{"pageNumber":"179","pageRowStart":"4450","pageSize":"25","recordCount":6233,"records":[{"id":33076,"text":"wri944075 - 1994 - An updated numerical simulation of the ground-water flow system for the Castle Lake debris dam, Mount St. Helens, Washington, and implications for dam stability against heave","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-24T06:35:55","indexId":"wri944075","displayToPublicDate":"2002-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4075","title":"An updated numerical simulation of the ground-water flow system for the Castle Lake debris dam, Mount St. Helens, Washington, and implications for dam stability against heave","docAbstract":"A numerical simulation of the ground-water flow system in the Castle Lake debris dam, calibrated to data from the 1991 and 1992 water years, was used to estimate factors of safety against heave and internal erosion. The Castle Lake debris dam, 5 miles northwest of the summit of Mount St. Helens, impounds 19,000 acre-ft of water that could pose a flood hazard in the event of a lake breakout. A new topographic map of the Castle Lake area prior to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens was prepared and used to calculate the thickness of the debris avalanche deposits that compose the dam. Water levels in 22 piezometers and discharges from seeps on the dam face measured several times per year beginning in 1990 supplemented measurements in 11 piezometers and less frequent seep discharge measurements made since 1983. Observations in one group of piezometers reveal heads above the land surface and head gradients favoring upward flow that correspond to factors of safety only slightly greater than 2. The steady-state ground-water flow system in the debris dam was simulated using a threedimensional finite difference computer program. A uniform, isotropic model having the same shape as the dam and a hydraulic conductivity of 1.55 ft/day simulates the correct water level at half the observation points, but is in error by 10 ft or more at other points. Spatial variations of hydraulic conductivity were required to calibrate the model. The model analysis suggests that ground water flows in both directions between the debris dam and Castle Lake. Factors of safety against heave and internal erosion were calculated where the model simulated upward flow of ground water. A critical gradient analysis yields factors of safety as low as 2 near the piezometers where water level observations indicate low factors of safety. Low safety factors are also computed near Castle Creek where slumping was caused by a storm in January, 1990. If hydraulic property contrasts are present in areas of the debris dam unsampled by piezometers, then low safety factors may exist that are not evident in the numerical model analysis. Numerical model simulations showed that lowering Castle Lake by 40 feet increases many factors of safety by 0.1, but increases greater than 1 are limited to the area of 1990 slumping.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944075","usgsCitation":"Roeloffs, E.A., 1994, An updated numerical simulation of the ground-water flow system for the Castle Lake debris dam, Mount St. Helens, Washington, and implications for dam stability against heave: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4075, vii, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944075.","productDescription":"vii, 80 p.","numberOfPages":"92","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":363746,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":372516,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4075/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":372517,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4075/pdf/wri944075.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Castle Lake, Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.30804443359375,\n 46.1322667089571\n ],\n [\n -122.06359863281249,\n 46.1322667089571\n ],\n [\n -122.06359863281249,\n 46.382938567526786\n ],\n [\n -122.30804443359375,\n 46.382938567526786\n ],\n [\n -122.30804443359375,\n 46.1322667089571\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db68412a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roeloffs, Evelyn A. 0000-0002-4761-0469 evelynr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-0469","contributorId":2680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roeloffs","given":"Evelyn","email":"evelynr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":511137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":20428,"text":"ofr94540 - 1994 - Quality of surface and ground water in the White Creek and Mossy Creek watersheds, White County, Georgia, 1992-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-26T21:30:02.794402","indexId":"ofr94540","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-540","title":"Quality of surface and ground water in the White Creek and Mossy Creek watersheds, White County, Georgia, 1992-93","docAbstract":"Surface- and ground-water quality data were collected and evaluated from streams and wells in the White Creek and Mossy Creek watersheds in White County, Georgia, during three sampling periods in 1992 and 1993, to identify stream reaches and wells affected by nonpoint-source contaminants. Livestock operations in these watersheds account for approximately 9.8 million tons of manure per year, which is spread over about 5,000 acres of pasture and cropland in the watersheds. White Creek and Mossy Creek are tributaries of the Chattahoochee River which flows into Lake Sidney Lanier. Lake Sidney Lanier and the Chattahoochee River downstream from the lake are the primary sources of drinking water for the Atlanta Metropolitan area and numerous smaller communities downstream of Atlanta.\r\n\r\nWater samples were collected from 31 stream sites during baseflow and stormwater-runoff conditions and from 8 shallow wells completed in the regolith and 16 deeper wells completed in the crystalline bedrock. All water samples were analyzed for the nutrients ammonia, nitrite plus nitrate, and orthophosphate. None of the surface-water samples from either sampling period had concentrations of these constituents that exceed the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division (EPD), drinking-water standards. Generally, in both watersheds, the streamwater temperature was cool, specific conductance low, dissolved oxygen high, and pH near neutral. Ground-water samples collected from 8 shallow regolith wells and the 16 deep bedrock wells had nutrient concentrations below EPD drinking-water standards, except for two of the deep bedrock wells with nitrite plus nitrate concentrations slightly above the 10 mg/L drinking-water standard of EPD.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94540","usgsCitation":"Peck, M., and Garrett, J.W., 1994, Quality of surface and ground water in the White Creek and Mossy Creek watersheds, White County, Georgia, 1992-93: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-540, vi, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94540.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":152689,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1111,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/ofr94-540/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":407370,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12555.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"White County","otherGeospatial":"Mossy Creek, White Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.792,\n 34.5\n ],\n [\n -83.792,\n 34.625\n ],\n [\n -83.625,\n 34.625\n ],\n [\n -83.625,\n 34.5\n ],\n [\n -83.792,\n 34.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a71e4b07f02db6422d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peck, Michael F. mfpeck@usgs.gov","contributorId":1467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"Michael F.","email":"mfpeck@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garrett, Jerry W. 0000-0003-1772-2459 jwgarret@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1772-2459","contributorId":58627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrett","given":"Jerry","email":"jwgarret@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29548,"text":"wri944130 - 1994 - Selected nutrients in stormwater runoff from Davenport, Iowa, 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-14T12:03:59","indexId":"wri944130","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4130","title":"Selected nutrients in stormwater runoff from Davenport, Iowa, 1992","docAbstract":"

Flow-weighted composite samples of stormwater runoff from areas of different land use in Davenport, Iowa, were collected in the summer and fall of 1992 and analyzed for selected nutrients. Annual constituent loads were estimated for the area drained by the Davenport storm-sewer network. In all cases, the regression-equation estimate of mean annual load is less than the estimate obtained by using the method of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The largest mean annual loads for total nitrite nitrogen, total nitrate nitrogen, total nitrite and nitrate nitrogen, total organic nitrogen, total ammonia and organic nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus are associated with residential land, which covers 67.2 percent of the area drained.

\n

Using concentration data from this study, it is estimated that an average storm-producing runoff during the 7-day, 10-year low-flow discharge of the Mississippi River would contribute about 4 percent of the total ammonia and organic nitrogen load in the river. Precipitation-chemistry data indicate that substantial parts of the nitrate nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen contained in the stormwater runoff could be from precipitation.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/wri944130","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Davenport, Iowa","usgsCitation":"Schaap, B., and Lucey, K., 1994, Selected nutrients in stormwater runoff from Davenport, Iowa, 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4130, iv, 29 p.: ill., maps; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944130.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p.: ill., maps; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159941,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4130/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58377,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4130/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","city":"Davenport","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.48820495605467,\n 41.51834634058004\n ],\n [\n -90.516357421875,\n 41.5198886863019\n ],\n [\n -90.538330078125,\n 41.52554363946853\n ],\n [\n -90.56442260742188,\n 41.519374575145406\n ],\n [\n -90.57952880859375,\n 41.51371908287346\n ],\n [\n -90.59532165527344,\n 41.5070346821719\n ],\n [\n -90.60218811035156,\n 41.494692436865364\n ],\n [\n -90.62278747558594,\n 41.482862244540875\n ],\n [\n -90.6427001953125,\n 41.47154438707647\n ],\n [\n -90.65437316894531,\n 41.46125371076149\n ],\n [\n -90.66810607910156,\n 41.46125371076149\n ],\n [\n -90.67222595214844,\n 41.61236215526601\n ],\n [\n -90.49095153808594,\n 41.61236215526601\n ],\n [\n -90.48820495605467,\n 41.51834634058004\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b174","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaap, B.D.","contributorId":56249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaap","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lucey, K.J.","contributorId":70002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucey","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31723,"text":"ofr9347 - 1994 - Physical characteristics of stream subbasins in the Pomme de Terre River Basin, west-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T09:55:56","indexId":"ofr9347","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-47","title":"Physical characteristics of stream subbasins in the Pomme de Terre River Basin, west-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"

Data describing the physical characteristics of stream subbasins upstream from selected points on streams in the Pomme de Terre River Basin, located in west-central Minnesota, are presented in this report. The physical characteristics are the drainage area of the subbasin, the percentage area of the subbasin covered only by lakes, the percentage area of the subbasin covered by both lakes and wetlands, the main-channel length, and the main-channel slope. The points on the stream include outlets of subbasins of at least 5 square miles, outfalls of sewage treatment plants, and locations of U.S. Geological Survey low-flow, high-flow, and continuous-record gaging stations.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr9347","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Minnesota Department of Transportation and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Lorenz, D., and Payne, G.A., 1994, Physical characteristics of stream subbasins in the Pomme de Terre River Basin, west-central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-47, Document: 8 p.; Plate: 24.03 x 46.44 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9347.","productDescription":"Document: 8 p.; Plate: 24.03 x 46.44 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":59948,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0047/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":163269,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0047/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59949,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0047/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Pomme de Terre River basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.78155517578124, 46.01460818253508 ], [ -95.76644897460936, 46.02223738582996 ], [ -95.73623657226562, 46.03177240968806 ], [ -95.71632385253906, 46.038922598236 ], [ -95.71357727050781, 46.04750160330395 ], [ -95.701904296875, 46.052743672805086 ], [ 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A.","contributorId":62190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28557,"text":"wri944247 - 1994 - Tritium, stable isotopes, and nitrogen in flow from selected springs that discharge to the Snake River, Twin Falls-Hagerman area, Idaho, 1990-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-16T21:24:01.05473","indexId":"wri944247","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4247","title":"Tritium, stable isotopes, and nitrogen in flow from selected springs that discharge to the Snake River, Twin Falls-Hagerman area, Idaho, 1990-93","docAbstract":"In 1990-93, water from 19 springs along the north side of the Snake River near Twin Falls and Hagerman contained from 9.2+0.6 to 78.4+5.1 picocuries per liter (pCi/L) of tritium. The springs were placed into three categories based on their locations and tritium concentrations: Category I was the upstream most and contained from 52.8+3.2 to 78.4+5.1 pCi/L of tritium; Category 11 was downstream from those in Category I and contained from 9.2+0.6 to 18.6+1.2 pCi/L; and Category III was the farthest downstream and contained from 28.3+1.9 to 47.7+3.2 pCi/L. Differences in tritium concentrations in the Category I, II, and III springs are a function of the ground-water flow regime, land use, and irrigation practices in and hydraulically upgradient from each category of springs. A comparatively large part of the water from the Category I springs is derived from recharge in heavily irrigated areas in which the irrigation water largely is diverted from the Snake River. A large part of the recharge for Category II springs occurs as much as 140 miles upgradient. Tritium concentrations in Category III springs indicate an intermediate proportion of the recharge is from excess applied-irrigation water. The concept that recharge from excess applied- irrigation water from the Snake River has affected tritium in the aquifer is supported by isotopic and nitrogen data. Deuterium and oxygen-18 isotopic values, and nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen concentrations in the flow of some springs has been impacted by irrigation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944247","usgsCitation":"Mann, L., and Low, W.H., 1994, Tritium, stable isotopes, and nitrogen in flow from selected springs that discharge to the Snake River, Twin Falls-Hagerman area, Idaho, 1990-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4247, iv, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944247.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410649,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48114.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":57389,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4247/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159481,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4247/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","city":"Hagerman, Twin Falls","otherGeospatial":"Snake River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.3167,\n 42.5667\n ],\n [\n -114.3167,\n 42.9258\n ],\n [\n -114.95,\n 42.9258\n ],\n [\n -114.95,\n 42.5667\n ],\n [\n -114.3167,\n 42.5667\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db691e06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mann, L. J.","contributorId":39392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mann","given":"L. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Low, W. H.","contributorId":57870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Low","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31722,"text":"ofr9346 - 1994 - Physical characteristics of stream subbasins in the Lac qui Parle River basin, southwestern Minnesota and eastern South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T09:57:27","indexId":"ofr9346","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-46","title":"Physical characteristics of stream subbasins in the Lac qui Parle River basin, southwestern Minnesota and eastern South Dakota","docAbstract":"

Data describing the physical characteristics of stream subbasins upstream from selected points on streams in the Lac qui Parle River basin, located in southwestern Minnesota and eastern South Dakota, are presented in this report. The physical charac- teristics are the drainage area of the subbasin, the percentage area of the subbasin covered only by lakes, the percentage area of the subbasin covered by both lakes and wetlands, the main-channel length. and the main-channel slope. The points on the stream include outlets of subbasins of at least 5 square miles, outfalls of sewage treatment plants, and locations of U.S. Geological Survey low-flow, high-flow, and continuous-record gaging stations.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr9346","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Minnesota Department of Transportation and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Lorenz, D., Sanocki, C., and Winterstein, T.A., 1994, Physical characteristics of stream subbasins in the Lac qui Parle River basin, southwestern Minnesota and eastern South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-46, Document: 12 p.; Plate: 24.58 x 27.92 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9346.","productDescription":"Document: 12 p.; Plate: 24.58 x 27.92 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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L.","contributorId":10776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenz","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanocki, C. A.","contributorId":92305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanocki","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winterstein, Thomas A.","contributorId":25971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winterstein","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28295,"text":"wri934204 - 1994 - Data on natural organic substances in dissolved, colloidal, suspended-silt and -clay, and bed-sediment phases in the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries, 1987-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T12:50:52","indexId":"wri934204","displayToPublicDate":"1995-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4204","title":"Data on natural organic substances in dissolved, colloidal, suspended-silt and -clay, and bed-sediment phases in the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries, 1987-90","docAbstract":"The Mississippi River and some of its tributaries were sampled for natural organic substances dissolved in water and in suspended and bed sediments during seven sampling cruises from 1987-90. The sampling cruises were made during different seasons, in the free-flowing reaches of the river from St. Louis, Missouri, to New Orleans, Louisiana. The first three cruises were made during low-water conditions, and the last four cruises during high-water conditions. The purpose for sampling and characterizing natural organic substances in the various phases in the river was to provide an understanding of how these substances facilitate contaminant transport and transformations in the Mississippi River. Significant conclusions of this study were: (1) Natural organic substances appear to stabilize ' certain colloids against aggregation; therefore, these colloids remain in suspension and can act as transport agents that are not affected by sedimentation. Bacteria were found to be a significant fraction of organic colloids. (2) A new class of organic contaminants (polyethylene glycols) derived from nonionic surfactant residues was discovered dissolved with natural organic substances in water. These polyethylene glycols have the potential to affect both organic and inorganic contaminant transport in water. (3) The entire dissolved organic-matter component under varying hydrologic and seasonal conditions was characterized. (4) A method was developed to characterize organic matter in sediment by solid-state, 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. (5) The organic matter in suspended sediments was characterized by a variety of spectral and nonspectral methods. The protein component (significant in trace-metal binding) and lipid component (significant in organic-contaminant binding) were found to be major constituents in natural organic matter in suspended sediment. (6) Pools are reservoirs acting as traps of sedimentary organic matter of allochthonous origin and export material of autochthonous nitrogen. (7) A major portion of the mass of organic colloids in transport consisted of bacterial cells.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri934204","usgsCitation":"Leenheer, J., Noyes, T., and Brown, P., 1994, Data on natural organic substances in dissolved, colloidal, suspended-silt and -clay, and bed-sediment phases in the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries, 1987-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4204, vii, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934204.","productDescription":"vii, 71 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123958,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4204/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57111,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4204/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.2294921875,\n 45.89000815866184\n ],\n [\n -96.50390625,\n 46.07323062540835\n ],\n [\n -95.185546875,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -92.7685546875,\n 43.58039085560784\n ],\n [\n -90.4833984375,\n 41.73852846935917\n ],\n [\n -91.4501953125,\n 39.30029918615029\n ],\n [\n -91.23046875,\n 35.137879119634185\n ],\n [\n -92.0654296875,\n 31.541089879585808\n ],\n [\n -91.7578125,\n 29.305561325527698\n ],\n [\n -88.9892578125,\n 28.34306490482549\n ],\n [\n -88.505859375,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n -90.65917968749999,\n 30.486550842588485\n ],\n [\n -90.791015625,\n 32.13840869677249\n ],\n [\n -89.82421875,\n 34.08906131584994\n ],\n [\n -88.9453125,\n 35.96022296929667\n ],\n [\n -88.9453125,\n 37.579412513438385\n ],\n [\n -89.912109375,\n 39.70718665682654\n ],\n [\n -89.384765625,\n 41.57436130598913\n ],\n [\n -90.966796875,\n 44.05601169578525\n ],\n [\n -95.2294921875,\n 45.89000815866184\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696feb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noyes, T.I.","contributorId":54971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noyes","given":"T.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, P.A.","contributorId":73245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":31756,"text":"ofr94488 - 1994 - Physical characteristics of stream subbasins in the Chippewa River basin, west-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-15T20:34:01.076195","indexId":"ofr94488","displayToPublicDate":"1995-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-488","title":"Physical characteristics of stream subbasins in the Chippewa River basin, west-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"

Data that describe the physical characteristics of stream subbasins upstream from selected points on streams in the Chippewa River Basin, located in west-central Minnesota, are presented in this report The physical characteristics are the drainage area of the subbasin, the percentage area of the subbasin covered only by lakes, the percentage area of the subbasin covered by both lakes and wetlands, the main-channel length, and the main-channel slope. The points on the stream include outlets of subbasins of at least 5 square miles, outlets of sewage treatment plants, and locations of U.S. Geological Survey low-flow, high-flow, and continuous-record gaging stations.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/ofr94488","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Minnesota Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Sanocki, C., and Krumrie, J.R., 1994, Physical characteristics of stream subbasins in the Chippewa River basin, west-central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-488, Report: 16 p.; 1 Plate: 27.52 x 46.73 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94488.","productDescription":"Report: 16 p.; 1 Plate: 27.52 x 46.73 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":59967,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0488/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160401,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0488/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":395999,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0488/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Chippewa River Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685be2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanocki, Chris 0000-0001-6714-5421","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6714-5421","contributorId":214142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanocki","given":"Chris","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":206880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krumrie, James R.","contributorId":76368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krumrie","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26168,"text":"wri934003 - 1994 - Ground-water flow and quality, and geochemical processes, in Indian Wells Valley, Kern, Inyo, and San Bernardino counties, California, 1987-88","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:31","indexId":"wri934003","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4003","title":"Ground-water flow and quality, and geochemical processes, in Indian Wells Valley, Kern, Inyo, and San Bernardino counties, California, 1987-88","docAbstract":"An existing water-quality data base for the 300- square-mile Indian Wells Valley was updated by means of chemical and isotopic analysis of ground water. The wide range in measured concentrations of major ions and of minor constituents such as fluoride, borate, nitrate, manganese, and iron is attributed to geochemical reactions within lacustrine deposits of the valley floor. These reactions include sulfate reduction accompanied by generation of alkalinity, precipitation of carbonates, exchange of aqueous alkaline-earth ions for sodium on clays, and dissolution of evaporite minerals. Differences in timing and location of recharge, which originates primarily in the Sierra Nevada to the west, and evapotranspiration from a shallow water table on the valley floor result in a wide range in ratios of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes. As ground water moves from alluvium into lustrine deposits of the ancestral China Lake, dissolved-solids concen- trations increase from about 200 to more than 1,000 milligrams per liter; further large increases to several thousand milligrams per liter occur beneath the China Lake playa. Historical data show an increase during the past 20 years in dissolved- solids concentration in several wells in the principal pumping areas at Ridgecrest and between Ridgecrest and Inyokern. The increase apparently is caused by induced flow of saline ground water from nearby China, Mirror, and Satellite Lakes. A simplified advective-transport model calculates ground-water travel times between parts of the valley of at least several thousand years, indi- cating the presence of old ground water. A local ground-water line and an evaporation line estimated using isotopic data from the China Lake area inter- sect at a delta-deuterium value of about -125 permil. This indicates that late Pleistocene recharge was 15 to 35 permil more negative than current recharge.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934003","usgsCitation":"Berenbrock, C., and Schroeder, R.A., 1994, Ground-water flow and quality, and geochemical processes, in Indian Wells Valley, Kern, Inyo, and San Bernardino counties, California, 1987-88: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4003, vi, 59 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934003.","productDescription":"vi, 59 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123960,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4003/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54956,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4003/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54957,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4003/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66ce7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berenbrock, Charles","contributorId":30598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berenbrock","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schroeder, R. A.","contributorId":15554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32782,"text":"ofr94504 - 1994 - Hydrologic data for the alluvium and terrace deposits of the Cimarron River from Freedom to Guthrie, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:11","indexId":"ofr94504","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-504","title":"Hydrologic data for the alluvium and terrace deposits of the Cimarron River from Freedom to Guthrie, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"Ground water in the Quaternary alluvium and terrace deposits associated with the Cimarron River in northwestern Oklahoma is used extensively for irrigation, municipal, stock, and domestic supplies. The data in this report were collected as part of an investigation to provide State water managers with the quantitative knowledge necessary to manage the ground-water resource effectively. The investigation was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Oklahoma Geological Survey. The information presented in this report include data collected in the field from 1985 through 1989, and unpublished data compiled from files of the U.S. Geological Survey and the Oklahoma Water Resources Board. Data include well and test-bole records, consisting of ground-water levels, depth of wells, principal aquifer, and primary use of water. Water levels include continuous, daily, monthly, and periodic measure- ments for selected wells. Concentrations of common chemical constituents, selected trace elements, organic analyses, and tritium analyses of water samples from wells completed in the Cimarron River alluvium and terrace deposits and Permian geologic units are reported. Winter and summer base-flow discharge measurements of the Cimarron River and its Tributaries are presented together with water-quality data from the measuring sites. Continuous water-level and precipitation-gage data are presented graphically. Locations of data- collection sites are shown on plates.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94504","usgsCitation":"Adams, G.P., Bergman, D.L., Pruitt, D., May, J., and Kurklin, J., 1994, Hydrologic data for the alluvium and terrace deposits of the Cimarron River from Freedom to Guthrie, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-504, vi, 231 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94504.","productDescription":"vi, 231 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161327,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0504/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60725,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0504/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ce4b07f02db6080ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, Gregory P.","contributorId":13095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergman, D. L.","contributorId":93038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pruitt, D.J.","contributorId":79756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pruitt","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"May, J.E.","contributorId":7741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kurklin, J. K.","contributorId":59032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurklin","given":"J. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":19091,"text":"ofr94385 - 1994 - Hydrologic data collection at Crowders Creek and Steele Creek, York County, South Carolina, 1991-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T11:17:30","indexId":"ofr94385","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-385","title":"Hydrologic data collection at Crowders Creek and Steele Creek, York County, South Carolina, 1991-92","docAbstract":"Rapid industrial and urban growth is anticipated in the vicinity of Crowders Creek near Clover, S.C., and Steele Creek near Fort Mill, S.C. These subbasins are in the Catawba River Basin in York County, S.C. To obtain baseline information on these basins prior to urbanization, gaging stations 02145642 (Crowders Creek near Clover, S.C.) and 021467801 (Steele Creek near Fort Mill, S.C.) were established to collect streamflow and water-quality data. Continuous stream-stage and streamflow data were collected during the periods of March 23, 1991 to September 30, 1992, and May 29, 1991 to September 30, 1992, for stations 02145642 and 021467801, respectively. Average streamflows for stations 02145642 and 021467801 for the study period were 80.5 cubic feet per second and 28.6 cubic feet per second, respectively. Water-quality data were collected on four separate occasions at each gage site; two samplings during low-flow events and two samplings during high-flow events. Fecal coliform concentrations exceeded minimum standards for freshwater with other physical and chemical constituents meeting South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control standards.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94385","usgsCitation":"Gissendanner, J.W., 1994, Hydrologic data collection at Crowders Creek and Steele Creek, York County, South Carolina, 1991-92: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-385, iv, 18 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94385.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":151053,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0385/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48529,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0385/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","county":"York County","city":"Fort Mill","otherGeospatial":"Crowders Creek, Steele Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.6448974609375,\n 34.6060845921693\n ],\n [\n -81.6448974609375,\n 35.4382955473967\n ],\n [\n -80.321044921875,\n 35.4382955473967\n ],\n [\n -80.321044921875,\n 34.6060845921693\n ],\n [\n -81.6448974609375,\n 34.6060845921693\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f832","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gissendanner, John W.","contributorId":26710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gissendanner","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30069,"text":"wri944189 - 1994 - Summary and interpretation of dye-tracer tests to investigate the hydraulic connection of fractures at a ridge-and-valley-wall site, near Fishtrap Lake, Pike County, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T19:17:38.007782","indexId":"wri944189","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4189","title":"Summary and interpretation of dye-tracer tests to investigate the hydraulic connection of fractures at a ridge-and-valley-wall site, near Fishtrap Lake, Pike County, Kentucky","docAbstract":"

Dye-tracer tests were done during 1985-92 to investigate the hydraulic connection between fractures in Pennsylvanian coal-bearing strata at a ridge-and-valley-wall site near Fishtrap Lake, Pike County, Ky. Fluorescent dye was injected into a core hole penetrating near-surface and mining-induced fractures near the crest of the ridge. The rate and direction of migration of dye in the subsurface were determined by measuring the relative concentration of dye in water samples collected from piezometers completed in conductive fracture zones and fractured coal beds at various stratigraphic horizons within the ridge. Dye-concentration data and water-level measurements for each piezometer were plotted as curves on dye-recovery hydrographs. The dye-recovery hydrographs were used to evaluate trends in the fluctuation of dye concentrations and hydraulic heads in order to identify geologic and hydrologic factors affecting the subsurface transport of dye.

The principal factors affecting the transport of dye in the subsurface hydrologic system were determined to be (1) the distribution, interconnection, and hydraulic properties of fractures; (2) hydraulic-head conditions in the near-fracture zone at the time of dye injection; and (3) subsequent short- and long-term fluctuations in recharge to the hydrologic system. In most of the dye-tracer tests, dye-recovery hydrographs are characterized by complex, multipeaked dye-concentration curves that are indicative of a splitting of dye flow as ground water moved through fractures. Intermittent dye pulses (distinct upward spikes in dye concentration) mark the arrivals of dye-labeled water to piezometers by way of discrete fracture-controlled flow paths that vary in length, complexity, and hydraulic conductivity. Dye injections made during relatively high- or increasinghead conditions resulted in rapid transport of dye (within several days or weeks) from near-surf ace fractures to piezometers. Injections made during relatively low- or decreasing-head conditions resulted in dye being trapped in hydraulically dead zones in water-depleted fractures. Residual dye was remobilized from storage and transported (over periods ranging from several months to about 2 years) by increased recharge to the hydrologic system. Subsequent fluctuations in hydraulic gradients, resulting from increases or decreases in recharge to the hydrologic system, acted to speed or slow the transport of dye along the fracture-controlled flow paths.

The dye-tracer tests also demonstrated that mining-related disturbances significantly altered the natural fracture-controlled flow paths of the hydrologic system over time. An abandoned underground mine and subsidence-related surface cracks extend to within 250 ft of the principal dye-injection core hole. Results from two of the dye-tracer tests at the site indicate that the annular seal in the core hole was breached by subsurface propagation of the mining-induced fractures. This propagation of fractures resulted in hydraulic short-circuiting between the dye-injection zone in the core hole and two lower piezometer zones, and a partial disruption of the hydraulic connection between the injection core hole and downgradient piezometers on the ridge crest and valley wall. In addition, injected dye was detected in piezometers monitoring a flooded part of the abandoned underground mine. Dye was apparently transported into the mine through a hydraulic connection between the injection core hole and subsidence-related fractures.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944189","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement","usgsCitation":"Taylor, C.J., 1994, Summary and interpretation of dye-tracer tests to investigate the hydraulic connection of fractures at a ridge-and-valley-wall site, near Fishtrap Lake, Pike County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4189, Report: v, 83 p.; 1 Plate: 17.66 x 13.46 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944189.","productDescription":"Report: v, 83 p.; 1 Plate: 17.66 x 13.46 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":395712,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48064.htm"},{"id":354755,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4189/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58880,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4189/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160133,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4189/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","county":"Pike County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.37029552459717,\n 37.430466695526114\n ],\n [\n -82.3624849319458,\n 37.430466695526114\n ],\n [\n -82.3624849319458,\n 37.43581686206661\n ],\n [\n -82.37029552459717,\n 37.43581686206661\n ],\n [\n -82.37029552459717,\n 37.430466695526114\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699653","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, Charles J.","contributorId":93100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":20128,"text":"ofr93435 - 1994 - Cyclic injection, storage, and withdrawal of heated water in a sandstone aquifer at St. Paul, Minnesota: Analysis of thermal data and nonisothermal modeling of short-term test cycles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T10:21:29","indexId":"ofr93435","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-435","title":"Cyclic injection, storage, and withdrawal of heated water in a sandstone aquifer at St. Paul, Minnesota: Analysis of thermal data and nonisothermal modeling of short-term test cycles","docAbstract":"

In May 1980, the University of Minnesota began a project to evaluate the feasibility of storing heated water (150 degrees Celsius) in the Franconia-Ironton-Galesville aquifer (180 to 240 meters below land surface) and later recovering it for space heating. The University's steam-generation facilities supplied high-temperature water for injection. The Aquifer Thermal-Energy Storage system is a doublet-well design in which the injection-withdrawal wells are spaced approximately 250 meters apart. Water was pumped from one of the wells through a heat exchanger, where heat was added or removed. This water was then injected back into the aquifer through the other well.

\n

Four short-term test cycles were completed. Each cycle consisted of approximately equal durations of injection and withdrawal ranging from 5.25 to 8.01 days. Equal rates of injection and withdrawal, ranging from 17.4 to 18.6 liters per second, were maintained for each short-term test cycle. Average injection temperatures ranged from 88.5 to 117.9 degrees Celsius.

\n

Temperature graphs for selected depths at individual observation wells indicate that the Ironton and Galesville Sandstones received and stored more thermal energy than the upper part of the Franconia Formation. Clogging of the Ironton Sandstone was possibly due to precipitation of calcium carbonate or movement of fine-grain material or both. Vertical-profile plots indicate that the effects of buoyancy flow were small within the aquifer.

\n

A three-dimensional, anisotropic, nonisothermal, ground-water-flow, and thermal-energy-transport model was constructed to simulate the four short-term test cycles. The model was used to simulate the entire short-term testing period of approximately 400 days. The only model properties varied during model calibration were longitudinal and transverse thermal dispersivities, which, for final calibration, were simulated as 3.3 and 0.33 meters, respectively. The model was calibrated by comparing model-computed results to (1) measured temperatures at selected altitudes in four observation wells, (2) measured temperatures at the production well, and (3) calculated thermal efficiencies of the aquifer. Model-computed withdrawal-water temperatures were within an average of about 3 percent of measured values and model-computed aquifer-thermal efficiencies were within an average of about 5 percent of calculated values for the short-term test cycles. These data indicate that the model accurately simulated thermal-energy storage within the Franconia-Ironton-Galesville aquifer.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr93435","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University of Minnesota and the Minnesota Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.T., and Delin, G., 1994, Cyclic injection, storage, and withdrawal of heated water in a sandstone aquifer at St. Paul, Minnesota: Analysis of thermal data and nonisothermal modeling of short-term test cycles: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-435, vi, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93435.","productDescription":"vi, 70 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153210,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0435/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95441,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0435/report.pdf","size":"13067","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ec17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Robert T.","contributorId":91892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26127,"text":"wri944200 - 1994 - Investigation of bridge scour at selected sites on Missouri streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-19T18:22:15","indexId":"wri944200","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4200","title":"Investigation of bridge scour at selected sites on Missouri streams","docAbstract":"

Scour around bridge piers is a major concern in the design of a new bridge or the evaluation of the structural stability of an existing bridge. An adequate estimation of potential scour at bridge piers is essential to effective design, construction, and maintenance of hydraulic structures. Reasonably accurate estimates of scour depth are needed for safe, cost-effective bridge design. Although many equations have been developed on the basis of laboratory work that can be used to estimate local scour at piers, site-specific data have not previously been collected to verify the accuracy of these equations or applicability to Missouri streams.

\n

Scour data were collected during floods at 10 sites on streams in Missouri. The recurrence intervals of the floods ranged from less than 2 to more than 50 years. Local-scour holes near bridge piers ranged from 0.5 to 7.1 feet deep. Seven local-pier-scour equations were evaluated as to their usefulness in estimating the measured scour at the sites studied. Scour depths estimated using the Froehlich equatin without a safety factor had an interquartile range nearest in magnitude to the interquartile range of the measured scour depths. None of the medians of scour depths estimated using the seven equations were statistically equal to the median of the measured scour depths at a 0.05 level of significance. However, the Froehlich equation without a safety factor provided the \"best fit\" estimates of the equations considered.

\n

Contraction scour exceeded local scour by several times in some cases. Total scour of approximately 19 feet, largely becasue of contraction scour, was measured at the Chariton River near Prairie Hill during the flood of July 8, 1993. This large scour was, in part, the result of an accumulation of woody debris de- creasing the bridge-opening area.

\n

A bridge on State Highway 32 near Lebanon over North Cobb Creek (drainage area 52.5 square miles) was destroyed during the flood of May 26, 1990. Bridge scour attributable to contraction of the flood flow caused this loss.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944200","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri Highway and Transportation Commission","usgsCitation":"Becker, L.D., 1994, Investigation of bridge scour at selected sites on Missouri streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4200, v, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944200.","productDescription":"v, 40 p.","numberOfPages":"49","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":309692,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri944200.PNG"},{"id":309691,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4200/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47dce4b07f02db4b7d1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becker, Lawrence D.","contributorId":83965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28349,"text":"wri944097 - 1994 - Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of Pueblo Reservoir, Colorado, 1985-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-22T13:10:52","indexId":"wri944097","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4097","title":"Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of Pueblo Reservoir, Colorado, 1985-89","docAbstract":"

Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of Pueblo Reservoir are described on the basis of data collected from spring 1985 through fall 1989. Also included are discussions of water quality of the upper Arkansas River Basin and the reservoir as they relate to reservoir operations. Pueblo Reservoir is a multipurpose, main-stem reservoir on the Arkansas River about 6 miles west of Pueblo, Colorado. At the top of its conservation pool, the reservoir is more than 9 miles long and ranges in depth from a few feet at the inflow to about 155 feet at the dam. Pueblo Reservoir derives most of its contents from the Arkansas River, which comprises native and transmountain flow.

With respect to water temperature, the reservoir typically was well mixed to weakly stratified during the early spring and gradually became strongly stratified by May. The strong thermal stratification and underflow of the Arkansas River generally persisted into August, at which time the reservoir surface began to cool and the reservoir subsequently underwent fall turnover. Following fall turnover, the reservoir was stratified to some degree in the shallow upstream part and well mixed in the deeper middle and downstream parts. Reservoir residence times were affected by the extent of stratification present. When the reservoir was well mixed, residence times were as long as several months. During the summer when the reservoir was strongly stratified, reservoir releases were large, and when underflow was the prevalent flow pattern of the Arkansas River, reservoir residence times were as short as 30 days.

Most particulate matter settled from the water column between the inflow and a distance of about 5 miles downstream. On occasions of large streamflows and sediment loads from the Arkansas River, particulate matter was transported completely through the reservoir. Water transparency, as measured with a Secchi disk, increased in a downstream direction from the reservoir inflow. The increase probably was a result of sediment settling from the water column in the upstream part of the reservoir. Secchi-disk depths in December through April were larger than those in May through November. Secchi-disk depths were small between May through August as inflow sediment loads and reservoir biomass increased. In the fall, Secchi-disk depths remained small possibly as the result of resuspension of sediment and detritus within the water column.

Dissolved-oxygen concentrations generally were near supersaturation near the reservoir surface. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations decreased with increasing depth. On several occasions during the summer, dissolved oxygen became completely depleted in the hypolimnion of the downstream part of the reservoir. The most extensive period of anoxia that was measured was in August 1988; the bottom 12 to 30 feet of the downstream end of the reservoir was anoxic. Fall turnover typically resulted in well-oxygenated conditions throughout the water column from September or October through the spring. Values of pH ranged from 7.5 to 9.0 and typically were largest near the surface and decreased with depth.

Dissolved-solids concentrations in the reservoir primarily are affected by dissolved solids in the inflow from the Arkansas River. Concentrations are largest during periods of decreased streamflows, September through April, and decrease with increasing streamflows in May through August. The median dissolved-solids concentration increased from 224 milligrams per liter at the inflow to 262 milligrams per liter at the outflow. However, a statistical analysis of dissolved solids indicated the apparent increase in dissolved-solids concentrations between the inflow and outflow was not significant. Calcium, sulfate, and bicarbonate are the major dissolved ions in Pueblo Reservoir.

Concentrations of the major nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus, varied within the reservoir because of settling of particulate matter, uptake by phytoplankton near the reservoir surface, and releases from the reservoir bottom sediments. Phosphorus was indicated to be a potentially growth-limiting nutrient in the reservoir because of its relatively small concentrations. During 1986 and 1987, the reservoir retained about 35 percent (359 tons) of the total nitrogen load and about 83 percent (203 tons) of the total phosphorus load. Settling of particulate matter from the water column and uptake by phytoplankton are the major nutrient sinks in the reservoir.

Barium, iron, manganese, and zinc were the major trace elements in Pueblo Reservoir. Traceelement concentrations in the reservoir varied because of seasonality of trace-element concentrations in the Arkansas River, settling of particulate matter, and flux of trace elements from the bottom sediments. The aquatic-life standard in Pueblo Reservoir for total-recoverable iron (1,000 micrograms per liter) and the public water-supply standard for dissolved manganese (50 micrograms per liter) were exceeded on several occasions during the summer. Elevated concentrations of totalrecoverable iron and dissolved manganese in the Arkansas River during summer runoff contributed to exceedances in the upper part of the reservoir. Flux of manganese from the reservoir bottom sediments during periods of low or depleted dissolved-oxygen concentrations contributed to exceedances in the deeper, downstream parts of the reservoir. Concentrations of lead, mercury, and zinc were elevated in the reservoir bottom sediments and may be the result of metal-mine drainage in the upper Arkansas River Basin.

Median concentrations of total organic carbon ranged from 3.1 to 4.5 milligrams per liter in May through September and from 2.5 to 3.5 milligrams per liter in October through April. Totalorganic-carbon concentrations in the reservoir were largest in the summer when streamflows and total-organic-carbon concentrations are largest in the Arkansas River. Total-organic-carbon concentrations in the reservoir decrease downstream from the reservoir inflow because of settling of particulate organic carbon.

Levels of gross-alpha and gross-beta radioactivity generally were relatively low. In 7 of 31 samples collected, dissolved gross-alpha radioactivity, as natural uranium, exceeded 5 picocuries per liter, the level at which additional radiochemical analyses are recommended for drinking-water supplies. Potential sources of uranium in Pueblo Reservoir include weathering of exposed uranium ore deposits in the upper Arkansas River Basin and a uranium milling operation near Canon City.

Phytoplankton densities and biovolumes measured during the winter, spring, and fall generally were indicative of a small to moderate algal biomass. Phytoplankton production tended to be largest during the summer. During the summer, phytoplankton densities and biovolumes generally were indicative of a moderate to large algal biomass. However, excessive algal production and biomass periodically occurred during the spring, summer, and fall. Three species of phytoplankton that are specifically associated with taste-and-odor problems in drinking water were identified on several occasions in water samples collected from Pueblo Reservoir.

Reservoir operations and hydrodynamics can substantially affect processes that affect reservoir water quality. Stratification, underflow, and hypolimnetic withdrawals affect concentrations of dissolved solids, availability of nutrients, and concentrations of metals in the reservoir. Stratification impedes the mixing of epilimnetic and hypolimnetic waters, and the prevalent underflow that occurs during the summer results in a decrease in the potential dilution of inflowing river water with reservoir water. The underflow also decreases the maximum available nutrient load to the euphotic zone, which can, in turn, offset the maximum algal growth potential. Increased dissolved-solids, nutrient, and metal concentrations that occur in the hypolimnion during the summer are partially offset by hypolimnetic withdrawals.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944097","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pueblo Board of Water Works, Fountain Valley Authority, Southeastern Colorado Water Conservancy District, Pueblo West Metropolitan District, St. Charles Mesa Water District, and the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Lewis, M.E., and Edelmann, P., 1994, Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of Pueblo Reservoir, Colorado, 1985-89: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4097, Report: v, 71 p.; 1 Plate: 19.28 x 15.51 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944097.","productDescription":"Report: v, 71 p.; 1 Plate: 19.28 x 15.51 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":57155,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4097/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123858,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4097/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":352735,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4097/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Pueblo Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.9,\n 38.22\n ],\n [\n -104.64,\n 38.22\n ],\n [\n -104.64,\n 38.32\n ],\n [\n -104.9,\n 38.32\n ],\n [\n -104.9,\n 38.22\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db68503b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewis, Michael E. mlewis@usgs.gov","contributorId":3849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"Michael","email":"mlewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":199643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edelmann, Patrick","contributorId":86305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edelmann","given":"Patrick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30579,"text":"wri944140 - 1994 - Land use in, and water quality of, the Pea Hill Arm of Lake Gaston, Virginia and North Carolina, 1988-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-12T12:51:28","indexId":"wri944140","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4140","title":"Land use in, and water quality of, the Pea Hill Arm of Lake Gaston, Virginia and North Carolina, 1988-90","docAbstract":"

The City of Virginia Beach currently (1994) supplies water to about 400,000 people in southeastern Virginia. The city plans to withdraw water from the Pea Hill Arm of Lake Gaston to meet projected water needs of the population to the year 2030. The purpose of this report is to (1) describe the temporal and spatial distribution of selected water-quality constituents, (2) document current (1989) land use and land cover in the Pea Hill Arm drainage basin, and (3) discuss relations, if any, between the quality of water in the inlets within the Pea Hill Arm and land uses. The report focuses on water-quality problems in the basin, including changes in concentrations of major ions, nutrients, and algae associated with urban development adjacent to water bodies.

The Pea Hill Arm was classified as mesotrophic on the basis of the range of concentrations of total phosphorus (0.001 to 0.61 milligrams per liter); the range of concentrations of total organic-plus-ammonia nitrogen (0.2 to 1.4 milligrams per liter); and the range of concentrations of chlorophyll a (1.4 to 56 micrograms per liter). These water-quality data were collected at 3 feet below the water surface during water years 1989-90.

Thermal stratification in Pea Hill Arm generally began in April and ended in September. Water below a depth of about 25 feet generally became anoxic by June. Destratification generally began in late September and was completed by November. Lake Gaston followed the same general stratification and destratification pattern as Pea Hill Arm, except Lake Gaston was partially destratified during the summer when large amounts of water were released from John H. Kerr Reservoir and Lake Gaston Dams.

During water year 1988, streamflows were 33 percent below the long-term mean-annual streamflows at one of the major streams to Lake Gaston. Low streamflows contributed to elevated specific conductances and concentrations of sodium, calcium, magnesium, and alkalinity from October 1988 to February 1989 at sampling stations in the Pea Hill Arm and Lake Gaston.

About 75 percent of the land use in the Pea Hill Arm is forest land. The remaining 25 percent of the Pea Hill Arm drainage basin is 8 percent pasture/open land, 8 percent open water, 6 percent residential land, and 3 percent cropland. No statistical relations are present between water-quality constituents measured and developed land uses within 11 basins in the Pea Hill Arm Basin, except during periods of stormwater runoff. During a stormwater-runoff event, there was a relation between total nitrite plus nitrate and land use (Kendall's tau correlation coefficient of 0.69). The relation between the developed land use and total nitrite plus nitrate can also be related to the increased ground-water inputs during high base-flow periods.

Spatial differences in water-quality constituents as determined by Wilcoxon (matched-pairs) signed-rank tests and cluster analyses were longitudinal and primarily grouped into riverine, transition, and lacustrine zones. These zones were grouped on the basis of flow characteristics and nutrient concentrations.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Virginia Beach","usgsCitation":"Woodside, M., 1994, Land use in, and water quality of, the Pea Hill Arm of Lake Gaston, Virginia and North Carolina, 1988-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4140, Report: vii, 54 p.; 1 Plate: 24.56 x 26.32 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944140.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 54 p.; 1 Plate: 24.56 x 26.32 inches","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353359,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4140/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124144,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4140/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59338,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4140/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Lake Gaston","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.29544067382812,\n 36.38259604087706\n ],\n [\n -78.29544067382812,\n 36.69264861993992\n ],\n [\n -77.64450073242188,\n 36.69264861993992\n ],\n [\n -77.64450073242188,\n 36.38259604087706\n ],\n [\n -78.29544067382812,\n 36.38259604087706\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a150","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodside, Michael D. mdwoodsi@usgs.gov","contributorId":2903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodside","given":"Michael D.","email":"mdwoodsi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26945,"text":"wri944186 - 1994 - Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at U.S. Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, North Carolina, 1987-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T21:10:35.143462","indexId":"wri944186","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4186","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at U.S. Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, North Carolina, 1987-90","docAbstract":"Geophysical and lithologic well-log data from 30 wells and chloride data, and water-level data from oil-test wells, supply wells, and observation wells were evaluated to define the hydrogeologic framework at the U.S. Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, North Carolina. Elements of the hydrogeologic framework important to this study include six aquifers and their respective confining units. In descending order, these aquifers are the surficial, Yorktown, Pungo River, upper and lower Castle Hayne, and Beaufort. The upper and lower Castle Hayne and Beaufort aquifers and related confining units are relatively continuous throughout the study area. The surficial, Yorktown, Pungo River, and upper and lower Castle Hayne aquifers contain freshwater.\r\n\r\nThe upper and lower Castle Hayne aquifers serve as the Air Station?s principal supply of freshwater. However, the lower Castle Hayne aquifer contains brackish water near its base and there is potential for upward movement of this water to supply wells completed in this aquifer.\r\n\r\nThe potential for brackish-water encroachment is greatest if wells are screened too deep in the lower Castle Hayne aquifer or if pumping rates are too high. Lateral movement of brackish water into aquifers incised by estuarine streams is also possible if ground-water flow gradients toward these bodies are reversed by pumping.\r\n\r\nThe potential for the reversed movement of water from the surficial aquifer downward to the water-supply aquifer is greatest in areas where clay confining units are missing. These missing clay units could indicate the presence of a paleochannel of the Neuse River.\r\n\r\nA quasi three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model was constructed and calibrated to simulate conditions at and in the vicinity of the Air Station for the period of 1987-90. Comparisons of 94 observed and computed heads were made, and the average difference between them is -0.2 feet with a root mean square error of 5.7 feet.\r\n\r\nAn analysis was made to evaluate the sensitivity of the model to the absence of the Yorktown and Pungo River confining units in a 1-square-mile area in the southern part of the Air Station. This analysis resulted in a maximum simulated head increase of 2 feet in one 0.11-square-mile model cell in the Pungo River aquifer.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944186","usgsCitation":"Eimers, J.L., Daniel, C.C., and Coble, R.W., 1994, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at U.S. Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, North Carolina, 1987-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4186, vi, 75 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944186.","productDescription":"vi, 75 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":55833,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4186/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123309,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4186/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":394279,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48061.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Cherry Point, Marine Corps Air Station","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.9482421875,\n 34.85550980979316\n ],\n [\n -76.83425903320312,\n 34.85550980979316\n ],\n [\n -76.83425903320312,\n 34.95574425733423\n ],\n [\n -76.9482421875,\n 34.95574425733423\n ],\n [\n -76.9482421875,\n 34.85550980979316\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f72a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eimers, J. L.","contributorId":95919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eimers","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Daniel, C. C. III","contributorId":71953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniel","given":"C.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coble, R. W.","contributorId":49380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coble","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27429,"text":"wri934100 - 1994 - Analysis of data from test-well sites along the downdip limit of freshwater in the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio, Texas, 1985-87","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-16T13:15:26","indexId":"wri934100","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4100","title":"Analysis of data from test-well sites along the downdip limit of freshwater in the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio, Texas, 1985-87","docAbstract":"

Many researchers have studied the downdip limit of freshwater in the Edwards aquifer or various aspects of the saline-water zone and its relation to the freshwater zone. These studies were summarized and used to synthesize a consistent hydrologic and geochemical framework from which to interpret data from field studies. The concept derived from the previous work on the downdip limit of the freshwater zone is that fresh recharge water entered the aquifer and developed a vast flow system controlled by barrier faults. Some recharge water flows into the saline-water zone rather than toward major freshwater discharge points. The water that enters the salinewater zone continues to dissolve gypsum and dolomite, and calcite precipitates out of the water. This process of dedolomitization has helped to develop the large secondary porosity of the freshwater zone as the downdip limit of the freshwater zone progressively moved downdip in recent geologic time.

\n

The drilling of test holes and installation of monitoring wells began in 1985 and helped to define the downdip limit of the freshwater zone at one location. Dolomite was found in greater amounts in rocks from the saline-water-zone test hole than in rocks from the freshwater-zone test hole. Other mineralogic and lithologic contrasts between the saline-water-zone test hole and the freshwater-zone test hole support the conceptual model of dedolomitization. Geophysical logs and test-hole survey logs helped to define the stratification of freshwater and associated altered rock textures, secondary porosity development, and water chemistry in the freshwater-, saline-water-, and transition-zone test holes.

\n

The differences in actual measured head among the seven completed monitor wells varied over time, especially during periods of substantial water use. The water levels in two monitor wells completed at the freshwater zone (site D; wells Dl and D2) responded quickly and strongly to withdrawals. In the transition zone (site C; wells Cl and C2), the water level in the shallow monitor well (Cl) completed in a cavern responded quickly, but because it was farther from the water-supply wells near site D, it did not respond as strongly to changes in withdrawals at the nearby well field. The water levels in the three salinewater wells at site A (Al, A2, and A3) and the deep site C well (C2) were less responsive to stresses relative to the water-level changes in the freshwater wells (Dl, D2, and Cl).

\n

Large amounts of freshwater were produced from the upper 300 to 350 feet of the aquifer in the freshwater zone (site D). Water produced from below this interval was as saline as that from the saline-water zone (site A). The cavern near the top of the aquifer in the transition zone (site C) produced large amounts of freshwater. The freshwater produced from the cavern was of a different geochemical type than the water from the other wells. The saline-water-zone test hole (site A) produced small amounts of water having specific conductance generally about 5,800 to 6,200 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius.

\n

A consistent trend in the water quality was not detected in the monitor-well data for July 1986-April 1987. This was caused, in part, by the average to above-average rainfall and by the lack of large withdrawals during the period. The water quality of samples from several of the wells was similar to the water quality determined by a previous study of the area. Geochemistry of the oil- or gas-well brines from downdip in the saline-water zone had slight resemblance to the geochemistry of the water at the downdip limit of freshwater; updip flow of saline water toward the freshwater zone was not indicated.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri934100","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Antonio Water System, Edwards Underground Water District, and Texas Water Development Board","usgsCitation":"Groschen, G., 1994, Analysis of data from test-well sites along the downdip limit of freshwater in the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio, Texas, 1985-87: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4100, vi, 92 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934100.","productDescription":"vi, 92 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4100/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56291,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4100/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"San Antonio","otherGeospatial":"Edwards Aquifer","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db680635","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groschen, G.E.","contributorId":17260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groschen","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27425,"text":"wri944029 - 1994 - Surface-water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River Basin, Kentucky: Fixed-station network and selected water-quality data, April 1987 through August 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-13T20:23:14.327586","indexId":"wri944029","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4029","title":"Surface-water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River Basin, Kentucky: Fixed-station network and selected water-quality data, April 1987 through August 1991","docAbstract":"This report describes selected data-collection activities and the associated data collected during the Kentucky River Basin pilot study of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. The data are intended to provide a nationally consistent description and improved understanding of current water quality in the basin. The data were collected at seven fixed stations that represent stream cross sections where constituent transport and water-quality trends can be evaluated. The report includes descriptions of (1) the basin; (2) the design of the fixed-station network; (3) the fixed-station sites; (4) the physical and chemical measurements; (5) the methods of sample collection, processing, and analysis; and (6) the quality-assurance and quality-control procedures. Water-quality data collected at the fixed stations during routine periodic sampling and supplemental high-flow sampling from April 1987 to August 1991 are presented.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944029","usgsCitation":"Griffin, M.S., Martin, G.R., and White, K.D., 1994, Surface-water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River Basin, Kentucky: Fixed-station network and selected water-quality data, April 1987 through August 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4029, vi, 149 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944029.","productDescription":"vi, 149 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410395,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47937.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56279,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4029/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4029/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"Kentucky River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.6,\n 38.9403\n ],\n [\n -85.133,\n 38.9403\n ],\n [\n -85.133,\n 36.8903\n ],\n [\n -82.6,\n 36.8903\n ],\n [\n -82.6,\n 38.9403\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a4fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, M. S.","contributorId":93534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, G. R.","contributorId":14004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, K. D.","contributorId":45717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27561,"text":"wri944156 - 1994 - Identification of potential public water-supply areas of the Cape Cod aquifer, Massachusetts, using a geographic information system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:42","indexId":"wri944156","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4156","title":"Identification of potential public water-supply areas of the Cape Cod aquifer, Massachusetts, using a geographic information system","docAbstract":"Potential public water-supply areas of the Cape Cod aquifer, Massachusetts, were identified using a geographic information system (GIS) to aid regional and local ground-water resource management efforts. Criteria were selected to identify potential areas on the basis of data restrictions in addition to State requirements for siting new public water- supply wells, Federal or local restrictions on land use, and general hydrogeologic or water-quality concerns. Data layers were created for each criterion and overliad to eliminate areas from consideration as potential public water supplies. Remaining areas, those not included within the applied criteria, are the primary areas to consider for potential public water supplies. The areas identified in this analysis as potential public water supplies range from 0.5 to 7.9 percent of the individual flow cells, or 5.6 percent of the total flow cell area. The criteria were ranked so that criteria more limiting to potential public water supplies were given a higher rank than other criteria. The ranking scheme allows for the inclusion of areas with lower ranked criteria as potential public water supplies. Results can be viewed on a plat in this report, or accessed using the map-based, menu-driven GIS application, which provides interactive display and query of investigation results.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944156","usgsCitation":"Harris, S., and Steeves, P.A., 1994, Identification of potential public water-supply areas of the Cape Cod aquifer, Massachusetts, using a geographic information system: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4156, iv, 23 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944156.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95641,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4156/report.pdf","size":"5691","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95642,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4156/plate-1.pdf","size":"12660","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4156/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa007","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, S.L.","contributorId":79921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steeves, P. A.","contributorId":35774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steeves","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29353,"text":"wri944155 - 1994 - Development and application of generalized-least-squares regression models to estimate low-flow duration discharges in Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:52","indexId":"wri944155","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4155","title":"Development and application of generalized-least-squares regression models to estimate low-flow duration discharges in Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Physically based mathematical models were developed by use of generalized-least-squares regression analyses to estimate long-term 95-, 98-, and 99-percent duration discharges for ungaged streams in Massachusetts. Duration discharges for 61 sites were used in the recession analyses; 37 sites were streamflow-gaging stations and 24 sites were low-flow partial-record stations. The duration discharges were related to basin chacteristics measured from digital data bases, by use of geographic information systems computer software. Significant chacterisfics used in the models were drainage area, area underlain by stratified-drift deposits per unit of stream length in the basin, and a surrogate for the effective head on the aquifer in the stratified-drift deposits, computed by subtracting the minimum basin elevation from the mean basin elevation. Standard errors of prediction were 57.5, 85.6, and 98.5 percent for models for the 95-, 98-, and 99-percent duration discharges, respectively. Model error variances were about 10 times the sampling error variances, indicating that the precision of future models are likely to be improved more by obtaining better measurements of basin characteristics or by adding new sites to the analyses than by collecting more streamflow data at the sites presently used in the analyses. The models were used to predict duration discharges for 35 selected sites in the Concord River, Noah Coastal, South Coastal, Narragansett and Tenmile River Basins. Ninety-perrcent prediction intervals were computed for the estimates at each of the sites, except at sites where values of the independent variables were outside the ranges of those for the sites used in the regression analyses.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944155","usgsCitation":"Ries, K., 1994, Development and application of generalized-least-squares regression models to estimate low-flow duration discharges in Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4155, iv, 33 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944155.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123524,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4155/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58205,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4155/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6672fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ries, Kernell G. III kries@usgs.gov","contributorId":1913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ries","given":"Kernell G.","suffix":"III","email":"kries@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":201395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29003,"text":"wri944185 - 1994 - Identification, characterization, and analysis of hydraulically conductive fractures in granitic basement rocks, Millville, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T13:46:53","indexId":"wri944185","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4185","title":"Identification, characterization, and analysis of hydraulically conductive fractures in granitic basement rocks, Millville, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"A suite of geophysical logs designed to identify and characterize fractures and water production in fractures was run in six bedrock boreholes at a ground-water contamination site near the towns of Millville and Uxbridge in south-central Massachusetts. The geophysical logs used in this study included conventional gamma, single-point resistance, borehole fluid resistivity, caliper, spontaneous potential, and temperature; and the borehole televiewer and heat-pulse flowmeter, which are not usually used to log bedrock water-supply wells. Downward flow under ambient hydraulic-head conditions was measured in three of the boreholes at the site, and the profile of fluid column resistivity inferred from the logs indicated downward flow in all six boreholes. Steady injection tests at about 1.0 gallon per minute were used to identify fractures capable of conducting flow under test conditions. Sixteen of 157 fracturesidentified on the televiewer logs and interpreted as permeable fractures in the data analysis were determined to conduct flow under ambient hydraulic-head conditions or during injection. Hydraulic-head monitoring in the bedrock boreholes indicated a consistent head difference between the upper and lower parts of the boreholes. This naturally occurring hydraulic-head condition may account, in part, for the transport of contaminants from the overlying soil into the bedrock aquifer. The downward flow may also account for the decrease in contaminant concentrations found in some boreholes after routine use of the boreholes as water-supply wells was discontinued.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944185","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., and Ollila, P., 1994, Identification, characterization, and analysis of hydraulically conductive fractures in granitic basement rocks, Millville, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4185, v, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944185.","productDescription":"v, 38 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123606,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4185/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57870,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4185/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c762","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ollila, P.W.","contributorId":45750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ollila","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27004,"text":"wri944065 - 1994 - Yields of selected constituents in base flow and stormflow in urban watersheds of Jefferson County, Kentucky, 1988-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:41","indexId":"wri944065","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4065","title":"Yields of selected constituents in base flow and stormflow in urban watersheds of Jefferson County, Kentucky, 1988-92","docAbstract":"Mean annual base-flow and stormflow yields of selected water-quality constituents from urban watersheds of Jefferson County, Kentucky, were estimated for 1988-92 to help describe the pro portions of constituent transport from point and nonpoint sources. Yield estimates were based on streamflow and water-quality data collected from a network of 25 stream sites in the county. Water- quality data for which estimates of base-flow and stormflow yields were computed include dissolved oxygen and oxygen demand, dissolved solids, suspended and volatile solids, nutrients, metals, and synthetic organic compounds. Transport of most constituents occurred primarily during stormflow. Chemical oxygen demand was related to the amount of industrial land use in each watershed, nitrite and phosphorus yields were inversely proportional to the amount of nonurban and commercial land use in each watershed, and zinc yields were inversely related to the degree of nonurban land use in each watershed.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, ESIC Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944065","usgsCitation":"Evaldi, R., and Moore, B., 1994, Yields of selected constituents in base flow and stormflow in urban watersheds of Jefferson County, Kentucky, 1988-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4065, v, 70 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944065.","productDescription":"v, 70 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119973,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4065/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55891,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4065/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de3ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evaldi, R. D.","contributorId":93909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evaldi","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":197394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, B.L.","contributorId":96281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":19251,"text":"ofr94343 - 1994 - Comparison of vertical discretization techniques in finite-difference models of ground-water flow; example from a hypothetical New England setting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:31","indexId":"ofr94343","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-343","title":"Comparison of vertical discretization techniques in finite-difference models of ground-water flow; example from a hypothetical New England setting","docAbstract":"Proper discretization of a ground-water-flow field is necessary for the accurate simulation of ground-water flow by models. Although discretiza- tion guidelines are available to ensure numerical stability, current guidelines arc flexible enough (particularly in vertical discretization) to allow for some ambiguity of model results. Testing of two common types of vertical-discretization schemes (horizontal and nonhorizontal-model-layer approach) were done to simulate sloping hydrogeologic units characteristic of New England. Differences of results of model simulations using these two approaches are small. Numerical errors associated with use of nonhorizontal model layers are small (4 percent). even though this discretization technique does not adhere to the strict formulation of the finite-difference method. It was concluded that vertical discretization by means of the nonhorizontal layer approach has advantages in representing the hydrogeologic units tested and in simplicity of model-data input. In addition, vertical distortion of model cells by this approach may improve the representation of shallow flow processes.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94343","usgsCitation":"Harte, P.T., 1994, Comparison of vertical discretization techniques in finite-difference models of ground-water flow; example from a hypothetical New England setting: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-343, iv, 25 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94343.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151427,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0343/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48711,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0343/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa697","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harte, Philip T. 0000-0002-7718-1204 ptharte@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7718-1204","contributorId":1008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harte","given":"Philip","email":"ptharte@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":180561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28145,"text":"wri934053 - 1994 - Water resources of the Menominee Indian Reservation of Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-26T12:58:47","indexId":"wri934053","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4053","title":"Water resources of the Menominee Indian Reservation of Wisconsin","docAbstract":"

Water resources of the Menominee Indian Reservation, Wisconsin, were investigated during the period October 1981 through September 1987. The report presents baseline data and some interpretation of ground- and surface-water hydrology and quality of the Reservation.

\n

The area stratigraphy consists of basal Precambrian crystalline bedrock and overlying till and sand and gravel deposits. In the Reservation, the glacial deposits range in thickness from zero to 180 feet. The bedrock aquifer is composed of fractured and weathered Precambrian bedrock within about 20 feet of the upper bedrock surface.  The sand and gravel aquifer is composed of saturated, permeable sand and gravel that occurs as layers, lenses, terrace deposits, and valley fillings.  The glacial material has a saturated thickness ranging from approximately 150 feet to zero feet in areas where the Precambrian bedrock crops out. Water-table conditions commonly occur in both aquifers. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the sand and gravel and bedrock aquifers is estimated to be 5 and 0.3 feet per day, respectively.

\n

The Wolf River and its tributaries drain the Reservation except for the eastern quarter, which is drained by the South Branch of the Oconto River. The average discharge of the Wolf River, monitored continuously during 1907-85 at Keshena Falls near Keshena, was 762 ft 3/s (cubic feet per second). Maximum instantaneous discharge was 5,200 ft3/s recorded on March 15, 1973, and the minimum was 91 ft3/s recorded on December 22,1939. Low flow and flood-frequency characteristics for the Wolf River were estimated using mean-daily discharge for the period of record at Keshena Falls.

\n

Ground water from the sand and gravel and bedrock aquifers is a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type. The composition of waters from the two aquifers is similar because water recharging the bedrock aquifer is from the overlying sand and gravel aquifer. Iron or manganese concentrations exceeding secondary maximum contaminant levels were found in water samples from approximately one-quarter to one-half of the wells sampled.

\n

Approximately three-quarters of the groundwater sampled during the study is moderately hard to very hard, with a median hardness equal to 171 mg/L (milligrams per liter) (as calcium carbonate)for the sand and gravel aquifer and 165mg/L (as calcium carbonate) for the bedrock aquifer.  Alkalinity of the ground water ranged from26 to 211 mg/L, with a median value of 182 mg/L(as calcium carbonate) for the sand and gravel aquifer and ranged from 72 to 250 mg/L, with a median value of 170 mg/L (as calcium carbonate)for the bedrock aquifer.

\n

Water samples collected from Reservation streams and lakes were similar to ground water (calcium magnesium bicarbonate type), reflecting the strong surface-water/ground-water interaction in the study area. The chemical composition of water from lakes having inlets or outlets indicate that they are not influenced by precipitation as much as lakes that do not have inlets or outlets.

\n

 

\n

 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934053","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin","usgsCitation":"Krohelski, J.T., Kammerer, P., and Conlon, T.D., 1994, Water resources of the Menominee Indian Reservation of Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4053, Report: v, 54 p.; 4 Plates: 19.20 x 16.56 inches or smalller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934053.","productDescription":"Report: v, 54 p.; 4 Plates: 19.20 x 16.56 inches or smalller","numberOfPages":"60","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56973,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4053/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123959,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4053/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56974,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4053/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56975,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4053/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56976,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4053/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56977,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4053/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Menominee Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-88.6399,45.1171],[-88.6109,45.1174],[-88.5598,45.1175],[-88.4836,45.117],[-88.4862,45.0302],[-88.4881,44.9435],[-88.4894,44.8554],[-88.6117,44.8563],[-88.736,44.8561],[-88.7356,44.9429],[-88.7982,44.9432],[-88.8588,44.943],[-88.9516,44.943],[-88.9812,44.9427],[-88.9812,45.0299],[-88.9818,45.118],[-88.9301,45.1182],[-88.8623,45.1175],[-88.8118,45.1177],[-88.7343,45.1172],[-88.6826,45.1174],[-88.6574,45.1172],[-88.6399,45.1171]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Menominee\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602c6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krohelski, J. T.","contributorId":59046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohelski","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":199294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kammerer, P.A.","contributorId":21943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kammerer","given":"P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conlon, Terrence D. 0000-0002-5899-7187 tdconlon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5899-7187","contributorId":819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conlon","given":"Terrence","email":"tdconlon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":199292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}