Noble gas recharge temperatures (NGTs) and radiocarbon ages were determined for 43 groundwater samples collected in the eastern Española Basin, New Mexico (USA), to identify mountain-block recharge in waters <10 thousand years (ka) old and to evaluate possible changes in mountain-block recharge over the past ∼35 ka. For Holocene samples from the southeastern area, NGTs are dominantly 2–4° cooler than the measured water-table temperature near the mountain front. Computed minimum mountain-block recharge fractions are dominantly 0.2–0.5, consistent with previous large mountain-block recharge estimates. NGTs do not display the distinct low during the last glacial maximum observed in other paleorecharge studies; samples recharged 15–25 ka ago are on average only 1.3° cooler than Holocene samples. Instead, samples with the coldest NGTs were recharged 25–35 ka ago. A proposed explanation is that higher precipitation rates during the last glacial maximum resulted in a lower mean recharge elevation for the basin, essentially buffering the effect of the lower mean annual air temperature and producing NGTs similar to the Holocene. In the period preceding the last glacial maximum, precipitation rates more like today’s resulted in Holocene-like mountain-block recharge fractions, producing a mean NGT ∼5° cooler than the Holocene, as expected.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10040-010-0696-8","usgsCitation":"Manning, A.H., 2011, Mountain-block recharge, present and past, in the eastern Espanola Basin, New Mexico, USA: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 19, no. 2, p. 379-397, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-010-0696-8.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"379","endPage":"397","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-021349","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":351867,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Española","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106.124496,35.658970 ], [ -106.124496,36.021891 ], [ -105.884857,36.021891 ], [ -105.884857,35.658970 ], [ -106.124496,35.658970 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-02-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5163e6e9e4b0b7010f820176","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manning, Andrew H. 0000-0002-6404-1237 amanning@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6404-1237","contributorId":1305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"Andrew","email":"amanning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70044854,"text":"70044854 - 2011 - Mineral resource of the month: indium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-08T17:47:43","indexId":"70044854","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1419,"text":"Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral resource of the month: indium","docAbstract":"Geologically, the occurrence of indium minerals is rare. The element most often occurs as a sulfide inclusion or substitutes in other base-metal minerals, including cassiterite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and stannite. Indium’s abundance in the crust is estimated to be 0.05 parts per million, which makes it more abundant than silver, but it is so widely disseminated that it does not occur in high enough concentrations to form mineable deposits. Therefore, indium is most often recovered from byproduct residues produced during the refining of lead and zinc. But only about one-quarter of the indium mined worldwide is refined into metal, as many indium-bearing concentrates are sent to refineries that do not have the capability of recovering the metal.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geosciences Institute","publisherLocation":"Alexandria, VA","usgsCitation":"Tolcin, A., 2011, Mineral resource of the month: indium: Earth, v. 56, no. 7, p. 27-27.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"27","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-029627","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270507,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270506,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.agiweb.org/store/library/imprint.php?id=2011_07"}],"volume":"56","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"515bfdf1e4b075500ee5ca5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tolcin, Amy C. atolcin@usgs.gov","contributorId":2893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tolcin","given":"Amy C.","email":"atolcin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":476409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70046692,"text":"70046692 - 2011 - A Digital Hydrologic Network Supporting NAWQA MRB SPARROW Modeling--MRB_E2RF1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-25T14:09:52","indexId":"70046692","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"A Digital Hydrologic Network Supporting NAWQA MRB SPARROW Modeling--MRB_E2RF1","docAbstract":"A digital hydrologic network was developed to support SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes (SPARROW) models within selected regions of the United States. These regions correspond with the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program Major River Basin (MRB) study units 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 (Preston and others, 2009). MRB2, covers the South Atlantic-Gulf and Tennessee River basins. MRB3, covers the Great Lakes, Ohio, Upper Mississippi, and Souris-Red-Rainy River basins. MRB4, covers the Missouri River basins. MRB5, covers the Lower Mississippi, Arkansas-White-Red, and Texas-Gulf River basins. MRB7, covers the Pacific Northwest River basins. The digital hydrologic network described here represents surface-water pathways (MRB_E2RF1) and associated catchments (MRB_E2RF1WS). It serves as the fundamental framework to spatially reference and summarize explanatory information supporting nutrient SPARROW models (Brakebill and others, 2011; Wieczorek and LaMotte, 2011). The principal geospatial dataset used to support this regional effort was based on an enhanced version of a 1:500,000 scale digital stream-reach network (ERF1_2) (Nolan et al., 2002). Enhancements included associating over 3,500 water-quality monitoring sites to the reach network, improving physical locations of stream reaches at or near monitoring locations, and generating drainage catchments based on 100m elevation data. A unique number (MRB_ID) identifies each reach as a single unit. This unique number is also shared by the catchment area drained by the reach, thus spatially linking the hydrologically connected streams and the respective drainage area characteristics. In addition, other relevant physical, environmental, and monitoring information can be associated to the common network and accessed using the unique identification number.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Baltimore, MA","doi":"10.3133/70046692","usgsCitation":"Brakebill, J., and Terziotti, S., 2011, A Digital Hydrologic Network Supporting NAWQA MRB SPARROW Modeling--MRB_E2RF1, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.3133/70046692.","productDescription":"Dataset","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":274185,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274184,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/mrb_e2rf1.xml"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -127.859452,23.243486 ], [ -127.859452,51.549102 ], [ -65.377389,51.549102 ], [ -65.377389,23.243486 ], [ -127.859452,23.243486 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51cabbdfe4b0d298e5434c1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brakebill, J. W.","contributorId":48206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brakebill","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Terziotti, S.E.","contributorId":6287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terziotti","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70044911,"text":"70044911 - 2011 - Asbestos","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-13T10:55:16","indexId":"70044911","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Asbestos","docAbstract":"The term asbestos is a generic designation referring usually to six types of naturally occurring mineral fibers that are or have been commercially exploited. These fibers belong to two mineral groups: serpentines and amphiboles. The serpentine group is represented by a single asbestiform variety-chrysotile. There also are five commercial asbestiform varieties of amphiboles-anthophyllite asbestos, cummingtonite-grunerite asbestos (amosite), riebeckite asbestos (crocidolite), tremolite asbestos, and actinolite asbestos. Amosite and crocidolite are no longer mined. Nearly all of the asbestos mined after the mid-1990s was chrysotile. Only very small amounts of actinolite, anthophyllite, and tremolite asbestos may be mined in a few countries. Asbestos was mined in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, India, Kazakhstan, and Russia in 2010; world production was estimated to be 1.97 × 106 tons.
\nProperties that made asbestos valuable for industrial applications were their thermal, electrical, and sound insulation properties; inflammability; matrix reinforcement (cement, plastic, and resins); adsorption capacity (filtration, liquid sterilization); wear and friction properties (friction materials such as brakes and clutches); and chemical inertia (except in acids). These properties led to the use of asbestos in about 3,000 products by the 1960s. Since about 1995, asbestos-cement products, including pipe and sheets, accounted for more than 95% of global asbestos consumption as other uses of asbestos have declined. Global consumption of asbestos was estimated to have been about 1.98 × 106 tons in 2009. The leading consuming countries in 2009 were Brazil, China, India, Russia, and Thailand, each with more than 100,000 tons of consumption.
\nNo abstract available.
","language":"English","issn":"00991112","usgsCitation":"Xian, G.Z., Homer, C.G., Dewitz, J., Fry, J., Hossain, N., and Wickham, J., 2011, Change of impervious surface area between 2001 and 2006 in the conterminous United States: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 77, no. 8, p. 758-762.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"758","endPage":"762","numberOfPages":"5","ipdsId":"IP-030098","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":246424,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f402e4b0c8380cd4bab2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Xian, George Z. 0000-0001-5674-2204 xian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5674-2204","contributorId":2263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xian","given":"George","email":"xian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":453755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Homer, Collin G. 0000-0003-4755-8135 homer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4755-8135","contributorId":2262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Homer","given":"Collin","email":"homer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":453753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dewitz, Jon 0000-0002-0458-212X dewitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0458-212X","contributorId":2401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dewitz","given":"Jon","email":"dewitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":453754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fry, Joyce 0000-0002-8466-9582 jfry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8466-9582","contributorId":3147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fry","given":"Joyce","email":"jfry@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":453756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hossain, N.","contributorId":7505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hossain","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wickham, J.","contributorId":102230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wickham","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70036079,"text":"70036079 - 2011 - Alaska North Slope regional gas hydrate production modeling forecasts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-02T20:40:58.45809","indexId":"70036079","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alaska North Slope regional gas hydrate production modeling forecasts","docAbstract":"A series of gas hydrate development scenarios were created to assess the range of outcomes predicted for the possible development of the “Eileen” gas hydrate accumulation, North Slope, Alaska. Production forecasts for the “reference case” were built using the 2002 Mallik production tests, mechanistic simulation, and geologic studies conducted by the US Geological Survey. Three additional scenarios were considered: A “downside-scenario” which fails to identify viable production, an “upside-scenario” describes results that are better than expected. To capture the full range of possible outcomes and balance the downside case, an “extreme upside scenario” assumes each well is exceptionally productive.
Starting with a representative type-well simulation forecasts, field development timing is applied and the sum of individual well forecasts creating the field-wide production forecast. This technique is commonly used to schedule large-scale resource plays where drilling schedules are complex and production forecasts must account for many changing parameters. The complementary forecasts of rig count, capital investment, and cash flow can be used in a pre-appraisal assessment of potential commercial viability.
Since no significant gas sales are currently possible on the North Slope of Alaska, typical parameters were used to create downside, reference, and upside case forecasts that predict from 0 to 71 BM3 (2.5 tcf) of gas may be produced in 20 years and nearly 283 BM3 (10 tcf) ultimate recovery after 100 years.
Outlining a range of possible outcomes enables decision makers to visualize the pace and milestones that will be required to evaluate gas hydrate resource development in the Eileen accumulation. Critical values of peak production rate, time to meaningful production volumes, and investments required to rule out a downside case are provided. Upside cases identify potential if both depressurization and thermal stimulation yield positive results. An “extreme upside” case captures the full potential of unconstrained development with widely spaced wells. The results of this study indicate that recoverable gas hydrate resources may exist in the Eileen accumulation and that it represents a good opportunity for continued research.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.03.007","issn":"02648172","usgsCitation":"Wilson, S., Hunter, R., Collett, T.S., Hancock, S., Boswell, R., and Anderson, B., 2011, Alaska North Slope regional gas hydrate production modeling forecasts: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 28, no. 2, p. 460-477, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.03.007.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"460","endPage":"477","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":246458,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218448,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.03.007"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"North Slope","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -167.255859375,\n 67.90861918215302\n ],\n [\n -141.064453125,\n 67.90861918215302\n ],\n [\n -141.064453125,\n 72.18180355624855\n ],\n [\n -167.255859375,\n 72.18180355624855\n ],\n [\n -167.255859375,\n 67.90861918215302\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e932e4b0c8380cd48157","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, S.J.","contributorId":93734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunter, R.B.","contributorId":29538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunter","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Collett, Timothy S. 0000-0002-7598-4708 tcollett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":1698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"Timothy","email":"tcollett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":454080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hancock, S.","contributorId":71742,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hancock","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boswell, R.","contributorId":35121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boswell","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Anderson, B.J.","contributorId":70914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70036211,"text":"70036211 - 2011 - Distribution, population status and trends of Kittlitz's murrelet Brachyramphus brevirostris in Lower Cook Inlet and Kachemak Bay, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-08T10:49:31","indexId":"70036211","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2675,"text":"Marine Ornithology: Journal of Seabird Research and Conservation","onlineIssn":"2074-1235","printIssn":"1018-3337","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Distribution, population status and trends of Kittlitz's murrelet Brachyramphus brevirostris in Lower Cook Inlet and Kachemak Bay, Alaska","title":"Distribution, population status and trends of Kittlitz's murrelet Brachyramphus brevirostris in Lower Cook Inlet and Kachemak Bay, Alaska","docAbstract":"Lower Cook Inlet (LCI) in south-central Alaska is unusual among the breeding areas of Kittlitz's Murrelet Brachyramphus brevirostris because of human impacts on the marine and terrestrial environments and because of the lack of tidewater glaciers. In LCI the Kittlitz's Murrelet co-exists with the more abundant Marbled Murrelet, which complicates abundance estimates because of the difficulty of species identification. We compared survey data for an area with overlapping coverage in LCI (Core area) in 1993 (June) and from 1996 to 1999 (July-early August). Within this LCI Core area, the surveys in 1996-1999 estimated ~1600 Kittlitz's Murrelets and ~17 000 Marbled Murrelets, including prorated unidentified murrelets. The Kittlitz's Murrelet population declined between 1993 and 1999 at 26% per annum (84% overall). Simultaneously, Marbled Murrelets declined by 12% per annum (56% overall), though the decline was not statistically significant. Declines were estimated conservatively because the 1993 survey was conducted in June, when both murrelet species are less abundant on the water. We also surveyed Kachemak Bay, a large embayment of LCI, during mid-summer (July) of 2005-2007 and estimated a population of 2047 Kittlitz's Murrelets (SD 1120, n = 3 years) residing primarily in the inner bay. Marbled Murrelets numbered 11 040 (SD 1306) and were found throughout the bay. On one transect set in inner Kachemak Bay, Kittlitz's Murrelet density in late summer (1-16 August) declined 7.5% per annum between 1988 and 2007 (n = 6 years), and Marbled Murrelet density increased 4.9% per annum. On two other transect sets in the inner bay, however, neither murrelet species showed a change in density between 1996 and 2007. Inner Kachemak Bay is a persistent hotspot for Kittlitz's Murrelet and may attract murrelets from LCI and beyond. We recommend monitoring murrelet populations in Kachemak Bay, although Kittlitz's Murrelets likely move between the main body of Cook Inlet and Kachemak Bay, and a complete LCI survey is needed to gauge regional population trends.","language":"English","issn":"10183337","usgsCitation":"Kuletz, K.J., Speckman, S., Piatt, J.F., and Labunski, E., 2011, Distribution, population status and trends of Kittlitz's murrelet Brachyramphus brevirostris in Lower Cook Inlet and Kachemak Bay, Alaska: Marine Ornithology: Journal of Seabird Research and Conservation, v. 39, no. 1, p. 85-95.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"95","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":246597,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0322e4b0c8380cd50365","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuletz, Kathy J.","contributorId":24669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuletz","given":"Kathy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Speckman, Suzann G.","contributorId":88217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Speckman","given":"Suzann G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":454904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Labunski, E.A.","contributorId":97750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Labunski","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70005028,"text":"70005028 - 2011 - R is for rocksicle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-05T10:28:12","indexId":"70005028","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":674,"text":"Aggregates Manager","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"R is for rocksicle","docAbstract":"A Front Range perspective on managing and shipping aggregates.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aggregates Manager","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Randall Reilly Publishing","usgsCitation":"Langer, W.H., 2011, R is for rocksicle: Aggregates Manager, v. 16, no. 6, p. 132-132.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"132","endPage":"132","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204071,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":24508,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.aggman.com/carved-in-stone-16/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"16","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a012","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langer, W. H.","contributorId":44932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70043636,"text":"70043636 - 2011 - Validation of a freshwater Otolith microstructure pattern for Nisqually Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-19T12:41:35","indexId":"70043636","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"2011-1","title":"Validation of a freshwater Otolith microstructure pattern for Nisqually Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)","docAbstract":"The Nisqually Fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) population is one of 27 stocks in the Puget Sound (Washington) evolutionarily significant unit listed as threatened under the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA). Extensive restoration of the Nisqually River delta ecosystem has taken place to assist in recovery of the stock since estuary habitat is a critical transition zone for juvenile fall Chinook salmon. A pre-restoration baseline that includes the characterization of life history strategies, estuary residence times, growth rates and habitat use is needed to evaluate the potential response of hatchery and natural origin Chinook salmon to restoration efforts and to determine restoration success. Otolith microstructure analysis was selected as a tool to examine Chinook salmon life history, growth and residence in the Nisqually River estuary. The purpose of the current study is to incorporate microstructural analysis from the otoliths of juvenile Nisqually Chinook salmon collected at the downstream migrant trap within true freshwater (FW) habitat of the Nisqually River. The results from this analysis confirmed the previously documented Nisqually-specific FW microstructure pattern and revealed a Nisqually-specific microstructure pattern early in development (“developmental pattern”). No inter-annual variation in the microstructure pattern was visually observed when compared to samples from previous years. Furthermore, the Nisqually-specific “developmental pattern” and the FW microstructure pattern used in combination during analysis will allow us to recognize and separate with further confidence future unmarked Chinook salmon otolith collections into Nisqually-origin (natural or unmarked hatchery) and non-Nisqually origin categories. Freshwater mean increment width, growth rate and residence time were also calculated.","language":"English ","publisher":"Nisqually Indian Tribe Department of Natural Resources","publisherLocation":"Olympia, WA","usgsCitation":"Lind-Null, A., and Larsen, K., 2011, Validation of a freshwater Otolith microstructure pattern for Nisqually Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), 13 p. .","productDescription":"13 p. ","ipdsId":"IP-031160","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332274,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Nisqually Basin ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.35542297363281,\n 46.56263732086835\n ],\n [\n -122.35542297363281,\n 46.88131503811574\n ],\n [\n -121.84936523437499,\n 46.88131503811574\n ],\n [\n -121.84936523437499,\n 46.56263732086835\n ],\n [\n -122.35542297363281,\n 46.56263732086835\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5859000ee4b03639a6025e53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lind-Null, Angie","contributorId":9369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lind-Null","given":"Angie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larsen, Kim","contributorId":101762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Kim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70036469,"text":"70036469 - 2011 - Characterizing fragmentation of the collective forests in southern China from multitemporal Landsat imagery: A case study from Kecheng district of Zhejiang province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-06T13:23:44","indexId":"70036469","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":836,"text":"Applied Geography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterizing fragmentation of the collective forests in southern China from multitemporal Landsat imagery: A case study from Kecheng district of Zhejiang province","docAbstract":"Tropical and subtropical forests provide important ecosystem goods and services including carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation. These forests are facing increasing socioeconomic pressures and are rapidly being degraded and fragmented. This analysis focuses on the rate of change and patterns of fragmentation in a collective forest area in Zhejiang province, China, during the time period 1988–2005. The research consisted of two parts. The first was the development of general land cover maps and the identification of land cover changes by interpreting Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) time series imagery. The second part involved the computation and analysis of forest fragmentation metrics. For this portion of the study, fragmentation statistics were analyzed, and images were developed to depict forest fragmentation patterns and trends. Results revealed that there was a net loss of 7.8% in forest coverage, dropping from 66.8% in 1988 to 59.0% in 2005, primarily caused by agricultural expansion and poor forest management practices. An acceleration of forest fragmentation was also witnessed during the time intervals, which was evidenced by a decreasing trend in interior forest (57.2% in 1988, 55.0% in 1996 and 54.8% in 2005 respectively) coupled with the scales of the selected geospatial metrics. Continued forest loss and fragmentation are closely correlated with the existing political, educational, institutional and economic processes of contemporary China. To unlock the developmental potentials of the collective forests and to effectively mitigate the rate of forest loss and fragmentation, reforms of forest tenure and ecological immigration practices are recognized as a prospective alternative. The produced fragmentation maps further illustrates the importance of assessing landscape change history, especially the spatiotemporal patterns of forest fragments, when developing landscape level plans for biodiversity conservation, land use management and ecologically sustainable forestry.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.02.004","issn":"01436228","usgsCitation":"Li, M., Zhu, Z., Vogelmann, J., Xu, D., Wen, W., and Liu, A., 2011, Characterizing fragmentation of the collective forests in southern China from multitemporal Landsat imagery: A case study from Kecheng district of Zhejiang province: Applied Geography, v. 31, no. 3, p. 1026-1035, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.02.004.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1026","endPage":"1035","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488024,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.02.004","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":218586,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.02.004"},{"id":246612,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4fee4b0c8380cd4c014","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Li, M.","contributorId":97246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhu, Z.","contributorId":10898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vogelmann, James E. 0000-0002-0804-5823","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0804-5823","contributorId":16604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogelmann","given":"James E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Xu, D.","contributorId":41231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wen, W.","contributorId":17866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wen","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Liu, A.","contributorId":90110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70036286,"text":"70036286 - 2011 - Tremor reveals stress shadowing, deep postseismic creep, and depth-dependent slip recurrence on the lower-crustal San Andreas fault near Parkfield","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-05T12:45:23","indexId":"70036286","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tremor reveals stress shadowing, deep postseismic creep, and depth-dependent slip recurrence on the lower-crustal San Andreas fault near Parkfield","docAbstract":"The 2003 magnitude 6.5 San Simeon and the 2004 magnitude 6.0 Parkfield earthquakes induced small, but significant, static stress changes in the lower crust on the central San Andreas fault, where recently detected tectonic tremor sources provide new constraints on deep fault creep processes. We find that these earthquakes affect tremor rates very differently, consistent with their differing transferred static shear stresses. The San Simeon event appears to have cast a \"stress shadow\" north of Parkfield, where tremor activity was stifled for 3-6 weeks. In contrast, the 2004 Parkfield earthquake dramatically increased tremor activity rates both north and south of Parkfield, allowing us to track deep postseismic slip. Following this event, rates initially increased by up to two orders of magnitude for the relatively shallow tremor sources closest to the rupture, with activity in some sources persisting above background rates for more than a year. We also observe strong depth dependence in tremor recurrence patterns, with shallower sources generally exhibiting larger, less-frequent bursts, possibly signaling a transition toward steady creep with increasing temperature and depth. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2011GL047863","isbn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Shelly, D.R., and Johnson, K.M., 2011, Tremor reveals stress shadowing, deep postseismic creep, and depth-dependent slip recurrence on the lower-crustal San Andreas fault near Parkfield: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 38, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047863.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"L13312","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475413,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gl047863","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":246279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218281,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047863"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Parkfield;San Simeon","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas Fault","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.2,35.4 ], [ -121.2,36.1 ], [ -120.1,36.1 ], [ -120.1,35.4 ], [ -121.2,35.4 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"38","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-07-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb7bee4b08c986b32745a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shelly, David R. dshelly@usgs.gov","contributorId":2978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelly","given":"David","email":"dshelly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":455266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Kaj M.","contributorId":92526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Kaj","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":455267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70036216,"text":"70036216 - 2011 - Hillslope response to knickpoint migration in the Southern Appalachians: Implications for the evolution of post-orogenic landscapes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-25T19:26:19.800417","indexId":"70036216","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hillslope response to knickpoint migration in the Southern Appalachians: Implications for the evolution of post-orogenic landscapes","docAbstract":"The southern Appalachians represent a landscape characterized by locally high topographic relief, steep slopes, and frequent mass movement in the absence of significant tectonic forcing for at least the last 200 Ma. The fundamental processes responsible for landscape evolution in a post‐orogenic landscape remain enigmatic. The non‐glaciated Cullasaja River basin of south‐western North Carolina, with uniform lithology, frequent debris flows, and the availability of high‐resolution airborne lidar DEMs, is an ideal natural setting to study landscape evolution in a post‐orogenic landscape through the lens of hillslope–channel coupling. This investigation is limited to channels with upslope contributing areas >2.7 km2, a conservative estimate of the transition from fluvial to debris‐flow dominated channel processes. Values of normalized hypsometry, hypsometric integral, and mean slope vs elevation are used for 14 tributary basins and the Cullasaja basin as a whole to characterize landscape evolution following upstream knickpoint migration. Results highlight the existence of a transient spatial relationship between knickpoints present along the fluvial network of the Cullasaja basin and adjacent hillslopes. Metrics of topography (relief, slope gradient) and hillslope activity (landslide frequency) exhibit significant downstream increases below the current position of major knickpoints. The transient effect of knickpoint‐driven channel incision on basin hillslopes is captured by measuring the relief, mean slope steepness, and mass movement frequency of tributary basins and comparing these results with the distance from major knickpoints along the Cullasaja River. A conceptual model of area–elevation and slope distributions is presented that may be representative of post‐orogenic landscape evolution in analogous geologic settings. Importantly, the model explains how knickpoint migration and channel–hillslope coupling is an important factor in tectonically‐inactive (i.e. post‐orogenic) orogens for the maintenance of significant relief, steep slopes, and weathering‐limited hillslopes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/esp.2150","issn":"01979337","usgsCitation":"Wegmann, S., Franke, K., Hughes, S., Lewis, R., Lyons, N., Paris, P., Ross, K., Bauer, J., and Witt, A., 2011, Hillslope response to knickpoint migration in the Southern Appalachians: Implications for the evolution of post-orogenic landscapes: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 36, no. 9, p. 1254-1267, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.2150.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1254","endPage":"1267","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":246150,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218165,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.2150"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Blue Ridge Escarpment","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.034423828125,\n 34.9895035675793\n ],\n [\n -82.7435302734375,\n 34.9895035675793\n ],\n [\n -82.7435302734375,\n 35.61711648382185\n ],\n [\n -84.034423828125,\n 35.61711648382185\n ],\n [\n -84.034423828125,\n 34.9895035675793\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-03-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a314fe4b0c8380cd5ddfe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wegmann, S.F.G.","contributorId":27303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wegmann","given":"S.F.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Franke, K.L.","contributorId":60894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franke","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hughes, S.","contributorId":10384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lewis, R.Q.","contributorId":91910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"R.Q.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lyons, N.","contributorId":51141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Paris, P.","contributorId":56491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paris","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ross, K.","contributorId":15050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bauer, J.B.","contributorId":67293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauer","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Witt, A.C.","contributorId":26146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witt","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70004382,"text":"70004382 - 2011 - Introduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-11T18:09:58.096845","indexId":"70004382","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Introduction","docAbstract":"Ecotoxicology is the study of the movement of environmental contaminants through ecosystems and their effects on plants and animals. Examining tissue residues of these contaminants in biota is basic to ecotoxicology, both for understanding the movement of contaminants within organisms and through food chains, and for understanding and quantifying injuries to organisms and their communities. This book provides guidance on interpreting tissue concentrations of environmental contaminants.
Tissue concentrations have long been used both to identify the cause of toxicity in animals and as a measure of the severity of toxicity. More recently, they have been incorporated into environmental models, tying together exposure, kinetics, and toxic effects. Measuring tissue concentrations is basic to studies on the kinetics of contaminants, which entails characterizing the rates of uptake and elimination in organisms, as well as redistribution (organs, lipid, and plasma) within them. Tissue concentrations are also used in ecological studies examining the movement of contaminants between organisms and within biological communities.
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S2, p. 89-92, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01828.x.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"92","ipdsId":"IP-025416","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270635,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Michigan, Ontario","otherGeospatial":"Detroit River, Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake St. Clair","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.24444305889988,\n 41.98407822539474\n ],\n [\n -83.20292888285584,\n 41.97662912271019\n ],\n [\n -82.99822104926145,\n 42.02343757700308\n ],\n [\n -83.07266026147809,\n 42.09464794511035\n ],\n [\n -83.09556463446722,\n 42.097834601123424\n ],\n [\n -83.10129072771505,\n 42.142430971542694\n ],\n [\n -83.07981787803732,\n 42.161534093105246\n ],\n [\n -83.03114608543407,\n 42.17426630432283\n ],\n [\n -83.05118741180038,\n 42.209266671129825\n ],\n [\n -83.08268092466088,\n 42.199723038672914\n ],\n [\n -83.09127006453156,\n 42.25802272108089\n ],\n [\n -83.08268092466088,\n 42.28874087230409\n ],\n [\n -83.06263959829458,\n 42.30462369627665\n ],\n [\n -83.01539932900417,\n 42.31944405109692\n ],\n [\n -82.95670687321811,\n 42.32579456344854\n ],\n [\n -82.94096011678752,\n 42.33637732627028\n ],\n [\n -82.91232965055052,\n 42.33214443480935\n ],\n [\n -82.92378183704548,\n 42.37657558547892\n ],\n [\n -82.98820038607863,\n 42.36811493094223\n ],\n [\n -83.0268515154984,\n 42.34378420079716\n ],\n [\n -83.0941331111558,\n 42.32473618923649\n ],\n [\n -83.15855166018895,\n 42.24742678380912\n ],\n [\n -83.24014848896417,\n 42.05958416135255\n ],\n [\n -83.24444305889988,\n 41.98407822539474\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"S2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-12-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51629563e4b0c25842758ce0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roseman, Edward F. 0000-0002-5315-9838 eroseman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5315-9838","contributorId":168428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roseman","given":"Edward","email":"eroseman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":474465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boase, James","contributorId":38035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boase","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kennedy, Gregory W. 0000-0003-1686-6960 gkennedy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1686-6960","contributorId":3700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Gregory","email":"gkennedy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":474467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Craig, Jaquelyn M. 0000-0002-7601-8616 jcraig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7601-8616","contributorId":190252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craig","given":"Jaquelyn","email":"jcraig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":474466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Soper, Karen","contributorId":10695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soper","given":"Karen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70176225,"text":"70176225 - 2011 - A review of the lignite resources of Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-16T16:58:56.51936","indexId":"70176225","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5382,"text":"AAPG Studies in Geology","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"chapter":"17","title":"A review of the lignite resources of Arkansas","docAbstract":"This review of the lignite resources of Arkansas is a part of the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) National Coal Resource Assessment (NCRA) of the Gulf Coastal Plain Coal Province, which also includes coal-bearing areas in the states of Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Kentucky (see Ruppert et al., 2002; Dennen, 2009; and other chapters of this publication). Lignite mining is not planned in Arkansas in the immediate future, and the lignite resources of the state were not assessed in detail as part of the NCRA. This chapter includes reviews of the geology of the lignite-bearing units, historical mining, previous investigations of lignite resources, and coal quality. Palynological data for lignite samples collected in Arkansas as part of this work are presented in Table 1.
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pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":647908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Law, S.J.","contributorId":174276,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Law","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":100,"text":"AASG National Geologic Map Database Project","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":647909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nichols, Douglas J.","contributorId":87184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70159146,"text":"70159146 - 2011 - Chapter 39 The Edwardsburg Formation and related rocks, Windermere Supergroup, central Idaho, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-15T16:34:22","indexId":"70159146","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2711,"text":"Memoir of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chapter 39 The Edwardsburg Formation and related rocks, Windermere Supergroup, central Idaho, USA","docAbstract":"In central Idaho, Neoproterozoic stratified rocks are engulfed by the Late Cretaceous Idaho batholith and by Eocene volcanic and plutonic rocks of the Challis event. Studied sections in the Gospel Peaks and Big Creek areas of west-central Idaho are in roof pendants of the Idaho batholith. A drill core section studied from near Challis, east-central Idaho, lies beneath the Challis Volcanic Group and is not exposed at the surface. Metamorphic and deformational overprinting, as well as widespread dismembering by the younger igneous rocks, conceals many primary details. Despite this, these rocks provide important links for regional correlations and have produced critical geochronological data for two Neoproterozoic glacial periods in the North American Cordillera. At the base of the section, the more than 700-m-thick Edwardsburg Formation (Fm.) contains interlayered diamictite and volcanic rocks. There are two diamictite-bearing members in the Edwardsburg Fm. that are closely related in time. Each of the diamictites is associated with intermediate composition tuff or flow rocks and the diamictites are separated by mafic volcanic rocks. SHRIMP U–Pb dating indicates that the lower diamictite is about 685±7 Ma, whereas the upper diamictite is 684±4 Ma. The diamictite units are part of a cycle of rocks from coarse clastic, to fine clastic, to carbonate rocks that, by correlation to better preserved sections, are thought to record an older Cryogenian glacial to interglacial period in the northern US Cordillera. The more than 75-m-thick diamictite of Daugherty Gulch is dated at 664±6 Ma. This unit is preserved only in drill core and the palaeoenvironmental interpretation and local stratigraphic relations are non-unique. Thus, the date for this diamictite may provide a date for a newly recognized glaciogenic horizon or may be a minimum age for the diamictite in the Edwardsburg Fm. The c. 1000-m-thick Moores Lake Fm. is an amphibolite facies diamictite in which glacial features have not been observed. However, it is part of a sedimentary cycle from unsorted siliclastic deposits to mud and carbonate deposits. Using lithostratigraphy and available geochronology, the Moores Lake Fm. is correlated with a younger succession of Cryogenian glaciogenic rocks in southeastern Idaho. Traditional correlations of Neoproterozoic rocks in the Cordillera recognize two levels of Cryogenian diamictites. The Edwardsburg and Moores Lake diamictites along the middle Cordillera fit well into the scenario of two glacial events. Because of the correlations, dates that provide ages for the diamictites in central Idaho (and corroborated in southeastern Idaho, Link & Fanning 2008) could constrain the age of correlated glaciogenic deposits elsewhere in the Cordillera. However, in the absence of dates for the glaciogenic diamictites in Canadian and southern US Cordilleran sections, the correlations are considered possible but uncertain.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Geological Society","usgsCitation":"Lund, K., Evans, K.V., and Alienikoff, J.N., 2011, Chapter 39 The Edwardsburg Formation and related rocks, Windermere Supergroup, central Idaho, USA: Memoir of the Geological Society of America, v. 36, p. 437-448.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"437","endPage":"448","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":309968,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Central Idaho","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.98242187499999,\n 46.17983040759436\n ],\n [\n -114.43359375,\n 46.10370875598026\n ],\n [\n -112.8955078125,\n 44.402391829093915\n ],\n [\n -113.02734374999999,\n 44.02442151965934\n ],\n [\n -117.04833984375001,\n 43.78695837311561\n ],\n [\n -116.96044921875,\n 44.18220395771566\n ],\n [\n -117.20214843749999,\n 44.37098696297173\n ],\n [\n -117.00439453125,\n 44.77793589631623\n ],\n [\n -116.806640625,\n 45.24395342262324\n ],\n [\n -116.78466796875,\n 45.521743896993634\n ],\n [\n -117.04833984375001,\n 46.08847179577592\n ],\n [\n -116.98242187499999,\n 46.17983040759436\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5620ce57e4b06217fc478acd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lund, Karen 0000-0002-4249-3582 klund@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4249-3582","contributorId":1235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lund","given":"Karen","email":"klund@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":577699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, Karl V. kvevans@usgs.gov","contributorId":194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"Karl","email":"kvevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":577700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alienikoff, John N.","contributorId":85078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alienikoff","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70176526,"text":"70176526 - 2011 - Concluding remarks: The way forward for urban ecology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-03T13:11:22","indexId":"70176526","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Concluding remarks: The way forward for urban ecology","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Urban ecology: Patterns, processes, and applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","usgsCitation":"Niemela, J., Breuste, J., Elmqvist, T., Guntenspergen, G.R., James, P., and McIntyre, N., 2011, Concluding remarks: The way forward for urban ecology, chap. of Urban ecology: Patterns, processes, and applications, p. 319-322.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"322","ipdsId":"IP-021933","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328765,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":328764,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://global.oup.com/academic/product/urban-ecology-9780199563562?cc=us&lang=en&"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f5aae4b0bc0bec0a17b6","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Niemela, J.","contributorId":111992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niemela","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649108,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Breuste, J.H.","contributorId":112095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breuste","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649109,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elmqvist, T.","contributorId":112263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elmqvist","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649110,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guntenspergen, Glenn R. 0000-0002-8593-0244 glenn_guntenspergen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8593-0244","contributorId":2885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guntenspergen","given":"Glenn","email":"glenn_guntenspergen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649111,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"James, P.","contributorId":47888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649112,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McIntyre, N.E.","contributorId":18091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntyre","given":"N.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649113,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":6}],"authors":[{"text":"Niemela, J.","contributorId":111992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niemela","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Breuste, J.H.","contributorId":112095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breuste","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elmqvist, Thomas","contributorId":30880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elmqvist","given":"Thomas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guntenspergen, Glenn R. 0000-0002-8593-0244 glenn_guntenspergen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8593-0244","contributorId":2885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guntenspergen","given":"Glenn","email":"glenn_guntenspergen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"James, P.","contributorId":47888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McIntyre, N.E.","contributorId":18091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntyre","given":"N.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70193259,"text":"70193259 - 2011 - Radiotelemetry to estimate stream life of adult chum salmon in the McNeil River, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-15T14:50:33","indexId":"70193259","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiotelemetry to estimate stream life of adult chum salmon in the McNeil River, Alaska","docAbstract":"Estimating salmon escapement is one of the fundamental steps in managing salmon populations. The area-under-the-curve (AUC) method is commonly used to convert periodic aerial survey counts into annual salmon escapement indices. The AUC requires obtaining accurate estimates of stream life (SL) for target species. Traditional methods for estimating SL (e.g., mark–recapture) are not feasible for many populations. Our objective in this study was to determine the average SL of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta in the McNeil River, Alaska, through radiotelemetry. During the 2005 and 2006 runs, 155 chum salmon were fitted with mortality-indicating radio tags as they entered the McNeil River and tracked until they died. A combination of remote data loggers, aerial surveys, and foot surveys were used to determine the location of fish and provide an estimate of time of death. Higher predation resulted in tagged fish below McNeil Falls having a significantly shorter SL (12.6 d) than those above (21.9 d). The streamwide average SL (13.8 d) for chum salmon at the McNeil River was lower than the regionwide value (17.5 d) previously used to generate AUC indices of chum salmon escapement for the McNeil River. We conclude that radiotelemetry is an effective tool for estimating SL in rivers not well suited to other methods.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02755947.2011.574080","usgsCitation":"Peirce, J., Otis, E.O., Wipfli, M.S., and Follmann, E., 2011, Radiotelemetry to estimate stream life of adult chum salmon in the McNeil River, Alaska: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 31, no. 2, p. 315-322, https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2011.574080.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"315","endPage":"322","ipdsId":"IP-013106","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348914,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"McNeil River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.2978286743164,\n 59.0957028026867\n ],\n [\n -154.2037582397461,\n 59.0957028026867\n ],\n [\n -154.2037582397461,\n 59.13843678215489\n ],\n [\n -154.2978286743164,\n 59.13843678215489\n ],\n [\n -154.2978286743164,\n 59.0957028026867\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-05-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6107fce4b06e28e9c25632","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peirce, Joshua","contributorId":42510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peirce","given":"Joshua","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Otis, Edward O.","contributorId":19065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otis","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wipfli, Mark S. 0000-0002-4856-6068 mwipfli@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4856-6068","contributorId":1425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wipfli","given":"Mark","email":"mwipfli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Follmann, Erich H.","contributorId":75049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Follmann","given":"Erich H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70192785,"text":"70192785 - 2011 - Front matter: Preface, acknowledgements, table of contents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-01T14:57:48","indexId":"70192785","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5382,"text":"AAPG Studies in Geology","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"seriesNumber":"62","title":"Front matter: Preface, acknowledgements, table of contents","docAbstract":"This volume is the fifth in a series of reports by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) on the assessment of the quantity\nand quality of the nation’s coal deposits that potentially could be mined during the next few decades. For eight\nyears (1995-2003), geologic, geochemical, and resource information was collected and compiled for the five major\ncoal-producing regions of the United States: the Appalachian Basin, Illinois Basin, Northern Rocky Mountains and\nGreat Plains, Colorado Plateau, and the western part of the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain (Gulf Coast) region. The\nresults of these other USGS coal assessments may be found at: http://energy.cr.usgs.gov/coal/coal_assessments/\nindex.html and a summary of the results from all assessment areas can be found in Ruppert et al. (2002) and Dennen\n(2009). This volume contains the assessment results for the Gulf Coast region. The contents of this volume were\ncompiled mainly during the eight-year period mentioned above. However, every effort has been made to update the\nreferences and text to incorporate new work that has been completed since the original compilation period.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Discovery Series / Studies in Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geologic assessment of coal in the Gulf of Mexico coastal plain: AAPG Studies in Geology vol. 62","isbn":" 9781629810256","usgsCitation":"2011, Front matter: Preface, acknowledgements, table of contents, chap. of Discovery Series / Studies in Geology: AAPG Studies in Geology, v. 62, p. i-ix.","productDescription":"ix p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"ix","ipdsId":"IP-020463","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350903,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350902,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/1259/chapter/107077674/front-matter"}],"volume":"62","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a743586e4b0a9a2e9e25cb2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726413,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karlsen, Alexander K.","contributorId":44089,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karlsen","given":"Alexander K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726414,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Merrill, Matthew D. 0000-0003-3766-847X mmerrill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3766-847X","contributorId":2584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merrill","given":"Matthew D.","email":"mmerrill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726415,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Valentine, Brett J. 0000-0002-8678-2431 bvalentine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8678-2431","contributorId":3846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"Brett","email":"bvalentine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726416,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70156751,"text":"70156751 - 2011 - Fire in the Cape Region of South Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-10T17:03:48.200503","indexId":"70156751","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"7","title":"Fire in the Cape Region of South Africa","docAbstract":"South Africa's mediterranean-type climate (MTC) region is the smallest of the five MTC regions, centered in the southwestern corner of the Western Cape Province (Fig. 7.1). This Cape region is dominated by fynbos shrublands (see Fig. 1.6e) but this fynbos biome continues eastward far outside the MTC. The Cape region is unusual in that shrublands dominate under climate regimes that also support forests. Entire landscapes can support alternative ecosystem states. Even the semi-arid areas can support entirely different vegetation: fire-prone shrublands or fire-resistant broadleaf thickets. Perhaps more than any other MTC region, fire plays a central role in determining major vegetation patterns of winter rainfall regions of South Africa. Soils are also thought to be of major importance since much of the Cape's MTC region is on nutrient-poor sandy soils (see Fig. 1.5). A complex interplay between soils, fire and climate and, in the east, large mammal herbivory, determines boundaries of major biomes. The Cape Floristic Region is extremely rich in species with very high levels of endemism (Linder 2003). It is the world's richest temperate flora and is largely restricted to fire-prone ecosystems (Cowling et al. 1996; Linder 2003). So, contrary to the widely held popular belief that fires are an anthropogenic disturbance (e.g. Pillans 1924; Axelrod 1980), or merely incidental to this formation (Hopper 2009), a rich endemic flora has evolved in the Cape whose members are overwhelmingly fire dependent, implying a long history of natural fires as a selective force.
Major Vegetation Patterns
This chapter discusses fire regimes in the Cape region, what little is known of their determinants, and how they influence major vegetation patterns in the region. Though a large number of studies have explored plant responses to fire (reviewed by Bond 1997; Cowling et al. 1997a), these are heavily biased toward fynbos shrublands, the dominant vegetation cover of the region (Fig. 7.2). Fire responses of species belonging to other vegetation types are poorly known. Yet the existence of these other vegetation types is one of the central conundrums of the Cape region. It implies failure of climate alone to explain apparent convergence with other MTC regions (Chapter 1). For example, low shrublands would be expected in deserts replaced, as rainfall progressively increases, by taller shrublands, woodlands and then forests. But this is clearly not the case in the Cape region. The dominant fynbos vegetation shows very little variation in aboveground biomass from arid desert fringes (mean annual precipitation ~250 mm) to rain-drenched high-altitude heathlands (> 3000 mm) (Fig. 7.3). Yet across the entire rainfall gradient fynbos co-occurs with alternative ecosystems with much greater woody biomass. These broadleaf thickets and forests have an entirely different floristic and functional composition and often are restricted to isolated fire-protected refugia (Fig. 7.2; Taylor 1978; Kruger 1979; Cowling et al. 2005; Rebelo et al. 2006). The implication is that apparent convergence of shrubby fynbos growth forms with other MTC plant communities cannot be understood in terms of climate alone and that one needs to think in terms of the climate, fire, geology filter (see Fig. 1.4).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fire in Mediterranean ecosystems: Ecology, evolution and management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/CBO9781139033091.009","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J.E., Bond, W.J., Bradstock, R.A., Pausas, J.G., and Rundel, P.W., 2011, Fire in the Cape Region of South Africa, chap. 7 of Fire in Mediterranean ecosystems: Ecology, evolution and management, p. 168-200, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139033091.009.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"168","endPage":"200","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-018785","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307621,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"South Africa","otherGeospatial":"Cape region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 17.402343749999996,\n -35.02999636902566\n ],\n [\n 23.642578125,\n -35.02999636902566\n ],\n [\n 23.642578125,\n -32.10118973232094\n ],\n [\n 17.402343749999996,\n -32.10118973232094\n ],\n [\n 17.402343749999996,\n -35.02999636902566\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe7fede4b0824b2d1479ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bond, William J.","contributorId":81621,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bond","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradstock, Ross A.","contributorId":42826,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bradstock","given":"Ross","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pausas, Juli G.","contributorId":91347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pausas","given":"Juli","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rundel, Philip W.","contributorId":107552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rundel","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70192773,"text":"70192773 - 2011 - Coal resources for part of the Wilcox group (Paleocene-Eocene), northeast Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-22T16:54:42.754696","indexId":"70192773","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5382,"text":"AAPG Studies in Geology","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"chapter":"8","title":"Coal resources for part of the Wilcox group (Paleocene-Eocene), northeast Texas","docAbstract":"The Wilcox Group of northeast Texas contains shallow (less than 500 ft) coal deposits that are mined for use in mine-mouth electric power generating plants. The coal deposits, which are lignite in apparent rank (Pierce et al., 2011), are separated from similar shallow coal deposits in the Sabine uplift area by the East Texas Basin (Figure 1). The coal zones and associated strata in the northeast assessment area generally dip to the south and southeast at 28 or less toward the axis of the East Texas Basin. The northeast Texas resource assessment area includes parts of nine counties (Figure 2).
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\"}}]}","volume":"62","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a743587e4b0a9a2e9e25cbc","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726441,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karlsen, Alexander K.","contributorId":44089,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karlsen","given":"Alexander K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726442,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Merrill, Matthew D. 0000-0003-3766-847X 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pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":716876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aubourg, Claire E.","contributorId":87192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aubourg","given":"Claire","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":716877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Podwysocki, Steven M.","contributorId":90352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Podwysocki","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":716878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schultz, Adam C.","contributorId":82752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schultz","given":"Adam","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":716879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70032507,"text":"70032507 - 2011 - Coulomb stress change sensitivity due to variability in mainshock source models and receiving fault parameters: A case study of the 2010-2011 Christchurch, New Zealand, earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:08:44","indexId":"70032507","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coulomb stress change sensitivity due to variability in mainshock source models and receiving fault parameters: A case study of the 2010-2011 Christchurch, New Zealand, earthquakes","docAbstract":"Strong aftershocks following major earthquakes present significant challenges for infrastructure recovery as well as for emergency rescue efforts. A tragic instance of this is the 22 February 2011 Mw 6.3 Christchurch aftershock in New Zealand, which caused more than 100 deaths while the 2010 Mw 7.1 Canterbury mainshock did not cause a single fatality (Figure 1). Therefore, substantial efforts have been directed toward understanding the generation mechanisms of aftershocks as well as mitigating hazards due to aftershocks. Among these efforts are the prediction of strong aftershocks, earthquake early warning, and aftershock probability assessment. Zhang et al. (1999) reported a successful case of strong aftershock prediction with precursory data such as changes in seismicity pattern, variation of b-value, and geomagnetic anomalies. However, official reports of such successful predictions in geophysical journals are extremely rare, implying that deterministic prediction of potentially damaging aftershocks is not necessarily more scientifically feasible than prediction of mainshocks.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Seismological Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","publisherLocation":"Alexandria, VA","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.82.6.800","issn":"08950695","usgsCitation":"Zhan, Z., Jin, B., Wei, S., and Graves, R.W., 2011, Coulomb stress change sensitivity due to variability in mainshock source models and receiving fault parameters: A case study of the 2010-2011 Christchurch, New Zealand, earthquakes: Seismological Research Letters, v. 82, no. 6, p. 800-814, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.82.6.800.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"800","endPage":"814","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241250,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213605,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.82.6.800"}],"country":"New Zealand","city":"Christchurch","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.81,-43.63 ], [ 172.81,-43.39 ], [ 172.39,-43.39 ], [ 172.39,-43.63 ], [ 172.81,-43.63 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"82","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc84e4b0c8380cd4e2c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhan, Zhongwen","contributorId":11491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhan","given":"Zhongwen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jin, Bikai","contributorId":107999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jin","given":"Bikai","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wei, Shengji","contributorId":31652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wei","given":"Shengji","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Graves, Robert W. rwgraves@usgs.gov","contributorId":3149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graves","given":"Robert","email":"rwgraves@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":436529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70032477,"text":"70032477 - 2011 - Could residual oil from the Exxon Valdez spill create a long-term population \"sink\" for sea otters in Alaska?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T15:08:51","indexId":"70032477","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Could residual oil from the Exxon Valdez spill create a long-term population \"sink\" for sea otters in Alaska?","docAbstract":"Over 20 years ago, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker spilled 42 million L of crude oil into the waters of Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA. At the time of the spill, the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) population inhabiting the spill area suffered substantial acute injuries and loss. Subsequent research has resulted in one of the best-studied species responses to an oil spill in history. However, the question remains: Is the spill still influencing the Prince William Sound sea otter population? Here we fit time-varying population models to data for the sea otter population of western Prince William Sound to quantify the duration and extent of mortality effects from the spill. We hypothesize that the patchy nature of residual oil left in the environment has created a source-sink population dynamic. We fit models using the age distributions of both living and dying animals and estimates of sea otter population size to predict the number of sea otters in the hypothesized sink population and the number lost to this sink due to chronic exposure to residual oil. Our results suggest that the sink population has remained at just over 900 individuals (95% CI: 606-960) between 1990 and 2009, during which time prime-age survival remained 2-6% below pre-spill levels. This reduced survival led to chronic losses of ???900 animals over the past two decades, which is similar in magnitude to the number of sea otter deaths documented in western Prince William Sound during the acute phase of the spill. However, the unaffected source population appears to be counterbalancing these losses, with the model indicating that the sea otter population increased from ???2150 individuals in 1990 to nearly 3000 in 2009. The most optimistic interpretation of our results suggests that mortality effects dissipated between 2005 and 2007. Our results suggest that residual oil can affect wildlife populations on time scales much longer than previously believed and that cumulative chronic effects can be as significant as acute effects. Further, source-sink population dynamics can explain the slow recovery observed in the spill-affected western Prince William Sound sea otter population and are consistent with available data. ??2011 by the Ecological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1890/11-0152.1","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Monson, D., Doak, D.F., Ballachey, B.E., and Bodkin, J.L., 2011, Could residual oil from the Exxon Valdez spill create a long-term population \"sink\" for sea otters in Alaska?: Ecological Applications, v. 21, no. 8, p. 2917-2932, https://doi.org/10.1890/11-0152.1.","startPage":"2917","endPage":"2932","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487755,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/11-0152.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":241343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc83e4b0c8380cd4e2be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Monson, Daniel H. 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":140480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":436387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doak, Daniel F.","contributorId":46811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doak","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":436386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":436385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70032292,"text":"70032292 - 2011 - Setting limits: Using air pollution thresholds to protect and restore U.S. ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:25","indexId":"70032292","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2121,"text":"Issues in Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Setting limits: Using air pollution thresholds to protect and restore U.S. ecosystems","docAbstract":"More than four decades of research provide unequivocal evidence that sulfur, nitrogen, and mercury pollution have altered, and will continue to alter, our nation's lands and waters. The emission and deposition of air pollutants harm native plants and animals, degrade water quality, affect forest productivity, and are damaging to human health. Many air quality policies limit emissions at the source but these control measures do not always consider ecosystem impacts. Air pollution thresholds at which ecological effects are observed, such as critical loads, are effective tools for assessing the impacts of air pollution on essential ecosystem services and for informing public policy. U.S. ecosystems can be more effectively protected and restored by using a combination of emissions-based approaches and science-based thresholds of ecosystem damage. Based on the results of a comprehensive review of air pollution thresholds, we conclude: ??? Ecosystem services such as air and water purification, decomposition and detoxification of waste materials, climate regulation, regeneration of soil fertility, production and biodiversity maintenance, as well as crop, timber and fish supplies are impacted by deposition of nitrogen, sulfur, mercury and other pollutants. The consequences of these changes may be difficult or impossible to reverse as impacts cascade throughout affected ecosystems. ??? The effects of too much nitrogen are common across the U.S. and include altered plant and lichen communities, enhanced growth of invasive species, eutrophication and acidification of lands and waters, and habitat deterioration for native species, including endangered species. ??? Lake, stream and soil acidification is widespread across the eastern United States. Up to 65% of lakes within sensitive areas receive acid deposition that exceeds critical loads. ??? Mercury contamination adversely affects fish in many inland and coastal waters. Fish consumption advisories for mercury exist in all 50 states and on many tribal lands. High concentrations of mercury in wildlife are also widespread and have multiple adverse effects. ??? Air quality programs, such as those stemming from the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments, have helped decrease air pollution even as population and energy demand have increased. Yet, they do not adequately protect ecosystems from long-term damage. Moreover they do not address ammonia emissions. ??? A stronger ecosystem basis for air pollutant policies could be established through adoption of science-based thresholds. Existing monitoring programs track vital information needed to measure the response to policies, and could be expanded to include appropriate chemical and biological indicators for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and establishment of a national ecosystem monitoring network for mercury. The development and use of air pollution thresholds for ecosystem protection and management is increasing in the United States, yet threshold approaches remain underutilized. Ecological thresholds for air pollution, such as critical loads for nitrogen and sulfur deposition, are not currently included in the formal regulatory process for emissions controls in the United States, although they are now considered in local management decisions by the National Park Service and U.S. Forest Service. Ecological thresholds offer a scientifically sound approach to protecting and restoring U.S. ecosystems and an important tool for natural resource management and policy. ?? The Ecological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Issues in Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10928987","usgsCitation":"Fenn, M., Lambert, K., Blett, T., Burns, D.A., Pardo, L., Lovett, G., Haeuber, R.A., Evers, D., Driscoll, C.T., and Jeffries, D., 2011, Setting limits: Using air pollution thresholds to protect and restore U.S. ecosystems: Issues in Ecology, no. 14.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d71e4b08c986b3183ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fenn, M.E.","contributorId":68686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fenn","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lambert, K.F.","contributorId":64048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambert","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blett, T.F.","contributorId":10241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blett","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":29450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pardo, L.H.","contributorId":93209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pardo","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lovett, Gary M.","contributorId":85990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovett","given":"Gary M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Haeuber, R. 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