Accurate hydrogen isotopic measurements of keratin materials have been a challenge due to exchangeable hydrogen in the sample matrix and the paucity of appropriate isotopic reference materials for calibration. We found that the most reproducible δ2HVSMOW‐SLAP and mole fraction of exchangeable hydrogen, x(H)ex, of keratin materials were measured with equilibration at ambient temperature using two desiccators and two different equilibration waters with two sets of the keratin materials for 6 days. Following equilibration, drying the keratin materials in a vacuum oven for 4 days at 60 °C was most critical. The δ2H analysis protocol also includes interspersing isotopic reference waters in silver tubes among samples in the carousel of a thermal conversion elemental analyzer (TC/EA) reduction unit. Using this analytical protocol, δ2HVSMOW‐SLAP values of the non‐exchangeable fractions of USGS42 and USGS43 human‐hair isotopic reference materials were determined to be –78.5 ± 2.3 ‰ and –50.3 ± 2.8 ‰, respectively. The measured x(H)ex values of keratin materials analyzed with steam equilibration and N2 drying were substantially higher than those previously published, and dry N2 purging was unable to remove absorbed moisture completely, even with overnight purging. The δ2H values of keratin materials measured with steam equilibration were about 10 ‰ lower than values determined with equilibration in desiccators at ambient temperatures when on‐line evacuation was used to dry samples. With steam equilibrations the x(H)ex of commercial keratin powder was as high as 28 %. Using human‐hair isotopic reference materials to calibrate other keratin materials, such as hoof or horn, can introduce bias in δ2H measurements because the amount of absorbed water and the x(H)ex values may differ from those of unknown samples. Correct δ2HVSMOW‐SLAP values of the non‐exchangeable fractions of unknown human‐hair samples can be determined with atmospheric moisture equilibration by normalizing with USGS42 and USGS43 human‐hair reference materials when all materials have the same powder size.
Digital hydrologic networks depicting surface-water pathways and their associated drainage catchments provide a key component to hydrologic analysis and modeling. Collectively, they form common spatial units that can be used to frame the descriptions of aquatic and watershed processes. In addition, they provide the ability to simulate and route the movement of water and associated constituents throughout the landscape. Digital hydrologic networks have evolved from derivatives of mapping products to detailed, interconnected, spatially referenced networks of water pathways, drainage areas, and stream and watershed characteristics. These properties are important because they enhance the ability to spatially evaluate factors that affect the sources and transport of water-quality constituents at various scales. SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW), a process-based ⁄ statistical model, relies on a digital hydrologic network in order to establish relations between quantities of monitored contaminant flux, contaminant sources, and the associated physical characteristics affecting contaminant transport. Digital hydrologic networks modified from the River Reach File (RF1) and National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) geospatial datasets provided frameworks for SPARROW in six regions of the conterminous United States. In addition, characteristics of the modified RF1 were used to update estimates of mean-annual streamflow. This produced more current flow estimates for use in SPARROW modeling.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Herndon, VA","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00578.x","usgsCitation":"Brakebill, J.W., Wolock, D.M., and Terziotti, S., 2011, Digital hydrologic networks supporting applications related to spatially referenced regression modeling: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 47, no. 5, p. 916-932, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00578.x.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"916","endPage":"932","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-017266","costCenters":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474930,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00578.x","text":"External Repository"},{"id":309374,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-08-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"560d07aee4b058f706e542fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brakebill, John W. 0000-0001-9235-6810 jwbrakeb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9235-6810","contributorId":1061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brakebill","given":"John","email":"jwbrakeb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolock, David M. 0000-0002-6209-938X dwolock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"David","email":"dwolock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Terziotti, Silvia 0000-0003-3559-5844 seterzio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3559-5844","contributorId":1613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terziotti","given":"Silvia","email":"seterzio@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70042849,"text":"70042849 - 2011 - IUPAC Periodic Table of the Isotopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-21T16:02:15","indexId":"70042849","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1222,"text":"Chemistry International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"IUPAC Periodic Table of the Isotopes","docAbstract":"For almost 150 years, the Periodic Table of the Elements has served as a guide to the world of elements by highlighting similarities and differences in atomic structure and chemical properties. To introduce students, teachers, and society to the existence and importance of isotopes of the chemical elements, an IUPAC Periodic Table of the Isotopes (IPTI) has been prepared and can be found as a supplement to this issue.","language":"English","publisher":"IUPAC","usgsCitation":"Holden, N., Coplen, T., Böhlke, J., Wieser, M., Singleton, G., Walczyk, T., Yoneda, S., Mahaffy, P., and Tarbox, L., 2011, IUPAC Periodic Table of the Isotopes: Chemistry International, v. 33, no. 4, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","ipdsId":"IP-030279","costCenters":[{"id":146,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Eastern Region","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271470,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"517a506ce4b072c16ef14b3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holden, N.E.","contributorId":9032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holden","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coplen, T.B.","contributorId":34147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wieser, M.E.","contributorId":42856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieser","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Singleton, G.","contributorId":80162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singleton","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Walczyk, T.","contributorId":80117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walczyk","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Yoneda, S.","contributorId":21047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoneda","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mahaffy, P.G.","contributorId":70270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahaffy","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Tarbox, L.V.","contributorId":53269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tarbox","given":"L.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70005155,"text":"ofr20111196 - 2011 - Proceedings of the Klamath Basin Science Conference, Medford, Oregon, February 1-5, 2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-15T15:38:55","indexId":"ofr20111196","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1196","title":"Proceedings of the Klamath Basin Science Conference, Medford, Oregon, February 1-5, 2010","docAbstract":"This report presents the proceedings of the Klamath Basin Science Conference (February 2010). A primary purpose of the meeting was to inform and update Klamath Basin stakeholders about areas of scientific progress and accomplishment during the last 5 years. Secondary conference objectives focused on the identification of outstanding information needs and science priorities as they relate to whole watershed management, restoration ecology, and possible reintroduction of Pacific salmon associated with the Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement (KBRA). Information presented in plenary, technical, breakout, and poster sessions has been assembled into chapters that reflect the organization, major themes, and content of the conference. Chapter 1 reviews the major environmental issues and resource management and other stakeholder needs of the basin. Importantly, this assessment of information needs included the possibility of large-scale restoration projects in the future and lessons learned from a case study in South Florida.\n\nOther chapters (2-6) summarize information about key components of the Klamath Basin, support conceptual modeling of the aquatic ecosystem (Chapter 7), and synthesize our impressions of the most pressing science priorities for management and restoration. A wealth of information was presented at the conference and this has been captured in chapters addressing environmental setting and human development of the basin, hydrology, watershed processes, fishery resources, and potential effects from climate change. The final chapter (8) culminates in a discussion of many specific research priorities that relate to and bookend the broader management needs and restoration goals identified in Chapter 1. In many instances, the conferees emphasized long-term and process-oriented approaches to watershed science in the basin as planning moves forward.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111196","usgsCitation":"2011, Proceedings of the Klamath Basin Science Conference, Medford, Oregon, February 1-5, 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1196, iv, 312 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111196.","productDescription":"iv, 312 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1196.jpg"},{"id":356539,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1196/pdf/ofr20111196.pdf","text":"Report","size":"18.82 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Klamath River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.81365966796874,\n 42.3037216984154\n ],\n [\n -122.12951660156249,\n 42.42548395494743\n ],\n [\n -122.53601074218751,\n 42.39912215986002\n ],\n [\n -122.85186767578125,\n 42.38898005764399\n ],\n [\n -123.04962158203124,\n 42.35042512243457\n ],\n [\n -123.277587890625,\n 42.291532494305976\n ],\n [\n -123.39294433593749,\n 42.17154633452751\n ],\n [\n -123.70605468750001,\n 42.004407212963585\n ],\n [\n -123.93676757812499,\n 41.87365126992505\n ],\n [\n -124.1180419921875,\n 41.644183479397455\n ],\n [\n -124.07684326171874,\n 41.50857729743935\n ],\n [\n -124.07409667968749,\n 41.376808565702355\n ],\n [\n -124.12353515624999,\n 41.20552261955812\n ],\n [\n -124.02191162109375,\n 41.11246878918088\n ],\n [\n -123.71429443359375,\n 41.106260503564485\n ],\n [\n -123.21990966796874,\n 41.18692242290296\n ],\n [\n -122.63214111328125,\n 41.29431726315258\n ],\n [\n -122.1075439453125,\n 41.55381099217959\n ],\n [\n -121.89056396484375,\n 42.014611228817955\n ],\n [\n -121.75323486328124,\n 42.18579390537848\n ],\n [\n -121.77520751953125,\n 42.256983603767466\n ],\n [\n -121.81365966796874,\n 42.3037216984154\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db660475","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Thorsteinson, Lyman K. lthorsteinson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorsteinson","given":"Lyman","email":"lthorsteinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":113,"text":"Alaska Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":742751,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vanderkooi, Scott P. svanderkooi@usgs.gov","contributorId":3319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vanderkooi","given":"Scott","email":"svanderkooi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":742752,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duffy, Walter G. wgd7001@usgs.gov","contributorId":2491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffy","given":"Walter","email":"wgd7001@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742753,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70004940,"text":"70004940 - 2011 - Hydrologic and geomorphic considerations in restoration of river-floodplain connectivity in a highly altered river system, Lower Missouri River, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-07T15:50:29","indexId":"70004940","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3751,"text":"Wetlands Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic and geomorphic considerations in restoration of river-floodplain connectivity in a highly altered river system, Lower Missouri River, USA","docAbstract":"Planning for restoration of river-floodplain systems requires understanding how often and how much of a floodplain may be inundated, and how likely the floodplain is to retain the water once flooded. These factors depend fundamentally on hydrology and geomorphology of the channel and floodplain. We discuss application of an index of river-floodplain connectivity, the Land Capability Potential Index (LCPI), to regional-scale restoration planning along 600 km of the Lower Missouri River. The LCPI integrates modeled water-surface elevations, floodplain topography, and soils to index relative wetness of floodplain patches. Geomorphic adjustment of the Lower Missouri River to impoundment and channel engineering has altered the natural relations among hydrology, geomorphology, and floodplain soils, and has resulted in a regional upstream to downstream gradient in connectivity potential. As a result, flow-regime management is limited in its capacity to restore floodplain ecosystems. The LCPI provides a tool for identifying and mapping floodplain restoration potential, accounting for the geomorphic adjustment. Using simple criteria, we illustrate the utility of LCPI-like approaches in regional planning for restoration of plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides) communities, hydrologically connected floodplain wetlands, and seasonal floodplain wetlands.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11273-011-9217-3","usgsCitation":"Jacobson, R.B., Janke, T.P., and Skold, J.J., 2011, Hydrologic and geomorphic considerations in restoration of river-floodplain connectivity in a highly altered river system, Lower Missouri River, USA: Wetlands Ecology and Management, v. 19, no. 4, p. 295-316, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-011-9217-3.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"295","endPage":"316","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lower Missouri River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.57812499999999,\n 46.92025531537451\n ],\n [\n -106.69921875,\n 44.465151013519616\n ],\n [\n -97.734375,\n 43.77109381775651\n ],\n [\n -97.734375,\n 41.50857729743935\n ],\n [\n -93.69140625,\n 37.92686760148135\n ],\n [\n -90.439453125,\n 37.50972584293751\n ],\n [\n -89.736328125,\n 36.66841891894786\n ],\n [\n -88.9453125,\n 39.095962936305476\n ],\n [\n -93.515625,\n 44.276671273775186\n ],\n [\n -98.701171875,\n 46.01222384063236\n ],\n [\n -107.57812499999999,\n 46.92025531537451\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-05-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae6e4b07f02db68b3c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jacobson, Robert B. 0000-0002-8368-2064 rjacobson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":1289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Robert","email":"rjacobson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Janke, Tyler P.","contributorId":49095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janke","given":"Tyler","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Skold, Jason J.","contributorId":102996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skold","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70005117,"text":"sir20115093 - 2011 - Simulation of streamflow, evapotranspiration, and groundwater recharge in the Lower Frio River watershed, south Texas, 1961-2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-11T15:27:35","indexId":"sir20115093","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5093","title":"Simulation of streamflow, evapotranspiration, and groundwater recharge in the Lower Frio River watershed, south Texas, 1961-2008","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth District; the City of Corpus Christi; the Guadalupe-Blanco River Authority; the San Antonio River Authority; and the San Antonio Water System, configured, calibrated, and tested a watershed model for a study area consisting of about 5,490 mi2 of the Frio River watershed in south Texas. The purpose of the model is to contribute to the understanding of watershed processes and hydrologic conditions in the lower Frio River watershed. The model simulates streamflow, evapotranspiration (ET), and groundwater recharge by using a numerical representation of physical characteristics of the landscape, and meteorological and streamflow data. Additional time-series inputs to the model include wastewater-treatment-plant discharges, surface-water withdrawals, and estimated groundwater inflow from Leona Springs. Model simulations of streamflow, ET, and groundwater recharge were done for various periods of record depending upon available measured data for input and comparison, starting as early as 1961. Because of the large size of the study area, the lower Frio River watershed was divided into 12 subwatersheds; separate Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN models were developed for each subwatershed. Simulation of the overall study area involved running simulations in downstream order. Output from the model was summarized by subwatershed, point locations, reservoir reaches, and the Carrizo-Wilcox aquifer outcrop. Four long-term U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations and two short-term streamflow-gaging stations were used for streamflow model calibration and testing with data from 1991-2008. Calibration was based on data from 2000-08, and testing was based on data from 1991-99. Choke Canyon Reservoir stage data from 1992-2008 and monthly evaporation estimates from 1999-2008 also were used for model calibration. Additionally, 2006-08 ET data from a U.S. Geological Survey meteorological station in Medina County were used for calibration. Streamflow and ET calibration were considered good or very good. For the 2000-08 calibration period, total simulated flow volume and the flow volume of the highest 10 percent of simulated daily flows were calibrated to within about 10 percent of measured volumes at six U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations. The flow volume of the lowest 50 percent of daily flows was not simulated as accurately but represented a small percent of the total flow volume. The model-fit efficiency for the weekly mean streamflow during the calibration periods ranged from 0.60 to 0.91, and the root mean square error ranged from 16 to 271 percent of the mean flow rate. The simulated total flow volumes during the testing periods at the long-term gaging stations exceeded the measured total flow volumes by approximately 22 to 50 percent at three stations and were within 7 percent of the measured total flow volumes at one station. For the longer 1961-2008 simulation period at the long-term stations, simulated total flow volumes were within about 3 to 18 percent of measured total flow volumes. The calibrations made by using Choke Canyon reservoir volume for 1992-2008, reservoir evaporation for 1999-2008, and ET in Medina County for 2006-08, are considered very good. Model limitations include possible errors related to model conceptualization and parameter variability, lack of data to better quantify certain model inputs, and measurement errors. Uncertainty regarding the degree to which available rainfall data represent actual rainfall is potentially the most serious source of measurement error. A sensitivity analysis was performed for the Upper San Miguel subwatershed model to show the effect of changes to model parameters on the estimated mean recharge, ET, and surface runoff from that part of the Carrizo-Wilcox aquifer outcrop. Simulated recharge was most sensitive to the changes in the lower-zone ET (LZ
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115093","collaboration":"In cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth District; City of Corpus Christi; Guadalupe-Blanco River Authority; San Antonio River Authority; and San Antonio Water System","usgsCitation":"Lizarraga, J.S., and Ockerman, D.J., 2011, Simulation of streamflow, evapotranspiration, and groundwater recharge in the Lower Frio River watershed, south Texas, 1961-2008: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5093, vi, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115093.","productDescription":"vi, 42 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116191,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5093.gif"},{"id":24555,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5093/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.23999023437499,\n 27.9361805667694\n ],\n [\n -97.27294921875,\n 28.700224692776988\n ],\n [\n -97.470703125,\n 29.783449456820605\n ],\n [\n -97.646484375,\n 30.420256142845158\n ],\n [\n -98.316650390625,\n 30.685163937659564\n ],\n [\n -99.052734375,\n 31.034108344903512\n ],\n [\n -100.26123046875,\n 31.39115752282472\n ],\n [\n -100.8544921875,\n 31.25037814985571\n ],\n [\n -101.348876953125,\n 30.817346256492073\n ],\n [\n -101.40380859375,\n 29.754839972510933\n ],\n [\n -100.8544921875,\n 29.23847708592805\n ],\n [\n -99.1845703125,\n 28.304380682962783\n ],\n [\n -97.61352539062499,\n 27.907058371121995\n ],\n [\n -97.23999023437499,\n 27.9361805667694\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f20b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lizarraga, Joy S.","contributorId":43735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lizarraga","given":"Joy","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ockerman, Darwin J. 0000-0003-1958-1688 ockerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1958-1688","contributorId":1579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ockerman","given":"Darwin","email":"ockerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":352008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70005091,"text":"70005091 - 2011 - A whole ecosystem approach to studying climate change in interior Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T13:57:00","indexId":"70005091","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A whole ecosystem approach to studying climate change in interior Alaska","docAbstract":"Yukon River Basin Principal Investigators Workshop; Portland, Oregon, 18-20 January 2011; High latitudes are known to be particularly susceptible to climate warming, leading to an emphasis of field and modeling research on arctic regions. Subarctic and boreal regions such as the Yukon River Basin (YRB) of interior Alaska and western Canada are less well studied, although they encompass large areas that are vulnerable to changes in forest composition, permafrost distribution, and hydrology. There is an urgent need to understand the resiliency and vulnerability of these complex ecosystems as well as their feedbacks to the global climate system. Consequently, U.S. Geological Survey scientists, with other federal agency, university, and private industry partners, is focusing subarctic interdisciplinary studies on the Beaver Creek Wild and Scenic River watershed (http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/content/ak/en/prog/nlcs/beavercrk_nwsr.html) and Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge (http://yukonflats.fws.gov/) in the YRB, south and west of Fort Yukon, Alaska. These areas are national treasures of wetlands, lakes, and uplands that support large populations of wildlife and waterfowl and are home to vibrant native Alaskan communities that depend on the area for a subsistence lifestyle.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2011EO180010","usgsCitation":"Riggins, S., Striegl, R.G., and McHale, M., 2011, A whole ecosystem approach to studying climate change in interior Alaska: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 92, no. 18, p. 155-155, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011EO180010.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"155","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":490000,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011eo180010","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":203249,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"92","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-05-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4d1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riggins, Susan","contributorId":78200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riggins","given":"Susan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":351990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McHale, Michael","contributorId":32406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McHale","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70005062,"text":"sir20115104 - 2011 - A method for estimating peak and time of peak streamflow from excess rainfall for 10- to 640-acre watersheds in the Houston, Texas, metropolitan area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-11T15:28:39","indexId":"sir20115104","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5104","title":"A method for estimating peak and time of peak streamflow from excess rainfall for 10- to 640-acre watersheds in the Houston, Texas, metropolitan area","docAbstract":"Estimates of peak and time of peak streamflow for small watersheds (less than about 640 acres) in a suburban to urban, low-slope setting are needed for drainage design that is cost-effective and risk-mitigated. During 2007-10, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Harris County Flood Control District and the Texas Department of Transportation, developed a method to estimate peak and time of peak streamflow from excess rainfall for 10- to 640-acre watersheds in the Houston, Texas, metropolitan area. To develop the method, 24 watersheds in the study area with drainage areas less than about 3.5 square miles (2,240 acres) and with concomitant rainfall and runoff data were selected. The method is based on conjunctive analysis of rainfall and runoff data in the context of the unit hydrograph method and the rational method. For the unit hydrograph analysis, a gamma distribution model of unit hydrograph shape (a gamma unit hydrograph) was chosen and parameters estimated through matching of modeled peak and time of peak streamflow to observed values on a storm-by-storm basis. Watershed mean or watershed-specific values of peak and time to peak (\"time to peak\" is a parameter of the gamma unit hydrograph and is distinct from \"time of peak\") of the gamma unit hydrograph were computed. Two regression equations to estimate peak and time to peak of the gamma unit hydrograph that are based on watershed characteristics of drainage area and basin-development factor (BDF) were developed. For the rational method analysis, a lag time (time-R), volumetric runoff coefficient, and runoff coefficient were computed on a storm-by-storm basis. Watershed-specific values of these three metrics were computed. A regression equation to estimate time-R based on drainage area and BDF was developed. Overall arithmetic means of volumetric runoff coefficient (0.41 dimensionless) and runoff coefficient (0.25 dimensionless) for the 24 watersheds were used to express the rational method in terms of excess rainfall (the excess rational method). Both the unit hydrograph method and excess rational method are shown to provide similar estimates of peak and time of peak streamflow. The results from the two methods can be combined by using arithmetic means. A nomograph is provided that shows the respective relations between the arithmetic-mean peak and time of peak streamflow to drainage areas ranging from 10 to 640 acres. The nomograph also shows the respective relations for selected BDF ranging from undeveloped to fully developed conditions. The nomograph represents the peak streamflow for 1 inch of excess rainfall based on drainage area and BDF; the peak streamflow for design storms from the nomograph can be multiplied by the excess rainfall to estimate peak streamflow. Time of peak streamflow is readily obtained from the nomograph. Therefore, given excess rainfall values derived from watershed-loss models, which are beyond the scope of this report, the nomograph represents a method for estimating peak and time of peak streamflow for applicable watersheds in the Houston metropolitan area. Lastly, analysis of the relative influence of BDF on peak streamflow is provided, and the results indicate a 0:04log10 cubic feet per second change of peak streamflow per positive unit of change in BDF. This relative change can be used to adjust peak streamflow from the method or other hydrologic methods for a given BDF to other BDF values; example computations are provided.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115104","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Harris County Flood Control District and the Texas Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Asquith, W.H., Cleveland, T., and Roussel, M.C., 2011, A method for estimating peak and time of peak streamflow from excess rainfall for 10- to 640-acre watersheds in the Houston, Texas, metropolitan area: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5104, vi, 31 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115104.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p.; Appendices","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116586,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5104.gif"},{"id":24530,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5104/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Houston","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.75,29.5 ], [ -95.75,30.25 ], [ -95,30.25 ], [ -95,29.5 ], [ -95.75,29.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae101","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Asquith, William H. 0000-0002-7400-1861 wasquith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-1861","contributorId":1007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asquith","given":"William","email":"wasquith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cleveland, Theodore G.","contributorId":88029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleveland","given":"Theodore G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roussel, Meghan C. mroussel@usgs.gov","contributorId":1578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roussel","given":"Meghan","email":"mroussel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":351914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70005056,"text":"sir20115102 - 2011 - Distribution, persistence, and hydrologic characteristics of salmon spawning habitats in clearwater side channels of the Matanuska River, southcentral Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-06T10:51:18","indexId":"sir20115102","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5102","title":"Distribution, persistence, and hydrologic characteristics of salmon spawning habitats in clearwater side channels of the Matanuska River, southcentral Alaska","docAbstract":"Turbid, glacially influenced rivers are often considered to be poor salmon spawning and rearing habitats and, consequently, little is known about salmon habitats that do occur within rivers of this type. To better understand salmon spawning habitats in the Matanuska River of southcentral Alaska, the distribution and characteristics of clearwater side-channel spawning habitats were determined and compared to spawning habitats in tributaries. More than 100 kilometers of clearwater side channels within the braided mainstem of the Matanuska River were mapped for 2006 from aerial images and ground-based surveys. In reaches selected for historical analysis, side channel locations shifted appreciably between 1949 and 2006, but the relative abundance of clearwater side channels was fairly stable during the same period. Geospatial analysis of side channel distribution shows side channels typically positioned along abandoned bars at the braid plain margin rather than on bars between mainstem channels, and shows a strong correlation of channel abundance with braid plain width. Physical and geomorphic characteristics of the channel and chemical character of the water measured at 19 side channel sites, 6 tributary sites, 4 spring sites, and 5 mainstem channel sites showed conditions suitable for salmon spawning in side channels and tributaries, and a correlation of side channel characteristics with the respective tributary or groundwater source water. Autumn-through-spring monitoring of intergravel water temperatures adjacent to salmon redds (nests) in three side channels and two tributaries indicate adequate accumulated thermal units for incubation and emergence of salmon in side channels and relatively low accumulated thermal units in tributaries.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115102","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Chickaloon Village Traditional Council","usgsCitation":"Curran, J.H., McTeague, M.L., Burril, S., and Zimmerman, C.E., 2011, Distribution, persistence, and hydrologic characteristics of salmon spawning habitats in clearwater side channels of the Matanuska River, southcentral Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5102, vi, 36 p.; Appendices; Download Packet: GIS Data 1, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115102.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p.; Appendices; Download Packet: GIS Data 1","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5102.jpg"},{"id":24526,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5102/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Matanuska River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -151,61 ], [ -151,62.5 ], [ -146.75,62.5 ], [ -146.75,61 ], [ -151,61 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63d94c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curran, Janet H. 0000-0002-3899-6275 jcurran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3899-6275","contributorId":690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curran","given":"Janet","email":"jcurran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McTeague, Monica L.","contributorId":82045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McTeague","given":"Monica","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burril, Sean E.","contributorId":56183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burril","given":"Sean E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zimmerman, Christian E. 0000-0002-3646-0688 czimmerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3646-0688","contributorId":410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Christian","email":"czimmerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70003312,"text":"70003312 - 2011 - Accuracy of flowmeters measuring horizontal groundwater flow in an unconsolidated aquifer simulator.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T11:13:29","indexId":"70003312","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1864,"text":"Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accuracy of flowmeters measuring horizontal groundwater flow in an unconsolidated aquifer simulator.","docAbstract":"Borehole flowmeters that measure horizontal flow velocity and direction of groundwater flow are being increasingly applied to a wide variety of environmental problems. This study was carried out to evaluate the measurement accuracy of several types of flowmeters in an unconsolidated aquifer simulator. Flowmeter response to hydraulic gradient, aquifer properties, and well-screen construction was measured during 2003 and 2005 at the U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi. The flowmeters tested included a commercially available heat-pulse flowmeter, an acoustic Doppler flowmeter, a scanning colloidal borescope flowmeter, and a fluid-conductivity logging system. Results of the study indicated that at least one flowmeter was capable of measuring borehole flow velocity and direction in most simulated conditions. The mean error in direction measurements ranged from 15.1 degrees to 23.5 degrees and the directional accuracy of all tested flowmeters improved with increasing hydraulic gradient. The range of Darcy velocities examined in this study ranged 4.3 to 155 ft/d. For many plots comparing the simulated and measured Darcy velocity, the squared correlation coefficient (r2) exceeded 0.92. The accuracy of velocity measurements varied with well construction and velocity magnitude. The use of horizontal flowmeters in environmental studies appears promising but applications may require more than one type of flowmeter to span the range of conditions encountered in the field. Interpreting flowmeter data from field settings may be complicated by geologic heterogeneity, preferential flow, vertical flow, constricted screen openings, and nonoptimal screen orientation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.2010.01324.x","usgsCitation":"Bayless, E., Mandell, W.A., and Ursic, J.R., 2011, Accuracy of flowmeters measuring horizontal groundwater flow in an unconsolidated aquifer simulator.: Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, v. 31, no. 2, p. 48-62, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2010.01324.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"48","endPage":"62","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203999,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268116,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2010.01324.x"}],"volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-02-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a33c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bayless, E.R.","contributorId":67639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayless","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mandell, Wayne A.","contributorId":70443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mandell","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ursic, James R.","contributorId":14863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ursic","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70004547,"text":"70004547 - 2011 - How restructuring river connectivity changes freshwater fish biodiversity and biogeography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-21T19:32:27.547243","indexId":"70004547","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"How restructuring river connectivity changes freshwater fish biodiversity and biogeography","docAbstract":"Interbasin water transfer projects, in which river connectivity is restructured via man-made canals, are an increasingly popular solution to address the spatial mismatch between supply and demand of fresh water. However, the ecological consequences of such restructuring remain largely unexplored, and there are no general theoretical guidelines from which to derive these expectations. River systems provide excellent opportunities to explore how network connectivity shapes habitat occupancy, community dynamics, and biogeographic patterns. We apply a neutral model (which assumes competitive equivalence among species within a stochastic framework) to an empirically derived river network to explore how proposed changes in network connectivity may impact patterns of freshwater fish biodiversity. Without predicting the responses of individual extant species, we find the addition of canals connecting hydrologically isolated river basins facilitates the spread of common species and increases average local species richness without changing the total species richness of the system. These impacts are sensitive to the parameters controlling the spatial scale of fish dispersal, with increased dispersal affording more opportunities for biotic restructuring at the community and landscape scales. Connections between isolated basins have a much larger effect on local species richness than those connecting reaches within a river basin, even when those within-basin reaches are far apart. As a result, interbasin canal projects have the potential for long-term impacts to continental-scale riverine communities.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2010WR010330","usgsCitation":"Lynch, H.L., Campbell Grant, E.H., Muneepeerakul, R., Arunachalam, M., Rodriguez-Iturbe, I., and Fagan, W., 2011, How restructuring river connectivity changes freshwater fish biodiversity and biogeography: Water Resources Research, v. 47, W05531, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR010330.","productDescription":"W05531, 10 p.","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204106,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-05-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bd75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lynch, Heather L.","contributorId":29274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lynch","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell Grant, Evan H. 0000-0003-4401-6496 ehgrant@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4401-6496","contributorId":150443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell Grant","given":"Evan","email":"ehgrant@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":350682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Muneepeerakul, Rachata","contributorId":66130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muneepeerakul","given":"Rachata","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Arunachalam, Muthukumarasamy","contributorId":44046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arunachalam","given":"Muthukumarasamy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rodriguez-Iturbe, Ignacio","contributorId":24234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez-Iturbe","given":"Ignacio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fagan, William F.","contributorId":108239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagan","given":"William F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70005037,"text":"sir20105214 - 2011 - Application of the Local Grid Refinement package to an inset model simulating the interaction of lakes, wells, and shallow groundwater, northwestern Waukesha County, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T19:49:37.26436","indexId":"sir20105214","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5214","title":"Application of the Local Grid Refinement package to an inset model simulating the interaction of lakes, wells, and shallow groundwater, northwestern Waukesha County, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Groundwater use from shallow, high-capacity wells is expected to increase across southeastern Wisconsin in the next decade (2010-2020), owing to residential and business growth and the need for shallow water to be blended with deeper water of lesser quality, containing, for example, excessive levels of radium. However, this increased pumping has the potential to affect surface-water features. A previously developed regional groundwater-flow model for southeastern Wisconsin was used as the starting point for a new model to characterize the hydrology of part of northwestern Waukesha County, with a particular focus on the relation between the shallow aquifer and several area lakes. An inset MODFLOW model was embedded in an updated version of the original regional model. Modifications made within the inset model domain include finer grid resolution; representation of Beaver, Pine, and North Lakes by use of the LAK3 package in MODFLOW; and representation of selected stream reaches with the SFR package. Additionally, the inset model is actively linked to the regional model by use of the recently released Local Grid Refinement package for MODFLOW-2005, which allows changes at the regional scale to propagate to the local scale and vice versa. \r\n\r\n The calibrated inset model was used to simulate the hydrologic system in the Chenequa area under various weather and pumping conditions. The simulated model results for base conditions show that groundwater is the largest inflow component for Beaver Lake (equal to 59 percent of total inflow). For Pine and North Lakes, it is still an important component (equal, respectively, to 16 and 5 percent of total inflow), but for both lakes it is less than the contribution from precipitation and surface water. Severe drought conditions (simulated in a rough way by reducing both precipitation and recharge rates for 5 years to two-thirds of base values) cause correspondingly severe reductions in lake stage and flows. The addition of a test well south of Chenequa at a pumping rate of 47 gal/min from a horizon approximately 200 feet below land surface has little effect on lake stages or flows even after 5 years of pumping. In these scenarios, the stage and the surface-water outflow from Pine Lake are simulated to decrease by only 0.03 feet and 3 percent, respectively, relative to base conditions. Likely explanations for these limited effects are the modest pumping rate simulated, the depth of the test well, and the large transmissivity of the unconsolidated aquifer, which allows the well to draw water from upstream along the bedrock valley and to capture inflow from the Bark River. However, if the pumping rate of the test well is assumed to increase to 200 gal/min, the decrease in simulated Pine Lake outflow is appreciably larger, dropping by 14 percent relative to base-flow conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105214","usgsCitation":"Feinstein, D.T., Dunning, C.P., Juckem, P., and Hunt, R.J., 2011, Application of the Local Grid Refinement package to an inset model simulating the interaction of lakes, wells, and shallow groundwater, northwestern Waukesha County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5214, vi, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105214.","productDescription":"vi, 30 p.","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423581,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_95399.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":24519,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5214/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":116182,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5214.gif"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Waukesha County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.4278,\n 43.1728\n ],\n [\n -88.4278,\n 43.0833\n ],\n [\n -88.3231,\n 43.0833\n ],\n [\n -88.3231,\n 43.1728\n ],\n [\n -88.4278,\n 43.1728\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a8c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feinstein, D. T.","contributorId":47328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feinstein","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunning, C. P.","contributorId":35792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunning","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Juckem, P. F.","contributorId":24819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juckem","given":"P. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hunt, R. J.","contributorId":40164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70005011,"text":"sir20115124 - 2011 - Hydrogeologic framework and hydrologic budget components of the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:41","indexId":"sir20115124","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5124","title":"Hydrogeologic framework and hydrologic budget components of the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho","docAbstract":"The Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System (CPRAS) covers an area of about 44,000 square miles in a structural and topographic basin within the drainage of the Columbia River in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. The primary aquifers are basalts of the Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) and overlying sediment. Eighty percent of the groundwater use in the study area is for irrigation, in support of a $6 billion per year agricultural economy. Water-resources issues in the Columbia Plateau include competing agricultural, domestic, and environmental demands. Groundwater levels were measured in 470 wells in 1984 and 2009; water levels declined in 83 percent of the wells, and declines greater than 25 feet were measured in 29 percent of the wells. Conceptually, the system is a series of productive basalt aquifers consisting of permeable interflow zones separated by less permeable flow interiors; in places, sedimentary aquifers overly the basalts. The aquifer system of the CPRAS includes seven hydrogeologic units-the overburden aquifer, three aquifer units in the permeable basalt rock, two confining units, and a basement confining unit. The overburden aquifer includes alluvial and colluvial valley-fill deposits; the three basalt units are the Saddle Mountains, Wanapum, and Grande Ronde Basalts and their intercalated sediments. The confining units are equivalent to the Saddle Mountains-Wanapum and Wanapum-Grande Ronde interbeds, referred to in this study as the Mabton and Vantage Interbeds, respectively. The basement confining unit, referred to as Older Bedrock, consists of pre-CRBG rocks that generally have much lower permeabilities than the basalts and are considered the base of the regional flow system. Based on specific-capacity data, median horizontal hydraulic conductivity (Kh) values for the overburden, basalt units, and bedrock are 161, 70, and 6 feet per day, respectively. Analysis of oxygen isotopes in water and carbon isotopes in dissolved inorganic carbon from groundwater samples indicates that groundwater in the CPRAS ranges in age from modern (<50 years) to Pleistocene (>10,000 years). The oldest groundwater resides in deep, downgradient locations indicating that groundwater movement and replenishment in parts of this regional aquifer system have operated on long timescales under past natural conditions, which is consistent with the length and depth of long flow paths in the system. The mean annual recharge from infiltration of precipitation for the 23-year period 1985-2007 was estimated to be 4.6 inches per year (14,980 cubic feet per second) using a polynomial regression equation based on annual precipitation and the results of recharge modeling done in the 1980s. A regional-scale hydrologic budget was developed using a monthly SOil WATer (SOWAT) Balance model to estimate irrigation-water demand, groundwater flux (recharge or discharge), direct runoff, and soil moisture within irrigated areas. Mean monthly irrigation throughout the study area peaks in July at 1.6 million acre-feet (MAF), of which 0.45 and 1.15 MAF are from groundwater and surface-water sources, respectively. Annual irrigation water use in the study area averaged 5.3 MAF during the period 1985-2007, with 1.4 MAF (or 26 percent) supplied from groundwater and 3.9 MAF supplied from surface water. Mean annual recharge from irrigation return flow in the study area was 4.2 MAF (1985-2007) with 2.1 MAF (50 percent) occurring within the predominately surface-water irrigated regions of the study area. Annual groundwater-use estimates were made for public supply, self-supplied domestic, industrial, and other uses for the period 1984 through 2009. Public supply groundwater use within the study area increased from 200,600 acre-feet per year (acre-ft/yr) in 1984 to 269,100 acre-ft/yr in 2009. Domestic self-supplied groundwater use increased from 54,580 acre-ft/yr in 1984 to 71,160 acre-ft/yr in 2009. Industrial groundwater use decreased from 53,390 acre-ft/yr in 1984 t","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115124","collaboration":"Groundwater Resources Program","usgsCitation":"Kahle, S.C., Morgan, D.S., Welch, W., Ely, D., Hinkle, S., Vaccaro, J.J., and Orzol, L., 2011, Hydrogeologic framework and hydrologic budget components of the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5124, x, 63 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115124.","productDescription":"x, 63 p.; Appendix","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116145,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5124.jpg"},{"id":24486,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5124/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"Washington;Oregon;Idaho","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627d96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kahle, S. C.","contributorId":46992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kahle","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morgan, D. S.","contributorId":19184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Welch, W.B.","contributorId":53895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"W.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ely, D.M.","contributorId":33356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hinkle, S.R.","contributorId":74778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkle","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Vaccaro, J. J.","contributorId":48173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaccaro","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Orzol, L.L.","contributorId":63419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orzol","given":"L.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70148186,"text":"70148186 - 2011 - Implications of discontinuous elevation gradients on fragmentation and restoration in patterned wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-08T15:20:06","indexId":"70148186","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-01T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1475,"text":"Ecosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implications of discontinuous elevation gradients on fragmentation and restoration in patterned wetlands","docAbstract":"Large wetlands around the world face the possibility of degradation, not only from complete conversion, but also from subtle changes in their structure and function. While fragmentation and isolation of wetlands within heterogeneous landscapes has received much attention, the disruption of spatial patterns/processes within large wetland systems and the resulting fragmentation of community components are less well documented. A greater understanding of pattern/process relationships and landscape gradients, and what occurs when they are altered, could help avoid undesirable consequences of restoration actions. The objective of this study is to determine the amount of fragmentation of sawgrass ridges due to artificial impoundment of water and how that may be differentially affected by spatial position relative to north and south levees. We also introduce groundbreaking evidence of landscape-level discontinuous elevation gradients within WCA3AS by comparing generalized linear and generalized additive models. These relatively abrupt breaks in elevation may have non-linear effects on hydrology and vegetation communities and would be crucial in restoration considerations. Modeling suggests there are abrupt breaks in elevation as a function of northing (Y-coordinate). Fragmentation indices indicate that fragmentation is a function of elevation and easting (X-coordinate), and that fragmentation has increased from 1988-2002. When landscapes change and the changes are compounded by non-linear landscape variables that are described herein, the maintenance processes change with them, creating a degraded feedback loop that alters the system's response to structuring variables and diminishes our ability to predict the effects of restoration projects or climate change. Only when these landscape variables and linkages are clearly defined can we predict the response to potential perturbations and apply the knowledge to other landscape-level wetland systems in need of future restoration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1890/ES11-00119.1","usgsCitation":"Zweig, C.L., Reichert, B.E., and Kitchens, W.M., 2011, Implications of discontinuous elevation gradients on fragmentation and restoration in patterned wetlands: Ecosphere, v. 2, no. 8, p. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1890/ES11-00119.1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"14","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-025577","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/es11-00119.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":300774,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades, Water Conservation Area 3A","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.88272094726561,\n 25.764030136696327\n ],\n [\n -80.88272094726561,\n 26.33280692289788\n ],\n [\n -80.37872314453125,\n 26.33280692289788\n ],\n [\n -80.37872314453125,\n 25.764030136696327\n ],\n [\n -80.88272094726561,\n 25.764030136696327\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55659948e4b0d9246a9eb629","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zweig, Christa L.","contributorId":99767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zweig","given":"Christa","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reichert, Brian E. 0000-0002-9640-0695","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9640-0695","contributorId":22166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichert","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":547591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kitchens, Wiley M. kitchensw@usgs.gov","contributorId":2851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchens","given":"Wiley","email":"kitchensw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":547545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70156286,"text":"70156286 - 2011 - Adapting to climate change at Olympic National Forest and Olympic National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-09T18:03:12.90308","indexId":"70156286","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesNumber":"PNW-GTR-844","subseriesTitle":"General Technical Report","title":"Adapting to climate change at Olympic National Forest and Olympic National Park","docAbstract":"Climate change presents a major challenge to natural resource managers both because of the magnitude of potential effects of climate change on ecosystem structure, processes, and function, and because of the uncertainty associated with those potential ecological effects. Concrete ways to adapt to climate change are needed to help natural resource managers take the first steps to incorporate climate change into management and take advantage of opportunities to counteract the negative effects of climate change. We began a climate change adaptation case study at Olympic National Forest (ONF) in partnership with Olympic National Park (ONP) to determine how to adapt management of federal lands on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, to climate change. The case study began in the summer of 2008 and continued for 1½ years. The case study process involved science-based sensitivity assessments, review of management activities and constraints, and adaptation workshops in each of four focus areas (hydrology and roads, fish, vegetation, and wildlife). The process produced adaptation options for ONF and ONP, and illustrated the utility of place-based vulnerability assessment and science-management workshops in adapting to climate change. The case study process provides an example for other national forests, national parks, and natural resource agencies of how federal land management units can collaborate in the initial stages of climate change adaptation. Many of the ideas generated through this process can potentially be applied in other locations and in other agencies
","language":"English","publisher":"United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Halofsky, J.E., Peterson, D.L., O’Halloran, K.A., and Hoffman, C.H., 2011, Adapting to climate change at Olympic National Forest and Olympic National Park, 144 p.","productDescription":"144 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306895,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Olympic National Forest, Olympic National Park, Olympic Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.31491754591573,\n 47.26791322056184\n ],\n [\n -123.23838873730449,\n 47.27739943816175\n ],\n [\n -123.13484943313799,\n 47.43771858316421\n ],\n [\n -123.0313101289712,\n 47.54266334542052\n ],\n [\n -122.9129794956379,\n 47.65238059911056\n ],\n [\n -122.858744622026,\n 47.758117893225545\n ],\n [\n -122.91051427410939,\n 47.88722474887487\n ],\n [\n -122.87600117272046,\n 47.9318407811237\n ],\n [\n -122.87600117272046,\n 47.99951751096458\n ],\n [\n -122.90065338799818,\n 48.044036693051595\n ],\n [\n -122.99679702758169,\n 48.01930856071385\n ],\n [\n -123.1003363317482,\n 48.05392462359001\n ],\n [\n -123.25811050952603,\n 48.04733288083645\n ],\n [\n -123.35178892758132,\n 48.0736947895152\n ],\n [\n -123.53914576369247,\n 48.114858248394484\n ],\n [\n -123.78566791647029,\n 48.144475535302405\n ],\n [\n -124.05437706299787,\n 48.174075742409514\n ],\n [\n -124.20475557619216,\n 48.19872953600432\n ],\n [\n -124.26638611438676,\n 48.262773904548396\n ],\n [\n -124.3822515261921,\n 48.292305812161175\n ],\n [\n -124.62877367896994,\n 48.3857109156755\n ],\n [\n -124.73231298313641,\n 48.38898518013039\n ],\n [\n -124.66575200188652,\n 48.32673813011158\n ],\n [\n -124.66328678035886,\n 48.256208940079205\n ],\n [\n -124.68793899563659,\n 48.18722590811788\n ],\n [\n -124.55481703313646,\n 48.13954050696756\n ],\n [\n -124.50058215952541,\n 48.044036693051595\n ],\n [\n -124.46360383660884,\n 48.00776470468483\n ],\n [\n -124.43659334105416,\n 47.92111125745578\n ],\n [\n -124.34044970147093,\n 47.873178865328555\n ],\n [\n -124.18021030216545,\n 47.82354693225233\n ],\n [\n -124.08653188410986,\n 47.8103037282998\n ],\n [\n -124.21718862508203,\n 47.792232498321255\n ],\n [\n -124.35031058758184,\n 47.724284438321746\n ],\n [\n -124.37496280285987,\n 47.62468827869833\n ],\n [\n -124.22458428966529,\n 47.579807982659304\n ],\n [\n -124.05201878272094,\n 47.593109862203335\n ],\n [\n -124.06434489035979,\n 47.544874464893155\n ],\n [\n -124.1161145424432,\n 47.53322478219994\n ],\n [\n -124.07913621952659,\n 47.483268250303325\n ],\n [\n -124.00517957369314,\n 47.47160488426658\n ],\n [\n -123.82275318063759,\n 47.48160221366405\n ],\n [\n -123.87698805424891,\n 47.4399341253681\n ],\n [\n -123.90903593410991,\n 47.369857385763794\n ],\n [\n -123.90903593410991,\n 47.30971740376302\n ],\n [\n -123.84494017438766,\n 47.25118229550992\n ],\n [\n -123.72167909799875,\n 47.18253022362529\n ],\n [\n -123.55157881258235,\n 47.22440181817137\n ],\n [\n -123.52199615424902,\n 47.29132763378229\n ],\n [\n -123.31491754591573,\n 47.26791322056184\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe7f1ae4b0824b2d14764a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Halofsky, Jessica E.","contributorId":146628,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Halofsky","given":"Jessica","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13553,"text":"University of Washington-Seattle","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, David L.","contributorId":94643,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":12647,"text":"U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Halloran, Kathy A.","contributorId":146629,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Halloran","given":"Kathy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hoffman, Catherine H.","contributorId":146630,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoffman","given":"Catherine","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70004949,"text":"ofr20111115 - 2011 - Detailed sections from auger holes in the Elizabethtown 1:100,000-scale quadrangle, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-04T18:34:24.99015","indexId":"ofr20111115","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1115","title":"Detailed sections from auger holes in the Elizabethtown 1:100,000-scale quadrangle, North Carolina","docAbstract":"The Elizabethtown 1:100,000 quadrangle is in the west-central part of the Coastal Plain of southeastern North Carolina. The Coastal Plain, in this region, consists mostly of unlithified sediments that range in age from Late Cretaceous to Holocene. These sediments lie with profound unconformity on complexly deformed metamorphic and igneous rocks similar to rocks found immediately to the west in the Piedmont province. Coastal Plain sediments generally dip gently to the southeast or south and reach a maximum thickness of about 850 feet (ft) in the extreme southeast part of the map area. The gentle southerly and southeasterly dip is disrupted in several areas by faulting. The U.S. Geological Survey recovered one core and augered 196 research test holes in the Elizabethtown 1:100,000 quadrangle to supplement sparse outcrop data in the map area. The recovered sediments were studied and data from these sediments recorded to determine the lithologic characteristics, spatial distribution, and temporal framework of the represented Coastal Plain stratigraphic units. These test holes were critical for accurately determining the distribution of major geologic units and the position of unit boundaries. The detailed descriptions of the subsurface data can be used by geologists, hydrologists, engineers, and community planners to provide a detailed shallow-subsurface stratigraphic framework for the Elizabethtown map region.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111115","usgsCitation":"Weems, R.E., Lewis, W., Murray, J.H., Queen, D., Grey, J.B., and DeJong, B.D., 2011, Detailed sections from auger holes in the Elizabethtown 1:100,000-scale quadrangle, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1115, v, 286 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111115.","productDescription":"v, 286 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"286","numberOfPages":"291","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116168,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1115.gif"},{"id":24464,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1115/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":391389,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_95360.htm"}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Elizabethtown quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79,34.5 ], [ -79,35 ], [ -78,35 ], [ -78,34.5 ], [ -79,34.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667be6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weems, Robert E. 0000-0002-1907-7804 rweems@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1907-7804","contributorId":2663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weems","given":"Robert","email":"rweems@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lewis, William C.","contributorId":50878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"William C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murray, Joseph H.","contributorId":42698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Queen, David B.","contributorId":73733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Queen","given":"David B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Grey, Jeffrey B. jbgrey@usgs.gov","contributorId":3195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grey","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jbgrey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":351716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"DeJong, Benjamin D. bdejong@usgs.gov","contributorId":2506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeJong","given":"Benjamin","email":"bdejong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":351714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70003690,"text":"70003690 - 2011 - Application of MODFLOW for oil reservoir simulation during the Deepwater Horizon Crisis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-21T16:33:47","indexId":"70003690","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of MODFLOW for oil reservoir simulation during the Deepwater Horizon Crisis","docAbstract":"When the Macondo well was shut in on July 15, 2010, the shut-in pressure recovered to a level that indicated the possibility of oil leakage out of the well casing into the surrounding formation. Such a leak could initiate a hydraulic fracture that might eventually breach the seafloor, resulting in renewed and uncontrolled oil flow into the Gulf of Mexico. To help evaluate whether or not to reopen the well, a MODFLOW model was constructed within 24 h after shut in to analyze the shut-in pressure. The model showed that the shut-in pressure can be explained by a reasonable scenario in which the well did not leak after shut in. The rapid response provided a scientific analysis for the decision to keep the well shut, thus ending the oil spill resulting from the Deepwater Horizon blow out.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00813.x","usgsCitation":"Hsieh, P.A., 2011, Application of MODFLOW for oil reservoir simulation during the Deepwater Horizon Crisis: Ground Water, v. 49, no. 3, p. 319-323, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00813.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"323","costCenters":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204148,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.1298828125,\n 26.194876675795218\n ],\n [\n -81.0791015625,\n 25.284437746983055\n ],\n [\n -80.947265625,\n 26.07652055985697\n ],\n [\n -83.3203125,\n 29.726222319395504\n ],\n [\n -86.396484375,\n 31.541089879585808\n ],\n [\n -91.97753906249999,\n 31.015278981711266\n ],\n [\n -96.85546875,\n 29.878755346037977\n ],\n [\n -98.1298828125,\n 26.194876675795218\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"49","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-03-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67ab98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hsieh, Paul A. 0000-0003-4873-4874 pahsieh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-4874","contributorId":1634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"Paul","email":"pahsieh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":39113,"text":"WMA - Office of Quality Assurance","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":348352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70003568,"text":"70003568 - 2011 - Grazing impact of the invasive clam Corbula amurensis on the microplankton assemblage of the northern San Francisco Estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-28T15:28:50","indexId":"70003568","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Grazing impact of the invasive clam Corbula amurensis on the microplankton assemblage of the northern San Francisco Estuary","docAbstract":"Grazing by the overbite clam Corbula amurensis (formerly known as Potamocorbula) may be the cause of substantial declines in phytoplankton biomass and zooplankton in the San Francisco Estuary (SFE) following its introduction in 1986. While grazing rates have been examined on bacteria, phytoplankton, and copepod nauplii, the consumption of protistan microzooplankton by C. amurensis has not previously been measured. In this study, laboratory feeding experiments revealed that C. amurensis cleared 0.5 l ind-1 h-1 of microzooplankton (ciliates) and 0.2 l ind-1 h-1 of chlorophyll (chl) a. Despite the higher clearance rate on microzooplankton, clams obtained more of their carbon from phytoplankton, which dominated the prey assemblage on most dates. When the measured clearance rates are extrapolated to field populations of clams, fractional loss rates (50 to 90% d-1) exceed the population growth capacity of microzooplankton. Although microzooplankton may not be a major component of the diet of these clams, C. amurensis may further alter food web dynamics through consumption of this important trophic intermediary, thus disrupting this link from bacteria and phytoplankton to higher trophic levels.","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps09099","usgsCitation":"Greene, V.E., Sullivan, L.J., Thompson, J.K., and Kimmerer, W.J., 2011, Grazing impact of the invasive clam Corbula amurensis on the microplankton assemblage of the northern San Francisco Estuary: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 431, p. 183-193, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09099.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"193","costCenters":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204129,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Estuary","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123,37 ], [ -123,39 ], [ -121,39 ], [ -121,37 ], [ -123,37 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"431","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671ed0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greene, Valerie E.","contributorId":104600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"Valerie","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sullivan, Lindsay J.","contributorId":91227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Lindsay","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, Janet K. 0000-0002-1528-8452 jthompso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1528-8452","contributorId":1009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Janet","email":"jthompso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kimmerer, Wim J.","contributorId":59169,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimmerer","given":"Wim","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6690,"text":"San Francisco State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":347776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70004961,"text":"sir20115066 - 2011 - Precipitation and runoff simulations of select perennial and ephemeral watersheds in the middle Carson River basin, Eagle, Dayton, and Churchill Valleys, west-central Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-16T20:06:14.507389","indexId":"sir20115066","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5066","title":"Precipitation and runoff simulations of select perennial and ephemeral watersheds in the middle Carson River basin, Eagle, Dayton, and Churchill Valleys, west-central Nevada","docAbstract":"The effect that land use may have on streamflow in the Carson River, and ultimately its impact on downstream users can be evaluated by simulating precipitation-runoff processes and estimating groundwater inflow in the middle Carson River in west-central Nevada. To address these concerns, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, began a study in 2008 to evaluate groundwater flow in the Carson River basin extending from Eagle Valley to Churchill Valley, called the middle Carson River basin in this report. This report documents the development and calibration of 12 watershed models and presents model results and the estimated mean annual water budgets for the modeled watersheds. This part of the larger middle Carson River study will provide estimates of runoff tributary to the Carson River and the potential for groundwater inflow (defined here as that component of recharge derived from percolation of excess water from the soil zone to the groundwater reservoir). \n\nThe model used for the study was the U.S. Geological Survey's Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System, a physically based, distributed-parameter model designed to simulate precipitation and snowmelt runoff as well as snowpack accumulation and snowmelt processes. Models were developed for 2 perennial watersheds in Eagle Valley having gaged daily mean runoff, Ash Canyon Creek and Clear Creek, and for 10 ephemeral watersheds in the Dayton Valley and Churchill Valley hydrologic areas. Model calibration was constrained by daily mean runoff for the 2 perennial watersheds and for the 10 ephemeral watersheds by limited indirect runoff estimates and by mean annual runoff estimates derived from empirical methods. The models were further constrained by limited climate data adjusted for altitude differences using annual precipitation volumes estimated in a previous study. The calibration periods were water years 1980-2007 for Ash Canyon Creek, and water years 1991-2007 for Clear Creek. To allow for water budget comparisons to the ephemeral models, the two perennial models were then run from 1980 to 2007, the time period constrained somewhat by the later record for the high-altitude climate station used in the simulation. The daily mean values of precipitation, runoff, evapotranspiration, and groundwater inflow simulated from the watershed models were summed to provide mean annual rates and volumes derived from each year of the simulation. \n\nMean annual bias for the calibration period for Ash Canyon Creek and Clear Creek watersheds was within 6 and 3 percent, and relative errors were about 18 and -2 percent, respectively. For the 1980-2007 period of record, mean recharge efficiency and runoff efficiency (percentage of precipitation as groundwater inflow and runoff) averaged 7 and 39 percent, respectively, for Ash Canyon Creek, and 8 and 31 percent, respectively, for Clear Creek. For this same period, groundwater inflow volumes averaged about 500 acre-feet for Ash Canyon and 1,200 acre-feet for Clear Creek. The simulation period for the ephemeral watersheds ranged from water years 1978 to 2007. Mean annual simulated precipitation ranged from 6 to 11 inches. Estimates of recharge efficiency for the ephemeral watersheds ranged from 3 percent for Eureka Canyon to 7 percent for Eldorado Canyon. Runoff efficiency ranged from 7 percent for Eureka Canyon and 15 percent at Brunswick Canyon. For the 1978-2007 period, mean annual groundwater inflow volumes ranged from about 40 acre-feet for Eureka Canyon to just under 5,000 acre-feet for Churchill Canyon watershed. Watershed model results indicate significant interannual variability in the volumes of groundwater inflow caused by climate variations. For most of the modeled watersheds, little to no groundwater inflow was simulated for years with less than 8 inches of precipitation, unless those years were preceded by abnormally high precipitation years with significant subsurface storage carryover.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115066","usgsCitation":"Jeton, A.E., and Maurer, D.K., 2011, Precipitation and runoff simulations of select perennial and ephemeral watersheds in the middle Carson River basin, Eagle, Dayton, and Churchill Valleys, west-central Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5066, vii, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115066.","productDescription":"vii, 44 p.","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116192,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5066.jpg"},{"id":406881,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_95335.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":24444,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5066/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"datum":"North American Vertical Datum of 1988, North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"middle Carson River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.7469,\n 39.0142\n ],\n [\n -119.2,\n 39.0142\n ],\n [\n -119.2,\n 39.4714\n ],\n [\n -119.7469,\n 39.4714\n ],\n [\n -119.7469,\n 39.0142\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a25f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jeton, Anne E.","contributorId":45351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jeton","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maurer, Douglas K. dkmaurer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurer","given":"Douglas","email":"dkmaurer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":351733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70004944,"text":"sir20115095 - 2011 - Development of a precipitation-runoff model to simulate unregulated streamflow in the South Fork Flathead River Basin, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:41","indexId":"sir20115095","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5095","title":"Development of a precipitation-runoff model to simulate unregulated streamflow in the South Fork Flathead River Basin, Montana","docAbstract":"This report documents the development of a precipitation-runoff model for the South Fork Flathead River Basin, Mont. The Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System model, developed in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, can be used to simulate daily mean unregulated streamflow upstream and downstream from Hungry Horse Reservoir for water-resources planning. Two input files are required to run the model. The time-series data file contains daily precipitation data and daily minimum and maximum air-temperature data from climate stations in and near the South Fork Flathead River Basin. The parameter file contains values of parameters that describe the basin topography, the flow network, the distribution of the precipitation and temperature data, and the hydrologic characteristics of the basin soils and vegetation.\r\n\r\nA primary-parameter file was created for simulating streamflow during the study period (water years 1967-2005). The model was calibrated for water years 1991-2005 using the primary-parameter file. This calibration was further refined using snow-covered area data for water years 2001-05. The model then was tested for water years 1967-90. Calibration targets included mean monthly and daily mean unregulated streamflow upstream from Hungry Horse Reservoir, mean monthly unregulated streamflow downstream from Hungry Horse Reservoir, basin mean monthly solar radiation and potential evapotranspiration, and daily snapshots of basin snow-covered area. \r\n\r\nSimulated streamflow generally was in better agreement with observed streamflow at the upstream gage than at the downstream gage. Upstream from the reservoir, simulated mean annual streamflow was within 0.0 percent of observed mean annual streamflow for the calibration period and was about 2 percent higher than observed mean annual streamflow for the test period. Simulated mean April-July streamflow upstream from the reservoir was about 1 percent lower than observed streamflow for the calibration period and about 4 percent higher than observed for the test period. Downstream from the reservoir, simulated mean annual streamflow was 17 percent lower than observed streamflow for the calibration period and 12 percent lower than observed streamflow for the test period. Simulated mean April-July streamflow downstream from the reservoir was 13 percent lower than observed streamflow for the calibration period and 6 percent lower than observed streamflow for the test period. \r\n\r\nCalibrating to solar radiation, potential evapotranspiration, and snow-covered area improved the model representation of evapotranspiration, snow accumulation, and snowmelt processes. Simulated basin mean monthly solar radiation values for both the calibration and test periods were within 9 percent of observed values except during the month of December (28 percent different). Simulated basin potential evapotranspiration values for both the calibration and test periods were within 10 percent of observed values except during the months of January (100 percent different) and February (13 percent different). The larger percent errors in simulated potential evaporation occurred in the winter months when observed potential evapotranspiration values were very small; in January the observed value was 0.000 inches and in February the observed value was 0.009 inches. Simulated start of melting of the snowpack occurred at about the same time as observed start of melting. The simulated snowpack accumulated to 90-100 percent snow-covered area 1 to 3 months earlier than observed snowpack. This overestimated snowpack during the winter corresponded to underestimated streamflow during the same period. \r\n\r\nIn addition to the primary-parameter file, four other parameter files were created: for a \"recent\" period (1991-2005), a historical period (1967-90), a \"wet\" period (1989-97), and a \"dry\" period (1998-2005). For each data file of projected precipitation and air temperature, a single parameter file can be used to simulate a s","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115095","usgsCitation":"Chase, K., 2011, Development of a precipitation-runoff model to simulate unregulated streamflow in the South Fork Flathead River Basin, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5095, viii, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115095.","productDescription":"viii, 38 p.","costCenters":[{"id":400,"text":"Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116156,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5095.gif"},{"id":24435,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5095/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"Montana;Idaho","otherGeospatial":"South Fork Flathead River Basin;Hungry Horse Reservoir;Clark Fort Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116,45 ], [ -116,49 ], [ -111,49 ], [ -111,45 ], [ -116,45 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e459","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chase, K.J.","contributorId":43093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chase","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70003769,"text":"70003769 - 2011 - Direction of unsaturated flow in a homogeneous and isotropic hillslope","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-21T19:37:13.375745","indexId":"70003769","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Direction of unsaturated flow in a homogeneous and isotropic hillslope","docAbstract":"The distribution of soil moisture in a homogeneous and isotropic hillslope is a transient, variably saturated physical process controlled by rainfall characteristics, hillslope geometry, and the hydrological properties of the hillslope materials. The major driving mechanisms for moisture movement are gravity and gradients in matric potential. The latter is solely controlled by gradients of moisture content. In a homogeneous and isotropic saturated hillslope, absent a gradient in moisture content and under the driving force of gravity with a constant pressure boundary at the slope surface, flow is always in the lateral downslope direction, under either transient or steady state conditions. However, under variably saturated conditions, both gravity and moisture content gradients drive fluid motion, leading to complex flow patterns. In general, the flow field near the ground surface is variably saturated and transient, and the direction of flow could be laterally downslope, laterally upslope, or vertically downward. Previous work has suggested that prevailing rainfall conditions are sufficient to completely control these flow regimes. This work, however, shows that under time-varying rainfall conditions, vertical, downslope, and upslope lateral flow can concurrently occur at different depths and locations within the hillslope. More importantly, we show that the state of wetting or drying in a hillslope defines the temporal and spatial regimes of flow and when and where laterally downslope and/or laterally upslope flow occurs.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.1029/2010WR010003","usgsCitation":"Lu, N., Kaya, B.S., and Godt, J.W., 2011, Direction of unsaturated flow in a homogeneous and isotropic hillslope: Water Resources Research, v. 47, W02519, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR010003.","productDescription":"W02519, 15 p.","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-02-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9844","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, Ning","contributorId":191360,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lu","given":"Ning","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12620,"text":"U.S. Army Corp. of Engineers","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":348784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaya, Basak Sener","contributorId":19277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaya","given":"Basak","email":"","middleInitial":"Sener","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Godt, Jonathan W. 0000-0002-8737-2493 jgodt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8737-2493","contributorId":1166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godt","given":"Jonathan","email":"jgodt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":348782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70004928,"text":"ofr20111166 - 2011 - Environmental flow allocation and statistics calculator","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:41","indexId":"ofr20111166","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1166","title":"Environmental flow allocation and statistics calculator","docAbstract":"The Environmental Flow Allocation and Statistics Calculator (EFASC) is a computer program that calculates hydrologic statistics based on a time series of daily streamflow values. EFASC will calculate statistics for daily streamflow in an input file or will generate synthetic daily flow series from an input file based on rules for allocating and protecting streamflow and then calculate statistics for the synthetic time series. The program reads dates and daily streamflow values from input files. The program writes statistics out to a series of worksheets and text files. Multiple sites can be processed in series as one run. EFASC is written in MicrosoftRegistered Visual BasicCopyright for Applications and implemented as a macro in MicrosoftOffice Excel 2007Registered. EFASC is intended as a research tool for users familiar with computer programming. The code for EFASC is provided so that it can be modified for specific applications. All users should review how output statistics are calculated and recognize that the algorithms may not comply with conventions used to calculate streamflow statistics published by the U.S. Geological Survey.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111166","usgsCitation":"Konrad, C.P., 2011, Environmental flow allocation and statistics calculator: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1166, iii, 20 p.; Appendix; XLSM Download of Environmental Flow Allocation and Statistics Calculator; XLSM Download of Verification File; TXT Download of Verification File, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111166.","productDescription":"iii, 20 p.; Appendix; XLSM Download of Environmental Flow Allocation and Statistics Calculator; XLSM Download of Verification File; TXT Download of Verification File","startPage":"i","endPage":"46","numberOfPages":"49","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1166.bmp"},{"id":24419,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1166/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db602364","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konrad, Christopher P. 0000-0002-7354-547X cpkonrad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7354-547X","contributorId":1716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konrad","given":"Christopher","email":"cpkonrad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70004931,"text":"sir20095219 - 2011 - Application of a watershed model (HSPF) for evaluating sources and transport of pathogen indicators in the Chino Basin drainage area, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:41","indexId":"sir20095219","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5219","title":"Application of a watershed model (HSPF) for evaluating sources and transport of pathogen indicators in the Chino Basin drainage area, San Bernardino County, California","docAbstract":"A watershed model using Hydrologic Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) was developed for the urbanized Chino Basin in southern California to simulate the transport of pathogen indicator bacteria, evaluate the flow-component and land-use contributions to bacteria contamination and water-quality degradation throughout the basin, and develop a better understanding of the potential effects of climate and land-use change on water quality. The calibration of the model for indicator bacteria was supported by historical data collected before this study and by samples collected by the U.S. Geological Survey from targeted land-use areas during storms in water-year 2004. The model was successfully calibrated for streamflow at 5 gage locations representing the Chino Creek and Mill Creek drainages. Although representing pathogens as dissolved constituents limits the model's ability to simulate the transport of pathogen indicator bacteria, the bacteria concentrations measured over the period 1998-2004 were well represented by the simulated concentrations for most locations. Hourly concentrations were more difficult to predict because of high variability in measured bacteria concentrations. In general, model simulations indicated that the residential and commercial land uses were the dominant sources for most of the pathogen indicator bacteria during low streamflows. However, simulations indicated that land used for intensive livestock (dairies and feedlots) and mixed agriculture contributed the most bacteria during storms. \r\n\r\nThe calibrated model was used to evaluate how various land use, air temperature, and precipitation scenarios would affect flow and transport of bacteria. Results indicated that snow pack formation and melt were sensitive to changes in air temperature in the northern, mountainous part of the Chino Basin, causing the timing and magnitude of streamflow to shift in the natural drainages and impact the urbanized areas of the central Chino Basin. The relation between bacteria concentrations and air temperature was more complicated, and did not substantially affect the quality of water discharging from the Chino Basin into the Santa Ana River. Changes in precipitation had a greater basin-wide affect on bacteria concentrations than changes in air temperature, and varied according to location. Drainages representing natural conditions had a decrease in bacteria concentrations in correlation with an increase in precipitation, whereas drainages in the central and southern part of the Chino Basin had an increase in bacteria concentrations. Drier climate conditions tended to result in higher sensitivity of simulated bacteria concentrations to changes in precipitation. Simulated bacteria concentrations in wetter climates were usually less sensitive to changes in precipitation because bacteria transport becomes more dependent on the land-use specified bacteria loading rates and the storage limits. Bacteria contamination from impervious-area runoff is affected to a greater degree by drier climates, whereas contamination from pervious-area runoff is affected to a greater degree by wetter climates. Model results indicated that the relation between precipitation, runoff, and bacteria contamination is complicated because after the initial bacteria washoff and transport from the land surfaces during the beginning of a storm period, subsequent runoff has fewer bacteria available for washoff, which then dilutes the concentrations of bacteria in the downstream reach. It was illustrated that pathogen indicator bacteria transport depends most significantly on the relation of imperviousness to runoff, which controls the frequency, and often the magnitude, of transport, and on the contribution of higher bacteria loading rates used for pervious land areas, especially intensive feedlots, to the infrequent, but very high, peaks of bacteria contamination.\r\n\r\nThe indicator bacteria transport model for the Chino Basin was based on the assumption that no","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20095219","usgsCitation":"Hevesi, J.A., Flint, L.E., Church, C.D., and Mendez, G.O., 2011, Application of a watershed model (HSPF) for evaluating sources and transport of pathogen indicators in the Chino Basin drainage area, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5219, xiv, 142 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095219.","productDescription":"xiv, 142 p.; Appendices","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116159,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5219.jpg"},{"id":24423,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5219/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino County;Orange County;Los Angeles County;Riverside County","otherGeospatial":"Chino Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119,33 ], [ -119,35 ], [ -116.5,35 ], [ -116.5,33 ], [ -119,33 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67aa97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hevesi, Joseph A. 0000-0003-2898-1800 jhevesi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2898-1800","contributorId":1507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hevesi","given":"Joseph","email":"jhevesi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Lorraine E. 0000-0002-7868-441X lflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":1184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Lorraine","email":"lflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Church, Clinton D.","contributorId":8189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"Clinton","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mendez, Gregory O. 0000-0002-9955-3726 gomendez@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9955-3726","contributorId":1489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendez","given":"Gregory","email":"gomendez@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":351672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}