This mosaic was made with Mariner 9 pictures provided by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology. The Image Processing Laboratory (IPL) of JPL processed the digital pictures to remove image artifacts and geometric distortions, to enhance high-frequency topographic detail while subduing low-frequency albedo variation, and to transform the pictures to a Mercator projection. The U.S. Geological Survey performed further artifact removal and modified contrast and tone of each picture analytically on the digital magnetic tapes provided by IPL for uniformity of tone and contrast within the mosaic. Photographic reproductions of the pictures were generated from the magnetic tapes and mosaicked by the U.S. Geological Survey.
Primary horizontal control points, where available, controlled the placement of pictures. Where these points were not available, picture placement was controlled by spacecraft tracking data and by matching images in overlap zones between pictures. Discrepancies in matching these images are less than 10 km over 90% of the mosaic. The number designations and positions of the primary control points, shown by broken crosses (-l-), are those given by Davies and Arthur (1973).
Aerographic latitudes are shown on this mosaic. The projection is based on a theoretical dynamical ellipticity of 1/192. The scale is based on an equatorial radius of 3393. 4 km.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr73336","usgsCitation":"United States Geological Survey, 1973, Atlas of Mars, Sinus Sabaeus Quadrangle, MC-20: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 73-336, 1 Plate: 23.06 x 25.84 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr73336.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 23.06 x 25.84 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171948,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0336/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":432254,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0336/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"5000000","projection":"Mercator Projection","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fac1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"United States Geological Survey","contributorId":128013,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"United States Geological Survey","id":531678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56481,"text":"wdrFL7212 - 1973 - Water resources data for Florida, water year 1972; Part 1, Surface water records; Volume 2, Streams, southern Florida, Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:59","indexId":"wdrFL7212","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"FL-72-1-2","title":"Water resources data for Florida, water year 1972; Part 1, Surface water records; Volume 2, Streams, southern Florida, Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrFL7212","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1973, Water resources data for Florida, water year 1972; Part 1, Surface water records; Volume 2, Streams, southern Florida, Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report FL-72-1-2, 238 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrFL7212.","productDescription":"238 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181110,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ffe4b07f02db5f7658","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56497,"text":"wdrIN721 - 1973 - Water resources data for Indiana, water year 1972","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-11T10:31:30","indexId":"wdrIN721","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"IN-72-1","title":"Water resources data for Indiana, water year 1972","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1972 water year for Indiana, including records of streamflow or reservoir storage at gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites, and records of water-quality data on the chemical and physical characteristics of surface water are given in this report. Records for a few pertinent gaging and water-quality stations in bordering States also are included. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of J. L. Cook, district chief. These data represent that portion of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Indiana.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrIN721","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Indiana Department of Natural Resources; Indiana State Board of Health; Indiana State Highway Commission; Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1973, Water resources data for Indiana, water year 1972: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report IN-72-1, x, 333 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrIN721.","productDescription":"x, 333 p.","numberOfPages":"345","temporalStart":"1971-10-01","temporalEnd":"1972-09-30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288289,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1972/in-72-1/report.pdf"},{"id":288290,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.0979,37.7717 ], [ -88.0979,41.7607 ], [ -84.7847,41.7607 ], [ -84.7847,37.7717 ], [ -88.0979,37.7717 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f6d9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56413,"text":"wdrCA7213 - 1973 - Water resources data for California, water year 1972; Part 1, Surface water records; Volume 2, Northern Great Basin and Central Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-03T17:03:08","indexId":"wdrCA7213","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CA-72-1-3","title":"Water resources data for California, water year 1972; Part 1, Surface water records; Volume 2, Northern Great Basin and Central Valley","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrCA7213","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1973, Water resources data for California, water year 1972; Part 1, Surface water records; Volume 2, Northern Great Basin and Central Valley: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CA-72-1-3, 549 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCA7213.","productDescription":"549 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181338,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ffe4b07f02db5f7763","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":66658,"text":"i766H - 1973 - Map showing thickness of saturated Quaternary deposits, Sugar House quadrangle, Salt Lake County, Utah, February 1972","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-05T18:46:48.121927","indexId":"i766H","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"766","chapter":"H","title":"Map showing thickness of saturated Quaternary deposits, Sugar House quadrangle, Salt Lake County, Utah, February 1972","docAbstract":"Saturated Quaternary deposits in the Sugar Horse quadrangle supply significant quantities of water to wells from which water is withdrawn for domestic, municipal, industrial, and irrigation uses. The deposits consist of clay, silt, sand, and gravel; individual beds range from a few inches to several tens of feet thick. The principal aquifer, which is almost completely within the Quaternary deposits, supplied about 4 percent, or 9,000 acre-feet, of the municipal and industrial water used annually in Salt Lake County during 1964-68.
As a general rule, more water is stored and more water will be yielded to a well where aquifers are thicker. This map can be used as a general guide to those areas where greatest amounts of water are stored in the aquifer, and where yields to wells may be greater. Local variations in the ability of saturated deposits to transmit water can alter the general relationship between aquifer thickness and yield of wells.
The thickness of saturated Quaternary deposits within the area of the Sugar Horse quadrangle ranges from zero to about 650 feet, as shown on the map. The thickest section of these deposits is near the southwestern corner of the quadrangle, and the thinnest section is along the mountain front adjacent to the approximate eastern limit of saturated Quaternary deposits.
The thickness of saturated Quaternary deposits shown on this map is based on drillers’ logs for 55 deep wells (which show the thickness of the Quaternary deposits) and on water-level measurements made in February 1972 in wells in unconfined shallow aquifers.
Reports in the following list of selected references contain other information about the saturated Quaternary deposits in this and adjacent parts of Jordan Valley, Utah. The basic-data reports and releases contain well logs, water-level measurements, and other types of basic ground-water data. The interpretive repots contain discussions of the occurrence of ground water, tests to determine hydraulic properties of the aquifer, and related information. Ground-water terms used in this report have been defined by Lohman and others (1972).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/i766H","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources Division of Water Rights","usgsCitation":"Mower, R.W., 1973, Map showing thickness of saturated Quaternary deposits, Sugar House quadrangle, Salt Lake County, Utah, February 1972: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 766, 1 Plate: 34.26 x 27.60 inches; Cover: 9.18 x 11.77 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i766H.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 34.26 x 27.60 inches; Cover: 9.18 x 11.77 inches","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":493588,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9527.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":256023,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0766h/plate-1.pdf","text":"Map I-766-H","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":256024,"rank":2,"type":{"id":8,"text":"Cover"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0766h/report.pdf","text":"Folio Cover","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":256025,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0766h/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Salt Lake County","otherGeospatial":"Sugar House quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.75,\n 40.625\n ],\n [\n -111.75,\n 40.75\n ],\n [\n -111.875,\n 40.75\n ],\n [\n -111.875,\n 40.625\n ],\n [\n -111.75,\n 40.625\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b11e4b07f02db6a241b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mower, R. W.","contributorId":34898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mower","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56430,"text":"wdrAK721 - 1973 - Water resources data for Alaska, water year 1972","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:17","indexId":"wdrAK721","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"AK-72-1","title":"Water resources data for Alaska, water year 1972","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrAK721","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1973, Water resources data for Alaska, water year 1972: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report AK-72-1, 398 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrAK721.","productDescription":"398 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185005,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ffe4b07f02db5f784e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30626,"text":"wri7338 - 1973 - Evaporation from Lake Michie, North Carolina 1961-71","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T08:59:37","indexId":"wri7338","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-38","title":"Evaporation from Lake Michie, North Carolina 1961-71","docAbstract":"The Geological Survey, in cooperation with the city of Durham, N. C., collected evaporation data at Lake Michie, Durham's 480-acre water-supply reservoir, for 10 consecutive years from September 1961 to September 1971. Wind speed, air temperature, and water temperature-collected continuously-were used in conjunction with water-budget data to calibrate the semi-empirical mass-transfer equation, E Nu(eo - ea), where E is evaporation; N is the mass-transfer coefficient, which is a constant for a given lake; u is wind speed; eo is the vapor pressure of the saturated air at the water surface; and ea is the vapor pressure of the surrounding air. For evaporation expressed in inches, the mass-transfer coefficient for Lake Michie is 0.0036.
During the study period the average annual evaporation from Lake Michie was 37.9 inches. Within-year variation of evaporation from the lake is sinusoidal, with a high during July averaging 4.71 inches and a low during January averaging 1.45 inches.
Evaporation from Lake Michie was 0.72 (or about three-quarters) of the evaporation from the National Weather Service evaporation pan at Chapel Hill. This ratio, called a pan coefficient, was not constant throughout the year, ranging from an average of 0.57 for April to 1.09 for December.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7338","usgsCitation":"Yonts, W., Giese, G.L., and Hubbard, E., 1973, Evaporation from Lake Michie, North Carolina 1961-71: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 73-38, iv, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7338.","productDescription":"iv, 27 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1973/0038/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":359403,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1973/0038/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michie","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.88080596923828,\n 36.14023145704778\n ],\n [\n -78.8075065612793,\n 36.14023145704778\n ],\n [\n -78.8075065612793,\n 36.186104434556036\n ],\n [\n -78.88080596923828,\n 36.186104434556036\n ],\n [\n -78.88080596923828,\n 36.14023145704778\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9ca7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yonts, W.L.","contributorId":93099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yonts","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Giese, G. L.","contributorId":44898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giese","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hubbard, E. F.","contributorId":66666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbard","given":"E. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29720,"text":"wri7324 - 1973 - Index to water-quality data available from the U.S. Geological Survey in machine-readable form to December 31, 1972: Western region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-12T10:38:53","indexId":"wri7324","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-24","title":"Index to water-quality data available from the U.S. Geological Survey in machine-readable form to December 31, 1972: Western region","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri7324","usgsCitation":"Showen, C.R., and Williams, O.O., 1973, Index to water-quality data available from the U.S. Geological Survey in machine-readable form to December 31, 1972: Western region: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 73-24, iii, 516 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7324.","productDescription":"iii, 516 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":365503,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1973/0024/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1973/0024/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f2500","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Showen, Charles R.","contributorId":105717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Showen","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Owen O.","contributorId":108097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Owen","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1119,"text":"wsp2034 - 1973 - Cost analysis of ground-water supplies in the North Atlantic region, 1970","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:17","indexId":"wsp2034","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2034","title":"Cost analysis of ground-water supplies in the North Atlantic region, 1970","docAbstract":"The cost of municipal and industrial ground water (or, more specifically, large supplies of ground water) at the wellhead in the North Atlantic Region in 1970 generally ranged from 1.5 to 5 cents per thousand gallons. Water from crystalline rocks and shale is relatively expensive. Water from sandstone is less so. Costs of water from sands and gravels in glaciated areas and from Coastal Plain sediments range from moderate to very low. In carbonate rocks costs range from low to fairly high. \r\n\r\nThe cost of ground water at the wellhead is low in areas of productive aquifers, but owing to the cost of connecting pipe, costs increase significantly in multiple-well fields. In the North Atlantic Region, development of small to moderate supplies of ground water may offer favorable cost alternatives to planners, but large supplies of ground water for delivery to one point cannot generally be developed inexpensively. Well fields in the less productive aquifers may be limited by costs to 1 or 2 million gallons a day, but in the more favorable aquifers development of several tens of millions of gallons a day may be practicable and inexpensive. \r\n\r\nCost evaluations presented cannot be applied to any one specific well or specific site because yields of wells in any one place will depend on the local geologic and hydrologic conditions; however, with such cost adjustments as may be necessary, the methodology presented should have wide applicability. Data given show the cost of water at the wellhead based on the average yield of several wells. The cost of water delivered by a well field includes costs of connecting pipe and of wells that have the yields and spacings specified. Cost of transport of water from the well field to point of consumption and possible cost of treatment are not evaluated. \r\n\r\nIn the methodology employed, costs of drilling and testing, pumping equipment, engineering for the well field, amortization at 5% percent interest, maintenance, and cost of power are considered. \r\n\r\nThe report includes an analysis of test drilling costs leading to a production well field. The discussion shows that test drilling is a relatively low cost item and that more than a minimum of test holes in a previously unexplored area is, above all, simple insurance in keeping down costs and may easily result in final lower costs for the system. \r\n\r\nUse of the jet drill for testing is considered short sighted and may result in higher total costs and possibly failure to discover good aquifers. \r\n\r\nEconomic development of ground water supplies will depend on obtaining qualified hydrologic and engineering advice, on carrying out adequate test drilling, and on utilizing high-quality (at times, more costly) material.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2034","usgsCitation":"Cederstrom, D.J., 1973, Cost analysis of ground-water supplies in the North Atlantic region, 1970: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2034, iv, 48 p. :illus. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2034.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p. :illus. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138001,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2034/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25882,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2034/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683415","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cederstrom, Dagfin John","contributorId":90287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cederstrom","given":"Dagfin","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68063,"text":"ha477 - 1973 - Selected hydrologic data in the upper Colorado River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T10:37:02","indexId":"ha477","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"477","title":"Selected hydrologic data in the upper Colorado River basin","docAbstract":"Most of the information in this atlas pertains to the ground-water resources of the basin. The surface-water resources, climate, and geohydrologic framework have been described in considerable detail by Iorns and others (1964, 1965).
The maps in this atlas are highly generalized, and are intended to provide the reader with only a general understanding of the geology, ground-water conditions, and chemical quality of the water in the basin as a whole. In most instances, the availability, depth to, and chemical quality of ground water at a given well site can be determined only by special investigations. Only previously collected data were used to compile the maps in this atlas. More detailed information for specific parts of the basin can be found in the reports and maps in the list of references.
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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db6299fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70106983,"text":"70106983 - 1973 - Geology and water resources of the Wharton Tract and the Mullica River basin in southern New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-17T19:24:16","indexId":"70106983","displayToPublicDate":"1975-01-01T10:47:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":135,"text":"Special Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"36","title":"Geology and water resources of the Wharton Tract and the Mullica River basin in southern New Jersey","docAbstract":"The Wharton Tract is an area of 150 square miles located in the Mullica River basin in southern New Jersey's Pine Barrens region. The tract is a relatively flat, low-lying, generally sandy area containing shallowly incised streams. The larger streams are commonly bordered by swamps. The tract was purchased by the State primarily as a water-supply preserve, but also for conservation and recreational purposes.
\nMean streamflow at three continuous record gaging stations in the Wharton Tract is: Mullica River near Batsto (46.1-square mile drainage area), 6 mgd (million gallons per day); Batsto River at Batsto (70.5-square mile drainage area), 81 mgd; Oswego River at Harrisville (64.0-square mile drainage area), 55 mgd. Thus mean discharge from this 180.6-sq mi (square mile) area is 202 mgd or 1.12 mgd per sq mi.
\nPrincipal aquifers in the Wharton Tract and Mullic River basin are in the Kirkwood Formation of middle Miocene age, Cohansey Sand of Miocene(?) and Pliocene(?) age, and in overlying hydraulically connected deposits of Quaternary age.
\nThe Kirkwood Formation is composed of sand, silt, and clay. Diverse lithologies represent deposition in different environments such as nearshore marine, barrier bar, lagoonal, estuarine, and tidal marsh. Hydraulic characteristics of the Kirkwood in the Mullica River basin are virtually unknown. Most Kirkwood aquifers in the basin are believed to be hydraulically connected with the overlying Cohansey Sand.
\nThe Cohansey Sand is dominantly a quartz sand containing minor amounts of pebbly sand, silty sand, and interbedded clay. Almost all of the Wharton Tract and most of the Mullica River basin lie within the sandier area of the Cohansey, which contains approximately 75 percent sand beds and 25 percent silt and clay beds. Data from test drilling show that the upper 100 feet of sediments in the Wharton Tract contain about 93 percent sand beds, 3.5 percent clay beds, and 3.5 percent silt beds. The Cohansey in the Tract ranges in thickness from less than 50 feet to about 180 feet; the average thickness is about 125 feet.
\nThe Cohansey Sand is believed to be, in overall aspect, a deltaic deposit. It contains materials that were deposited locally in nearshore-marine, fluvial, estuarine, lagoonal, and beach environments.
\nThe hydraulic conductivity of Cohansey aquifer material ranges from about 90 to 250 feet per day (660 to 1,885 gallons per day per square foot) in southern New Jersey. One aquifer test in the Wharton Tract gives an average value of 130 feet per day (1,000 gallons per day per square foot). The transmissivity of the Cohansey Sand aquifer through most of the Wharton Tract is typically between 10,000 and 20,000 square feet per day (75,000 and 150,000 gallons per day per foot).
\nDeposits of Quaternary age form a discontinuous veneer lying unconformably above the Cohansey Sand. The most important hydrologic function of most of these deposits is to absorb precipitation and transmit the water to the underlying Cohansey Sand. Thicker deposits of estuarine sand and clay of the Cape May Formation fill a channel in the underlying Cohansey Sand along the lower reaches of the Mullica River. This channel deposit is 85 feet thick near Batsto.
\nGround water and surface water in the Mullica River basin are low in dissolved solids, generally less than 50 mg/1 (milligrams per liter). Iron concentrations are generally high, up to 49,000 micrograms per liter (49 mg/1) in ground water and up to 7,100 micrograms per liter (7.1 mg/1) in the streams. The water is acidic as indicated by typical pH values of from 4.5 to 6.5. Color of the surface water is commonly high, ranging from 3 - 150 platinum-cobalt units. After appropriate treatment these waters are acceptable for most uses.
\nThe Wharton Tract is well situated to support the growing water needs of nearby New Jersey communities. Maximum development of water can be achieved by conjunctive use of ground and surface water. During most of the year, some water would be withdrawn either directly from streams or from adjacent wells. During periods of low flow during summer or fall water would be pumped from wells farther from the stream~. From analysis of flow-duration curves it is estimated that 70 mgd of water could be developed with minimal effect upon low flows in the half of the tract above the gaging stations on the Mullica and Batsto Rivers. The quantity available in the entire tract is greater, possibly in the order of 150 mgd. With augmentation of streamflow by pumping from ground water, it is likely that considerably more water could be safely used on a perennial basis.
\nA possibility exists for multiple use of the water resources of the Mullica River through construction of an inexpensive tide barrier at the Garden State Parkway. This would create a fresh water lake in a State forest, park, and recreational area, which would also provide a flexible and economical water supply for much of the Atlantic coastal resort development.
","language":"English","publisher":"State of New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Water Resources","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Rhodehamel, E.C., 1973, Geology and water resources of the Wharton Tract and the Mullica River basin in southern New Jersey: Special Report 36, 58 p.","productDescription":"58 p.","numberOfPages":"65","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287918,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287917,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70106983/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Mullica River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.7768,38.8517 ], [ -75.7768,40.7423 ], [ -73.8448,40.7423 ], [ -73.8448,38.8517 ], [ -75.7768,38.8517 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"537b27f4e4b0929ba496ab78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rhodehamel, Edward C.","contributorId":38135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhodehamel","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70107931,"text":"70107931 - 1973 - Sediment discharge in the Lake Tahoe basin, California, 1972 water year","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-11T09:39:44","indexId":"70107931","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T11:15:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Sediment discharge in the Lake Tahoe basin, California, 1972 water year","docAbstract":"Streamflow and fluvial-sediment discharge data are being collected at selected streams and highway gutters in the Lake Tahoe basin to determine the extent of erosion from highway cuts and to evaluate the effects of various land treatment practices to reduce erosion.
\nPrecipitation in the Lake Tahoe area during 1972 was 77 percent of normal; consequently, runoff was well below normal. Seventy-six percent of the total annual runoff during the 1972 water year occurred from March through June 1972.
\nSediment samples were collected during the year at streamflow gaging stations and at gutter stations at highway cuts to define the range of transport conditions. The major part (87 percent) of the annual suspended-sediment discharge during the 1972 water year occurred during the snowmelt runoff period, March through June.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Menlo Park, CA","doi":"10.3133/70107931","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Transportation Division of Highways","usgsCitation":"Kroll, C.G., 1973, Sediment discharge in the Lake Tahoe basin, California, 1972 water year, iv, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70107931.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"38","temporalStart":"1971-10-01","temporalEnd":"1972-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288274,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70107931/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":288273,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70107931/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Lake Tahoe","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.2862,38.6007 ], [ -120.2862,39.3786 ], [ -119.6624,39.3786 ], [ -119.6624,38.6007 ], [ -120.2862,38.6007 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"537dcb14e4b05ed6215c08b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kroll, Carl G.","contributorId":72389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroll","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70038039,"text":"70038039 - 1973 - Hydrologic Data of the Neponset and Weymouth River Basins, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-02-09T09:17:45","indexId":"70038039","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T10:48:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":367,"text":"Massachusetts Hydrologic - Data Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"14","title":"Hydrologic Data of the Neponset and Weymouth River Basins, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The Neponset, Weymouth Fore, and Weymouth Back River basins occupy an area of 183 square miles in eastern Massachusetts south of Boston and Braintree, Brockton, Canton, Dedham, Dover, Foxborough, Hingham, Holbrook, Medfield, Milton, Norwood, Quincy, Randolph, Rockland, Sharon, Stoughton, Walpole, Westwood, and Weymouth.
\nHydrologic data presented in this report were collected during an investigation of the water resources in the areas of these basins that are upstream from tide effect or heavy urbanization. This investigation was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Massachusetts Water Resources Commission. The data are released in order to make available to the public basic hydrologic and related information that will facilitate the planning of water-resources development and will complement an interpretive report, \"Hydrology and water resources of the Neoponset and Weymouth River basins, Massachusetts\" (HA-484).
\nThe well and boring data contained herein were selected from a larger group of data in order to minimize redundancy of information for intensely drilled areas. All of the data are on filed and available for inspection at the office of the U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, Boston, Massachusetts.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Boston, Massachusetts","doi":"10.3133/70038039","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Water Resources Commission","usgsCitation":"Brackley, R., Fleck, W.B., and Willey, R.E., 1973, Hydrologic Data of the Neponset and Weymouth River Basins, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Hydrologic - Data Report 14, Report: 51 p.; Plate: 47.12 x 35.64 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/70038039.","productDescription":"Report: 51 p.; Plate: 47.12 x 35.64 inches","numberOfPages":"56","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":264632,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038039/plate-1.pdf","size":"16.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264633,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038039/report.pdf","size":"4.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264634,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038039/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"31680","country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Neponset River, Weymouth River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.29852294921875,\n 42.06968462804663\n ],\n [\n -71.29852294921875,\n 42.35245491952619\n ],\n [\n -70.8837890625,\n 42.35245491952619\n ],\n [\n -70.8837890625,\n 42.06968462804663\n ],\n [\n -71.29852294921875,\n 42.06968462804663\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3510e4b0c8380cd5fc27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brackley, R. A.","contributorId":16851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brackley","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fleck, William B.","contributorId":17587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Willey, Richard E.","contributorId":30972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willey","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207089,"text":"70207089 - 1973 - Mantle convection and volcanic periodicity in the pacific; Evidence from Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-06T07:14:24","indexId":"70207089","displayToPublicDate":"1973-12-31T14:27:28","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mantle convection and volcanic periodicity in the pacific; Evidence from Hawaii","docAbstract":"The thermal-feedback theory of mantle melting proposed by Shaw in 1969 is found to be quantitatively consistent with data pertaining to the evolution of the Hawaiian Ridge. Applicable rate factors are estimated from relations between lava volumes and position along the ridge given in this paper and the radio-metric age distributions given by Jackson and others in 1972. Rate curves derived from these data provide a new method of age extrapolation or interpolation; results indicate that previous methods used to estimate the age of the Hawaiian-Emperor Bend are in error. No definite age is established, but calculations suggest an age greater than 50 m.y. Much more extensive radiometric data are required to define kinematic relations between the Hawaiian Ridge and Emperor Seamount chain. It appears to be firmly established from the work of Jackson and others and from the present study that the evolution of the Hawaiian Ridge has been episodic, with episodes of several different time scales. Average growth rates of the entire ridge system are divided into two regimes with a discontinuity at a position roughly 1,000 km northwest of Kilauea; the estimated age of this discontinuity is about 10 m.y. Other episodes relate to the durations of eruptive sequences along individual or contiguous lines of volcanoes within the en échelon set of locus lines defined by Jackson and others. The latest of these episodes, beginning about 6 m.y. ago, is marked by accelerating volume rates of eruption and accelerating rates of ridge propagation; this episode appears to be approaching a culminating stage represented by the present activity of Kilauea Volcano. The calculated rate of eruption of Kilauea (0.11 km3 per yr) is virtually identical with a rate independently estimated by Swanson in 1972 using different data. Calculated durations for older locus lines are generally greater than 6 m.y., but major time overlaps occur that are not adequately understood. Episodic behavior of shorter durations also exists relative to growth of individual shields or to synchronous activity on neighboring shields (for example, Mauna Loa and Kilauea). Some of these shorter term effects are partly explained in terms of isostatic factors acting on the lithosphere and asthenosphere. The longer episodes are explained in terms of variations of melting rates in the asthenosphere, governed by viscous heating produced by the interaction of lithosphere translation and both vertical and horizontal shear flows in the subjacent mantle. Accelerations of eruption and propagation rates are explained by melting instabilities in the upper zones of the asthenosphere as a result of thermal feedback. During the latest melting episode, shear stresses in the asthenosphere derived from the rate data as interpreted by the thermal feedback model are in the range 100 to 200 bars; apparent viscosities range from 2 × 1021 to 4 × 1020 poise, decreasing with increasing melting rate. In general, a thermomechanical model is shown to be consistent with the idea that oceanic melting spots can be fixed relative to the deep mantle, although this invariance is not completely established. The thermal plume model of Morgan is not definitely ruled out but does not seem to be required for internally consistent interpretations of oceanic chains of volcanism. It is concluded that motion vectors of the Pacific plate cannot be inferred directly from rates of propagation of volcanic chains, because these rates reflect local, not average, relative velocities of lithosphere versus mantle flow. During growth of the Hawaiian Ridge, propagation speeds calculated on the basis of rate data for the southeastern Hawaiian Islands ranged from less than 1 cm per yr near the Hawaiian-Emperor Bend to nearly 30 cm per yr at the present ridge front.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<1505:MCAVPI>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Shaw, H.R., 1973, Mantle convection and volcanic periodicity in the pacific; Evidence from Hawaii: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, no. 5, p. 1505-1526, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<1505:MCAVPI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1505","endPage":"1526","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370013,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States 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\"}}]}","volume":"84","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaw, H. R.","contributorId":23952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70156684,"text":"70156684 - 1973 - Notes on the bromine pentafluoride technique of oxygen extraction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-25T17:34:01","indexId":"70156684","displayToPublicDate":"1973-12-28T19:45:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Notes on the bromine pentafluoride technique of oxygen extraction","docAbstract":"The necessity to use a dry box when loading silicate samples into reaction vessels prior to fluorination is eliminated by the use of a simple loading technique. Data presented show the reproducibility of the fluorination reaction using this technique. Sodium fluoride, when added to saline waters prior to fluorination, improves the precision of the overall technique.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Friedman, I., and Gleason, J.D., 1973, Notes on the bromine pentafluoride technique of oxygen extraction: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 6, p. 679-680.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"679","endPage":"680","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307489,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307488,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue6/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"volume":"1","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91bce4b0518e354dd1a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, Irving","contributorId":90664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Irving","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gleason, Jim D.","contributorId":82322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleason","given":"Jim","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70241824,"text":"70241824 - 1973 - Nodal tidal cycle of 18.6 yr.: Its importance in sea-level curves of the east coast of the United States and its value in explaining long-term sea-level changes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-28T15:35:45.931617","indexId":"70241824","displayToPublicDate":"1973-11-01T10:18:44","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nodal tidal cycle of 18.6 yr.: Its importance in sea-level curves of the east coast of the United States and its value in explaining long-term sea-level changes","docAbstract":"The 18.6-yr cycle of the Moon's nodes dominates the annual means of high water, low water, and range at Boston and at other East Coast harbors. The maxima and minima of the high-water and range curves agree closely with the 180° and 0° long. yr, respectively, of the Moon's ascending node, and are fairly well accounted for by tide-prediction equations. The curve of annual mean sea level also reflects the cycle, but more weakly. Recognition of the cyclical nature of tidal data both simplifies and clarifies assessments of longer term sea-level trends and points to the need to include only multiples of entire cycles in the computations of these trends. When the curves of mean high water and range are used, it is possible to recognize long-term sea-level trends rapidly and to determine whether these are attributable to tidal or nontidal causes. The data suggest that the secular sea-level rise during the 20th century is tidal in origin and may be caused by vertical movement of the oceanic floor. This has the effect of reducing the volume of ocean basins, and, by changing basin geometry, alters the characteristics of terrestrial tidal constituents (standing waves).
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1973)1<141:NTCOYI>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Kaye, C., and Stuckey, G.W., 1973, Nodal tidal cycle of 18.6 yr.: Its importance in sea-level curves of the east coast of the United States and its value in explaining long-term sea-level changes: Geology, v. 1, no. 3, p. 141-144, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1973)1<141:NTCOYI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"144","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414831,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.56165670045056,\n 25.333043354437677\n ],\n [\n -80.13302015368232,\n 25.16402816833684\n ],\n [\n -79.76435574383778,\n 26.83785225766067\n ],\n [\n -80.99093965420614,\n 29.9277575047103\n ],\n [\n -81.19121597019375,\n 30.70372183630164\n ],\n [\n -80.61178366658487,\n 32.0116779601441\n ],\n [\n -79.03598342427728,\n 32.940028893584994\n ],\n [\n -78.88319696988242,\n 33.45888810641053\n ],\n [\n -78.42787199210086,\n 33.69485538130128\n ],\n [\n -77.93852755157354,\n 33.637741103234845\n ],\n [\n -77.08074556207629,\n 34.388140327013076\n ],\n [\n -76.31081093993912,\n 34.54765030134729\n ],\n [\n -75.39625817719877,\n 35.53872169128148\n ],\n [\n -75.57966266442169,\n 37.08877586023526\n ],\n [\n -73.61668939933537,\n 40.34561377176735\n ],\n [\n -72.11600310681985,\n 40.63654273064569\n ],\n [\n -71.2447463492947,\n 41.09251898841475\n ],\n [\n -69.76136059308763,\n 41.10627859302403\n ],\n [\n -69.6104213249129,\n 41.943974610952324\n ],\n [\n -70.38122062266895,\n 42.53432912287826\n ],\n [\n -69.6857633536842,\n 43.52221734596432\n ],\n [\n -66.72112618871648,\n 44.61971585990065\n ],\n [\n -67.05484486419891,\n 44.99323916085436\n ],\n [\n -67.9890534282269,\n 44.76383215999991\n ],\n [\n -68.88191029935051,\n 44.73168254042784\n ],\n [\n -69.88393050052605,\n 44.17894003683233\n ],\n [\n -70.40580067665894,\n 43.778109212868856\n ],\n [\n -70.88728474006393,\n 43.12814976633959\n ],\n [\n -71.26983891331787,\n 42.37853869827768\n ],\n [\n -71.05473194814635,\n 41.79575815506678\n ],\n [\n -71.56026038699241,\n 41.924433189633874\n ],\n [\n -71.84402610236367,\n 41.50308172111872\n ],\n [\n -73.80345164804385,\n 41.20190424993379\n ],\n [\n -74.50648251862506,\n 40.48841869929842\n ],\n [\n -74.37130859096192,\n 40.04484971300579\n ],\n [\n -74.87816320974304,\n 39.289870713080234\n ],\n [\n -75.24194038444911,\n 39.86592767471316\n ],\n [\n -75.93698439108307,\n 39.85767401177611\n ],\n [\n -76.49155216520177,\n 39.51833864204394\n ],\n [\n -76.89809643713619,\n 38.8708761735661\n ],\n [\n -77.47516538255938,\n 38.88994262867496\n ],\n [\n -77.16023652496898,\n 38.15055916212219\n ],\n [\n -77.44122741704749,\n 37.34510797720101\n ],\n [\n -76.60752169423802,\n 36.637913625048995\n ],\n [\n -76.84930219248065,\n 36.382479869710224\n ],\n [\n -77.2054155514295,\n 35.75238346315413\n ],\n [\n -77.29908924128655,\n 34.83505859238706\n ],\n [\n -78.23623439229996,\n 34.100827723058345\n ],\n [\n -79.26542580591848,\n 33.811666512312456\n ],\n [\n -79.44259896084255,\n 33.33641433265788\n ],\n [\n -80.06863500763434,\n 32.86872241315983\n ],\n [\n -80.56989886694214,\n 32.58910286422062\n ],\n [\n -81.29134893316652,\n 32.177150889362736\n ],\n [\n -81.84990952488718,\n 31.101972570571675\n ],\n [\n -81.76290949535651,\n 30.384953326405764\n ],\n [\n -81.01141365400399,\n 28.58350653089842\n ],\n [\n -80.2532174781116,\n 26.88850058854679\n ],\n [\n -80.56165670045056,\n 25.333043354437677\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaye, Clifford A.","contributorId":17624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaye","given":"Clifford A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stuckey, Gary W.","contributorId":303701,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stuckey","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222227,"text":"5222227 - 1973 - Summer behavior of immature radio-equipped woodcock in central Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-24T16:06:08.883068","indexId":"5222227","displayToPublicDate":"1973-10-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Summer behavior of immature radio-equipped woodcock in central Maine","docAbstract":"The behavior of 15 immature American woodcock (Philohela minor) was studied in central Maine during the summers of 1969 and 1970 using radiotelemetry. The monitored birds used a variety of nocturnal sites including old fields, bogs, powerlines, highway medians, woods roads, and fore clearings. Old fields were occupied more often than any other type of opening. Second growth-hardwoods, alders, hardwood-conifers, and conifers were utilized as diurnal cover. Diurnal locations of radio-equipped woodcock averaged 15 m from major breaks in the forest canopy. Four birds were monitored continuously during the day and night to determine periods of activity. Although the birds were active throughout the day, very little activity was recorded after they moved to nocturnal sites. No apparent difference was found in the daily patterns of movement between immature male and female woodcock. Crepuscular movements between diurnal covers and nocturnal areas averaged 332 m. A composite summer range for the 15 woodcock during 183 woodcock-days was 1060 hectares. The data suggest that immature woodcock are quite mobile during the summer and utilize most of the forest openings occurring within 1-3 km of good nesting habitat. Most of these openings are also used for singing grounds by males in the spring.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3800309","usgsCitation":"Dunford, R., and Owen, R., 1973, Summer behavior of immature radio-equipped woodcock in central Maine: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 37, no. 4, p. 462-469, https://doi.org/10.2307/3800309.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"462","endPage":"469","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195999,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","otherGeospatial":"central Maine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -68.77637162732846,\n 45.007629838049155\n ],\n [\n -68.77637162732846,\n 44.94640251706676\n ],\n [\n -68.65385775672124,\n 44.94640251706676\n ],\n [\n -68.65385775672124,\n 45.007629838049155\n ],\n [\n -68.77637162732846,\n 45.007629838049155\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697c7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dunford, R.D.","contributorId":76424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunford","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Owen, Ray B.","contributorId":42670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen","given":"Ray B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70241225,"text":"70241225 - 1973 - Fossil forms of Amentiferae","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-15T13:55:35.00825","indexId":"70241225","displayToPublicDate":"1973-10-01T08:45:09","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1084,"text":"Brittonia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fossil forms of Amentiferae","docAbstract":"Review of the procedures used in determining fossil plant organs indicates that the many Cretaceous records of extant genera of “Amentiferae” based on leaves should be rejected as theoretically unreliable. Palynological data, in combination with some valid megafossil data, indicate that most recognizable members of “Amentiferae” are no older than the later part of the Late Cretaceous. Juglandales appear to be derivatives of the ancient Normapolles complex and unrelated to other “Amentiferae.” A preliminary account of some of the comparative foliar morphology of extant “Amentiferae” indicates that some—particularly Betulaceae and Fagaceae—are closely related to Hamamelidales but that other families—notably Rhoipteleaceae, Juglandaceae, Didymelaceae, and Leitneriaceae—are unrelated to this order.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/2805639","usgsCitation":"Wolfe, J.A., 1973, Fossil forms of Amentiferae: Brittonia, v. 25, no. 4, p. 334-355, https://doi.org/10.2307/2805639.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"334","endPage":"355","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414215,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolfe, Jack A.","contributorId":102474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":866589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70241869,"text":"70241869 - 1973 - Regional gravity anomalies and crustal structure in northern Colombia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-29T14:02:22.24021","indexId":"70241869","displayToPublicDate":"1973-09-01T08:53:48","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional gravity anomalies and crustal structure in northern Colombia","docAbstract":"The central range of the Colombian Andes gives way northward to a series of Cenozoic fault-bordered basins and uplifts near the Caribbean Sea. Pre-Cenozoic structures exposed in the uplifts curve increasingly toward the east to become parallel to the continental margins along the south side of the Caribbean. Major Cenozoic faults, with large vertical and horizontal displacements, cut across older structures which include Permian-Triassic(?) and Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary metamorphic zones, Precambrian gneiss, and Jurassic batholiths.
Gravity anomalies have large amplitudes in the Santa Marta area. Bouguer anomalies rise to +130 mgals over the crystalline rocks of the high Santa Marta massif. Over adjacent Cenozoic basins, they range down to −80 mgals over the Lower Magdalena basin and to −65 mgals over the Baja Guajira basin. Steep gravity gradients characterize the Santa Marta and Oca faults on the west and north sides of the massif, respectively.
In the Guajira Peninsula region, Bouguer anomalies increase to +105 mgals over a serpentinite zone at Cabo de la Vela and to +55 mgals over Cretaceous volcanic rocks in the southern peninsula. Two smaller basins on the peninsula are characterized by negative Bouguer anomalies. Steep gradients characterize many of the major Cenozoic faults, and two concealed faults are postulated on this basis.
Though useful for evaluating the relative vertical displacements, which may exceed 10 km along faults bounding the Santa Marta massif, the gravity data yield no definitive information on the large horizontal displacements postulated along some of the major faults of the area. The Bouguer anomalies do indicate, however, the extension of some of the Cenozoic basins into offshore areas.
Strong positive Bouguer anomalies of the Santa Marta massif and its great relief, which exceeds 9 km relative to the floor of the adjacent Caribbean, indicate thin continental crust, lack of isostatic balance, and relatively recent uplift for the massif. After corrections are made for the gravitational effects of Tertiary sedimentary basins in the Guajira Peninsula, most of the peninsular region also has positive anomalies, suggesting a relatively thin continental crust and a lack of isostatic balance. A mechanism of overthrusting, in relatively recent time, of the continental margin over the adjacent Caribbean upper mantle and crust to the northwest can account for the observations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<2905:RGAACS>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Case, J.E., and MacDonald, W., 1973, Regional gravity anomalies and crustal structure in northern Colombia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, no. 9, p. 2905-2916, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<2905:RGAACS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2905","endPage":"2916","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414896,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Colombia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.80475770533153,\n 0.3172567704473295\n ],\n [\n -74.5747726811183,\n 2.076387431901665\n ],\n [\n -73.5501091091684,\n 4.088611598802785\n ],\n [\n -71.68915540006606,\n 5.801550817556901\n ],\n [\n -71.72719200695937,\n 7.480766041750542\n ],\n [\n -72.09562191761461,\n 7.847411774500699\n ],\n [\n -72.17068054589589,\n 8.325204889770276\n ],\n [\n -72.65714353907268,\n 9.50827704073474\n ],\n [\n -71.88326877755851,\n 11.455736133560507\n ],\n [\n -71.01996227612918,\n 11.72103163287116\n ],\n [\n -70.98069705443876,\n 12.254280166597312\n ],\n [\n -71.58458107984004,\n 12.714027472888858\n ],\n [\n -72.41585000450189,\n 12.523082653648387\n ],\n [\n -73.38581528201317,\n 11.496731246932242\n ],\n [\n -74.51789102384691,\n 11.53964095992913\n ],\n [\n -75.93571762125089,\n 10.67824347109162\n ],\n [\n -75.91340926899863,\n 9.814937002908522\n ],\n [\n -77.39689516799439,\n 8.628140865987774\n ],\n [\n -77.49539007291926,\n 8.034789811020119\n ],\n [\n -78.19808244560043,\n 7.221121617922094\n ],\n [\n -77.7263694295687,\n 6.4477994697386265\n ],\n [\n -77.69842658611189,\n 4.281821909214003\n ],\n [\n -77.61987746813655,\n 3.7690323971737456\n ],\n [\n -77.956185956166,\n 2.9570313030088613\n ],\n [\n -78.71369325246646,\n 2.72514129168907\n ],\n [\n -79.28949832943721,\n 1.6791763910806026\n ],\n [\n -77.92906345261508,\n 0.5932227240626986\n ],\n [\n -77.33146868340326,\n 0.12164344144446204\n ],\n [\n -76.80475770533153,\n 0.3172567704473295\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Case, J. E.","contributorId":56625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Case","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacDonald, W.D.","contributorId":82470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacDonald","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70198455,"text":"70198455 - 1973 - Alaska-Aleutian range batholith: Geochronology, chemistry, and relation to circum-Pacific plutonism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-07T09:32:34","indexId":"70198455","displayToPublicDate":"1973-08-01T10:42:44","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alaska-Aleutian range batholith: Geochronology, chemistry, and relation to circum-Pacific plutonism","docAbstract":"Potassium-argon mineral ages and reconnaissance mapping of approximately 65,000 sq km in south-central Alaska indicate that the Mesozoic and Cenozoic plutonic rocks in the region were emplaced during three discrete intrusive epochs. Most of the plutonic rocks are part of the Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith; the remainder appear as outcrops in isolated plutons northeast of the main batholith. Maximum and minimum concordant mineral ages on coexisting biotite and hornblende are used to mark the beginning and ending, respectively, of each intrusive epoch.
The oldest intrusive epoch, Early and Middle Jurassic, contains plutonic rocks emplaced between about 176 and 154 m.y. ago. Jurassic plutonism occurred along a magmatic arc at least 1,300 km long, extending from about 480 km southwest of Becharof Lake northeast to the Talkeetna Mountains. Aeromagnetic data suggest that the magmatic arc, which represents the roots of the arc portion of an early Mesozoic arc-trench system, also continues southwest into the Bering Shelf. The associated trench is thought to be represented by an imbricated mélange of ophiolite and submarine lava with associated chert and argillite that occupies a belt 140 km southeast of the magmatic arc. Clastic sediments more than 4.5 km thick occupy the 140-km-wide arc-trench gap.
Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary plutonic rocks, emplaced between about 83 and 58 m.y. ago, are found mainly in the northern part of the batholith and in isolated plutons to the northeast toward Mount McKinley. Middle Tertiary plutonic rocks ranging in age from 38 to 26 m.y. occur in two areas within the batholith and also in the Mount McKinley area. Although some of the Late Cretaceous and Tertiary plutons are associated with extrusive rocks, these plutons are largely post-tectonic, and magma was generated beneath both stable platform areas as well as beneath former eugeosynclinal regions in which deformation had essentially ceased.
Magma for the Jurassic plutonic rocks appears to have been generated along or above an early Mesozoic subduction zone. The region southeast of the zone is considered to represent a classic example of continental accretion of eugeosynclinal sediments caused by under-thrusting of oceanic crust beneath an island arc. Magma generation for the Cretaceous and Tertiary plutons in the northern part of the batholith does not appear related to the early Mesozoic subduction zone, for it would require that the zone shift inland, or toward the continent, from its position during the Jurassic and then shift away from the continent once again to its present position.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSW","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<2583:ARBGCA>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Reed, B.L., and Lanphere, M.A., 1973, Alaska-Aleutian range batholith: Geochronology, chemistry, and relation to circum-Pacific plutonism: GSA Bulletin, v. 84, no. 8, p. 2583-2610, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<2583:ARBGCA>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"2583","endPage":"2610","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":356240,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, Bruce L.","contributorId":19928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":741501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70161899,"text":"70161899 - 1973 - Use of machine-processable field notes in a wilderness mapping project (Granite Fiords area), southeastern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-08T15:23:59","indexId":"70161899","displayToPublicDate":"1973-08-01T01:15:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of machine-processable field notes in a wilderness mapping project (Granite Fiords area), southeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"For reconnaissance geologic mapping and mineral resource evaluation of the Granite Fiords wilderness study area, we developed and used a system of machine-processable field notes. Preprinted field forms standardize notes and serve as checklists that insure collection of all available data. The use of this system cut in half the time required to record data at an outcrop. The system consists of three related but
different types of preprinted field sheets, a key to abbreviations and codes, and a set of written instructions. The field sheets include a
station sheet for basic outcrop data, a specimen sheet for rock samples, and a geochemical sheet for materials to be chemically analyzed. Data on the field sheets are keypunched on standard IBM cards, then arranged in subfiles and retrieved by using a card sorter. Our system is
designed specifically for a region of granitic and metamorphic rocks but is easily modified for use in different geologic terranes. We offer four
guidelines for developing a system of machine-processable field notes: (1) Time and money spent to develop the system must be worth its
anticipated benefits. (2) The system should be as flexible as possible. (3) It is necessary to tailor the system to a particular geologic terrane or project objective. (4) The system should be as simple and self-explanatory as possible.
Data gathered from monitoring activities and project studies indicate the ubiquitous occurrence and distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in the aquatic environment. Residues have been detected in samples from 19 States, representing nearly every region of the country. Concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 4.0 ug/l in unfiltered water samples and 5.0 to 3,200 ug/kg in bottom sediments. PCB residues were also found in fish and aquatic plants. Samples were prepared by the same techniques used for general chlorinated insecticide detection, with special attention to cleanup and separation of PCB's from other compounds. Basic identification and quantification were made by dual-column electron-capture gas chromatography and confirmed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry whenever possible. The sampling program is expected to be broadened geographically in 1973 and increased in successive years in order to more adequately define the distribution of PCB residues in the major drainage basins of the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Crump-Wiesner, H.J., Feltz, H.R., and Yates, M.L., 1973, A study of the distribution of the polychlorinated biphenyls in the aquatic environment: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 5, p. 603-607.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"603","endPage":"607","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314067,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314066,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"19.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"1","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5690ebc4e4b09c7f9a218bcb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crump-Wiesner, Hans J.","contributorId":58017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crump-Wiesner","given":"Hans","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feltz, Herman R.","contributorId":49104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feltz","given":"Herman","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yates, Marvin L.","contributorId":24840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yates","given":"Marvin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}