Initially horizontal sheet intrusions of Middle Proterozoic diabase are abundant in a region 650 by 300 km across in Arizona and California. The diabase forms discordant sheets in basement granite and gneiss and sills in overlying shelf sedimentary sequences. Massive granite is the most common basement host for the sheets, probably because it fractured more easily than foliated hosts during sheet emplacement. Steep feeder dikes are rare compared to the sheets. The diabase in many places is exposed in fault blocks that were tilted during Tertiary tectonic extension. Structure sections restored from the map patterns of upended blocks show that the sheets were intruded at levels throughout the upper crust, to depths of at least 13 km. Sheet intrusion implies a vertical orientation of the least compressive stress, so I conclude that the crust was under tectonic compression or in an isotropic state of stress at the time of diabase intrusion about 1.1 Ga. Magma overpressures, water encountered by rising magma, vertical changes in the crustal stress regime, and flotation of low-density granite all may be important factors for sheet intrusion. The stress conditions suggested by the presence of the sheets argue against an extensional tectonic regime earlier proposed for the diabase event. The diabase province contrasts structurally with similar-age provinces of basaltic magmatism elsewhere in North America that show evidence of tectonic extension, such as the midcontinent rift. The consistent orientations of the sheets commonly allow them to be used as structural markers for postdiabase deformation of basement blocks. Sheet intrusions in the geologic record may be seriously underreported. Their recognition is important for the interpretation of seismic reflection profiles of continental crust. Sheets in Arizona may be responsible for the Bagdad reflection sequence, which extends to depths of at least 15 km.
Methane may have been released to the atmosphere during the Quaternary from Arctic shelf gas-hydrates as a result of thermal decomposition caused by climatic warming and rising sea-level; this release of methane (a greenhouse gas) may represent a positive feedback on global warming [Revelle, 1983; Kvenvolden, 1988a; Nisbet, 1990]. We consider the response to sea-level changes by the immense amount of gas-hydrate that exists in continental rise sediments, and suggest that the reverse situation may apply—that release of methane trapped in the deep-sea sediments as gas-hydrates may provide a negative feedback to advancing glaciation. Methane is likely to be released from deep-sea gas-hydrates as sea-level falls because methane gas-hydrates decompose with pressure decrease. Methane would be released to sediment pore space at shallow sub-bottom depths (100's of meters beneath the seafloor, commonly at water depths of 500 to 4,000 m) producing zones of markedly decreased sediment strength, leading to slumping [Carpenter, 1981; Kayen, 1988] and abrupt release of the gas. Methane is likely to be released to the atmosphere in spikes that become larger and more frequent as glaciation progresses. Because addition of methane to the atmosphere warms the planet, this process provides a negative feedback to glaciation, and could trigger deglaciation.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91GL00351","usgsCitation":"Paull, C.K., Ussler, W., and Dillon, W.P., 1991, Is the extent of glaciation limited by marine gas-hydrates?: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 18, no. 3, p. 432-434, https://doi.org/10.1029/91GL00351.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"432","endPage":"434","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297343,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2bdbe4b08de9379b3526","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paull, Charles K. 0000-0001-5940-3443","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5940-3443","contributorId":55825,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paull","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":7043,"text":"University of North Carolina","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":538733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ussler, William III","contributorId":77996,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ussler","given":"William","suffix":"III","affiliations":[{"id":7043,"text":"University of North Carolina","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70176684,"text":"70176684 - 1991 - Comment on “Flow and tracer transport in a single fracture: A stochastic model and its relation to some field observations” by L. Moreno et al.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:54:49","indexId":"70176684","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comment on “Flow and tracer transport in a single fracture: A stochastic model and its relation to some field observations” by L. Moreno et al.","docAbstract":"Moreno et al. [1988] (hereinafter referred to as MT) used a particle-tracking scheme to investigate the physics of solute movement in a variable-aperture planar fracture. The spatially heterogeneous fluid velocity was assumed to be the only mechanism of solute movement; local or pore scale dispersion and molecular diffusion were assumed to be negligible. The particle-tracking scheme used by MT consisted of routing particles from node to node in a finite difference grid. In this scheme, the direction of an individual particle is randomly selected and the probability associated with the particle movement in a given direction is proportional to the fluid flux in that direction. The same method was used by Desbarats [1990] to investigate advective transport in aquifers composed of two porous media of different hydraulic conductivities.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/90WR02310","usgsCitation":"Goode, D., and Shapiro, A.M., 1991, Comment on “Flow and tracer transport in a single fracture: A stochastic model and its relation to some field observations” by L. Moreno et al.: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 1, p. 129-131, https://doi.org/10.1029/90WR02310.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"131","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480422,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/90wr02310","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":329005,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57feb876e4b0824b2d155b11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goode, Daniel J. 0000-0002-8527-2456 djgoode@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-2456","contributorId":2433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goode","given":"Daniel J.","email":"djgoode@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":649701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shapiro, Allen M. 0000-0002-6425-9607 ashapiro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-9607","contributorId":2164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"Allen","email":"ashapiro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70176060,"text":"70176060 - 1991 - Compilation of hydrologic data for the Edwards aquifer, San Antonio area, Texas, 1990, with 1934–90 summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-24T11:51:18","indexId":"70176060","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5177,"text":"Edwards Underground Water District Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"50","title":"Compilation of hydrologic data for the Edwards aquifer, San Antonio area, Texas, 1990, with 1934–90 summary","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Edwards Underground Water District","usgsCitation":"Brown, D., Gilhousen, J.R., and Nalley, G., 1991, Compilation of hydrologic data for the Edwards aquifer, San Antonio area, Texas, 1990, with 1934–90 summary: Edwards Underground Water District Bulletin 50, 169 p.","productDescription":"169 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327798,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c6aef7e4b0f2f0cebe4652","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, D.S.","contributorId":28592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilhousen, Jon R.","contributorId":31016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilhousen","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nalley, G.M.","contributorId":23535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nalley","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016299,"text":"70016299 - 1991 - Survey of rural, private wells. Statistical design","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:42","indexId":"70016299","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Survey of rural, private wells. Statistical design","docAbstract":"Half of Illinois' 38 million acres were planted in corn and soybeans in 1988. On the 19 million acres planted in corn and soybeans, approximately 1 million tons of nitrogen fertilizer and 50 million pounds of pesticides were applied. Because groundwater is the water supply for over 90 percent of rural Illinois, the occurrence of agricultural chemicals in groundwater in Illinois is of interest to the agricultural community, the public, and regulatory agencies. The occurrence of agricultural chemicals in groundwater is well documented. However, the extent of this contamination still needs to be defined. This can be done by randomly sampling wells across a geographic area. Key elements of a random, water-well sampling program for regional groundwater quality include the overall statistical design of the program, definition of the sample population, selection of wells to be sampled, and analysis of survey results. These elements must be consistent with the purpose for conducting the program; otherwise, the program will not provide the desired information. The need to carefully design and conduct a sampling program becomes readily apparent when one considers the high cost of collecting and analyzing a sample. For a random sampling program conducted in Illinois, the key elements, as well as the limitations imposed by available information, are described.","largerWorkTitle":"Symposium on Ground Water","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ground Water in Practice","conferenceDate":"29 July 1991 through 2 August 1991","conferenceLocation":"Nashville, TN, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872628175","usgsCitation":"Mehnert, E., and Schock, S.C., 1991, Survey of rural, private wells. Statistical design, in Symposium on Ground Water, Nashville, TN, USA, 29 July 1991 through 2 August 1991, p. 305-310.","startPage":"305","endPage":"310","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223105,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba298e4b08c986b31f7f9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Lennon Gerard P.Rouhani Shahrokh","contributorId":128299,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Lennon Gerard P.Rouhani Shahrokh","id":536326,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Mehnert, Edward","contributorId":82851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehnert","given":"Edward","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schock, Susan C.","contributorId":95624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schock","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175276,"text":"70175276 - 1991 - Interfacing data analysis and numerical modeling for tidal hydrodynamic phenomena","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-02T09:21:21","indexId":"70175276","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Interfacing data analysis and numerical modeling for tidal hydrodynamic phenomena","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tidal Hydrodynamics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley","usgsCitation":"Cheng, R.T., Burau, J., and Gartner, J.W., 1991, Interfacing data analysis and numerical modeling for tidal hydrodynamic phenomena, chap. of Tidal Hydrodynamics, p. 201-219.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"219","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326071,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471514985.html"},{"id":326072,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a315c5e4b006cb45558ae8","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Parker, B. B.","contributorId":173438,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parker","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644661,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burau, J.R. 0000-0002-5196-5035","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":7307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gartner, J. W.","contributorId":81903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gartner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70178146,"text":"70178146 - 1991 - Carcinogens and cancers in freshwater fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-04T09:41:04","indexId":"70178146","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1542,"text":"Environmental Health Perspectives","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carcinogens and cancers in freshwater fishes","docAbstract":"Epizootics of neoplasms in freshwater fish species are considered in relation to circumstantial and experimental evidence that suggest that some epizootics of neoplasia of hepatocellular, cholangiocellular, epidermal, and oral epithelial origin may be causally related to contaminant exposure. Although there is concern for the safety of consuming fish affected with neoplasms, this concern may be misdirected as direct transmission of cancer by ingesting cancerous tissue would seem unlikely. Of greater concern is the matter of toxic and cancer-causin chemicals present in edible fish that exhibit neoplasia as a symptom of past exposure via residence in a polluted waterway. There is ample evidence to suggest that contaminant chemicals ingested via contaminated Great Lakes fish may already be affecting both human and ecosystem health, but these effects are subtle and may require new approaches to the study of the affected systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi":"10.2307/3430842","usgsCitation":"Black, J.J., and Baumann, P.C., 1991, Carcinogens and cancers in freshwater fishes: Environmental Health Perspectives, v. 90, p. 27-33, https://doi.org/10.2307/3430842.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"33","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3430842","text":"External Repository"},{"id":330731,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"581d9e2ee4b0dee4cc90cbfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Black, John J.","contributorId":176651,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Black","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baumann, Paul C.","contributorId":104455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baumann","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70178593,"text":"70178593 - 1991 - Brood stock segregation of spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha by use of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) affects the prevalence and levels of Renibacterium salmoninarum infection in progeny ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-30T12:52:59","indexId":"70178593","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Brood stock segregation of spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha by use of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) affects the prevalence and levels of Renibacterium salmoninarum infection in progeny ","docAbstract":"A study of the effect of maternal Renibacterium salmoninarum infection levels on the prevalence and levels of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in progeny fish was conducted at a production salmon hatchery. A total of 302 mating pairs of spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha was screened in August 1988 for R. salmoninarum by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). On the basis of ELISA testing of kidney tissues from all fish and the testing of ovarian fluid samples from a subsample of the females by a direct membrane filtration fluorescent antibody technique (MF-FAT), selected egg lots were segregated into 2 groups of 30 egg lots or about 135 000 eggs each. One group contained egg lots from male and female parents that had low R. salmoninarum infection levels or tested negative for R. salmoninarum (low-BKD group), and the other group contained egg lots from female parents with relatively high R. salmoninarum infection levels and male parents with various infection levels (high-BKD group). The progeny groups were maintained in separate rearing units supplied with untreated river water, and were monitored for R. salmoninarum by the ELISA until they were released from the hatchery in April 1990. Total mortality of the juvenile fish was higher (p = 0.0001) in the high-BKD group (20%) than in the low-BKD group (10 %). Mortality in the high-BKD group was highest after the fish were moved from nursery tanks to raceways, and clinical BKD became evident in this group. During the 11 mo of raceway rearing, mortality in the high-BKD group was 17 % compared with 5 % for the low-BKD group. An ELISA analysis of smolts just before release showed an R. salmoninarum infection rate of 85 % in the high-BKD group and 62 % in the low-BKD group. Of the positive fish, 98 % in the low-BKD group and 55 % in the high-BKD group had low infection levels, whereas 36 % in the high-BKD group and only 1 % in the low-BKD group had high infection levels. The results of this research suggest that segregation of brood stock by the ELISA and the MF-FAT can be used to reduce the prevalence and levels of BKD in hatchery-reared spring chinook salmon, even in locations with open water supplies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/dao012025","usgsCitation":"Pascho, R.J., Elliott, D.G., and Streufert, J.M., 1991, Brood stock segregation of spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha by use of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) affects the prevalence and levels of Renibacterium salmoninarum infection in progeny : Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 12, p. 25-40, https://doi.org/10.3354/dao012025.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"40","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487868,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao012025","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":331318,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"583ff365e4b04fc80e437285","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pascho, Ronald J.","contributorId":177070,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pascho","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elliott, Diane G. 0000-0002-4809-6692 dgelliott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-6692","contributorId":2947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Diane","email":"dgelliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":654487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Streufert, Jonathan M.","contributorId":177071,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Streufert","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70179842,"text":"70179842 - 1991 - Response of Ned Wilson Lake watershed, Colorado, to changes in atmospheric deposition of sulfate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T12:04:36","indexId":"70179842","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of Ned Wilson Lake watershed, Colorado, to changes in atmospheric deposition of sulfate","docAbstract":"The Ned Wilson Lake watershed responds directly and rapidly to changes in precipitation inputs of sulfate, which has important implications for effects of acid deposition on the aquatic system. Chemistry at three precipitation collection sites and three watershed sites (a pond, a lake, and a spring) has been monitored in and near the Flattops Wilderness Area in northwestern Colorado beginning in 1981–1983. Bulk snowpack concentration of sulfate in the watershed and volume-weighted annual mean concentration of sulfate in precipitation at two nearby sites generally decreased from 1981 to 1985, were small through 1987, and increased in 1988–1989. Changes in concentration of sulfate at the watershed sites are controlled by precipitation inputs. Responsiveness of the individual sites was dependent on their position along the hydrologic flow path. The fastest response was in the pond, which has a hydrologic residence time of less than 1 year; over 90% of the variance in concentration of sulfate in the pond was explained by changes in concentration in precipitation. The lake has a hydrologic residence time of 1 to 4 years; a regression model of the concentration of sulfate in the lake, as a function of the concentration in the lake during the previous year and the concentration in precipitation, explained 87% of the variance in concentration of sulfate in the lake. The hydrologic response time of the spring is unknown; it was not responsive to changes in concentration of sulfate in precipitation. The recent increase of sulfate concentration in precipitation and in the pond and lake is evidence for a rapid rather than a delayed response, which could not be determined when only a decreasing trend in sulfate concentration was reported in 1982–1987. Watersheds of this type are sensitive to acidification (acid-neutralizing capacity less than 60 μeq L−1), and these results indicate conservative behavior of sulfate. This is important in predicting effects of future changes in atmospheric deposition, which could potentially be caused by anthropogenic emissions or climatic change.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91WR01189","usgsCitation":"Campbell, D.H., Turk, J.T., and Spahr, N.E., 1991, Response of Ned Wilson Lake watershed, Colorado, to changes in atmospheric deposition of sulfate: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 8, p. 2047-2060, https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR01189.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2047","endPage":"2060","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333405,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Ned Wilson Lake watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.25,\n 39.91667\n ],\n [\n -107.5,\n 39.91667\n ],\n [\n -107.5,\n 40.01667\n ],\n [\n -107.25,\n 40.01667\n ],\n [\n -107.25,\n 39.91667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58808de2e4b01dfadfff15db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, Donald H. dhcampbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Donald","email":"dhcampbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":658909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turk, John T.","contributorId":53363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turk","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spahr, Norman E. nspahr@usgs.gov","contributorId":1977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spahr","given":"Norman","email":"nspahr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":658911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70176683,"text":"70176683 - 1991 - Comment on “Macrodispersion in sand-shale sequences” by A. J. Desbarats","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:55:45","indexId":"70176683","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comment on “Macrodispersion in sand-shale sequences” by A. J. Desbarats","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrNHVT901","usgsCitation":"Toppin, K., McKenna, K., Cotton, J.E., and Denner, J., 1991, Water Resources Data, New Hampshire and Vermont, Water Year 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NH-VT-90-1, x, 136 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNHVT901.","productDescription":"x, 136 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174467,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2000/nh-vt-90-01/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":372583,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2000/nh-vt-90-01/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire, Vermont","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.3447265625,\n 42.68243539838623\n ],\n [\n -70.68603515625,\n 42.68243539838623\n ],\n [\n -70.68603515625,\n 45.213003555993964\n ],\n [\n -73.3447265625,\n 45.213003555993964\n ],\n [\n -73.3447265625,\n 42.68243539838623\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb3a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Toppin, K. W.","contributorId":35776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toppin","given":"K. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKenna, K.E.","contributorId":58333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenna","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cotton, J. E.","contributorId":52976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cotton","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Denner, J.C.","contributorId":75562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denner","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016873,"text":"70016873 - 1991 - A refinement of the combination equations for evaporation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:51","indexId":"70016873","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3503,"text":"Surveys in Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A refinement of the combination equations for evaporation","docAbstract":"Most combination equations for evaporation rely on a linear expansion of the saturation vapor-pressure curve around the air temperature. Because the temperature at the surface may differ from this temperature by several degrees, and because the saturation vapor-pressure curve is nonlinear, this approximation leads to a certain degree of error in those evaporation equations. It is possible, however, to introduce higher-order polynomial approximations for the saturation vapor-pressure curve and to derive a family of explicit equations for evaporation, having any desired degree of accuracy. Under the linear approximation, the new family of equations for evaporation reduces, in particular cases, to the combination equations of H. L. Penman (Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A193, 120-145, 1948) and of subsequent workers. Comparison of the linear and quadratic approximations leads to a simple approximate expression for the error associated with the linear case. Equations based on the conventional linear approximation consistently underestimate evaporation, sometimes by a substantial amount. ?? 1991 Kluwer Academic Publishers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Surveys in Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01903416","issn":"01693298","usgsCitation":"Milly, P., 1991, A refinement of the combination equations for evaporation: Surveys in Geophysics, v. 12, no. 1-3, p. 145-154, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01903416.","startPage":"145","endPage":"154","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205555,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01903416"},{"id":224808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e541e4b0c8380cd46c3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014904,"text":"70014904 - 1991 - Climatic significance of the ostracode fauna from the Pliocene Kap Kobenhavn Formation, north Greenland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:36","indexId":"70014904","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2735,"text":"Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climatic significance of the ostracode fauna from the Pliocene Kap Kobenhavn Formation, north Greenland","docAbstract":"The Kap Kobenhavn Formation crops out in Greenland at 80??N latitude and marks the most northerly onshore Pliocene locality known. The sands and silts that comprise the formation were deposited in marginal marine and shallow marine environments. An abundant and diverse vertebrate and invertebrate fauna and plant megafossil flora provide age and paleoclimatic constraints. The age estimated for the Kap Kobenhavn ranges from 2.0 to 3.0 million years old. Winter and summer bottom water paleotemperatures were estimated on the basis of the ostracode assemblages. The marine ostracode fauna in units B1 and B2 indicate a subfrigid to frigid marine climate, with estimated minimum sea bottom temperatures (SBT) of -2??C and estimated maximum SBT of 6-8??C. Sediments assigned to unit B2 at locality 72 contain a higher proportion of warm water genera, and the maximum SBT is estimated at 9-10??C. The marginal marine fauna in the uppermost unit B3 (locality 68) indicates a cold temperate to subfrigid marine climate, with an estimated minimum SBT of -2??C and an estimated maximum SBT ranging as high as 12-14??C. These temperatures indicated that, on the average, the Kap Kobenhavn winters in the late Pliocene were similar to or perhaps 1-2??C warmer than winters today and that summer temperatures were 7-8??C warmer than today. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Micropaleontology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00262803","usgsCitation":"Brouwers, E., Jorgensen, N., and Cronin, T.M., 1991, Climatic significance of the ostracode fauna from the Pliocene Kap Kobenhavn Formation, north Greenland: Micropaleontology, v. 37, no. 3, p. 245-267.","startPage":"245","endPage":"267","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225409,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f668e4b0c8380cd4c74f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brouwers, E. M.","contributorId":98319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brouwers","given":"E. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jorgensen, N.O.","contributorId":19304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgensen","given":"N.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":369575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014913,"text":"70014913 - 1991 - Performance of the goulden large-sample extractor in multiclass pesticide isolation and preconcentration from stream water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-11T20:58:12","indexId":"70014913","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2149,"text":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Performance of the goulden large-sample extractor in multiclass pesticide isolation and preconcentration from stream water","docAbstract":"The reliability of the Goulden large-sample extractor in preconcentrating pesticides from water was evaluated from the recoveries of 35 pesticides amended to filtered stream waters. Recoveries greater than 90% were observed for many of the pesticides in each major chemical class, but recoveries for some of the individual pesticides varied in seemingly unpredictable ways. Corrections cannot yet be factored into liquid-liquid extraction theory to account for matrix effects, which were apparent between the two stream waters tested. The Goulden large-sample extractor appears to be well suited for rapid chemical screening applications, with quantitative analysis requiring special quality control considerations. ?? 1991 American Chemical Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/jf00009a016","issn":"00218561","usgsCitation":"Foster, G., Foreman, W., and Gates, P.M., 1991, Performance of the goulden large-sample extractor in multiclass pesticide isolation and preconcentration from stream water: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, v. 39, no. 9, p. 1618-1622, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00009a016.","startPage":"1618","endPage":"1622","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225541,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269097,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00009a016"}],"volume":"39","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a768fe4b0c8380cd781a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foster, G.D.","contributorId":98464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foreman, W.T.","contributorId":94684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foreman","given":"W.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gates, Paul M.","contributorId":31411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gates","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014918,"text":"70014918 - 1991 - Balloon and core sampling for determining bulk density of alluvial desert soil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-28T06:26:26","indexId":"70014918","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Balloon and core sampling for determining bulk density of alluvial desert soil","docAbstract":"Samples were collected from major strata in the upper 5 m of an alluvial soil profile in the Amargosa Desert of southern Nevada to compare rubber-balloon and drive-core bulk-density measurement methods. For strate where the fine soil was <82% sand and <15% clay, differences between total and fine-soil bulk-density values determined by the two methods were typically <10 and 15%, respectively, even where rock-fragment content was as great as 48% by volume. Outside this range of fine-soil texture, where soil consistency was either very loose or very hard, the core method appeared to sample inaccurately, resulting in bulk-density values >0.30 Mg m−3 less than those determined by the balloon method. Under the severe sampling conditions encountered, large decreases in the relative accuracy of the core method were not directly related to rock-fragment content, but were related to extremes in the cohesiveness of the strata sampled.
","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500040048x","usgsCitation":"Andraski, B.J., 1991, Balloon and core sampling for determining bulk density of alluvial desert soil: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 55, no. 4, p. 1188-1190, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500040048x.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1188","endPage":"1190","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223904,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa Desert","volume":"55","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efafe4b0c8380cd4a3d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andraski, Brian J. 0000-0002-2086-0417 andraski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-0417","contributorId":168800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andraski","given":"Brian","email":"andraski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":369604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014931,"text":"70014931 - 1991 - Mineral remains of early life on Earth? On Mars?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-16T17:13:36.268713","indexId":"70014931","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1800,"text":"Geomicrobiology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral remains of early life on Earth? On Mars?","docAbstract":"The oldest sedimentary rocks on Earth, the 3.8‐Ga Isua Iron‐Formation in southwestern Greenland, are metamorphosed past the point where organic‐walled fossils would remain. Acid residues and thin sections of these rocks reveal ferric microstructures that have filamentous, hollow rod, and spherical shapes not characteristic of crystalline minerals. Instead, they resemble ferric‐coated remains of bacteria. Modern so‐called iron bacteria were therefore studied to enhance a search image for oxide minerals precipitated by early bacteria. Iron bacteria become coated with ferrihydrite, a metastable mineral that converts to hematite, which is stable under high temperatures. If these unusual morphotypes are mineral remains of microfossils, then life must have evolved somewhat earlier than 3.8 Ga, and may have involved the interaction of sediments and molecular oxygen in water, with iron as a catalyst. Timing is constrained by the early in fall of planetary materials that would have heated the planet's surface.
Because there are no earlier sedimentary rocks to study on Earth, it may be necessary to expand the search elsewhere in the solar system for clues to any biotic precursors or other types of early life. Evidence from Mars shows geophysical and geochemical differentiation at a very early stage, which makes it an important candidate for such a search if sedimentation is an important process in life's origins. Not only does Mars have iron oxide‐rich soils, but its oldest regions have river channels where surface water and sediment may have been carried, and seepage areas where groundwater may have discharged. Mars may have had an atmosphere and liquid water in the crucial time frame of 3.9–4.0 Ga. A study of morphologies of iron oxide minerals collected in the southern highlands during a Mars sample return mission may therefore help to fill in important gaps in the history of Earth's earliest biosphere.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/01490459109385985","usgsCitation":"Iberall-Robbins, E., and Iberall, A.S., 1991, Mineral remains of early life on Earth? On Mars?: Geomicrobiology Journal, v. 9, no. 1, p. 51-66, https://doi.org/10.1080/01490459109385985.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"66","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224120,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a57afe4b0c8380cd6de29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iberall-Robbins, E.","contributorId":18515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iberall-Robbins","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iberall, A. S.","contributorId":25302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iberall","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014941,"text":"70014941 - 1991 - Chemical, isotopic, and dissolved gas compositions of the hydrothermal system in Twin Falls and Jerome counties, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T11:22:54","indexId":"70014941","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1827,"text":"Geothermal Resources Council Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical, isotopic, and dissolved gas compositions of the hydrothermal system in Twin Falls and Jerome counties, Idaho","docAbstract":"The chemical, isotopic, and gas compositions of the hydrothermal system in Twin Falls and Jerome counties, Idaho, change systematically as the water moves northward from the Idaho-Nevada boundary toward the Snake River. Sodium, chloride, fluoride, alkalinity, dissolved helium, and carbon-13 increase as calcium and carbon-14 decrease. Water-rock reactions may result in dissolution of plagioclase or volcanic glass and calcite, followed by precipitation of zeolites and clays. On the basis of carbon-14 age dating, apparent water ages range from 2,000 to more than 26,000 years; most apparent ages range from about 4,000 to 10,000 years. The older waters, north of the Snake River, are isotopically depleted in deuterium and are enriched in chloride relative to waters to the south. Thermal waters flowing northward beneath the Snake River may join a westward flow of older thermal water slightly north of the river. The direction of flow in the hydrothermal system seems to parallel the surface drainage.","language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Resources Council","issn":"01935933","isbn":"0934412693","usgsCitation":"Mariner, R.H., Young, H., Evans, W.E., and Parliman, D., 1991, Chemical, isotopic, and dissolved gas compositions of the hydrothermal system in Twin Falls and Jerome counties, Idaho: Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 15, p. 257-263.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"263","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224280,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f59ce4b0c8380cd4c308","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mariner, Robert H.","contributorId":81075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mariner","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Young, H.W.","contributorId":68278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"H.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, W. E.","contributorId":28017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Parliman, D. J.","contributorId":64220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parliman","given":"D. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70014944,"text":"70014944 - 1991 - A review of the hydrogeologic-geochemical model for Cerro Prieto","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-19T18:55:21.782678","indexId":"70014944","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A review of the hydrogeologic-geochemical model for Cerro Prieto","docAbstract":"With continued exploitation of the Cerro Prieto, Mexico, geothermal field, there is increasing evidence that the hydrogeologic model developed by Halfman and co-workers presents the basic features controlling the movement of geothermal fluids in the system. In mid–1987 the total installed capacity at Cerro Prieto reached 620 MWc, requiring a large rate of fluid production (more than 10,500 tonnes/hr of a brine-steam mixture; August 1988). This significant mass extraction has led to changes in reservoir thermodynamic conditions and in the chemistry of the produced fluids. Pressure drawdown has caused an increase in cold water recharge in the southern and western edges of the field, and local and general reservoir boiling in parts of the geothermal system.
After reviewing the hydrogeologic and geochemical models of Cerro Prieto, the exploitation-induced cold water recharge and reservoir boiling (and plugging) observed in different areas of the field, are discussed and interpreted on the basis of these models and schematic flow models that describe the hydrogeology.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(91)90004-F","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Lippmann, M., Truesdell, A., Halfman-Dooley, S.E., and Manonm, A., 1991, A review of the hydrogeologic-geochemical model for Cerro Prieto: Geothermics, v. 20, no. 1-2, p. 39-52, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(91)90004-F.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"52","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224338,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e55be4b0c8380cd46ce8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lippmann, M.J.","contributorId":66423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lippmann","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Truesdell, A.H.","contributorId":52566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Truesdell","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address: TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":369671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halfman-Dooley, S. E.","contributorId":14122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halfman-Dooley","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Manonm, A.","contributorId":53960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manonm","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70014945,"text":"70014945 - 1991 - Role of sediment-trace element chemistry in water-quality monitoring and the need for standard analytical methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:58","indexId":"70014945","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Role of sediment-trace element chemistry in water-quality monitoring and the need for standard analytical methods","docAbstract":"Multiple linear regression models calculated from readily obtainable chemical and physical parameters can explain a high percentage (70% or greater) of observed sediment trace-element variance for Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co, As, Sb, Se, and Hg. Almost all the factors used in the various models fall into the category of operational definitions (e.g., grain size, surface area, and geochemical substrates such as amorphous iron and manganese oxides). Thus, the concentrations and distributions used in the various models are operationally defined, and are subject to substantial change depending on the method used to determine them. Without standardized procedures, data from different sources are not comparable, and the utility and applicability of the various models would be questionable.","largerWorkTitle":"ASTM Special Technical Publication","conferenceTitle":"Monitoring Water in the 1990's: Meeting New Challenges","conferenceDate":"11 June 1990 through 14 June 1990","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASTM","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA, United States","issn":"00660558","isbn":"0803114079","usgsCitation":"Horowitz, A.J., 1991, Role of sediment-trace element chemistry in water-quality monitoring and the need for standard analytical methods, in ASTM Special Technical Publication, no. 1102, Denver, CO, USA, 11 June 1990 through 14 June 1990, p. 301-314.","startPage":"301","endPage":"314","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"1102","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aae6ae4b0c8380cd870c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horowitz, Arthur J. 0000-0002-3296-730X horowitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3296-730X","contributorId":1400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horowitz","given":"Arthur","email":"horowitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014975,"text":"70014975 - 1991 - Jellyfish Lake, Palau: early diagenesis of organic matter in sediments of an anoxic marine lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-22T13:37:53","indexId":"70014975","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Jellyfish Lake, Palau: early diagenesis of organic matter in sediments of an anoxic marine lake","docAbstract":"The major postdepositional change in the sedimentary organic matter is carbohydrate biodegradation. Lignin and aliphatic substances are preserved in the sediments. Dissolved organic matter in pore waters is primarily composed of carbohydrates, reflecting the degradation of sedimentary carbohydrates. Rate constants for organic carbon degradation and sulfate reduction in sediments of the lake are about 10?? lower than in other anoxic sediments. This may reflect the vascular plant source and partly degraded nature of the organic matter reaching the sediments of the lake. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Limnology and Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Limnology and Oceanography","usgsCitation":"Orem, W., Burnett, W.C., Landing, W., Lyons, W., and Showers, W., 1991, Jellyfish Lake, Palau: early diagenesis of organic matter in sediments of an anoxic marine lake: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 36, no. 3, p. 526-543.","startPage":"526","endPage":"543","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223848,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267940,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_36/issue_3/0526.pdf"}],"volume":"36","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3feee4b0c8380cd64934","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orem, W. H. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":93084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orem","given":"W. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burnett, W. C.","contributorId":39779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burnett","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landing, W.M.","contributorId":99303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landing","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lyons, W.B.","contributorId":71319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Showers, W.","contributorId":55156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Showers","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70014976,"text":"70014976 - 1991 - Large-scale distribution of metal contamination in the fine-grained sediments of the Clark Fork River, Montana, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-15T12:16:58.288062","indexId":"70014976","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-scale distribution of metal contamination in the fine-grained sediments of the Clark Fork River, Montana, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Historic discharges from the mining and smelting complex at the head-waters of the Clark Fork River have resulted in elevated Ag, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations in the <60 μm fraction of both bed and flood-plain sediments of the river. Processes affecting the trends in longitudinal distributions of these metals were investigated by repeated sampling over a 380 km river reach between August 1986 and July 1989. At the most upstream site, bed-sediment metal concentrations were enriched 18–115 times above least enriched tributaries, depending on the metal. All metals decreased exponentially with distance downstream away from mining. The exponential model predicts that elevated metal concentrations should occur over 550 km downstream, in Lake Pend Oreille. Longitudinal trends, obvious on a scale of hundreds of kilometers, were obscured by small-scale spatial variability when shorter stretches of the river were considered. Longitudinal dispersion appeared to be controlled largely by physical dilution with less-contaminated sediments.
Evidence suggests that erosion of contaminated flood-plains contributes to metal contamination in the bed sediments. Tributary input appeared to have little influence on the large-scale, downstream distribution of metals; however, it did contribute to local variability in bed-sediment metal concentrations. Association of metals with specific mineral grains, as well as variability in total organic C and Fe concentration, appeared also to contribute to variability.
Some year-to-year variability in bed-sediment metal concentrations was observed, however, trends in longitudinal dispersion were not significantly different between at least two of the years sampled.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(91)90064-V","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Axtmann, E., and Luoma, S., 1991, Large-scale distribution of metal contamination in the fine-grained sediments of the Clark Fork River, Montana, U.S.A.: Applied Geochemistry, v. 6, no. 1, p. 75-88, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(91)90064-V.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"88","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223905,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4495e4b0c8380cd66c16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Axtmann, E.V.","contributorId":30652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Axtmann","given":"E.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, S. 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N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014977,"text":"70014977 - 1991 - Parameterizing the equilibrium distribution of chemicals between the dissolved, solid particulate matter, and colloidal matter compartments in aqueous systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-30T12:59:03","indexId":"70014977","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Parameterizing the equilibrium distribution of chemicals between the dissolved, solid particulate matter, and colloidal matter compartments in aqueous systems","docAbstract":"The manner in which a chemical material partitions among the dissolved (D), participate (P), and colloidal (C) phases affects both its chemical and physical behavior in the aquatic environment. The fractions of the chemical that are present in each of these three phases will be determined by the values of two simple parameters, KpSp/??w and KcSc/??w. The variables Kp and Kc are the particle/water and colloid/water partition constants (mL/g), respectively, Sp and Sc are the volume concentrations of particulate and colloidal material (mg/L), respectively, and ??w is the fractional volume of the system that is aqueous. This parameterization allows a rapid overview of how partitioning (1) changes as a function of chemical partitioning properties and water type, (2) affects apparent partition constants (i.e., Kpapp values) computed between the particulate phase and the remainder of the system, and (3) causes Kpapp values to become independent of chemical properties at high values of KcSc/??w. ?? 1991 American Chemical Society.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es00024a009","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Pankow, J.F., and McKenzie, S.W., 1991, Parameterizing the equilibrium distribution of chemicals between the dissolved, solid particulate matter, and colloidal matter compartments in aqueous systems: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 25, no. 12, p. 2046-2053, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00024a009.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2046","endPage":"2053","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223906,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a74d1e4b0c8380cd7784f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pankow, J. F.","contributorId":20917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pankow","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKenzie, S. W.","contributorId":66240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenzie","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}