Properties of soils vary considerably within any field. This study was conducted to investigate the variability in properties of an unsaturated sand unit that lies at a depth of 13 m below land surface. Four-hundred-forty soil core samples, obtained from a 1.75 by 18-m horizontal plane within a sand unit underlying a waste trench, were used to describe the variability of moisture content, tritium concentration, and several physical properties. A simple model based on unit-gradient theory was used to calculate fluxes of water and tritium through the study plane. The effects of including spatial variability of properties in model calculations were examined. The sand was uniform in terms of median particle size, bulk density, and proposity, but several variables, including saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and tritium concentration, showed considerable variability. In general, correlation coefficients calculated between variables were low. Spatial correlation structures were identified for moisture content, tritium concentration, and a few particle-size variables, but were absent for Ks and most other variables. Variances of Ks and field-measured volumetric moisture content (θ) were lower than published values for soils. Model-calculated fluxes of water and tritium that accounted for spatial variability of properties were considerably higher than those that did not account for the variability. Model results were more sensitive to changes in θ and residual moisture content (each parameters of the relative hydraulic conductivity function) than to changes in Ks.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500040001x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Healy, R.W., and Miller, P., 1991, Variability of an unsaturated sand unit underlying a radioactive- waste trench: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 55, no. 4, p. 899-907, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500040001x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"899","endPage":"907","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223626,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Sheffield","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.84909352846984,\n 41.430360108761136\n ],\n [\n -89.84909352846984,\n 41.290549512327715\n ],\n [\n -89.6214582233875,\n 41.290549512327715\n ],\n [\n -89.6214582233875,\n 41.430360108761136\n ],\n [\n -89.84909352846984,\n 41.430360108761136\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"55","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc135e4b08c986b32a4a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Healy, Richard W. 0000-0002-0224-1858 rwhealy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-1858","contributorId":658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"Richard","email":"rwhealy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Patrick C.","contributorId":57880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Patrick C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014905,"text":"70014905 - 1991 - Collimated neutron probe for soil water content measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-31T15:01:01.074259","indexId":"70014905","displayToPublicDate":"1991-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Collimated neutron probe for soil water content measurements","docAbstract":"The use of uncollimated (undirected) neutron moisture meters is common in the biological and geophysical sciences. A collimated neutron probe was designed to enable measurements in specific directions from the access tube. To determine the size and shape of soil volume affecting the neutron counts, experiments were conducted to evaluate: (i) the vertical distance of soil above and below the probe that influences neutron counts, (ii) the horizontal distance away from the probe into the soil that influences neutron counts, (iii) the angle of soil viewed by the probe from the collimator, and (iv) the three-dimensional thermal-neutron density field. The distance and the angular dimensions of the volume of influence were defined as the horizontal distance of neutron penetration from the edge of the probe, the vertical distance above and below the center of the effective measurement point of the probe, and the angle from the center of the probe, which would allow the determination of relative water content to within 95%. The vertical distance was ≈0.5 m, the horizontal distance was ≈0.2 m, and the angle of soil viewed by the probe from the collimator was ≈120°. Thermal neutrons detected from distances or angles larger than these values influence the determination of relative water content by 5% or less.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500040003x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Klenke, J., and Flint, A.L., 1991, Collimated neutron probe for soil water content measurements: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 55, no. 4, p. 916-923, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500040003x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"916","endPage":"923","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225410,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7b4e4b0c8380cd4cc71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klenke, J.M.","contributorId":53535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klenke","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185485,"text":"70185485 - 1991 - Quartz dissolution in organic-rich aqueous systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-22T13:59:31","indexId":"70185485","displayToPublicDate":"1991-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quartz dissolution in organic-rich aqueous systems","docAbstract":"Organic electrolytes are a common component of natural waters and are known to be important in many rock-water interactions. The influence of organic electrolytes on silica mobility, quartz solubility, and quartz dissolution kinetics, however, is less well understood. While there is mounting evidence supporting the presence of an aqueous organic-silica complex in natural waters, the significance of this species is difficult to characterize because of competing interactions in mixed inorganic-organic electrolyte environments. In the experiments reported here, the kinetics of quartz dissolution in dilute aqueous organic-acid solutions between 25 and 70°C were investigated to determine the influence of both organic and inorganic electrolytes.
Batch-reactor dissolution experiments in inorganic and organic electrolyte solutions were designed to investigate the hypothesis that organic acids at circum-neutral pH accelerate the dissolution and increase the solubility of quartz in water. Results suggest that multi-functional organic acids such as citrate and oxalate accelerate quartz dissolution by decreasing the activation energy by approximately 20%. The increase in dissolution rate was accompanied by a 100% increase in apparent quartz solubility at 25°C. Experiments using inorganic electrolytes, in contrast, increase the rate of quartz dissolution without decreasing the activation energy, and without increasing solubility.
From these data, a model for both a solution complex between dissolved organic acid and monomeric silicic acid, and an activated complex on quartz surfaces is proposed. The model suggests that dissolved organic compounds in natural waters at near-neutral pH and low temperatures are capable of accelerating the dissolution of quartz and increasing its solubility.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(91)90023-X","usgsCitation":"Bennett, P.C., 1991, Quartz dissolution in organic-rich aqueous systems: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, no. 7, p. 1781-1797, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90023-X.","productDescription":"17 p. ","startPage":"1781","endPage":"1797","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338078,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d61e4b0236b68f98f78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, Philip C.","contributorId":30567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222978,"text":"5222978 - 1991 - Open marsh water management in the mid-Atlantic region: Aerial surveys of waterbird use","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-13T10:10:52","indexId":"5222978","displayToPublicDate":"1991-06-16T12:18:13","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Open marsh water management in the mid-Atlantic region: Aerial surveys of waterbird use","docAbstract":"Nine marsh sites were selected in Maryland, Delaware, and New Jersey to assess the importance of ponds created by Open Marsh Water Management (OMWM) to migratory birds. At eight of the nine sites, OMWM ponds were paired with areas of similar-sized natural ponds. Eleven aerial surveys were conducted, mostly in fall and winter of 1987 and 1988 to compare relative use of ponds and sites by black ducks (Anas rubripes), other waterfowl, shorebirds, wading birds, gulls, and other species of birds. We noted a high degree of variation in bird use. Seasonal effects were significant, but treatment (OMWM vs. natural ponds) effect was not. Water/marsh (W/M) area ratio was positively correlated with waterfowl and black ducks, but pond number was not. Larger ponds (>0.25 ha) tended to be used more than smaller ponds by most bird species.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/BF03160850","usgsCitation":"Erwin, R., Dawson, D., Stotts, D.B., McAllister, L., and Geissler, P., 1991, Open marsh water management in the mid-Atlantic region: Aerial surveys of waterbird use: Wetlands, v. 11, no. 2, p. 209-228, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03160850.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"209","endPage":"228","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196541,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Mid Atlantic Region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.5689697265625,\n 37.86618078529668\n ],\n [\n -73.795166015625,\n 37.86618078529668\n ],\n [\n -73.795166015625,\n 39.73253798438173\n ],\n [\n -77.5689697265625,\n 39.73253798438173\n ],\n [\n -77.5689697265625,\n 37.86618078529668\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a29ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dawson, D.K. 0000-0001-7531-212X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7531-212X","contributorId":94752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"D.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stotts, Daniel B.","contributorId":90003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stotts","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McAllister, L.S.","contributorId":97595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAllister","given":"L.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Geissler, P.H.","contributorId":24038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissler","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70175835,"text":"70175835 - 1991 - Gages for measuring fluvial-sediment concentration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T11:01:57","indexId":"70175835","displayToPublicDate":"1991-06-11T12:30:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Gages for measuring fluvial-sediment concentration","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","conferenceTitle":"Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, 5th","conferenceDate":"March 18-21, 1991","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, Nevada","language":"English","publisher":"Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project","publisherLocation":"Las Vegas, Nevada","usgsCitation":"Skinner, J.V., and Szalona, J., 1991, Gages for measuring fluvial-sediment concentration, Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, 5th, Las Vegas, Nevada, March 18-21, 1991, p. 2.1-2.8.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2.1","endPage":"2.8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327004,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b82db7e4b03fd6b7da36b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skinner, J. V.","contributorId":32504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Szalona, J.J.","contributorId":173873,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Szalona","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70170198,"text":"70170198 - 1991 - Mechanisms controlling the transport of organic chemicals in subsurface environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T11:26:07","indexId":"70170198","displayToPublicDate":"1991-06-01T12:45:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Mechanisms controlling the transport of organic chemicals in subsurface environments","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program---Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Aiken, G., Capel, P., Furlong, E., Hult, M.F., and Thorn, K.A., 1991, Mechanisms controlling the transport of organic chemicals in subsurface environments, chap. of U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program---Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991, p. 633-637.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"633","endPage":"637","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319957,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"570ccab6e4b0ef3b7ca14723","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aiken, G. R. 0000-0001-8454-0984","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":14452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Capel, P. D. 0000-0003-1620-5185","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":95498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"P. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Furlong, E. T. 0000-0002-7305-4603","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":98346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"E. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hult, M. F.","contributorId":29817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hult","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thorn, K. A.","contributorId":33294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorn","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70243170,"text":"70243170 - 1991 - Seasonal variations of carbon dioxide concentrations in stony, coarse-textured desert soils of southern Nevada, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-02T12:45:47.730443","indexId":"70243170","displayToPublicDate":"1991-06-01T07:19:57","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3419,"text":"Soil Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal variations of carbon dioxide concentrations in stony, coarse-textured desert soils of southern Nevada, USA","docAbstract":"Knowledge of carbon dioxide concentration in desert soils is required in theoretical models of the development of pedogenic and ground-water calcium carbonate. Most studies have concentrated on medium- to fine-textured soils in temperate to humid environments. Very little data exist for CO2 concentrations in stony, coarse-textured deposits such as those making up alluvial fans and fluvial terraces. The purpose of this study was to obtain CO2 concentration data in stony, coarse-textured, uncultivated soils in a desert environment.
Soil gas samples were collected from two sites—Yucca Wash and Rock Valley—at the Nevada Test Site in southern Nevada between June 1985 and June 1986 to determine soil CO2 concentrations and their seasonal and depth variations in the soil profile. Soil CO2 concentrations ranged from 0.03 volume percent in winter and summer to 0.25 volume percent in spring. During the summer, fall, and winter, CO2 concentrations were close to atmospheric levels and varied randomly with depth. In spring, CO2 varied with root density, highest concentrations occurring between 40 and 80 cm of depth. Maximum CO2 values decrease and occur at progressively deeper levels toward the end of spring. Biological activity appears to be limited throughout the year because of the arid climate. During the winter and spring, soil CO2 appears to be more dependent on temperature than moisture, whereas in the summer and fall it appears to be dependent on moisture.
Soil gas samples were also collected during the spring from three sites in the Kyle Canyon area in southern Nevada to determine the variation of soil CO2 levels with changes in elevation and vegetation. Soil CO2 values increased from 0.04 to 0.24 volume percent with increasing elevation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Williams & Wilkins","doi":"10.1097/00010694-199106000-00003","usgsCitation":"Terhune, C.L., and Harden, J.W., 1991, Seasonal variations of carbon dioxide concentrations in stony, coarse-textured desert soils of southern Nevada, USA: Soil Science, v. 151, no. 6, p. 417-429, https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199106000-00003.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"417","endPage":"429","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416612,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Kyle Canyon, Nevada Test Site, Rock Valley, Yucca Wash","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.57215965832935,\n 36.935357940977156\n ],\n [\n -116.55667759182593,\n 36.880290507621226\n ],\n [\n -116.52411186573303,\n 36.82689268256301\n ],\n [\n -116.46538678589307,\n 36.75250083047368\n ],\n [\n -116.36768960761447,\n 36.65689425228052\n ],\n [\n -116.18305583300328,\n 36.67744891655387\n ],\n [\n -116.01168537274322,\n 36.68344299281007\n ],\n [\n -115.93427504022664,\n 36.705702614953026\n ],\n [\n -115.9033109072208,\n 36.75445630760139\n ],\n [\n -116.01488855891635,\n 36.80704979320976\n ],\n [\n -116.1157889233688,\n 36.7865298001729\n ],\n [\n -116.21508769473465,\n 36.75488404241885\n ],\n [\n -116.29075201792368,\n 36.72793209163633\n ],\n [\n -116.3708316722509,\n 36.89718704619213\n ],\n [\n -116.3574850631961,\n 36.95650847263279\n ],\n [\n -116.34734164031606,\n 37.00445333355934\n ],\n [\n -116.41514241431304,\n 37.03130788631145\n ],\n [\n -116.57058710746847,\n 37.04409243246313\n ],\n [\n -116.57215965832935,\n 36.935357940977156\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.66874653036014,\n 36.27684846767032\n ],\n [\n -115.6818215433292,\n 36.27383572110618\n ],\n [\n -115.67955261978994,\n 36.25887786528443\n ],\n [\n -115.67207851871952,\n 36.25005246295588\n ],\n [\n -115.65966617229866,\n 36.238104293741145\n ],\n [\n -115.6476542241497,\n 36.231860379706816\n ],\n [\n -115.62629964966244,\n 36.2398266650315\n ],\n [\n -115.61237372956018,\n 36.24111841859431\n ],\n [\n -115.59529006997016,\n 36.25091352170193\n ],\n [\n -115.57927413910473,\n 36.25586442535618\n ],\n [\n -115.57006497885705,\n 36.2557568003521\n ],\n [\n -115.54898044038076,\n 36.25844738098267\n ],\n [\n -115.52255415445245,\n 36.262429270251275\n ],\n [\n -115.4966617328867,\n 36.263828264238356\n ],\n [\n -115.46983504868697,\n 36.27028483482704\n ],\n [\n -115.47303823486017,\n 36.27415852094177\n ],\n [\n -115.48077926811187,\n 36.28115218964544\n ],\n [\n -115.51024087546422,\n 36.28287361199655\n ],\n [\n -115.54088601561787,\n 36.27824720333986\n ],\n [\n -115.56744576763631,\n 36.282012905566816\n ],\n [\n -115.59253739265878,\n 36.27738644589441\n ],\n [\n -115.60815292525282,\n 36.28136736951646\n ],\n [\n -115.62550351702359,\n 36.277171255049836\n ],\n [\n -115.65620071784916,\n 36.26899356341566\n ],\n [\n -115.66874653036014,\n 36.27684846767032\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"151","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Terhune, Christina L.","contributorId":21413,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Terhune","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harden, Jennifer W. 0000-0002-6570-8259 jharden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":1971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"Jennifer","email":"jharden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185802,"text":"70185802 - 1991 - Agricultural research to improve water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-28T11:00:41","indexId":"70185802","displayToPublicDate":"1991-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2456,"text":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Agricultural research to improve water quality","docAbstract":"ime courses for ingest~on, retention and release via feces of microbial food was investigated
using 2 b~valves w~th d~fferent feeding strategies, Potamocorbula amurensis and Macoma
balthica. The results showed 2 pathways for the uptake of food material in these clams. The first is
represented by an initlal label pulse in the feces. The second pathway operates over longer time
periods. Inert \"Cr-labeled beads were used to determine time frames for these pathways. The first
pathway, involving extracellular digestion and intestinal uptake, is relatively inefficient In the
digestion of bacter~al cells by P amurensis but more efficient in M. balthica. The second pathway,
involving intracellular digestion withln the digestive gland of both clams, was highly efficient in
absorb~ng bacterial carbon, and was responsible for most chromium uptake. Differences in the overall
retention of microbial \"Cr and I4C relate not to gut-passage times but to the processing and release
strategies of the food material by these 2 clams.
Centrifugal force is an alternative to large pressure gradients for the measurement of low values of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat). With a head of water above a porous medium in a centrifuge bucket, both constant-head and falling-head measurements are practical at forces up to at least 1800 times normal gravity. Darcy's law applied to the known centrifugal potential leads to simple formulas for Ksat that are analogous to those used in the standard gravity-driven constant- and falling-head methods. Both centrifugal methods were tested on several fine-textured samples of soil and ceramic with Ksat between about 10−10 and 10−9 m/s. The results were compared to falling-head gravity measurements. The comparison shows most measurements agreeing to within 20% for a given sample, much of the variation probably resulting from run-to-run changes in sample structure. The falling-head centrifuge method proved to be especially simple in design and operation and was more accurate than the constant-head method. With modified apparatus, Ksat measurements less than 10−10 m/s should be attainable.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91WR00367","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J.R., and Mello, K.A., 1991, Centrifugal techniques for measuring saturated hydraulic conductivity: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 6, p. 1263-1269, https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR00367.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"1263","endPage":"1269","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338090,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d61e4b0236b68f98f7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mello, Karen A.","contributorId":189694,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mello","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1003117,"text":"1003117 - 1991 - Rotenone persistence in freshwater ponds: Effects of temperature and sediment adsorption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-31T15:07:01.852818","indexId":"1003117","displayToPublicDate":"1991-05-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rotenone persistence in freshwater ponds: Effects of temperature and sediment adsorption","docAbstract":"The persistence of rotenone was compared between a cement-lined pond (0.04 hectare) and an earthen-bottom pond (0.02 hectare) treated with 5 μL Noxfish/L (250 μg rotenone/L) during spring, summer, and fall. Water temperatures on the days of treatment in each season were 8, 22, and 15°C, respectively. Both ponds were filled with pond water from a common source 1 week before each of the three treatments. Water samples (filtered and unfiltered) and sediment samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography to monitor the decrease of rotenone until residues were at or below the detection limit (<2.0 μg/L for water and < 25 ng/g for sediments). The loss of rotenone from water generally followed a first-order rate ofdecay. Rotenone disappeared two to three times faster in the earthen pond than in the concrete pond. The rotenone half-life times in the spring, summer, and fall treatments were 3.7, 1.3, and 5.2 d, respectively, in the concrete pond, and 1.8, 0.7, and 1.8 d in the earthen pond. Rates of decay in both ponds were directly correlated with water temperature. Filtered water samples from both ponds contained less rotenone than unfiltered water, indicating that some rotenone was bound to suspended material. The highest concentration of rotenone in sediment samples was 102 ng/g; residues decreased to below the detection limit within 14 d in the spring treatment and within 3 d in the summer and fall treatments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1991)011<0226:RPIFPE>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Dawson, V.K., Gingerich, W., Davis, R.A., and Gilderhus, P., 1991, Rotenone persistence in freshwater ponds: Effects of temperature and sediment adsorption: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 11, no. 2, p. 226-231, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1991)011<0226:RPIFPE>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"226","endPage":"231","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133659,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cb74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, V. K.","contributorId":48900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gingerich, W.H.","contributorId":83481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gingerich","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, R. A.","contributorId":83488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gilderhus, P.A.","contributorId":60156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilderhus","given":"P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185490,"text":"70185490 - 1991 - Sampling design for groundwater solute transport: Tests of methods and analysis of Cape Cod tracer test data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:36:12","indexId":"70185490","displayToPublicDate":"1991-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sampling design for groundwater solute transport: Tests of methods and analysis of Cape Cod tracer test data","docAbstract":"Tests of a one-dimensional sampling design methodology on measurements of bromide concentration collected during the natural gradient tracer test conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, demonstrate its efficacy for field studies of solute transport in groundwater and the utility of one-dimensional analysis. The methodology was applied to design of sparse two-dimensional networks of fully screened wells typical of those often used in engineering practice. In one-dimensional analysis, designs consist of the downstream distances to rows of wells oriented perpendicular to the groundwater flow direction and the timing of sampling to be carried out on each row. The power of a sampling design is measured by its effectiveness in simultaneously meeting objectives of model discrimination, parameter estimation, and cost minimization. One-dimensional models of solute transport, differing in processes affecting the solute and assumptions about the structure of the flow field, were considered for description of tracer cloud migration. When fitting each model using nonlinear regression, additive and multiplicative error forms were allowed for the residuals which consist of both random and model errors. The one-dimensional single-layer model of a nonreactive solute with multiplicative error was judged to be the best of those tested. Results show the efficacy of the methodology in designing sparse but powerful sampling networks. Designs that sample five rows of wells at five or fewer times in any given row performed as well for model discrimination as the full set of samples taken up to eight times in a given row from as many as 89 rows. Also, designs for parameter estimation judged to be good by the methodology were as effective in reducing the variance of parameter estimates as arbitrary designs with many more samples. Results further showed that estimates of velocity and longitudinal dispersivity in one-dimensional models based on data from only five rows of fully screened wells each sampled five or fewer times were practically equivalent to values determined from moments analysis of the complete three-dimensional set of 29,285 samples taken during 16 sampling times.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/90WR02657","usgsCitation":"Knopman, D.S., Voss, C.I., and Garabedian, S.P., 1991, Sampling design for groundwater solute transport: Tests of methods and analysis of Cape Cod tracer test data: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 5, p. 925-949, https://doi.org/10.1029/90WR02657.","productDescription":"25 p. ","startPage":"925","endPage":"949","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338085,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d61e4b0236b68f98f7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knopman, Debra S.","contributorId":51472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopman","given":"Debra","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garabedian, Stephen P.","contributorId":91090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185487,"text":"70185487 - 1991 - Large-scale natural gradient tracer test in sand and gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: 2. Analysis of spatial moments for a nonreactive tracer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:58:59","indexId":"70185487","displayToPublicDate":"1991-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-scale natural gradient tracer test in sand and gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: 2. Analysis of spatial moments for a nonreactive tracer","docAbstract":"A large-scale natural gradient tracer test was conducted to examine the transport of reactive and nonreactive tracers in a sand and gravel aquifer on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. As part of this test the transport of bromide, a nonreactive tracer, was monitored for about 280 m and quantified using spatial moments. The calculated mass of bromide for each sampling date varied between 85% and 105% of the injected mass using an estimated porosity of 0.39, and the center of mass moved at a nearly constant horizontal velocity of 0.42 m per day. A nonlinear change in the bromide longitudinal variance was observed during the first 26 m of travel distance, but afterward the variance followed a linear trend, indicating the longitudinal dispersivity had reached a constant value of 0.96 m. The transverse dispersivities were much smaller; transverse horizontal dispersivity was 1.8 cm, and transverse vertical dispersivity was about 1.5 mm.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91WR00242","usgsCitation":"Garabedian, S.P., LeBlanc, D.R., Gelhar, L.W., and Celia, M.A., 1991, Large-scale natural gradient tracer test in sand and gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: 2. Analysis of spatial moments for a nonreactive tracer: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 5, p. 911-924, https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR00242.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"911","endPage":"924","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338083,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.57273864746094,\n 41.6010669423553\n ],\n [\n -70.44708251953125,\n 41.6010669423553\n ],\n [\n -70.44708251953125,\n 41.697013213237994\n ],\n [\n -70.57273864746094,\n 41.697013213237994\n ],\n [\n -70.57273864746094,\n 41.6010669423553\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d61e4b0236b68f98f82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garabedian, Stephen P.","contributorId":91090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LeBlanc, Dennis R.","contributorId":189689,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gelhar, Lynn W.","contributorId":189690,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gelhar","given":"Lynn","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Celia, Michael A.","contributorId":189683,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Celia","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185491,"text":"70185491 - 1991 - Large-scale natural gradient tracer test in sand and gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: 1. Experimental design and observed tracer movement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:58:34","indexId":"70185491","displayToPublicDate":"1991-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-scale natural gradient tracer test in sand and gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: 1. Experimental design and observed tracer movement","docAbstract":"A large-scale natural gradient tracer experiment was conducted on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, to examine the transport and dispersion of solutes in a sand and gravel aquifer. The nonreactive tracer, bromide, and the reactive tracers, lithium and molybdate, were injected as a pulse in July 1985 and monitored in three dimensions as they moved as far as 280 m down-gradient through an array of multilevel samplers. The bromide cloud moved horizontally at a rate of 0.42 m per day. It also moved downward about 4 m because of density-induced sinking early in the test and accretion of areal recharge from precipitation. After 200 m of transport, the bromide cloud had spread more than 80 m in the direction of flow, but was only 14 m wide and 4–6 m thick. The lithium and molybdate clouds followed the same path as the bromide cloud, but their rates of movement were retarded about 50% relative to bromide movement because of sorption onto the sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91WR00241","usgsCitation":"LeBlanc, D.R., Garabedian, S.P., Hess, K.M., Gelhar, L.W., Quadri, R.D., Stollenwerk, K.G., and Wood, W., 1991, Large-scale natural gradient tracer test in sand and gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: 1. Experimental design and observed tracer movement: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 5, p. 895-910, https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR00241.","productDescription":"16 p. ","startPage":"895","endPage":"910","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338087,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.58303833007812,\n 41.60774162535756\n ],\n [\n -70.46905517578125,\n 41.60774162535756\n ],\n [\n -70.46905517578125,\n 41.703165313736655\n ],\n [\n -70.58303833007812,\n 41.703165313736655\n ],\n [\n -70.58303833007812,\n 41.60774162535756\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d61e4b0236b68f98f7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LeBlanc, Denis R. 0000-0002-4646-2628 dleblanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4646-2628","contributorId":1696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"Denis","email":"dleblanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garabedian, Stephen P.","contributorId":91090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hess, Kathryn M.","contributorId":49012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gelhar, Lynn W.","contributorId":189690,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gelhar","given":"Lynn","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Quadri, Richard D.","contributorId":189692,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quadri","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stollenwerk, Kenneth G. kgstolle@usgs.gov","contributorId":578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stollenwerk","given":"Kenneth","email":"kgstolle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wood, Warren W.","contributorId":47770,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"Warren W.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70126935,"text":"70126935 - 1991 - Aquatic habitat measurement and valuation: imputing social benefits to instream flow levels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-25T10:17:54","indexId":"70126935","displayToPublicDate":"1991-04-01T10:16:38","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2258,"text":"Journal of Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aquatic habitat measurement and valuation: imputing social benefits to instream flow levels","docAbstract":"Instream flow conflicts have been analysed from the perspectives offered by policy oriented applied (physical) science, theories of conflict resolution and negotiation strategy, and psychological analyses of the behavior patterns of the bargaining parties. Economics also offers some useful insights in analysing conflict resolution within the context of these water allocation problems. We attempt to analyse the economics of the bargaining process in conjunction with a discussion of the water allocation process. In particular, we examine in detail the relation between certain habitat estimation techniques, and the socially optimal allocation of non-market resources. The results developed here describe the welfare implications implicit in the contemporary general equilibrium analysis of a competitive market economy. We also review certain currently available techniques for assigning dollar values to the social benefits of instream flow. The limitations of non-market valuation techniques with respect to estimating the benefits provided by instream flows and the aquatic habitat contingent on these flows should not deter resource managers from using economic analysis as a basic tool for settling instream flow conflicts.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","publisherLocation":"London","doi":"10.1016/S0301-4797(05)80057-X","usgsCitation":"Douglas, A.J., and Johnson, R.L., 1991, Aquatic habitat measurement and valuation: imputing social benefits to instream flow levels: Journal of Environmental Management, v. 32, no. 3, p. 267-280, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4797(05)80057-X.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"267","endPage":"280","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294478,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294477,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4797(05)80057-X"}],"volume":"32","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54252ea0e4b0e641df8a6e97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Douglas, Aaron J.","contributorId":46879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Richard L.","contributorId":32626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185493,"text":"70185493 - 1991 - Comment on the treatment of residual water content in “A consistent set of parametric models for the two-phase flow of immiscible fluids in the subsurface” by L. Luckner et al.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:52:58","indexId":"70185493","displayToPublicDate":"1991-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comment on the treatment of residual water content in “A consistent set of parametric models for the two-phase flow of immiscible fluids in the subsurface” by L. Luckner et al.","docAbstract":"Luckner et al. [1989] (hereinafter LVN) present a clear summary and generalization of popular formulations used for convenient representation of porous media fluid flow characteristics, including water content (θ) related to suction (h) and hydraulic conductivity (K) related to θ or h. One essential but problematic element in the LVN models is the concept of residual water content (θr; in LVN, θw,r). Most studies using θr determine its value as a fitted parameter and make the assumption that liquid flow processes are negligible at θ values less than θr. While the LVN paper contributes a valuable discussion of the nature of θr, it leaves several problems unresolved, including fundamental difficulties in associating a definite physical condition with θr, practical inadequacies of the models at low θ values, and difficulties in designating a main wetting curve.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91WR00165","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J.R., 1991, Comment on the treatment of residual water content in “A consistent set of parametric models for the two-phase flow of immiscible fluids in the subsurface” by L. Luckner et al.: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 4, p. 661-662, https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR00165.","productDescription":"2 p. 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1991 - Structure and depositional patterns and their influence on the hydraulic conductivity of fan-deltas in southern Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-02T11:42:37","indexId":"70171496","displayToPublicDate":"1991-03-08T11:45:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Structure and depositional patterns and their influence on the hydraulic conductivity of fan-deltas in southern Puerto Rico","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Regional Aquifer Systems of the United States, Aquifers of the Caribbean Islands, American Water Association Monograph Series No. 15","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"AWRA international symposium on Tropical hydrology","conferenceDate":"July 1990","conferenceLocation":"San Juan, Puerto Rico","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","issn":"0894-847X","usgsCitation":"Renken, R.A., Gomez-Gomez, F., Quinones-Aponte, V., and Dacosta, R., 1991, Structure and depositional patterns and their influence on the hydraulic conductivity of fan-deltas in southern Puerto Rico, in Regional Aquifer Systems of the United States, Aquifers of the Caribbean Islands, American Water Association Monograph Series No. 15, San Juan, Puerto Rico, July 1990, p. 25-36.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"36","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":322048,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57500776e4b0ee97d51bb749","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Gomez-Gomez, Fernando","contributorId":169637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gomez-Gomez","given":"Fernando","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631321,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quinones-Aponte, Vicente","contributorId":48552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones-Aponte","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631322,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, A.I.","contributorId":82676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631323,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Renken, Robert A. rarenken@usgs.gov","contributorId":269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renken","given":"Robert","email":"rarenken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":631317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gomez-Gomez, Fernando","contributorId":169637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gomez-Gomez","given":"Fernando","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Quinones-Aponte, Vicente","contributorId":48552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones-Aponte","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dacosta, Rafael","contributorId":93060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dacosta","given":"Rafael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70171507,"text":"70171507 - 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However, because of the path of Hurricane Hugo, only one of these six storms (the 1932 storm) caused more damage to the LEF than Hurricane Hugo. Hurricanes of Hugo's magnitude are estimated to pass over the LEF once every 50-60 yr, on average.
","publisher":"Association for Tropical Biology","publisherLocation":"Malden, MA","doi":"10.2307/2388247","issn":"00063606","usgsCitation":"Scatena, F., and Larsen, M.C., 1991, Physical aspects of Hurricane Hugo in Puerto Rico: Biotropica, v. 23, no. 4, p. 317-323, https://doi.org/10.2307/2388247.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"323","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479684,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1235109","text":"External Repository"},{"id":322066,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5750076fe4b0ee97d51bb6bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scatena, F.N.","contributorId":44766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scatena","given":"F.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larsen, Matthew C. mclarsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Matthew","email":"mclarsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":631525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70171301,"text":"70171301 - 1991 - Hydrochemistry of the south coastal plain aquifer system of Puerto Rico and its relation to surface water recharge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-02T09:32:31","indexId":"70171301","displayToPublicDate":"1991-03-06T06:30:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Hydrochemistry of the south coastal plain aquifer system of Puerto Rico and its relation to surface water recharge","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology","conferenceDate":"July 1990","conferenceLocation":"San Juan, Puerto Rico","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Gomez-Gomez, F., 1991, Hydrochemistry of the south coastal plain aquifer system of Puerto Rico and its relation to surface water recharge, in International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology, v. 15, San Juan, Puerto Rico, July 1990, p. 57-75.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"75","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321751,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57481e33e4b07e28b664dbc0","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Gomez-Gomez, Fernando","contributorId":169637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gomez-Gomez","given":"Fernando","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631647,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quinones-Aponte, Vicente","contributorId":48552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones-Aponte","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631648,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, A.I.","contributorId":82676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631649,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Gomez-Gomez, Fernando","contributorId":169637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gomez-Gomez","given":"Fernando","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70170504,"text":"70170504 - 1991 - Minnesota floods and drought","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T12:21:12","indexId":"70170504","displayToPublicDate":"1991-03-01T13:45:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Minnesota floods and drought","docAbstract":"No abstract available
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571b4b31e4b071321fe31cc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlson, G.H.","contributorId":26277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70125928,"text":"70125928 - 1991 - Atmospheric deposition and solute export in giant sequoia: Mixed conifer watersheds in the Sierra Nevada, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-25T16:10:17.603735","indexId":"70125928","displayToPublicDate":"1991-03-01T09:52:23","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Atmospheric deposition and solute export in giant sequoia: Mixed conifer watersheds in the Sierra Nevada, California","docAbstract":"Atmospheric depostion and stream discharge and solutes were measured for three years (September 1984 — August 1987) in two mixed conifer watersheds in Sequoia National Park, in the southern Sierra Nevada of California. The Log Creek watershed (50 ha, 2067–2397 m elev.) is drained by a perennial stream, while Tharp's Creek watershed (13 ha, 2067–2255 m elev.) contains an intermittent stream. Dominant trees in the area include Abies concolor (white fir), Sequoiadendron giganteum (giant sequoia), A. magnifica (red fir), and Pinus lambertiana (sugar pine). Bedrock is predominantly granite and granodiorite, and the soils are mostly Pachic Xerumbrepts. Over the three year period, sulfate (SO4 2−), nitrate (NO3 −), and chloride (Cl−1) were the major anions in bulk precipitation with volume-weighted average concentrations of 12.6, 12.3 and 10.0 μeq/1, respectively. Annual inputs of NO3-N, NH4-N and SO4-S from wet deposition were about 60 to 75% of those reported from bulk deposition collectors. Discharge from the two watersheds occurs primarily during spring snowmelt. Solute exports from Log and Tharp's Creeks were dominated by HCO3 −, Ca2+ and Na+, while H+, NO3 −, NH4 + and PO4 3− outputs were relatively small. Solute concentrations were weakly correlated with instantaneous stream flow for all solutes (r2 <0.2) except HCO3 − (Log Cr. r2 = 0.72; Tharp's Cr. r2 = 0.38), Na+ (Log Cr. r2 = 0.56; Tharp's Cr. r2 = 0.47), and silicate (Log Cr. r2 = 0.71; Tharp's Cr. r2 = 0.49). Mean annual atmospheric contributions of NO3-N (1.6 kg ha−1), NH4-N (1.7 kg ha−1), and SO4-S (1.8 kg ha−1), which are associated with acidic deposition, greatly exceed hydrologic losses. Annual watershed yields (expressed as eq ha−1) of HCO3 − exceeded by factors of 2.5 to 37 the annual atmospheric deposition of H+.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00002608","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T.J., Melack, J., Esperanza, A.M., and Parsons, D.J., 1991, Atmospheric deposition and solute export in giant sequoia: Mixed conifer watersheds in the Sierra Nevada, California: Biogeochemistry, v. 12, no. 3, p. 207-230, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00002608.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"207","endPage":"230","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294106,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.585302,37.721679 ], [ -119.585302,37.739329 ], [ -119.553287,37.739329 ], [ -119.553287,37.721679 ], [ -119.585302,37.721679 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541bf41ce4b0e96537ddf635","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, Thomas J. 0000-0001-9696-4450 stohlgrent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9696-4450","contributorId":2902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"Thomas","email":"stohlgrent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melack, John M.","contributorId":25481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melack","given":"John M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Esperanza, Anne M.","contributorId":56165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esperanza","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Parsons, David J.","contributorId":39249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70171494,"text":"70171494 - 1991 - Structure and depositional patterns and their influence on the hydraulic conductivity of fan-deltas in southern Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T15:40:28","indexId":"70171494","displayToPublicDate":"1991-03-01T07:45:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Structure and depositional patterns and their influence on the hydraulic conductivity of fan-deltas in southern Puerto Rico","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquifers of the Caribbean Islands, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology","conferenceDate":"July 23-27, 1990","conferenceLocation":"San Juan, Puerto Rico","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","issn":"0894-847X","usgsCitation":"Renken, R.A., Gomez-Gomez, F., Quinones-Aponte, V., and Dacosta, R., 1991, Structure and depositional patterns and their influence on the hydraulic conductivity of fan-deltas in southern Puerto Rico, in Aquifers of the Caribbean Islands, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology, San Juan, Puerto Rico, July 23-27, 1990, p. 25-36.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"36","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":322045,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57500776e4b0ee97d51bb746","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Gomez-Gomez, Fernando","contributorId":169637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gomez-Gomez","given":"Fernando","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631310,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quinones-Aponte, Vicente","contributorId":48552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones-Aponte","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631311,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, A.I.","contributorId":82676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631312,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Renken, Robert A. rarenken@usgs.gov","contributorId":269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renken","given":"Robert","email":"rarenken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":631306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gomez-Gomez, Fernando","contributorId":169637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gomez-Gomez","given":"Fernando","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Quinones-Aponte, Vicente","contributorId":48552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones-Aponte","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dacosta, Rafael","contributorId":93060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dacosta","given":"Rafael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}