.387632],[-91.419422,40.378264],[-91.441243,40.386255],[-91.452458,40.375501],[-91.463895,40.375659],[-91.465116,40.385257],[-91.484507,40.3839],[-91.490977,40.393484],[-91.487829,40.403866],[-91.498093,40.401926],[-91.522333,40.409648],[-91.527057,40.416689],[-91.519012,40.431298],[-91.529132,40.434272],[-91.533548,40.440804],[-91.523271,40.450061],[-91.526155,40.458625],[-91.552691,40.458769],[-91.574746,40.465664],[-91.590817,40.492292],[-91.621353,40.510072],[-91.618028,40.53403],[-91.6219,40.542292],[-91.6887,40.55739],[-91.691557,40.564867],[-91.686357,40.580875],[-91.716769,40.59853],[-91.729115,40.61364],[-92.686693,40.589809],[-94.294813,40.571341],[-94.632032,40.571186],[-95.765645,40.585208],[-95.753148,40.59284],[-95.748626,40.603355],[-95.768926,40.621264],[-95.776251,40.647463],[-95.795489,40.662384],[-95.822913,40.66724],[-95.842801,40.677496],[-95.852615,40.702262],[-95.883178,40.717579],[-95.888907,40.731855],[-95.879027,40.753081],[-95.84662,40.768619],[-95.835232,40.779151],[-95.834523,40.787778],[-95.845342,40.811324],[-95.837186,40.835347],[-95.847084,40.854174],[-95.847785,40.864328],[-95.838735,40.872191],[-95.815933,40.879846],[-95.809474,40.891228],[-95.813458,40.901693],[-95.836438,40.921642],[-95.839743,40.93278],[-95.829074,40.975688],[-95.838908,40.986484],[-95.867286,41.001599],[-95.869486,41.009399],[-95.859918,41.025403],[-95.859654,41.035695],[-95.882415,41.060411],[-95.862587,41.088399],[-95.865888,41.117898],[-95.882088,41.143998],[-95.883489,41.154898],[-95.871912,41.168122],[-95.846188,41.166698],[-95.841288,41.174998],[-95.856788,41.187098],[-95.90969,41.184398],[-95.91829,41.186698],[-95.92599,41.195698],[-95.924891,41.211198],[-95.910891,41.231798],[-95.921891,41.264598],[-95.913991,41.271398],[-95.928691,41.281398],[-95.927491,41.298397],[-95.90589,41.300897],[-95.90429,41.293497],[-95.912491,41.279498],[-95.90249,41.273398],[-95.87689,41.285097],[-95.871489,41.295797],[-95.883089,41.316697],[-95.92569,41.322197],[-95.946891,41.334096],[-95.956691,41.345496],[-95.954891,41.351796],[-95.93549,41.360596],[-95.92879,41.370096],[-95.93689,41.396387],[-95.929721,41.411331],[-95.933169,41.42943],[-95.919865,41.447922],[-95.922529,41.455766],[-95.936801,41.46519],[-95.962329,41.46281],[-96.011757,41.476212],[-96.019542,41.486617],[-95.997903,41.504789],[-95.992599,41.514174],[-95.999529,41.538679],[-96.005079,41.544004],[-96.019686,41.545743],[-96.027289,41.541081],[-96.034305,41.512853],[-96.040701,41.507076],[-96.05369,41.508859],[-96.07307,41.525052],[-96.08822,41.530595],[-96.09409,41.539265],[-96.093613,41.558271],[-96.081152,41.577289],[-96.085771,41.585746],[-96.109387,41.596871],[-96.117558,41.609999],[-96.116233,41.621574],[-96.100701,41.635507],[-96.095046,41.647365],[-96.099837,41.66103],[-96.120983,41.677861],[-96.121401,41.688522],[-96.111968,41.697773],[-96.082429,41.698159],[-96.073063,41.705004],[-96.079682,41.717962],[-96.10261,41.728016],[-96.106425,41.73789],[-96.102772,41.746339],[-96.079915,41.757895],[-96.077543,41.777824],[-96.064537,41.793002],[-96.075548,41.807811],[-96.107592,41.820685],[-96.110246,41.84885],[-96.142045,41.868865],[-96.148826,41.888132],[-96.161756,41.90182],[-96.160767,41.908044],[-96.136743,41.920826],[-96.144583,41.941544],[-96.133318,41.955732],[-96.1289,41.969727],[-96.141228,41.978063],[-96.156538,41.980137],[-96.184243,41.976696],[-96.192141,41.984461],[-96.183568,41.999987],[-96.194556,42.008662],[-96.215225,42.006701],[-96.223896,41.995456],[-96.236487,41.996428],[-96.241932,42.006965],[-96.223611,42.022652],[-96.223822,42.033346],[-96.238392,42.041088],[-96.261132,42.038974],[-96.271427,42.044988],[-96.279342,42.07028],[-96.267636,42.096177],[-96.2689,42.11359],[-96.279203,42.12348],[-96.310085,42.132523],[-96.319528,42.146647],[-96.342395,42.160491],[-96.349688,42.172043],[-96.348066,42.194747],[-96.35987,42.210545],[-96.358141,42.214088],[-96.336323,42.218922],[-96.323723,42.229887],[-96.330004,42.240224],[-96.328905,42.254734],[-96.336003,42.264806],[-96.365792,42.285875],[-96.369212,42.308344],[-96.375307,42.318339],[-96.407998,42.337408],[-96.417786,42.351449],[-96.417093,42.361443],[-96.408436,42.376092],[-96.41498,42.393442],[-96.413609,42.407894],[-96.387608,42.432494],[-96.380707,42.446394],[-96.385407,42.473094],[-96.396107,42.484095],[-96.409408,42.487595],[-96.474409,42.491895],[-96.476909,42.497795],[-96.473339,42.503537],[-96.477454,42.509589],[-96.490089,42.512441],[-96.49297,42.517282],[-96.479909,42.524195],[-96.476952,42.556079],[-96.498041,42.558153],[-96.498709,42.57087],[-96.489328,42.5708],[-96.485796,42.575001],[-96.49545,42.579474],[-96.494777,42.585741],[-96.499885,42.588539],[-96.509468,42.61273],[-96.517048,42.615343],[-96.525671,42.609312],[-96.531604,42.615148],[-96.518542,42.62035],[-96.516338,42.630435],[-96.537881,42.646446],[-96.542366,42.660736],[-96.559281,42.657903],[-96.556461,42.663939],[-96.566684,42.675942],[-96.576381,42.671302],[-96.575299,42.682665],[-96.596405,42.688514],[-96.59908,42.697296],[-96.61017,42.694568],[-96.629625,42.705102],[-96.624446,42.714294],[-96.624704,42.725497],[-96.631931,42.725086],[-96.638621,42.734921],[-96.630485,42.750378],[-96.620548,42.753534],[-96.620272,42.757124],[-96.632212,42.761512],[-96.633168,42.768325],[-96.61949,42.784034],[-96.604559,42.783034],[-96.595283,42.792982],[-96.590757,42.808255],[-96.596008,42.815044],[-96.585699,42.818041],[-96.577937,42.827645],[-96.581604,42.837521],[-96.571353,42.837155],[-96.565605,42.830434],[-96.560572,42.839373],[-96.552092,42.836057],[-96.549513,42.839143],[-96.554709,42.846142],[-96.545502,42.849956],[-96.54146,42.857682],[-96.550439,42.863171],[-96.549659,42.870281],[-96.537851,42.878475],[-96.540396,42.888877],[-96.526563,42.893755],[-96.542847,42.903737],[-96.537354,42.908791],[-96.541689,42.922576],[-96.525536,42.935511],[-96.516203,42.933769],[-96.52012,42.938183],[-96.500308,42.959391],[-96.505028,42.970844],[-96.515922,42.972886],[-96.520773,42.980385],[-96.512237,42.985937],[-96.509986,42.995126],[-96.49782,42.998143],[-96.49167,43.009707],[-96.499187,43.019213],[-96.510995,43.024701],[-96.509146,43.03668],[-96.518431,43.042068],[-96.510256,43.049917],[-96.490365,43.050789],[-96.476905,43.062383],[-96.463094,43.062981],[-96.458201,43.067554],[-96.454188,43.083379],[-96.462636,43.089614],[-96.460516,43.09494],[-96.436589,43.120842],[-96.450361,43.142237],[-96.458854,43.143356],[-96.466537,43.150281],[-96.464896,43.182034],[-96.473834,43.189804],[-96.470781,43.205099],[-96.475571,43.221054],[-96.496454,43.223652],[-96.519273,43.21769],[-96.535741,43.22764],[-96.56044,43.224219],[-96.568505,43.231554],[-96.571194,43.238961],[-96.552963,43.247281],[-96.552591,43.257769],[-96.582904,43.26769],[-96.586317,43.274319],[-96.577588,43.2788],[-96.580346,43.298204],[-96.553087,43.29286],[-96.530392,43.300034],[-96.526004,43.309999],[-96.534913,43.336473],[-96.524289,43.347214],[-96.527345,43.368109],[-96.521323,43.374607],[-96.521572,43.38564],[-96.524044,43.394762],[-96.529152,43.397735],[-96.537116,43.395063],[-96.573579,43.419228],[-96.569628,43.427527],[-96.575181,43.431756],[-96.592905,43.43317],[-96.602608,43.449649],[-96.600039,43.45708],[-96.584603,43.46961],[-96.586364,43.478251],[-96.580997,43.481384],[-96.590452,43.494298],[-96.598396,43.495074],[-96.598929,43.500441],[-91.217706,43.50055]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Iowa\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56cc402de4b059daa47e482f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128037,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey","id":621149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70168646,"text":"ofrunnumbered - 1974 - Statistical summaries of Iowa streamflow data through September 30, 1971","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-22T13:59:56","indexId":"ofrunnumbered","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T15:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"unnumbered","title":"Statistical summaries of Iowa streamflow data through September 30, 1971","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City","doi":"10.3133/ofrunnumbered","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1974, Statistical summaries of Iowa streamflow data through September 30, 1971: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report unnumbered, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofrunnumbered.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318285,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-91.217706,43.50055],[-91.216035,43.481142],[-91.233367,43.455168],[-91.200359,43.412701],[-91.198953,43.389835],[-91.21477,43.365874],[-91.20662,43.352524],[-91.132813,43.32803],[-91.107237,43.313645],[-91.07371,43.274746],[-91.071698,43.261014],[-91.058644,43.257679],[-91.066398,43.239293],[-91.12217,43.197255],[-91.1462,43.152405],[-91.1562,43.142945],[-91.175253,43.134665],[-91.179457,43.067427],[-91.156562,42.978226],[-91.14543,42.958211],[-91.14988,42.941955],[-91.1438,42.922877],[-91.146177,42.90985],[-91.100565,42.883078],[-91.097656,42.859871],[-91.091837,42.851225],[-91.09406,42.830813],[-91.078665,42.827678],[-91.069549,42.769628],[-91.060261,42.761847],[-91.065783,42.753387],[-91.056297,42.747341],[-91.051275,42.737001],[-91.035418,42.73734],[-91.026786,42.724228],[-91.000128,42.716189],[-90.977735,42.696816],[-90.949213,42.685573],[-90.923634,42.6855],[-90.88743,42.67247],[-90.731132,42.643437],[-90.706303,42.634169],[-90.692031,42.610366],[-90.686975,42.591774],[-90.661527,42.567999],[-90.654127,42.5499],[-90.643927,42.540401],[-90.636927,42.513202],[-90.655927,42.491703],[-90.654027,42.478503],[-90.624328,42.458904],[-90.567968,42.440389],[-90.560439,42.432897],[-90.555018,42.416138],[-90.477279,42.383794],[-90.462619,42.367253],[-90.443874,42.355218],[-90.416535,42.325109],[-90.430884,42.27823],[-90.419326,42.254467],[-90.400653,42.239293],[-90.391108,42.225473],[-90.356964,42.205445],[-90.328273,42.201047],[-90.282173,42.178846],[-90.234919,42.165431],[-90.209479,42.15268],[-90.197342,42.128163],[-90.167533,42.122475],[-90.161159,42.106372],[-90.168358,42.075779],[-90.164485,42.042105],[-90.151579,42.030633],[-90.140061,42.003252],[-90.146225,41.981329],[-90.164135,41.956178],[-90.163847,41.944934],[-90.152659,41.933058],[-90.153584,41.906614],[-90.181401,41.844647],[-90.181973,41.80707],[-90.278633,41.767358],[-90.310708,41.742214],[-90.317668,41.72269],[-90.313435,41.698082],[-90.334525,41.679559],[-90.343452,41.646959],[-90.339528,41.598633],[-90.343228,41.587833],[-90.41283,41.565333],[-90.461432,41.523533],[-90.500633,41.518033],[-90.540935,41.526133],[-90.591037,41.512832],[-90.602137,41.506032],[-90.605937,41.494232],[-90.655839,41.462132],[-90.750142,41.449632],[-90.846558,41.455141],[-90.930016,41.421404],[-90.979815,41.434321],[-91.027787,41.423603],[-91.043988,41.415897],[-91.05101,41.387556],[-91.06652,41.365246],[-91.074841,41.305578],[-91.092034,41.286911],[-91.114186,41.250029],[-91.113648,41.241401],[-91.07298,41.207151],[-91.041536,41.166138],[-91.027214,41.163373],[-91.007586,41.166183],[-90.99496,41.160624],[-90.946627,41.096632],[-90.949383,41.072711],[-90.942253,41.034702],[-90.945949,41.006495],[-90.958142,40.979767],[-90.952233,40.954047],[-90.965344,40.921633],[-91.009536,40.900565],[-91.021562,40.884021],[-91.044653,40.868356],[-91.05643,40.848387],[-91.092993,40.821079],[-91.097649,40.805575],[-91.091703,40.779708],[-91.110424,40.745528],[-91.115735,40.725168],[-91.11194,40.697018],[-91.123928,40.669152],[-91.185428,40.638071],[-91.253074,40.637962],[-91.306524,40.626231],[-91.339719,40.613488],[-91.359873,40.601805],[-91.379752,40.57445],[-91.401482,40.559458],[-91.406373,40.551831],[-91.404125,40.539127],[-91.384531,40.530948],[-91.369059,40.512532],[-91.364211,40.500043],[-91.364915,40.484168],[-91.381769,40.442555],[-91.372554,40.4012],[-91.381958,40.387632],[-91.419422,40.378264],[-91.441243,40.386255],[-91.452458,40.375501],[-91.463895,40.375659],[-91.465116,40.385257],[-91.484507,40.3839],[-91.490977,40.393484],[-91.487829,40.403866],[-91.498093,40.401926],[-91.522333,40.409648],[-91.527057,40.416689],[-91.519012,40.431298],[-91.529132,40.434272],[-91.533548,40.440804],[-91.523271,40.450061],[-91.526155,40.458625],[-91.552691,40.458769],[-91.574746,40.465664],[-91.590817,40.492292],[-91.621353,40.510072],[-91.618028,40.53403],[-91.6219,40.542292],[-91.6887,40.55739],[-91.691557,40.564867],[-91.686357,40.580875],[-91.716769,40.59853],[-91.729115,40.61364],[-92.686693,40.589809],[-94.294813,40.571341],[-94.632032,40.571186],[-95.765645,40.585208],[-95.753148,40.59284],[-95.748626,40.603355],[-95.768926,40.621264],[-95.776251,40.647463],[-95.795489,40.662384],[-95.822913,40.66724],[-95.842801,40.677496],[-95.852615,40.702262],[-95.883178,40.717579],[-95.888907,40.731855],[-95.879027,40.753081],[-95.84662,40.768619],[-95.835232,40.779151],[-95.834523,40.787778],[-95.845342,40.811324],[-95.837186,40.835347],[-95.847084,40.854174],[-95.847785,40.864328],[-95.838735,40.872191],[-95.815933,40.879846],[-95.809474,40.891228],[-95.813458,40.901693],[-95.836438,40.921642],[-95.839743,40.93278],[-95.829074,40.975688],[-95.838908,40.986484],[-95.867286,41.001599],[-95.869486,41.009399],[-95.859918,41.025403],[-95.859654,41.035695],[-95.882415,41.060411],[-95.862587,41.088399],[-95.865888,41.117898],[-95.882088,41.143998],[-95.883489,41.154898],[-95.871912,41.168122],[-95.846188,41.166698],[-95.841288,41.174998],[-95.856788,41.187098],[-95.90969,41.184398],[-95.91829,41.186698],[-95.92599,41.195698],[-95.924891,41.211198],[-95.910891,41.231798],[-95.921891,41.264598],[-95.913991,41.271398],[-95.928691,41.281398],[-95.927491,41.298397],[-95.90589,41.300897],[-95.90429,41.293497],[-95.912491,41.279498],[-95.90249,41.273398],[-95.87689,41.285097],[-95.871489,41.295797],[-95.883089,41.316697],[-95.92569,41.322197],[-95.946891,41.334096],[-95.956691,41.345496],[-95.954891,41.351796],[-95.93549,41.360596],[-95.92879,41.370096],[-95.93689,41.396387],[-95.929721,41.411331],[-95.933169,41.42943],[-95.919865,41.447922],[-95.922529,41.455766],[-95.936801,41.46519],[-95.962329,41.46281],[-96.011757,41.476212],[-96.019542,41.486617],[-95.997903,41.504789],[-95.992599,41.514174],[-95.999529,41.538679],[-96.005079,41.544004],[-96.019686,41.545743],[-96.027289,41.541081],[-96.034305,41.512853],[-96.040701,41.507076],[-96.05369,41.508859],[-96.07307,41.525052],[-96.08822,41.530595],[-96.09409,41.539265],[-96.093613,41.558271],[-96.081152,41.577289],[-96.085771,41.585746],[-96.109387,41.596871],[-96.117558,41.609999],[-96.116233,41.621574],[-96.100701,41.635507],[-96.095046,41.647365],[-96.099837,41.66103],[-96.120983,41.677861],[-96.121401,41.688522],[-96.111968,41.697773],[-96.082429,41.698159],[-96.073063,41.705004],[-96.079682,41.717962],[-96.10261,41.728016],[-96.106425,41.73789],[-96.102772,41.746339],[-96.079915,41.757895],[-96.077543,41.777824],[-96.064537,41.793002],[-96.075548,41.807811],[-96.107592,41.820685],[-96.110246,41.84885],[-96.142045,41.868865],[-96.148826,41.888132],[-96.161756,41.90182],[-96.160767,41.908044],[-96.136743,41.920826],[-96.144583,41.941544],[-96.133318,41.955732],[-96.1289,41.969727],[-96.141228,41.978063],[-96.156538,41.980137],[-96.184243,41.976696],[-96.192141,41.984461],[-96.183568,41.999987],[-96.194556,42.008662],[-96.215225,42.006701],[-96.223896,41.995456],[-96.236487,41.996428],[-96.241932,42.006965],[-96.223611,42.022652],[-96.223822,42.033346],[-96.238392,42.041088],[-96.261132,42.038974],[-96.271427,42.044988],[-96.279342,42.07028],[-96.267636,42.096177],[-96.2689,42.11359],[-96.279203,42.12348],[-96.310085,42.132523],[-96.319528,42.146647],[-96.342395,42.160491],[-96.349688,42.172043],[-96.348066,42.194747],[-96.35987,42.210545],[-96.358141,42.214088],[-96.336323,42.218922],[-96.323723,42.229887],[-96.330004,42.240224],[-96.328905,42.254734],[-96.336003,42.264806],[-96.365792,42.285875],[-96.369212,42.308344],[-96.375307,42.318339],[-96.407998,42.337408],[-96.417786,42.351449],[-96.417093,42.361443],[-96.408436,42.376092],[-96.41498,42.393442],[-96.413609,42.407894],[-96.387608,42.432494],[-96.380707,42.446394],[-96.385407,42.473094],[-96.396107,42.484095],[-96.409408,42.487595],[-96.474409,42.491895],[-96.476909,42.497795],[-96.473339,42.503537],[-96.477454,42.509589],[-96.490089,42.512441],[-96.49297,42.517282],[-96.479909,42.524195],[-96.476952,42.556079],[-96.498041,42.558153],[-96.498709,42.57087],[-96.489328,42.5708],[-96.485796,42.575001],[-96.49545,42.579474],[-96.494777,42.585741],[-96.499885,42.588539],[-96.509468,42.61273],[-96.517048,42.615343],[-96.525671,42.609312],[-96.531604,42.615148],[-96.518542,42.62035],[-96.516338,42.630435],[-96.537881,42.646446],[-96.542366,42.660736],[-96.559281,42.657903],[-96.556461,42.663939],[-96.566684,42.675942],[-96.576381,42.671302],[-96.575299,42.682665],[-96.596405,42.688514],[-96.59908,42.697296],[-96.61017,42.694568],[-96.629625,42.705102],[-96.624446,42.714294],[-96.624704,42.725497],[-96.631931,42.725086],[-96.638621,42.734921],[-96.630485,42.750378],[-96.620548,42.753534],[-96.620272,42.757124],[-96.632212,42.761512],[-96.633168,42.768325],[-96.61949,42.784034],[-96.604559,42.783034],[-96.595283,42.792982],[-96.590757,42.808255],[-96.596008,42.815044],[-96.585699,42.818041],[-96.577937,42.827645],[-96.581604,42.837521],[-96.571353,42.837155],[-96.565605,42.830434],[-96.560572,42.839373],[-96.552092,42.836057],[-96.549513,42.839143],[-96.554709,42.846142],[-96.545502,42.849956],[-96.54146,42.857682],[-96.550439,42.863171],[-96.549659,42.870281],[-96.537851,42.878475],[-96.540396,42.888877],[-96.526563,42.893755],[-96.542847,42.903737],[-96.537354,42.908791],[-96.541689,42.922576],[-96.525536,42.935511],[-96.516203,42.933769],[-96.52012,42.938183],[-96.500308,42.959391],[-96.505028,42.970844],[-96.515922,42.972886],[-96.520773,42.980385],[-96.512237,42.985937],[-96.509986,42.995126],[-96.49782,42.998143],[-96.49167,43.009707],[-96.499187,43.019213],[-96.510995,43.024701],[-96.509146,43.03668],[-96.518431,43.042068],[-96.510256,43.049917],[-96.490365,43.050789],[-96.476905,43.062383],[-96.463094,43.062981],[-96.458201,43.067554],[-96.454188,43.083379],[-96.462636,43.089614],[-96.460516,43.09494],[-96.436589,43.120842],[-96.450361,43.142237],[-96.458854,43.143356],[-96.466537,43.150281],[-96.464896,43.182034],[-96.473834,43.189804],[-96.470781,43.205099],[-96.475571,43.221054],[-96.496454,43.223652],[-96.519273,43.21769],[-96.535741,43.22764],[-96.56044,43.224219],[-96.568505,43.231554],[-96.571194,43.238961],[-96.552963,43.247281],[-96.552591,43.257769],[-96.582904,43.26769],[-96.586317,43.274319],[-96.577588,43.2788],[-96.580346,43.298204],[-96.553087,43.29286],[-96.530392,43.300034],[-96.526004,43.309999],[-96.534913,43.336473],[-96.524289,43.347214],[-96.527345,43.368109],[-96.521323,43.374607],[-96.521572,43.38564],[-96.524044,43.394762],[-96.529152,43.397735],[-96.537116,43.395063],[-96.573579,43.419228],[-96.569628,43.427527],[-96.575181,43.431756],[-96.592905,43.43317],[-96.602608,43.449649],[-96.600039,43.45708],[-96.584603,43.46961],[-96.586364,43.478251],[-96.580997,43.481384],[-96.590452,43.494298],[-96.598396,43.495074],[-96.598929,43.500441],[-91.217706,43.50055]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Iowa\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56cc4003e4b059daa47e46ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128037,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey","id":621148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70266865,"text":"ofr7404 - 1974 - Drainage area and river mileage of Nebraska streams part I","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-13T18:57:40.989265","indexId":"ofr7404","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T13:23:09","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"7404","title":"Drainage area and river mileage of Nebraska streams part I","docAbstract":"The value of stream discharge data for hydrologic studies is enhanced by the availability of accurate information on size of area drained, distance between selected sites along stream course, and hydraulic gradients. Information on the location of cultural and natural features that affect streamflow also is valuable for hydrologic studies, particularly those that involve engineering considerations. Although stream-discharge data have been collected for many years and at many points, relatively little accurate information on the physical features of the areas drained has been compiled. In the past, such information was compiled only when occasion demanded, and owing to a general lack of detailed topographic maps, many of the values obtained were not precise by present-day standards.
This map and accompanying table show Hydrologic Units that are basically hydrographic in nature. The Cataloging Units shown will supplant the Cataloging Units previously used by the U.S. Geological Survey in its Catalog of Information on Water Data (1966-72). The previous U.S. Geological Survey Catalog-Indexing System was by map number and letter, such as 49 M. The boundaries shown have been adapted from \"The Catalog of Information on Water Data\" (1972), \"Water Resources Regions and Subregions for the National Assessment of Water and Related Land Resources\" by the U.S. Water Resources Council (1970), \" River Basins of the United States\" by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service (1963, 1970), \"River Basin Maps Showing Hydrologic Stations\" by the Inter-Agency Committee on Water Resources, Subcommittee on Hydrology (1961), and States planning maps.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70230346","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Broward County, Cities of Fort Lauderdale, Hollywood, Hallandale, and Pompano Beach, Bureau of Geology, Florida Department of Natural Resources, and Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District","usgsCitation":"Bearden, H., 1974, Hydrologic data for 1973, Broward County, Florida: Open-File Report FL 74-028, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70230346.","productDescription":"64 p.","numberOfPages":"64","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":398321,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70230346/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":398322,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70230346/ofr-fl-74028.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.13 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR FL 74-028"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Broward County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":323,\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Broward\",\"state\":\"FL\"},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-80.2044,26.3278],[-80.1665,26.3278],[-80.1018,26.3281],[-80.0993,26.3276],[-80.099,26.3229],[-80.0965,26.3229],[-80.0944,26.3255],[-80.0909,26.3254],[-80.088,26.3207],[-80.0825,26.3209],[-80.0746,26.321],[-80.0746,26.319],[-80.0749,26.319],[-80.0749,26.316],[-80.0751,26.316],[-80.0751,26.3149],[-80.0748,26.3149],[-80.0749,26.314],[-80.0754,26.3118],[-80.0757,26.3118],[-80.0754,26.3107],[-80.0751,26.3107],[-80.0751,26.3096],[-80.0754,26.3096],[-80.0754,26.3088],[-80.0757,26.3088],[-80.0757,26.3082],[-80.0754,26.3082],[-80.0754,26.3062],[-80.0757,26.3062],[-80.076,26.3051],[-80.0762,26.3051],[-80.0762,26.3032],[-80.0765,26.3032],[-80.0765,26.3021],[-80.0768,26.3021],[-80.0765,26.3001],[-80.0768,26.3001],[-80.0768,26.2993],[-80.0765,26.2993],[-80.0765,26.2987],[-80.0768,26.2987],[-80.0768,26.2979],[-80.0771,26.2979],[-80.0771,26.2974],[-80.0774,26.2974],[-80.0774,26.296],[-80.0771,26.296],[-80.0771,26.2926],[-80.0774,26.2926],[-80.0774,26.2915],[-80.0776,26.2915],[-80.0776,26.289],[-80.0779,26.289],[-80.0779,26.2874],[-80.0782,26.2874],[-80.0782,26.2835],[-80.0785,26.2835],[-80.0785,26.2826],[-80.0788,26.2826],[-80.0788,26.2807],[-80.0785,26.2807],[-80.0785,26.2799],[-80.0788,26.2799],[-80.0788,26.2774],[-80.079,26.2774],[-80.079,26.2765],[-80.0788,26.2765],[-80.0788,26.2754],[-80.079,26.2754],[-80.079,26.2726],[-80.0793,26.2726],[-80.0793,26.2707],[-80.0796,26.2707],[-80.0796,26.2693],[-80.0793,26.2693],[-80.0793,26.2679],[-80.0796,26.2679],[-80.0796,26.2643],[-80.0799,26.2643],[-80.0799,26.2638],[-80.0796,26.2638],[-80.0799,26.2629],[-80.0796,26.2629],[-80.0796,26.2615],[-80.0799,26.2615],[-80.0799,26.2601],[-80.0801,26.2601],[-80.0801,26.2582],[-80.0799,26.2582],[-80.0799,26.2576],[-80.0802,26.2577],[-80.0813,26.2574],[-80.0813,26.2576],[-80.0832,26.256],[-80.0835,26.256],[-80.0835,26.2549],[-80.0837,26.2549],[-80.0837,26.2543],[-80.084,26.2543],[-80.084,26.2529],[-80.0843,26.2529],[-80.0843,26.2524],[-80.084,26.2524],[-80.084,26.2515],[-80.0837,26.2515],[-80.0846,26.2493],[-80.0849,26.2493],[-80.0849,26.2485],[-80.0851,26.2485],[-80.0851,26.2465],[-80.0854,26.2465],[-80.0857,26.2457],[-80.086,26.2457],[-80.0857,26.244],[-80.086,26.244],[-80.0863,26.2429],[-80.0865,26.2429],[-80.0868,26.2424],[-80.0868,26.2404],[-80.0871,26.2404],[-80.0871,26.2396],[-80.0874,26.2396],[-80.0876,26.2376],[-80.0879,26.2376],[-80.0879,26.2368],[-80.0882,26.2368],[-80.0882,26.236],[-80.0879,26.236],[-80.0879,26.2346],[-80.0882,26.2346],[-80.0888,26.2299],[-80.089,26.2299],[-80.089,26.2271],[-80.0893,26.2271],[-80.0893,26.2262],[-80.089,26.2262],[-80.089,26.2243],[-80.0893,26.2243],[-80.0893,26.2237],[-80.089,26.2237],[-80.089,26.2232],[-80.0888,26.2232],[-80.0888,26.2218],[-80.089,26.2218],[-80.089,26.2213],[-80.0893,26.2213],[-80.0896,26.2201],[-80.0899,26.2201],[-80.0899,26.2193],[-80.0904,26.2193],[-80.0904,26.2176],[-80.0901,26.2176],[-80.0901,26.2162],[-80.0904,26.2162],[-80.0904,26.2138],[-80.0907,26.2138],[-80.0907,26.2132],[-80.091,26.2132],[-80.091,26.2124],[-80.0912,26.2124],[-80.0912,26.2115],[-80.0915,26.2115],[-80.0915,26.2104],[-80.0918,26.2104],[-80.0918,26.209],[-80.0921,26.209],[-80.0921,26.2074],[-80.0924,26.2074],[-80.0924,26.2054],[-80.0926,26.2054],[-80.0926,26.2032],[-80.0929,26.2032],[-80.0929,26.2015],[-80.0932,26.2015],[-80.0932,26.2004],[-80.0935,26.2004],[-80.0935,26.1982],[-80.0937,26.1982],[-80.0937,26.1965],[-80.0935,26.1965],[-80.0935,26.1954],[-80.0937,26.1954],[-80.0937,26.1949],[-80.094,26.1949],[-80.094,26.1943],[-80.0943,26.1943],[-80.0943,26.1935],[-80.0946,26.1935],[-80.0949,26.1921],[-80.0946,26.1921],[-80.0946,26.1899],[-80.0943,26.1899],[-80.0943,26.1885],[-80.0946,26.1885],[-80.0946,26.1871],[-80.0949,26.1871],[-80.0949,26.1863],[-80.0951,26.1863],[-80.0951,26.1846],[-80.0954,26.1846],[-80.0954,26.184],[-80.0957,26.184],[-80.0957,26.1829],[-80.0954,26.1829],[-80.0954,26.1824],[-80.0951,26.1824],[-80.0951,26.1815],[-80.0954,26.1815],[-80.0954,26.181],[-80.0951,26.181],[-80.0951,26.1804],[-80.0954,26.1804],[-80.0954,26.1796],[-80.0957,26.1796],[-80.096,26.1785],[-80.0963,26.1785],[-80.0963,26.1768],[-80.096,26.1768],[-80.0963,26.176],[-80.0965,26.176],[-80.0965,26.174],[-80.0963,26.174],[-80.0963,26.1718],[-80.0965,26.1718],[-80.0971,26.1688],[-80.0974,26.1688],[-80.0979,26.1685],[-80.0979,26.1665],[-80.0976,26.1665],[-80.0976,26.1657],[-80.0979,26.1657],[-80.0979,26.164],[-80.0982,26.164],[-80.0982,26.1632],[-80.0985,26.1632],[-80.0985,26.1624],[-80.0987,26.1624],[-80.0987,26.1615],[-80.0985,26.1615],[-80.0985,26.1604],[-80.0987,26.1604],[-80.0987,26.1596],[-80.0985,26.1596],[-80.099,26.1576],[-80.0993,26.1576],[-80.0993,26.1565],[-80.0996,26.1565],[-80.0993,26.1557],[-80.0996,26.1557],[-80.0993,26.1549],[-80.0996,26.1549],[-80.0996,26.1543],[-80.0999,26.1543],[-80.1001,26.1521],[-80.1004,26.1521],[-80.1004,26.1513],[-80.1007,26.1513],[-80.1007,26.1493],[-80.101,26.1493],[-80.101,26.1457],[-80.1012,26.1457],[-80.1012,26.1451],[-80.1015,26.1451],[-80.1015,26.1443],[-80.1018,26.1443],[-80.1018,26.1429],[-80.1021,26.1429],[-80.1021,26.1396],[-80.1024,26.1396],[-80.1024,26.1388],[-80.1021,26.1388],[-80.1021,26.1376],[-80.1024,26.1376],[-80.1024,26.1365],[-80.1026,26.1365],[-80.1026,26.1321],[-80.1029,26.1321],[-80.1029,26.1315],[-80.1032,26.1315],[-80.1032,26.1307],[-80.1029,26.1307],[-80.1029,26.1276],[-80.1032,26.1276],[-80.1032,26.1265],[-80.1029,26.1265],[-80.1029,26.1257],[-80.1026,26.1257],[-80.1029,26.1249],[-80.1032,26.1249],[-80.1032,26.1238],[-80.1035,26.1238],[-80.1035,26.1218],[-80.1038,26.1218],[-80.1038,26.1207],[-80.104,26.1207],[-80.104,26.1193],[-80.1038,26.1193],[-80.1038,26.1179],[-80.104,26.1179],[-80.104,26.1165],[-80.1043,26.1165],[-80.1043,26.1151],[-80.104,26.1151],[-80.104,26.1146],[-80.1043,26.1146],[-80.1043,26.111],[-80.1046,26.111],[-80.1046,26.1104],[-80.1049,26.1104],[-80.1049,26.1085],[-80.1046,26.1085],[-80.1046,26.1063],[-80.1049,26.1063],[-80.1049,26.1057],[-80.1046,26.1057],[-80.1046,26.104],[-80.1049,26.104],[-80.1049,26.1021],[-80.1051,26.1021],[-80.1051,26.101],[-80.105,26.101],[-80.1046,26.1001],[-80.1054,26.0996],[-80.1054,26.0994],[-80.106,26.0976],[-80.1049,26.0954],[-80.1066,26.0954],[-80.1071,26.0951],[-80.1076,26.0951],[-80.1085,26.0946],[-80.1085,26.0943],[-80.1104,26.0943],[-80.1104,26.0946],[-80.1124,26.0946],[-80.1124,26.0949],[-80.1132,26.0946],[-80.1132,26.0949],[-80.1146,26.0946],[-80.1146,26.0943],[-80.1151,26.0943],[-80.1151,26.0946],[-80.116,26.0943],[-80.116,26.094],[-80.1162,26.096],[-80.1165,26.096],[-80.1165,26.0968],[-80.1168,26.0968],[-80.1168,26.0974],[-80.1171,26.0974],[-80.1171,26.0979],[-80.1174,26.0979],[-80.1174,26.0987],[-80.1176,26.0987],[-80.1176,26.0993],[-80.1179,26.0993],[-80.1188,26.0999],[-80.1188,26.099],[-80.1196,26.099],[-80.1196,26.0987],[-80.1199,26.0976],[-80.1196,26.0976],[-80.1193,26.0968],[-80.1196,26.0968],[-80.1196,26.0954],[-80.1193,26.0954],[-80.1193,26.0946],[-80.1196,26.0946],[-80.1196,26.0935],[-80.1199,26.0935],[-80.1199,26.0921],[-80.1196,26.0921],[-80.1193,26.0912],[-80.119,26.0912],[-80.1174,26.091],[-80.1174,26.0904],[-80.1171,26.0904],[-80.1157,26.0899],[-80.1157,26.0896],[-80.1151,26.0896],[-80.1151,26.0893],[-80.1146,26.0893],[-80.1146,26.089],[-80.1143,26.0885],[-80.114,26.0885],[-80.1141,26.0879],[-80.1137,26.0879],[-80.1137,26.0876],[-80.1141,26.0876],[-80.114,26.0871],[-80.1137,26.0871],[-80.1135,26.0863],[-80.1137,26.0863],[-80.1137,26.0854],[-80.1135,26.0854],[-80.1137,26.0829],[-80.1143,26.0829],[-80.1143,26.0821],[-80.1146,26.0821],[-80.1146,26.081],[-80.1137,26.081],[-80.1137,26.0807],[-80.1132,26.0807],[-80.1132,26.0821],[-80.1129,26.0821],[-80.1126,26.0835],[-80.1124,26.0835],[-80.1124,26.0876],[-80.1121,26.0876],[-80.1121,26.0882],[-80.1124,26.0882],[-80.1129,26.0885],[-80.1129,26.0893],[-80.1126,26.0893],[-80.1126,26.0901],[-80.1124,26.0901],[-80.1121,26.091],[-80.1121,26.0921],[-80.1118,26.0921],[-80.1101,26.0924],[-80.1101,26.0926],[-80.1079,26.0926],[-80.1079,26.0924],[-80.1076,26.0918],[-80.1079,26.0918],[-80.1079,26.091],[-80.1082,26.091],[-80.1082,26.0904],[-80.1085,26.0904],[-80.1085,26.0899],[-80.1087,26.0899],[-80.1087,26.0893],[-80.109,26.0893],[-80.109,26.0885],[-80.1087,26.0885],[-80.109,26.0874],[-80.1093,26.0874],[-80.1093,26.0843],[-80.109,26.0843],[-80.1087,26.0832],[-80.1093,26.0832],[-80.1093,26.0829],[-80.1099,26.0829],[-80.1099,26.0824],[-80.1096,26.0824],[-80.1093,26.0801],[-80.109,26.0801],[-80.109,26.079],[-80.1087,26.079],[-80.109,26.0782],[-80.1093,26.0782],[-80.1093,26.0776],[-80.1096,26.0776],[-80.1093,26.0763],[-80.109,26.0763],[-80.1093,26.0754],[-80.1096,26.0754],[-80.1096,26.0746],[-80.1099,26.0746],[-80.1099,26.0735],[-80.1101,26.0735],[-80.1101,26.0726],[-80.1104,26.0726],[-80.1104,26.0713],[-80.1101,26.0713],[-80.1104,26.0693],[-80.1107,26.0693],[-80.1107,26.0671],[-80.111,26.0671],[-80.1113,26.0662],[-80.111,26.0662],[-80.111,26.0649],[-80.1113,26.0649],[-80.1113,26.064],[-80.111,26.064],[-80.111,26.0624],[-80.1113,26.0624],[-80.1113,26.0604],[-80.1115,26.0604],[-80.1115,26.0585],[-80.1113,26.0585],[-80.1113,26.0576],[-80.1115,26.0576],[-80.1115,26.0568],[-80.1118,26.0568],[-80.1115,26.0551],[-80.1113,26.0551],[-80.1115,26.0543],[-80.1118,26.0543],[-80.1118,26.0532],[-80.1115,26.0532],[-80.1115,26.0524],[-80.1113,26.0524],[-80.1115,26.0504],[-80.1118,26.0504],[-80.1121,26.0474],[-80.1124,26.0474],[-80.1124,26.0468],[-80.1126,26.0468],[-80.1126,26.0457],[-80.1129,26.0457],[-80.1129,26.0415],[-80.1132,26.0415],[-80.1132,26.0374],[-80.1135,26.0374],[-80.1135,26.0365],[-80.1137,26.0365],[-80.1137,26.0324],[-80.114,26.0324],[-80.114,26.0299],[-80.1143,26.0299],[-80.114,26.0271],[-80.1143,26.0271],[-80.1143,26.0226],[-80.1146,26.0226],[-80.1146,26.0215],[-80.1149,26.0215],[-80.1146,26.0165],[-80.1149,26.0165],[-80.1149,26.0135],[-80.1151,26.0135],[-80.1151,26.0099],[-80.1154,26.0099],[-80.1154,26.009],[-80.1151,26.009],[-80.1151,26.0074],[-80.1154,26.0074],[-80.1154,26.0057],[-80.1157,26.0057],[-80.1157,26.0007],[-80.116,26.0007],[-80.116,25.9993],[-80.116,25.9982],[-80.1157,25.9982],[-80.1157,25.9971],[-80.1154,25.9971],[-80.1154,25.9957],[-80.116,25.9957],[-80.116,25.9954],[-80.1162,25.9949],[-80.1165,25.9949],[-80.1171,25.9937],[-80.1168,25.9937],[-80.1165,25.9915],[-80.1171,25.9915],[-80.1171,25.991],[-80.1162,25.991],[-80.1162,25.9907],[-80.1171,25.9899],[-80.1171,25.9885],[-80.1174,25.9885],[-80.1174,25.986],[-80.1179,25.986],[-80.1179,25.9857],[-80.1182,25.9846],[-80.1179,25.9846],[-80.1179,25.984],[-80.1176,25.984],[-80.1176,25.9824],[-80.1179,25.9824],[-80.1179,25.9782],[-80.1182,25.9782],[-80.1182,25.9768],[-80.1185,25.9768],[-80.1182,25.9749],[-80.1188,25.9749],[-80.1655,25.9736],[-80.2059,25.9728],[-80.253,25.9717],[-80.2953,25.9709],[-80.2956,25.9645],[-80.2955,25.9567],[-80.3759,25.9576],[-80.4997,25.9563],[-80.5001,25.9573],[-80.5147,25.9573],[-80.6802,25.9573],[-80.6801,25.9646],[-80.6798,25.9789],[-80.7392,25.9791],[-80.7769,25.9793],[-80.8261,25.9795],[-80.8357,25.9793],[-80.873,25.9795],[-80.8738,26.0047],[-80.8753,26.0551],[-80.8755,26.0674],[-80.8759,26.1073],[-80.8769,26.1239],[-80.8796,26.1727],[-80.88,26.2593],[-80.8801,26.2593],[-80.8812,26.3272],[-80.8814,26.3342],[-80.7835,26.3344],[-80.3748,26.3348],[-80.2293,26.3352],[-80.2044,26.3278]]],[[[-79.7226,26.2313],[-79.7226,26.2304],[-79.7229,26.2304],[-79.7229,26.2299],[-79.7232,26.2299],[-79.7232,26.2296],[-79.7237,26.2296],[-79.7237,26.2282],[-79.7243,26.2282],[-79.7243,26.2279],[-79.7251,26.2279],[-79.7251,26.2288],[-79.7257,26.2288],[-79.7257,26.2285],[-79.7262,26.2285],[-79.7262,26.2282],[-79.7265,26.2282],[-79.7265,26.2279],[-79.7268,26.2279],[-79.7268,26.2276],[-79.7282,26.2276],[-79.7282,26.2279],[-79.7285,26.2279],[-79.7285,26.2285],[-79.7282,26.2285],[-79.7282,26.229],[-79.7276,26.229],[-79.7276,26.2288],[-79.7271,26.2288],[-79.7271,26.229],[-79.7265,26.229],[-79.7265,26.2293],[-79.7249,26.2293],[-79.7249,26.2296],[-79.7246,26.2296],[-79.7246,26.2307],[-79.7249,26.2307],[-79.7249,26.2313],[-79.7226,26.2313]]],[[[-80.1015,26.0943],[-80.1015,26.094],[-80.1012,26.094],[-80.1012,26.0938],[-80.1004,26.0938],[-80.1004,26.0935],[-80.1007,26.0935],[-80.1007,26.0932],[-80.1015,26.0932],[-80.1015,26.0929],[-80.1018,26.0929],[-80.1018,26.0926],[-80.1021,26.0926],[-80.1021,26.0924],[-80.1035,26.0924],[-80.1035,26.0929],[-80.1038,26.0929],[-80.1038,26.0932],[-80.1035,26.0932],[-80.1035,26.0938],[-80.1029,26.0938],[-80.1029,26.094],[-80.1024,26.094],[-80.1024,26.0943],[-80.1015,26.0943]]],[[[-79.9999,25.9999],[-80.0001,25.9999],[-80.0001,26.0001],[-79.9999,26.0001],[-79.9999,25.9999]]]]}}]}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"9th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment","conferenceDate":"April 15-19, 1974","conferenceLocation":"Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States","language":"English","publisher":"University of Michigan","usgsCitation":"Draeger, W., and Lauer, D.T., 1974, Areal extent of snow in forested regions — A practical estimation technique using ERTS-1 data, in Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 2, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, April 15-19, 1974, p. 333-339.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"333","endPage":"339","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399895,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":399888,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://symposia.org/past_symposia.htm"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Draeger, W. C.","contributorId":67231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Draeger","given":"W. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lauer, D. T.","contributorId":47907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lauer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70162067,"text":"70162067 - 1974 - Isotopic composition of carbon and hydrogen in some Apollo 14 and 15 lunar samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-12T15:23:15","indexId":"70162067","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T01:15:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic composition of carbon and hydrogen in some Apollo 14 and 15 lunar samples","docAbstract":"Isotopic composition of carbon and hydrogen in some Apollo 14 and 15 lunar samples was determined by use of a newly constructed combustion line that yields low blanks for CO2 and H2. The results from combustion of fines and breccia from Apollo 14 lunar samples and of fines, breccia, and basalt from Apollo 15 were compared with data obtained by heating samples in vacuo to over 1,350°C. The two techniques gave similar results. Total carbon in the fines ranged from 51 to 110 p/m with a C13 of +12 to -8 per mil (parts per thousand) PDB. The breccias contain 22 to 50p/mcarbon with a C13 of -21 to -25 per mil. The crystalline rock (sample 15555) has a carbon content of about 7 p/m and a C13 of -28 per mil. The total hydrogen in the fines ranges from 66 to 120 p/m with a (D/H) X 10-6 of 39 to 90. The breccias contain 8 to 38p/mH2 with a (D/H) X 10-6 of 103 to 144. The crystalline rock contains about 2 p/m H2 with a (D/H) X 10-6 of about 140. Arguments are presented to show that the contamination by earth materials is not as serious a problem as has been proposed by previous authors.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Friedman, I., Hardcastle, K.G., and Gleason, J.D., 1974, Isotopic composition of carbon and hydrogen in some Apollo 14 and 15 lunar samples: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 1, p. 7-12.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314242,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314241,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue1/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"569631c9e4b039675d00a3e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, Irving","contributorId":90664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Irving","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hardcastle, Kenneth G.","contributorId":40722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardcastle","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gleason, Jim D.","contributorId":82322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleason","given":"Jim","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70010018,"text":"70010018 - 1974 - Interlamellar adsorption of carbon dioxide by smectites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-25T15:09:35","indexId":"70010018","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interlamellar adsorption of carbon dioxide by smectites","docAbstract":"The adsorption of CO2 at low temperature (∼ −70°C) on thin films of homoionic smectites was studied by X-ray diffraction and by i.r. absorption. An increase in the d001 spacings of these clay films upon adsorption of CO2 was observed. In addition, a dichroic effect was readily discernible by comparing the i.r. spectra at two different orientations of the smectite films; i.e. with the film normal and tilted 35° with respect to the i.r. beam. The CO2 stretching vibration at 2350 cm−1 was used for the i.r. study. These observations conclusively show that CO2 intercalates the smectite structure rather than being adsorbed only in pores between clay tactoids—the limiting process proposed by other investigators.
Adsorption isotherm data from earlier surface area studies are re-examined here through application of the Dubinin equation. Again, intercalation is demonstrated by convergence of the plotted experimental data for smectites containing large monovalent interlayer cations toward a pore volume that is near the calculated theoretical value for a monolayer of intercalated CO2.
Scanning electron photomicrographs of Li- and Cs- smectites provide additional evidence that aggregation differences are not responsible for the large observed difference in BET surface areas obtained for these smectites with CO2 as the adsorbate. At low magnification, visual differences in macro-aggregates are apparent, but at high magnification no significant differences are observed in the micro-structure of individual aggregates where the major amount of gas adsorption really occurs.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1974.0220105","usgsCitation":"Fripiat, J., Cruz, M., Bohor, B., and Thomas, J., 1974, Interlamellar adsorption of carbon dioxide by smectites: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 22, no. 1, p. 23-30, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1974.0220105.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219281,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d27e4b0c8380cd63341","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fripiat, J.J.","contributorId":9765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fripiat","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cruz, M.I.","contributorId":51450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cruz","given":"M.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bohor, B.F.","contributorId":96351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohor","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thomas, J. Jr.","contributorId":54727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70045442,"text":"70045442 - 1974 - Hydrologic Data for Urban Studies in the Austin, Texas Metropolitan Area, 1972","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-10T15:50:08","indexId":"70045442","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Hydrologic Data for Urban Studies in the Austin, Texas Metropolitan Area, 1972","docAbstract":"The purpose of this report is to present rainfall and runoff data for the Waller Creek and Wilbarger Creek study areas for the 1972 water year (October 1, 1971 to September 30, 1972).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70045442","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Texas Water Development Board","usgsCitation":"Wehmeyer, E., 1974, Hydrologic Data for Urban Studies in the Austin, Texas Metropolitan Area, 1972: Open-File Report, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70045442.","productDescription":"49 p.","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1971-10-01","temporalEnd":"1972-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":272735,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70045442/report.pdf"},{"id":271010,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70045442/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Austin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"516e72ebe4b00154e4368c02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wehmeyer, E.E.","contributorId":47789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wehmeyer","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000325,"text":"1000325 - 1974 - Dieldrin and DDT: accumulation from water and food by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in the laboratory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:33","indexId":"1000325","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3150,"text":"Proceedings of the Conference on Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dieldrin and DDT: accumulation from water and food by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in the laboratory","docAbstract":"In the laboratory we measured the amounts of dieldrin and p,p'DDT accumulated by fish from contaminated water and food to determine how fish from Lake Michigan accumulate high concentrations of these insecticides from an environment where the concentrations in water are generally less than 0.01 ppb. Eight groups of yearling lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were exposed to different combinations of dieldrin and p,p'DDT in water and food. Concentrations of dieldrin and p,p'DDT ranged from 0.006 to 0.010 ppb in water and from 1,700 to 2,300 ppb in food (Oregon moist pellets).\r\nAfter 152 days of exposure to insecticides in water, fish had accumulated an average of 478 ppb dieldrin or 352 ppb p,p'DDT. Fish exposed to dieldrin and p,p'DDT in food accumulated 470 and 648 ppb, respectively. However, it was difficult to determine exactly how much of either insecticide was accumulated from the food because trace amounts (0.003-0.004 ppb) had leached from food or feces. After exposure to the insecticide was terminated, fish eliminated dieldrin at a much faster rate than p,p'DDT. In fish exposed to a combination of dieldrin and p,p'DDT in water and then held for 125 days in uncontaminated water, the total amount of dieldrin (I?g) declined 89%, but the total amount of p,p'DDT remained unchanged.\r\nWe used data from this study to estimate how much p,p'DDT adult Lake Michigan coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) accumulated from water and from food during a 104-day period (May-August 1968). The estimates suggest that during these months coho salmon accumulated most of the body burden of p,p'DDT from food.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Conference on Great Lakes Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Reinert, R.E., Stone, L.J., and Bergman, H.L., 1974, Dieldrin and DDT: accumulation from water and food by lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in the laboratory: Proceedings of the Conference on Great Lakes Research, v. 17, p. 52-58.","productDescription":"p. 52-58","startPage":"52","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132780,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d8ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reinert, Robert E.","contributorId":101214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reinert","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Linda J.","contributorId":30173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Linda","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bergman, Harold L.","contributorId":99099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergman","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":42456,"text":"ofr741023 - 1974 - Preliminary map showing availability of ground water from major glacial-drift aquifers in Griggs and Steele Counties, North Dakota","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":42456,"text":"ofr741023 - 1974 - Preliminary map showing availability of ground water from major glacial-drift aquifers in Griggs and Steele Counties, North Dakota","indexId":"ofr741023","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary map showing availability of ground water from major glacial-drift aquifers in Griggs and Steele Counties, North Dakota"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70046305,"text":"70046305 - 1977 - Ground-water resources of Griggs and Steele Counties, North Dakota","indexId":"70046305","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water resources of Griggs and Steele Counties, North Dakota"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70046305,"text":"70046305 - 1977 - Ground-water resources of Griggs and Steele Counties, North Dakota","indexId":"70046305","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water resources of Griggs and Steele Counties, North Dakota"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-06T14:04:34.585183","indexId":"ofr741023","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-1023","title":"Preliminary map showing availability of ground water from major glacial-drift aquifers in Griggs and Steele Counties, North Dakota","docAbstract":"This investigation is part of a statewide program to determine the location, extent, and hydrologic characteristics of the ground-water reservoirs (aquifers).
The investigation was made cooperatively by the U.S. Geological Survey, North Dakota State Water Commission, North Dakota Geological Survey, and Griggs and Steele Counties Water Management Districts.
This preliminary map is the first product of an intensive study of Griggs and Steele Counties. A well inventory provided data on depth, construction, and productivity of private and public wells. Test drilling by the North Dakota State Water Commission, Federal agencies, and commercial well drillers provided information regarding the thickness, grain size, and extent of the aquifers. Potential well yields were estimated from the thickness and hydraulic conductivity of the water-bearing materials logged at each test hole, and from aquifer tests. Generally, the yield of a well is proportional to the hydraulic conductivity and thickness of the aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr741023","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Dakota State Water Commission, North Dakota Geological Survey, and Griggs and Steele Counties Water Management Districts","usgsCitation":"Downey, J.S., 1974, Preliminary map showing availability of ground water from major glacial-drift aquifers in Griggs and Steele Counties, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-1023, 1 Plate: 35.29 21.60 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr741023.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 35.29 21.60 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136614,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/1023/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":412566,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/1023/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"126720","country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","county":"Griggs County, Steele County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98.5019,47.2394 ], [ -98.5019,47.6742 ], [ -97.4504,47.6742 ], [ -97.4504,47.2394 ], [ -98.5019,47.2394 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696910","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Downey, Joe S.","contributorId":102454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downey","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":226526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010970,"text":"70010970 - 1974 - U-Th-Pb and Rb-Sr systematics of Apollo 17 boulder 7 from the North Massif of the Taurus-Littrow Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-19T14:11:57.397479","indexId":"70010970","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U-Th-Pb and Rb-Sr systematics of Apollo 17 boulder 7 from the North Massif of the Taurus-Littrow Valley","docAbstract":"Portions of highland breccia boulder 7 collected during the Apollo 17 mission were studied using U![\"single](\"https://sdfestaticassets-us-east-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/55/entities/sbnd.gif\")
ThPb and RbSr systematics. A RbSr internal isochron age of3.89 ± 0.08b.y. with an initial87Sr/86Sr of0.69926 ± 0.00008 was obtained for clast 1 (77135,57) (a troctolitic microbreccia). A troctolitic portion of microbreccia clast 77215,37 yielded a UPb internal isochron of3.8 ± 0.2b.y. and an initial206Pb/207Pb of 0.69. These internal isochron age are interpreted as reflecting metamorphic events, probably related to impacts, which reset RbSr and UPb mineral systems of older rocks.
Six portions of boulder 7 were analyzed for U, Th, and Pb as whole rocks. Two chemical groups appear to be defined by the U, Th, and Pb concentration data. Chemical group A is characterized by U, Th, and Pb concentrations and238U/204Pb values which are higher than those of group B. Group A rocks have typical232Th/238U ratios of ∼ 3.85, whereas-group B rocks have unusually high Th/U values of ∼ 4.1.
Whole-rock UPb and PbPb ages are nearly concordant. Two events appear to be reflected in these data — one at ∼ 4.4 b.y. and one at ∼ 4.5 b.y. The chemical groupings show no correlation with documented ages. The old ages of ∼ 4.4 b.y. and ∼ 4.5 b.y. may, like the younger ∼ 4.0 b.y. ages, be related to basin excavation events.
The U.S. Soil Conservation Service is actively engaged in the installation of flood- and soil-erosion reducing measures in Texas under the authority of \"The Flood Control Act of 1936 and 1944\" and \"Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act\" (Public Law 566), as amended. The Soil Conservation Service has found a total of approximately 3,500 floodwater-retarding structures to be physically and economically feasible in Texas. As of. September 30, 1972, 1,551 of these structures had been built.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70175497","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the city of Dallas and the Texas Water Development Board","usgsCitation":"Hampton, B., 1974, Hydrologic data for Little Elm Creek, Trinity River Basin, Texas, 1972: Open-File Report, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70175497.","productDescription":"74 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":391529,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70175497/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":326493,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70175497/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Little Elm Creek","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b2e7bbe4b03bcb0102e8bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hampton, B.B.","contributorId":43362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hampton","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010200,"text":"70010200 - 1974 - 40Ar/39Ar age spectra of some undisturbed terrestrial samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-28T14:24:09.832532","indexId":"70010200","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"40Ar/39Ar age spectra of some undisturbed terrestrial samples","docAbstract":"40Ar/39Ar age spectra and 40Ar/36Ar vs 39Ar/36Ar isochrons were determined by incremental heating for 11 terrestrial rocks and minerals whose geology indicates that they represent essentially undisturbed systems. The samples include muscovite, biotite, hornblende, sanidine, plagioclase, dacite, diabase and basalt and range in age from 40 to 1700 m.y. For each sample, the 40Ar/39Ar ratios, corrected for atmospheric and neutron-generated argon isotopes, are the same for most of the gas fractions released and the age spectra, which show pronounced plateaus, thus are consistent with models previously proposed for undisturbed samples. Plateau ages and isochron ages calculated using plateau age fractions are concordant and appear to be meaningful estimates of the crystallization and cooling ages of these samples. Seemingly anomalous age spectrum points can be attributed entirely to small amounts of previously unrecognized argon loss and to gas fractions that contain too small (less than 2 per cent) a proportion of the 39Ar released to be geologically significant. The use of a quantitative abscissa for age spectrum diagrams is recommended so that the size of each gas fraction is readily apparent. Increments containing less than about 4–5 per cent of the total 39Ar released should be interpreted cautiously. Both the age spectrum and isochron methods of data reduction for incremental heating experiments are worthwhile, as each gives slightly different but complementary information about the sample from the same basic data. Use of a least-squares fit that allows for correlated errors is recommended for 40Ar/36Ar vs 39Ar/36Ar isochrons. The results indicate that the 40Ar/39Ar incremental heating technique can be used to distinguish disturbed from undisturbed rock and mineral systems and will be a valuable geochronological tool in geologically complex terranes.
A revised list of reference samples of interest to geoscientists has been extended to include samples for the agronomist, the archaeologist and the environmentalist. In addition to the source from which standard samples may be obtained, references or pertinent notes for some samples are included.
The number of rock reference samples is now almost adequate, and the variety of ore samples will soon be sufficient. There are very few samples for microprobe work. Oil shales will become more important because of the outlook for world petroleum resources. The dryland equivalent of a submarine basalt might be useful in studies of sea-floor spreading and of the geochemistry of basalts.
The Na- and K-feldspars of BCS (British Chemical Standards—Bureau of Analysed Samples), NBS (National Bureau of Standards), and ANRT (Association Kationale de la Recherche Technique) could serve as trace-element standards if such data were available. Similarly, the present NBS flint and plastic clays, as well as their predecessors, might be useful for archaeological pottery studies. The International Decade for Ocean Exploration may stimulate the preparation of ocean-water standards for trace elements or pollutants and a standard for manganese nodules.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(74)90158-6","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Flanagan, F., 1974, Reference samples for the earth sciences: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 38, no. 12, p. 1731-1744, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(74)90158-6.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1731","endPage":"1744","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218931,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a42be4b0e8fec6cdba8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flanagan, F.J.","contributorId":50139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flanagan","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010186,"text":"70010186 - 1974 - Geophysical evidence for the intersection of the St Paul, Cape Palmas and Grand Cess fracture zones with the continental margin of Liberia, West Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-02T14:31:18.888522","indexId":"70010186","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geophysical evidence for the intersection of the St Paul, Cape Palmas and Grand Cess fracture zones with the continental margin of Liberia, West Africa","docAbstract":"PUBLISHED reconstructions of Gondwana continent1 (Fig. la) show a gap in fit near the junction of the Americas and Africa. To study this critical area, the Unitedgeo I made geophysical measurements and collected rock samples across the continental margin of Liberia (USGS-IDOE cruise leg 5) in November 1971. Figure Ib indicates the location of the 5,400 km of ship track on a generalised bathymetric map2. We shall discuss the data in detail elsewhere. Here we present the evidence for the existence of three fracture zones, two of which have not been reported previously, intersecting the continental margin at the north end of the South Atlantic, which remained closed probably until Cretaceous time. We suggest that Precambrian structures on the African continent controlled the location of these fracture zones. Figure Ic compares gravity and magnetic profiles and interpretations of the seismic profiles for three selected lines (27, 30 and 34) crossing the Grand Cess, Cape Palmas and St Paul fracture zones, respectively.