{"pageNumber":"1795","pageRowStart":"44850","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68937,"records":[{"id":70016350,"text":"70016350 - 1991 - Field and modelling studies of immiscible fluid flow above a contaminated water-table aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:42","indexId":"70016350","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Field and modelling studies of immiscible fluid flow above a contaminated water-table aquifer","docAbstract":"A method was developed for measuring the spatial distribution of immiscible liquid contaminants in the subsurface. Fluid saturation distributions measured at a crude-oil spill site were used to test a numerical multiphase flow model.","largerWorkTitle":"National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia","conferenceTitle":"International Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium 1991 Part 2 (of 3)","conferenceDate":"2 October 1991 through 4 October 1991","conferenceLocation":"Perth, Aust","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by IE Aust","publisherLocation":"Barton","issn":"03136922","usgsCitation":"Herkelrath, W., Essaid, H., and Hess, K., 1991, Field and modelling studies of immiscible fluid flow above a contaminated water-table aquifer, <i>in</i> National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia, v. 2, no. 91 pt 22, Perth, Aust, 2 October 1991 through 4 October 1991, p. 424-428.","startPage":"424","endPage":"428","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223160,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"91 pt 22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0fa4e4b0c8380cd53979","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herkelrath, W.N.","contributorId":77981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkelrath","given":"W.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Essaid, H.I.","contributorId":22342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Essaid","given":"H.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hess, K.M.","contributorId":39415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016357,"text":"70016357 - 1991 - Radon-222 and its parent radionuclides in groundwater from two study areas in New Jersey and Maryland, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-21T12:44:27.399751","indexId":"70016357","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radon-222 and its parent radionuclides in groundwater from two study areas in New Jersey and Maryland, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"A study of groundwater chemistry and radionuclide mobility in New Jersey and Maryland was conducted to investigate natural processes that control the mobility of radionuclides in the water-rock system. Groundwater was sampled from two geological units in New Jersey and from six in Maryland. The water sampled was from aquifiers in fractured metamorphic rocks of varying composition and metamorphic grade. In both areas, groundwater chemistry was affected most by aquifier mineralogy and lithology; concentrations of total dissolved U, 226Ra and 222Rn were similarly affected. In evey sample for which measurements were made, dissolved Utotal and 226Ra were present in much lower concentrations than 222Rn when expressed in terms of their radioactivity. On the other hand, the total amount of 222Rn that could be produced in these rocks, given their U contents, is much higher than the concentrations observed in groundwater. Thus, the emanating efficiencies of the aquifer rocks studied must be near 10% or less. Such low emanating efficiencies require that a fraction of the 226Ra in the rock be located close to the water-rock interface so that 222Rn, when produced, can be rapidly and efficiently transferred to the aqueous phase. This condition is established when a similar fraction of the U is in a readily leachable position. No known U or Ra solids were supersaturated in any of the samples. Thus, adsorption processes probably play a role in limiting mobilities of Utotal and 226Ra. Concentrations of Utotal and 226Ra found in the water samples are comparable to those found in experimental studies of adsorption onto mineral surfaces. ?? 1991.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(91)90007-C","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Wanty, R., Johnson, S.L., and Briggs, P., 1991, Radon-222 and its parent radionuclides in groundwater from two study areas in New Jersey and Maryland, U.S.A.: Applied Geochemistry, v. 6, no. 3, p. 305-318, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(91)90007-C.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"318","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223315,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, New 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B. 0000-0002-2063-6423","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":66704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, S. L.","contributorId":53826,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Briggs, Paul H.","contributorId":107691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Paul H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016362,"text":"70016362 - 1991 - Geochemistry of dissolved inorganic carbon in a Coastal Plain aquifer. 2. Modeling carbon sources, sinks, and δ13C evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-29T11:14:11","indexId":"70016362","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of dissolved inorganic carbon in a Coastal Plain aquifer. 2. Modeling carbon sources, sinks, and δ13C evolution","docAbstract":"<p><span>Stable isotope data for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), carbonate shell material and cements, and microbial CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;were combined with organic and inorganic chemical data from aquifer and confining-bed pore waters to construct geochemical reaction models along a flowpath in the Black Creek aquifer of South Carolina. Carbon-isotope fractionation between DIC and precipitating cements was treated as a Rayleigh distillation process. Organic matter oxidation was coupled to microbial fermentation and sulfate reduction. All reaction models reproduced the observed chemical and isotopic compositions of final waters. However, model 1, in which all sources of carbon and electron-acceptors were assumed to be internal to the aquifer, was invalidated owing to the large ratio of fermentation CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;to respiration CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;predicted by the model (5&ndash;49) compared with measured ratios (two or less). In model 2, this ratio was reduced by assuming that confining beds adjacent to the aquifer act as sources of dissolved organic carbon and sulfate. This assumption was based on measured high concentrations of dissolved organic acids and sulfate in confining-bed pore waters (60&ndash;100 &mu;M and 100&ndash;380 &mu;M, respectively) relative to aquifer pore waters (from less than 30 &mu;M and 2&ndash;80 &mu;M, respectively). Sodium was chosen as the companion ion to organic-acid and sulfate transport from confining beds because it is the predominant cation in confining-bed pore waters. As a result, excessive amounts of Na-for-Ca ion exchange and calcite precipitation (three to four times more cement than observed in the aquifer) were required by model 2 to achieve mass and isotope balance of final water. For this reason, model 2 was invalidated. Agreement between model-predicted and measured amounts of carbonate cement and ratios of fermentation CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;to respiration CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;were obtained in a reaction model that assumed confining beds act as sources of DIC, as well as organic acids and sulfate. This assumption was supported by measured high concentrations of DIC in confining beds (2.6&ndash;2.7 mM). Results from this study show that geochemical models of confined aquifer systems must incorporate the effects of adjacent confining beds to reproduce observed groundwater chemistry accurately.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90111-T","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P.B., and Chapelle, F.H., 1991, Geochemistry of dissolved inorganic carbon in a Coastal Plain aquifer. 2. Modeling carbon sources, sinks, and δ13C evolution: Journal of Hydrology, v. 127, no. 1-4, p. 109-135, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90111-T.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"135","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223365,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"127","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16f2e4b0c8380cd55313","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, Peter B. 0000-0001-7452-2379 pmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Peter","email":"pmcmahon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapelle, Francis H. chapelle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"Francis","email":"chapelle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016365,"text":"70016365 - 1991 - The interaction between biology and the management of aquatic macrophytes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-28T17:44:51.920706","indexId":"70016365","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":861,"text":"Aquatic Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The interaction between biology and the management of aquatic macrophytes","docAbstract":"<p>‘Management’ refers to controlling nuisance aquatic species and to restoring or restructing aquatic plant communities. Producing stable, diverse, aquatic plant communities containing a high percentage of desirable species is a primary management goal.</p><p>There are a variety of techniques including harvesting, herbicides, water-level fluctuation, sediment alteration, nutrient limitation, light alteration, and biological controls which can be used for managing macrophytes. These techniques are briefly reviewed along with discussions of biological considerations important to the efficacy of the technique and the environmental impacts of the technique. There is a growing interest in restoring and restructing aquatic plant communities. Techniques for community restoration are discussed as are emerging management technologies using growth regulators and bioengineering.</p><p>New management technologies will probably be limited by costs and environmental impacts. In the near future, better macrophyte management will come through better planning and more effective use of present technology. The challenge is to make current planning and management techniques more effective through increased biological inputs. The potential for biological input ranges from subcellular biology to species biology, to community and ecosystem biology. Some information needs are identified.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0304-3770(91)90045-7","usgsCitation":"Nichols, S.A., 1991, The interaction between biology and the management of aquatic macrophytes: Aquatic Botany, v. 41, no. 1-3, p. 225-252, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(91)90045-7.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"252","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223419,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad4de4b08c986b323b0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, S. A.","contributorId":72935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016374,"text":"70016374 - 1991 - Vanadium accumulation in carbonaceous rocks: A review of geochemical controls during deposition and diagenesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T20:34:01","indexId":"70016374","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vanadium accumulation in carbonaceous rocks: A review of geochemical controls during deposition and diagenesis","docAbstract":"Published data relevant to the geochemistry of vanadium were used to evaluate processes and conditions that control vanadium accumulation in carbonaceous rocks. Reduction, adsorption, and complexation of dissolved vanadium favor addition of vanadium to sediments rich in organic carbon. Dissolved vanadate (V(V)) species predominate in oxic seawater and are reduced to vanadyl ion (V(IV)) by organic compounds or H2S. Vanadyl ion readily adsorbs to particle surfaces and is added to the sediment as the particles settle. The large vanadium concentrations of rocks deposited in marine as compared to lacustrine environments are the result of the relatively large amount of vanadium provided by circulating ocean water compared to terrestrial runoff. Vanadium-rich carbonaceous rocks typically have high contents of organically bound sulfur and are stratigraphically associated with phosphate-rich units. A correspondence between vanadium content and organically bound sulfur is consistent with high activities of H2S during sediment deposition. Excess H2S exited the sediment into bottom waters and favored reduction of dissolved V(V) to V(IV) or possibly V(III). The stratigraphic association of vanadiferous and phosphatic rocks reflects temporal and spatial shifts in bottom water chemistry from suboxic (phosphate concentrated) to more reducing (euxinic?) conditions that favor vanadium accumulation. During diagenesis some vanadium-organic complexes migrate with petroleum out of carbonaceous rocks, but significant amounts of vanadium are retained in refractory organic matter or clay minerals. As carbon in the rock evolves toward graphite during metamorphism, vanadium is incorporated into silicate minerals. ?? 1991.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(91)90083-4","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Breit, G.N., and Wanty, R., 1991, Vanadium accumulation in carbonaceous rocks: A review of geochemical controls during deposition and diagenesis: Chemical Geology, v. 91, no. 2, p. 83-97, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90083-4.","startPage":"83","endPage":"97","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223567,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266073,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90083-4"}],"volume":"91","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc111e4b08c986b32a439","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Breit, G. N.","contributorId":94664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breit","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wanty, R. B. 0000-0002-2063-6423","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":66704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016375,"text":"70016375 - 1991 - Tritium concentrations in the active Pu'u O'o crater, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: implications for cold fusion in the Earth's interior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-13T13:10:09","indexId":"70016375","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tritium concentrations in the active Pu'u O'o crater, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: implications for cold fusion in the Earth's interior","docAbstract":"The assertion that deuterium-deuterium fusion may occur at low temperature suggests a potential new source of geothermal heat. If a cold-fusion-like process occurs within the Earth, then a test for its existence would be a search for anomalous tritium in volcanic emissions. The Pu'u O'o crater is the first point at which large amounts of water are degassed from the magma that feeds the Kilauea system. The magma is probably not contaminated by meteoric-source ground water prior to degassing at Pu'u O'o, although mixing of meteoric and magmatic H2O occurs within the crater. Tritium contents of samples from within the crater are lower than in samples taken simultaneously from the nearby upwind crater rim. These results provide no evidence in support of a cold-fusion-like process in the Earth's interior. ?? 1991.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(91)90159-F","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Quick, J.E., Hinkley, T.K., Reimer, G., and Hedge, C., 1991, Tritium concentrations in the active Pu'u O'o crater, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: implications for cold fusion in the Earth's interior: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 69, no. 1-2, p. 132-137, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(91)90159-F.","startPage":"132","endPage":"137","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223568,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267321,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(91)90159-F"}],"volume":"69","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb86be4b08c986b32784e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quick, J. E.","contributorId":48563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quick","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hinkley, T. K. 0000-0001-8507-6271","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8507-6271","contributorId":78731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkley","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reimer, G.M.","contributorId":59800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimer","given":"G.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hedge, C. E.","contributorId":73611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedge","given":"C. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70016376,"text":"70016376 - 1991 - An analytical method for hydrogeochemical surveys: Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry after using enrichment coprecipitation with cobalt and ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T23:56:17.531811","indexId":"70016376","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An analytical method for hydrogeochemical surveys: Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry after using enrichment coprecipitation with cobalt and ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate","docAbstract":"<p>Trace metals that are commonly associated with mineralization were concentrated and separated from natural water by coprecipitation with ammonium pyrollidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) and cobalt and determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The method is useful in hydrogeochemical surveys because it permits preconcentration near the sample sites, and selected metals are preserved shortly after the samples are collected. The procedure is relatively simple: (1) a liter of water is filtered; (2) the pH is adjusted; (3) Co chloride and APDC are added to coprecipitate the trace metals; and (4) later, the precipitate is filtered, dissolved, and diluted to 10 ml for a 100-fold concentration enrichment of the separated metals. Sb(III), As(III), Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mo, Ni, Ag, V, and Zn can then be determined simultaneously by ICP-AES. In an experiment designed to measure the coprecipitation efficiency, Sb(III), Cd and Ag were recovered at 70 to 75% of their original concentration. The remaining metals were recovered at 85 to 100% of their original concentrations, however. The range for the lower limits of determination for the metals after preconcentration is 0.1 to 3.0 μg/l.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(91)90008-I","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Hopkins, D., 1991, An analytical method for hydrogeochemical surveys: Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry after using enrichment coprecipitation with cobalt and ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 41, no. 3, p. 349-361, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(91)90008-I.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"349","endPage":"361","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222797,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9f8e4b0c8380cd4856d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hopkins, D.M.","contributorId":103646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016385,"text":"70016385 - 1991 - Relation between the national handbook of recommended methods for water data acquisition and ASTM standards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T11:15:44","indexId":"70016385","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Relation between the national handbook of recommended methods for water data acquisition and ASTM standards","docAbstract":"<p>In the late 1950's, intense demands for water and growing concerns about declines in the quality of water generated the need for more water-resources data. About thirty Federal agencies, hundreds of State, county and local agencies, and many private organizations had been collecting water data. However, because of differences in procedures and equipment, many of the data bases were incompatible. In 1964, as a step toward establishing more uniformity, the Bureau of the Budget (now the Office of Management and Budget, OMB) issued 'Circular A-67' which presented guidelines for collecting water data and also served as a catalyst for creating the Office of Water Data Coordination (OWDC) within the U.S. Geological Survey. This paper discusses past, present, and future aspects of the relation between methods in the National Handbook and standards published by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) Committee D-19 on Water's Subcommittee D-19.07 on Sediment, Geomorphology, and Open Channel Flow. The discussion also covers historical aspects of standards - development work jointly conducted by OWDC and ASTM.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"ASTM Special Technical Publication","conferenceTitle":"Monitoring Water in the 1990's: Meeting New Challenges","conferenceDate":"11-14 June 1990","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASTM","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA, United States","issn":"00660558","isbn":"0803114079","usgsCitation":"Glysson, G.D., and Skinner, J.V., 1991, Relation between the national handbook of recommended methods for water data acquisition and ASTM standards, <i>in</i> ASTM Special Technical Publication, no. 1102, Denver, CO, USA, 11-14 June 1990, p. 291-300.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"291","endPage":"300","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222906,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"1102","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a64ae4b0e8fec6cdc16a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glysson, G. Douglas","contributorId":13607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glysson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skinner, John V.","contributorId":25297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016389,"text":"70016389 - 1991 - Chloride cycling in two forested lake watersheds in the west-central Adirondack Mountains, New York, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:22:48","indexId":"70016389","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chloride cycling in two forested lake watersheds in the west-central Adirondack Mountains, New York, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"The chemistry of precipitation, throughfall, soil water, ground water, and surface water was evaluated in two forested lake-watersheds over a 4-yr period to assess factors controlling C1- cycling. Results indicate that C1- cycling in these watersheds is more complex than the generally held view of the rapid transport of atmospherically derived C1- through the ecosystem. The annual throughfall Cl- flux for individual species in the northern hardwood forest was 2 to 5 times that of precipitation (56 eq ha-1), whereas the Na+ throughfall flux, in general, was similar to the precipitation flux. Concentrations of soil-water Cl- sampled from ceramic tension lysimeters at 20 cm below land surface generally exceeded the Na+ concentrations and averaged 31 ??eq L-1, the highest of any waters sampled in the watersheds, except throughfall under red spruce which averaged 34 ??eq L-1. Chloride was concentrated prior to storms and mobilized rapidly during storms as suggested by increases in streamwater Cl- concentrations with increasing flow. Major sources of Cl- in both watersheds are the forest floor and hornblende weathering in the soils and till. In the Panther Lake watershed, which contains mainly thick deposits of till( > 3 m), hornblende weathering results in a net Cl- flux 3 times greater than that in the Woods Lake watershed, which contains mainly thin deposits of till. The estimated accumulation rate of Cl- in the biomass of the two watersheds was comparable to the precipitation Cl- flux.The chemistry of precipitation, throughfall, soil water, ground water, and surface water was evaluated in two forested lake-watersheds over a 4-yr period to assess factors controlling Cl- cycling. Results indicate that Cl- cycling in these watersheds is more complex than the generally held view of the rapid transport of atmospherically derived Cl- through the excosystem. The annual throughfall Cl- flux for individual species in the northern hardwood forest was 2 to 5 times that of precipitation (56 eq ha-1), whereas the Na+ throughfall flux, in general, was similar to the precipitation flux. Concentrations of soil-water Cl- sampled from ceramic tension lysimeters at 20 cm below land surface generally exceeded the Na+ concentrations and averaged 31 ??eq L-1, the highest of any waters sampled in the watersheds, except throughfall under red spruce which averaged 34 ??eq L-1. Chloride was concentrated prior to storms and mobilized rapidly during storms as suggested by increases in streamwater Cl- concentrations with increasing flow. Major sources of Cl- in both watersheds are the forest floor and hornblende weathering in the soils and till. In the Panther Lake watershed, which contains mainly thick deposits of till (> 3 m), hornblende weathering results in a net Cl- flux 3 times greater than that in the Woods Lake watershed, which contains mainly thin deposits of till. The estimated accumulation rate of Cl- in the biomass of the two watersheds was comparable to the precipitation Cl- flux.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00211830","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Peters, N., 1991, Chloride cycling in two forested lake watersheds in the west-central Adirondack Mountains, New York, U.S.A.: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 59, no. 3-4, p. 201-215, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00211830.","startPage":"201","endPage":"215","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222958,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267651,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00211830"}],"volume":"59","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5c4e4b0c8380cd4c3e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016396,"text":"70016396 - 1991 - Chemical equilibrium and mass balance relationships associated with the Long Valley hydrothermal system, California, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:42","indexId":"70016396","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical equilibrium and mass balance relationships associated with the Long Valley hydrothermal system, California, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Recent drilling and sampling of hydrothermal fluids from Long Valley permit an accurate characterization of chemical concentrations and equilibrium conditions in the hydrothermal reservoir. Hydrothermal fluids are thermodynamically saturated with secondary quartz, calcite, and pyrite but are in disequilibrium with respect to aqueous sulfide-sulfate speciation. Hydrothermal fluids are enriched in 18O by approximately 1??? relative to recharge waters. 18O and Cl concentrations in well cuttings and core from high-temperature zones of the reservoir are extensively depleted relative to fresh rhyolitic tuff compositions. Approximately 80% of the Li and 50% of the B are retained in the altered reservoir rock. Cl mass balance and open-system 18O fractionation models produce similar water-rock ratios of between 1.0 and 2.5 kg kg-1. These water-rock ratios coupled with estimates of reservoir porosity and density produce a minimum fluid residence time of 1.3 ka. The low fluid Cl concentrations in Long Valley correlate with corresponding low rock concentrations. Mass balance calculations indicate that leaching of these reservoir rocks accounts for Cl losses during hydrothermal activity over the last 40 ka. ?? 1991.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"White, A.F., and Peterson, M.L., 1991, Chemical equilibrium and mass balance relationships associated with the Long Valley hydrothermal system, California, U.S.A.: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 48, no. 3-4, p. 283-302.","startPage":"283","endPage":"302","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f57be4b0c8380cd4c24a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, A. F.","contributorId":36546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, M. L.","contributorId":49930,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016401,"text":"70016401 - 1991 - A statistical approach to the interpretation of aliphatic hydrocarbon distributions in marine sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T20:36:01","indexId":"70016401","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A statistical approach to the interpretation of aliphatic hydrocarbon distributions in marine sediments","docAbstract":"Q-mode factor analysis was used to quantitate the distribution of the major aliphatic hydrocarbon (n-alkanes, pristane, phytane) systems in sediments from a variety of marine environments. The compositions of the pure end members of the systems were obtained from factor scores and the distribution of the systems within each sample was obtained from factor loadings. All the data, from the diverse environments sampled (estuarine (San Francisco Bay), fresh-water (San Francisco Peninsula), polar-marine (Antarctica) and geothermal-marine (Gorda Ridge) sediments), were reduced to three major systems: a terrestrial system (mostly high molecular weight aliphatics with odd-numbered-carbon predominance), a mature system (mostly low molecular weight aliphatics without predominance) and a system containing mostly high molecular weight aliphatics with even-numbered-carbon predominance. With this statistical approach, it is possible to assign the percentage contribution from various sources to the observed distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons in each sediment sample. ?? 1991.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(91)90070-8","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Rapp, J.B., 1991, A statistical approach to the interpretation of aliphatic hydrocarbon distributions in marine sediments: Chemical Geology, v. 93, no. 1-2, p. 163-177, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90070-8.","startPage":"163","endPage":"177","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266075,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90070-8"},{"id":223162,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5aee4b0c8380cd46ef5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rapp, J. B.","contributorId":28987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016405,"text":"70016405 - 1991 - Genesis and continuity of quaternary sand and gravel in glacigenic sediment at a proposed low-level radioactive waste disposal site in east-central Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:43","indexId":"70016405","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1540,"text":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genesis and continuity of quaternary sand and gravel in glacigenic sediment at a proposed low-level radioactive waste disposal site in east-central Illinois","docAbstract":"The Illinois Department of Nuclear Safety has characterized the Martinsville Alternative Site (MAS) for a proposed low-level radioactive waste disposal facility. The MAS is located in east-central Illinois approximately 1.6 km (1 mi) north of the city of Martinsville. Geologic investigation of the 5.5-km2 (1380-acre) site revealed a sequence of chiefly Illinoian glacigenic sediments from 6 to 60 m (20-200 ft) thick overlying two major bedrock valleys carved in Pennsylvanian strata. Relatively permeable buried units include basal, preglacial alluvium; a complex of intraglacial and subglacial sediment; englacial deposits; and supraglacial fluvial deposits. Postglacial alluvium underlies stream valleys on and adjacent to the site. In most areas, the buried sand units are confined by low-permeability till, lacustrine sediment, colluvium, and loess. The distribution and thickness of the most extensive and continuous buried sand units have been modified considerably by subglacial erosion, and their distributions have been influenced by the buried bedrock valleys. The most continuous of the various sand units were deposited as preglacial and postglacial alluvium and are the uppermost and lowermost stratigraphic units at the alternative site. Sand units that were deposited in englacial or ice-marginal environments are less continuous. Aquifer pumping tests, potentiometric head data, and groundwater geochemistry analyses indicate minimal interaction of groundwater across localized interconnections of the permeable units. ?? 1991 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01740472","issn":"01775146","usgsCitation":"Troost, K.G., and Curry, B.B., 1991, Genesis and continuity of quaternary sand and gravel in glacigenic sediment at a proposed low-level radioactive waste disposal site in east-central Illinois: Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, v. 18, no. 3, p. 159-170, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01740472.","startPage":"159","endPage":"170","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205351,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01740472"},{"id":223214,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1557e4b0c8380cd54d7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Troost, K. G.","contributorId":77244,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Troost","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Curry, B. Brandon","contributorId":104224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curry","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brandon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016416,"text":"70016416 - 1991 - Geochemistry and exploration criteria for epithermal cinnabar and stibnite vein deposits in the Kuskokwim River region, southwestern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T23:50:00.56341","indexId":"70016416","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry and exploration criteria for epithermal cinnabar and stibnite vein deposits in the Kuskokwim River region, southwestern Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Cinnabar- and stibnite-bearing epithermal vein deposits are found throughout the Kuskokwim River region of southwestern Alaska. A geochemical orientation survey was carried out around several of these epithermal lodes to obtain information for planning regional geochemical surveys and to develop procedures which maximize the anomaly: threshold contrast of the deposits. Stream sediment, heavy-mineral concentrate, stream water, and vegetation samples were collected in drainages surrounding the Red Devil, Cinnabar Creek, White Mountain, Rhyolite, and Mountain Top deposits. Three sediment size fractions; nonmagnetic, paramagnetic and magnetic splits of the concentrate samples; stream waters; and the vegetation samples were analyzed for multi-element suites by a number of different chemical procedures. Nonmagnetic, heavy-mineral concentrates were also examined microscopically to identify their mineralogy.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(91)90009-J","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Gray, J.E., Goldfarb, R., Detra, D., and Slaughter, K.E., 1991, Geochemistry and exploration criteria for epithermal cinnabar and stibnite vein deposits in the Kuskokwim River region, southwestern Alaska: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 41, no. 3, p. 363-386, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(91)90009-J.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"363","endPage":"386","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223369,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16d1e4b0c8380cd5528b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, J. E.","contributorId":49363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Detra, D.E.","contributorId":72358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Detra","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Slaughter, K. E.","contributorId":100865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slaughter","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70016417,"text":"70016417 - 1991 - Debris flows as geomorphic agents in the Huachuca Mountains of southeastern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-05T12:45:53.417096","indexId":"70016417","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Debris flows as geomorphic agents in the Huachuca Mountains of southeastern Arizona","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id3\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id4\"><p>Numerous debris flows occurred in the Huachuca Mountains of southeastern Arizona during the summer rainy season of 1988 in areas that were burned by a forest fire earlier in the summer. Debris flows occurred following a major forest fire in 1977 as well, suggesting a causal link between fires and debris flows. Abundant evidence of older debris flows preserved along channels and in mountain front fans indicates that debris flows have occurred repeteadly during the late Quaternary in this environment. Soil development in sequences of debris-flow deposits indicates that debris flows probably recur over time intervals of several hundred to a thousand years in individual drainage basins in the study area.</p><p>Surface runoff in the steep drainage basins of the Huachuca Mountains is greatly enhanced following forest fires, as the hillslopes are denuded of their vegetative cover. Water and sediment eroded from the hillslope regolith are rapidly introduced into the upper reaches of tributary channels by widespread rilling and slope wash during rainfall events. This influx of water and sediment destabilizes regolith previously accumulated in the channel, triggering debris flows that scour the channel to bedrock in the upper reaches. Following a debris flow, the scoured, trapezoidally-shaped channel gradually assumes a swale shape and the percentage of exposed bedrock declines, as material is introduced from the slopes. Debris flows do a tremendous amount of work in a very short time, however, and are the major channel-forming events.</p><p>Where the tributary channels enter larger, trunk channels, the debris flows serve as the main source of very coarse sediment. The local slope and coarse particle distribution of the trunk channel depend on the competence of water flows in the channel to transport the material introduced by debris flows. Where the smaller channels drain directly to the mountain front, debris flows create extensive alluvial fans which dominate the morphology of the basin-range boundary.</p><p>Time intervals between debris flows in the drainage basins of the Huachuca Mountains are probably controlled by complex interactions among climate, forest fires and slope processes. Fires destroy the protective vegetation that stabilizes the upper catchment slopes and inhibits erosion. However, not every fire that burns a catchment causes debris flows, because sufficient weathered material must accumulate in the upper channel reaches to initiate a large debris flow. If such accumulation has not occurred, the material introduced to a channel following a forest fire will move only a short distance down the channel. Thus, the episodic nature of debris flows probably depends on rates of slope weathering and erosion, which are in turn controlled by climate, both directly and through vegetation and forest fires.</p></div></div></div><ul id=\"issue-navigation\" class=\"issue-navigation u-margin-s-bottom u-bg-grey1\"></ul>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-555X(91)90010-8","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Wohl, E., and Pearthree, P., 1991, Debris flows as geomorphic agents in the Huachuca Mountains of southeastern Arizona: Geomorphology, v. 4, no. 3-4, p. 273-292, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-555X(91)90010-8.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"292","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223421,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fdf1e4b0c8380cd4ea14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wohl, E.E. 0000-0001-7435-5013","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7435-5013","contributorId":28753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wohl","given":"E.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pearthree, P.P.","contributorId":81643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearthree","given":"P.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016429,"text":"70016429 - 1991 - Backwater effects in the Amazon River basin of Brazil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:43","indexId":"70016429","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1540,"text":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Backwater effects in the Amazon River basin of Brazil","docAbstract":"The Amazon River mainstem of Brazil is so regulated by differences in the timing of tributary inputs and by seasonal storage of water on floodplains that maximum discharges exceed minimum discharges by a factor of only 3. Large tributaries that drain the southern Amazon River basin reach their peak discharges two months earlier than does the mainstem. The resulting backwater in the lowermost 800 km of two large southern tributaries, the Madeira and Puru??s rivers, causes falling river stages to be as much as 2-3 m higher than rising stages at any given discharge. Large tributaries that drain the northernmost Amazon River basin reach their annual minimum discharges three to four months later than does the mainstem. In the lowermost 300-400 km of the Negro River, the largest northern tributary and the fifth largest river in the world, the lowest stages of the year correspond to those of the Amazon River mainstem rather than to those in the upstream reaches of the Negro River. ?? 1991 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01704664","issn":"01775146","usgsCitation":"Meade, R., Rayol, J., Da Conceicao, S., and Natividade, J., 1991, Backwater effects in the Amazon River basin of Brazil: Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, v. 18, no. 2, p. 105-114, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01704664.","startPage":"105","endPage":"114","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205300,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01704664"},{"id":222802,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ef98e4b0c8380cd4a336","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meade, R.H.","contributorId":27449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meade","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rayol, J.M.","contributorId":75688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rayol","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Da Conceicao, S.C.","contributorId":20904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Da Conceicao","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Natividade, J.R.G.","contributorId":6589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Natividade","given":"J.R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70016430,"text":"70016430 - 1991 - Calibration of a texture-based model of a ground-water flow system, western San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":20452,"text":"ofr90573 - 1990 - Calibration of a texture-based model of a ground-water flow system, western San Joaquin Valley, California","indexId":"ofr90573","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"title":"Calibration of a texture-based model of a ground-water flow system, western San Joaquin Valley, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70016430,"text":"70016430 - 1991 - Calibration of a texture-based model of a ground-water flow system, western San Joaquin Valley, California","indexId":"70016430","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Calibration of a texture-based model of a ground-water flow system, western San Joaquin Valley, California"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-25T11:10:14","indexId":"70016430","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calibration of a texture-based model of a ground-water flow system, western San Joaquin Valley, California","docAbstract":"The occurrence of selenium in agricultural drain water from the western San Joaquin Valley, California, has focused concern on the semiconfined ground-water flow system, which is underlain by the Corcoran Clay Member of the Tulare Formation. A two-step procedure is used to calibrate a preliminary model of the system for the purpose of determining the steady-state hydraulic properties. Horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities are modeled as functions of the percentage of coarse sediment, hydraulic conductivities of coarse-textured (K<sub>coarse</sub>) and fine-textured (K<sub>fine</sub>) end members, and averaging methods used to calculate equivalent hydraulic conductivities. The vertical conductivity of the Corcoran (K<sub>corc</sub>) is an additional parameter to be evaluated.\n\nIn the first step of the calibration procedure, the model is run by systematically varying the following variables: (1) K<sub>coarse</sub>/K<sub>fine</sub>, (2) K<sub>coarse</sub>/K<sub>corc</sub>, and (3) choice of averaging methods in the horizontal and vertical directions. Root mean square error and bias values calculated from the model results are functions of these variables. These measures of error provide a means for evaluating model sensitivity and for selecting values of K<sub>coarse</sub>, K<sub>fine</sub>, and K<sub>corc</sub> for use in the second step of the calibration procedure. In the second step, recharge rates are evaluated as functions of K<sub>coarse</sub>, K<sub>corc</sub>, and a combination of averaging methods. The associated K<sub>fine</sub> values are selected so that the root mean square error is minimized on the basis of the results from the first step.\n\nThe results of the two-step procedure indicate that the spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity that best produces the measured hydraulic head distribution is created through the use of arithmetic averaging in the horizontal direction and either geometric or harmonic averaging in the vertical direction. The equivalent hydraulic conductivities resulting from either combination of averaging methods compare favorably to field- and laboratory-based values.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1991.tb00562.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Phillips, S.P., and Belitz, K., 1991, Calibration of a texture-based model of a ground-water flow system, western San Joaquin Valley, California: Ground Water, v. 29, no. 5, p. 702-715, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1991.tb00562.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"702","endPage":"715","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":272974,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1991.tb00562.x"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.8438,35.0589 ], [ -121.8438,38.1663 ], [ -118.6734,38.1663 ], [ -118.6734,35.0589 ], [ -121.8438,35.0589 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"29","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f315e4b0c8380cd4b5b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phillips, Steven P. 0000-0002-5107-868X sphillip@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5107-868X","contributorId":1506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Steven","email":"sphillip@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016435,"text":"70016435 - 1991 - Origin of xenoliths in the trachyte at Puu Waawaa, Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-26T20:52:22.017441","indexId":"70016435","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of xenoliths in the trachyte at Puu Waawaa, Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p>Rare dunite and 2-pyroxene gabbro xenoliths occur in banded trachyte at Puu Waawaa on Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii. Mineral compositions suggest that these xenoliths formed as cumulates of tholeiitic basalt at shallow depth in a subcaldera magma reservoir. Subsequently, the minerals in the xenoliths underwent subsolidus reequilibration that particularly affected chromite compositions by decreasing their Mg numbers. In addition, olivine lost CaO and plagioclase lost MgO and Fe2O3 during subsolidus reequilibration. The xenoliths also reacted with the host trachyte to form secondary mica, amphibole, and orthopyroxene, and to further modify the compositions of some olivine, clinopyroxene, and spinel grains. The reaction products indicate that the host trachyte melt was hydrous. Clinopyroxene in one dunite sample and olivine in most dunite samples have undergone partial melting, apparently in response to addition of water to the xenolith. These xenoliths do not contain CO2 fluid inclusions, so common in xenoliths from other localities on Hualalai, which suggests that CO2 was introduced from alkalic basalt magma between the time CO2-inclusion-free xenoliths erupted at 106??6 ka and the time CO2-inclusion-rich xenoliths erupted within the last 15 ka.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00303448","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Clague, D.A., and Bohrson, W.A., 1991, Origin of xenoliths in the trachyte at Puu Waawaa, Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 108, no. 4, p. 439-452, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00303448.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"439","endPage":"452","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Hualalai Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -156.258544921875,\n              19.528730138897643\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.775146484375,\n              19.528730138897643\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.775146484375,\n              20.076570104545173\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.258544921875,\n              20.076570104545173\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.258544921875,\n              19.528730138897643\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"108","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a710fe4b0c8380cd7641a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, David A.","contributorId":77105,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clague","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohrson, Wendy A.","contributorId":55024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohrson","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016436,"text":"70016436 - 1991 - An AEM-TEM study of weathering and diagenesis, Abert Lake, Oregon: II. Diagenetic modification of the sedimentary assemblage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-12T14:59:40.538409","indexId":"70016436","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An AEM-TEM study of weathering and diagenesis, Abert Lake, Oregon: II. Diagenetic modification of the sedimentary assemblage","docAbstract":"<p>This paper compares the mineralogy and chemistry of clay minerals in sediments from various depths and positions in Abert Lake and surrounding playa with those of the weathered materials entering the lake in order to reveal the nature and extent of post-depositional mineralogical modification.</p><p>Analytical electron microscope (AEM) data from individual clay particles reveal that each sample is comprised of a highly inhomogeneous smectite assemblage. The thin clay flakes (commonly less than 10 nm wide) display a complete range in octahedral sheet compositions from nearly dioctahedral to nearly trioctahedral. The very abundant Mg-rich lake smectites with an estimated composition K<sub>0.29</sub>(Al<sub>0.23</sub>-Mg<sub>2.16</sub>Fe<sub>0.30</sub>)Si<sub>3.80</sub>Al<sub>0.20</sub>O<sub>10</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>are not formed by weathering. This confirms the importance of diagenetic Mg uptake. Lattice-fringe imaging failed to reveal distinct brucite-like or vermiculite-like layers, suggesting that interstratifications of this type are rare or absent. Siliceous coatings on clay particles (identified by silica excess in smectite analyses) seem to favor topotactic overgrowth of stevensite rather than addition of brucite-like layers to the dioctahedral nuclei. The growth of K-stevensite dilutes the Al content of the crystal, and thus the increasing diagenetic modification reduces rather than supplements its illite component.</p><p>Smectite compositions within individual samples were highly variable, yet source-related characteristics such as the abundance of Fe-rich smectite were apparent. Little evidence for systematic K or Mg enrichment with depth was identified in samples from depths of down to 16 feet below the sediment-water interface. The most magnesian assemblages are associated both with weathering sources of Mg-rich smectite and playa environments subjected to repeated wetting and drying cycles. Thus, the observations suggest that clay compositions primarily reflect changes in lake levels, brine composition, and source characteristics, rather than time and depth/compaction effects. Other diagenetic reactions in the sediment include recrystallization of Na-rich silica gel and diatom fragments. Abundant, submicron-sized, untwinned, euhedral crystals of K-feldspar are interpreted to be authigenic in origin.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(91)90445-B","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Banfield, J., Jones, B., and Veblen, D., 1991, An AEM-TEM study of weathering and diagenesis, Abert Lake, Oregon: II. Diagenetic modification of the sedimentary assemblage: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, no. 10, p. 2795-2810, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90445-B.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"2795","endPage":"2810","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479778,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90445-b","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":223068,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9cde4b0c8380cd48480","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banfield, J.F.","contributorId":48710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banfield","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, B.F.","contributorId":52156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Veblen, D.R.","contributorId":25300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veblen","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016439,"text":"70016439 - 1991 - Inorganic ground-water chemistry at an experimental New Albany Shale (Devonian-Mississippian) in situ gasification site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-29T13:26:13.663062","indexId":"70016439","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inorganic ground-water chemistry at an experimental New Albany Shale (Devonian-Mississippian) in situ gasification site","docAbstract":"<p><span>Experimental&nbsp;</span><i>in situ</i><span>&nbsp;gasification of New Albany Shale (Devonian-Mississippian) has been conducted in Clark County. Analyses of ground water sampled from a production well and nine nearby monitoring wells 3 months after a brief&nbsp;</span><i>in situ</i><span>&nbsp;gasification period revealed changes in water chemistry associated with the gasification procedure. Dissolved iron, calcium and sulphate in ground water from the production well and wells as much as 2 m away were significantly higher than in ground water from wells over 9 m away. Dissolved components in the more distant wells are in the range of those in regional ground water. Thermal decomposition of pyrite during the gasification process generated the elevated levels of iron and sulphate in solution. High concentrations of calcium indicate buffering by dissolution of carbonate minerals. While iron quickly precipitates, calcium and sulphate remain in the ground water. Trends in the concentration of sulphate show that altered ground water migrated mostly in a south-westerly direction from the production well along natural joints in the New Albany Shale.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-2361(91)90221-U","issn":"00162361","usgsCitation":"Branam, T., Comer, J., Shaffer, N., Ennis, M., and Carpenter, S., 1991, Inorganic ground-water chemistry at an experimental New Albany Shale (Devonian-Mississippian) in situ gasification site: Fuel, v. 70, no. 11, p. 1317-1323, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(91)90221-U.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1317","endPage":"1323","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223116,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Clark County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":704,\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Clark\",\"state\":\"IN\"},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.4279,38.5861],[-85.4262,38.5834],[-85.4227,38.5775],[-85.4176,38.5689],[-85.4153,38.562],[-85.4149,38.5539],[-85.4151,38.5512],[-85.417,38.5413],[-85.4235,38.5313],[-85.4329,38.524],[-85.4392,38.5205],[-85.4418,38.5192],[-85.4436,38.5184],[-85.4503,38.5159],[-85.4663,38.5102],[-85.4679,38.5094],[-85.4689,38.5086],[-85.4741,38.5023],[-85.4759,38.4992],[-85.4889,38.4768],[-85.4895,38.4761],[-85.4909,38.4748],[-85.5,38.4674],[-85.5047,38.4645],[-85.5053,38.4643],[-85.5324,38.4568],[-85.5335,38.4566],[-85.5687,38.4538],[-85.5742,38.4527],[-85.5809,38.4514],[-85.582,38.4511],[-85.5981,38.4442],[-85.6098,38.4342],[-85.6193,38.4225],[-85.6327,38.3939],[-85.6365,38.3802],[-85.6367,38.3794],[-85.6371,38.3743],[-85.6385,38.354],[-85.6498,38.3307],[-85.6517,38.3277],[-85.6536,38.3252],[-85.6735,38.3036],[-85.6913,38.2907],[-85.692,38.2904],[-85.6979,38.2877],[-85.7067,38.2837],[-85.7259,38.275],[-85.7309,38.2729],[-85.7328,38.2721],[-85.7413,38.2693],[-85.7432,38.2689],[-85.7448,38.269],[-85.7561,38.2713],[-85.7637,38.2777],[-85.7677,38.2827],[-85.7735,38.2864],[-85.7776,38.2877],[-85.7829,38.2887],[-85.7888,38.2882],[-85.7923,38.2874],[-85.7905,38.2919],[-85.7916,38.3005],[-85.7968,38.3069],[-85.788,38.3091],[-85.7932,38.3114],[-85.7938,38.3159],[-85.7832,38.3213],[-85.7949,38.3255],[-85.7971,38.3332],[-85.7942,38.3341],[-85.7848,38.3313],[-85.7831,38.3317],[-85.783,38.3349],[-85.7854,38.3358],[-85.7842,38.3385],[-85.7818,38.3394],[-85.7806,38.3426],[-85.7783,38.3426],[-85.77,38.3434],[-85.7688,38.3466],[-85.7612,38.3502],[-85.7815,38.3739],[-85.8082,38.4044],[-85.9949,38.403],[-85.9948,38.4184],[-85.9938,38.4887],[-85.9561,38.489],[-85.956,38.5026],[-85.8849,38.5032],[-85.8848,38.5186],[-85.8665,38.518],[-85.8669,38.547],[-85.8474,38.5474],[-85.8479,38.5632],[-85.8214,38.5631],[-85.8219,38.5758],[-85.8125,38.5757],[-85.8124,38.583],[-85.803,38.5829],[-85.8029,38.5906],[-85.7935,38.5901],[-85.7939,38.6046],[-85.5701,38.6063],[-85.4971,38.6071],[-85.4967,38.5926],[-85.479,38.5925],[-85.4785,38.5866],[-85.4279,38.5861]]]}}]}","volume":"70","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c0de4b0c8380cd62a27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Branam, T.D.","contributorId":52332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Branam","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Comer, J.B.","contributorId":34185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Comer","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shaffer, N.R.","contributorId":87683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaffer","given":"N.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ennis, M.V.","contributorId":100125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ennis","given":"M.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Carpenter, S.H.","contributorId":75690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70016448,"text":"70016448 - 1991 - Importance of geologic characterization of potential low-level radioactive waste disposal sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:44","indexId":"70016448","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1540,"text":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Importance of geologic characterization of potential low-level radioactive waste disposal sites","docAbstract":"Using the example of the Geff Alternative Site in Wayne County, Illinois, for the disposal of low-level radioactive waste, this paper demonstrates, from a policy and public opinion perspective, the importance of accurately determining site stratigraphy. Complete and accurate characterization of geologic materials and determination of site stratigraphy at potential low-level waste disposal sites provides the frame-work for subsequent hydrologic and geochemical investigations. Proper geologic characterization is critical to determine the long-term site stability and the extent of interactions of groundwater between the site and its surroundings. Failure to adequately characterize site stratigraphy can lead to the incorrect evaluation of the geology of a site, which in turn may result in a lack of public confidence. A potential problem of lack of public confidence was alleviated as a result of the resolution and proper definition of the Geff Alternative Site stratigraphy. The integrity of the investigation was not questioned and public perception was not compromised. ?? 1991 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01740476","issn":"01775146","usgsCitation":"Weibel, C., and Berg, R.C., 1991, Importance of geologic characterization of potential low-level radioactive waste disposal sites: Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, v. 18, no. 3, p. 209-214, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01740476.","startPage":"209","endPage":"214","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205340,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01740476"},{"id":223118,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3939e4b0c8380cd61850","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weibel, C.P.","contributorId":33851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weibel","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berg, R. C.","contributorId":11673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berg","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016449,"text":"70016449 - 1991 - Neogene biostratigraphy and paleoenvironments of Enewetak Atoll, equatorial Pacific Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:44","indexId":"70016449","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2673,"text":"Marine Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Neogene biostratigraphy and paleoenvironments of Enewetak Atoll, equatorial Pacific Ocean","docAbstract":"Micropaleontologic analyses of Neogene sediments from Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands, provide data on the age of lagoonal deposits, stratigraphic disconformities and the paleoenvironmental and subsidence history of the atoll. Benthic foraminifers, planktic foraminifers, calcareous nannofossils and ostracodes were studied from six boreholes, the deepest penetrating 1605 feet below the lagoon floor into upper Oligocene strata. The Oligocene-Miocene boundary occurs at about 1200 ft below the lagoon floor. The early and middle Miocene is characterized by brief periods of deposition and numerous hiatuses. Ostracodes and benthic foraminifers indicate a shallow-marine reefal environment with occasional brackish water conditions. Upper Miocene and lower Pliocene deposits placed in calcareous nannofossil Zones NN9-15 and in planktic foraminifer Zones N16-19 contain species-rich benthic microfaunas which indicate alternating reefal and brackish water mangrove environments. The upper Pliocene contains at least two major depositional hiatuses that coincide with a major faunal turnover in benthic foraminiferal and ostracode assemblages. The Quaternary is characterized by benthic microfaunas similar to those of modern atoll lagoons and is punctuated by at least 11 disconformities which signify periods of low sea level. Atoll subsidence rates during the last 10 Ma averaged 30 to 40 m/m.y. ?? 1991 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Micropaleontology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0377-8398(91)90007-S","issn":"03778398","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., Bybell, L., Brouwers, E., Gibson, T., Margerum, R., and Poore, R., 1991, Neogene biostratigraphy and paleoenvironments of Enewetak Atoll, equatorial Pacific Ocean: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 18, no. 1-2, p. 101-114, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(91)90007-S.","startPage":"101","endPage":"114","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205341,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(91)90007-S"},{"id":223119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6447e4b0c8380cd72968","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":373567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bybell, L.M. 0000-0002-4760-7542","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4760-7542","contributorId":11220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bybell","given":"L.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brouwers, E. M.","contributorId":98319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brouwers","given":"E. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gibson, T. G.","contributorId":103702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibson","given":"T. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Margerum, R.","contributorId":22365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Margerum","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Poore, R.Z.","contributorId":35314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"R.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70016468,"text":"70016468 - 1991 - Use of a single-bowl continuous-flow centrifuge for dewatering suspended sediments: effect on sediment physical and chemical characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-28T00:14:53.430863","indexId":"70016468","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of a single-bowl continuous-flow centrifuge for dewatering suspended sediments: effect on sediment physical and chemical characteristics","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group \"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>The use of a single-bowl continuous-flow centrifuge (CFC, Sharples-Pennwalt Model AS-12) for dewatering suspended sediment from large volumes of river water is evaluated. Sediment-recovery efficiency of 86-91 per cent is comparable to that of other types of CFC units. The recovery efficiency is limited by the particle-size distribution of the feed water and by the limiting particle diameter that is retained in the centrifuge bowl. The limiting particle diameter, using the parameters for this study (bowl radius = 10.5cm; bowl length = 71.1 cm; rotational velocity = 16000 r min<sup>−1</sup>; flow rate = 2 L min<sup>−1</sup>, and an assumed hydrated particle density = 1.7 gm cm<sup>−3</sup>), is 370 nm. There seems to be no particle-size fractionation within the centrifuge bowl—the median particle size was the same at the top as at the bottom. Particle electrophoretic mobility plays some role in fractionation of particles within the centrifuge. The mobility ranged from −1.19 to −2.01 × 10<sup>−8</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>m<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>V<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>s<sup>−1</sup>, which is typical of clays coated with organic matter, the charge of which is partially neutralized by divalent cations and iron. Contamination by trace metals and organics is minimized by coating all surfaces that come in contact with the sample with either FEP or PFA Teflon and using a removable FEP Teflon liner in the centrifuge bowl. Because of the physical and chemical factors affecting particle fractionation within the centrifuge, care must be exercised in interpreting the environmental consequences of particles collected by continuous-flow centrifugation.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.3360050207","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Rees, T., Leenheer, J., and Ranville, J., 1991, Use of a single-bowl continuous-flow centrifuge for dewatering suspended sediments: effect on sediment physical and chemical characteristics: Hydrological Processes, v. 5, no. 2, p. 201-214, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360050207.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"214","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223218,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-09-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbe9ee4b08c986b3296bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rees, T.F.","contributorId":26068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rees","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ranville, J. F.","contributorId":54245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ranville","given":"J. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016478,"text":"70016478 - 1991 - Geochemistry of a Tertiary sedimentary phosphate deposit: Baja California Sur, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T20:38:05","indexId":"70016478","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of a Tertiary sedimentary phosphate deposit: Baja California Sur, Mexico","docAbstract":"The San Gregorio Formation in Baja California Sur, a phosphate-enriched sedimentary unit of late Oligocene to early Miocene age, has been analyzed in two areas (La Purisima and San Hilario) for its chemical composition (major oxides, Cu, Cd, Cr, Co, V, and rare-earth elements - REE) and isotopic composition (??18O and ??13C). A detrital and a marine component were determined from major oxides. The detrital component consists of an unaltered volcanic-ash fraction and a terrigenous clay-silt fraction. The marine component, which accumulated initially as biogenic and hydrogenous material, is now present as opal-A, opal-CT, CaCO3, organic matter, and an authigenic phosphate fraction, mostly pelletal and composed of the carbonate-fluorapatite mineral francolite. The minor elements have been partitioned into these components by assuming a constant composition for the two detrital fractions. The composition of the marine component of minor elements can then be interpreted by assuming that the stoichiometry of the original accumulating organic matter was equal to that of modern plankton. The Cu and Cd contents in the marine component of all rocks require that the seawater-derived fractions of these two metals were supplied to the seafloor solely by organic matter. Enrichments of Cr and V at both sites required an additional marine input. On the basis of their geochemistry in the modern ocean, Cr and V could have precipitated, or been adsorbed, onto settling particles from an O2 minimum zone in which the O2 content was low enough to promote denitrification rather than oxygen respiration. An enrichment of the REE, now within the apatite fraction, resulted from their adsorption onto particulates also in the O2 minimum zone and to the dissolution and alteration of biogenic phases (predominantly silica) within the sediment. Co and Fe2O3 show no enrichment above a detrital contribution. The ??18O-values of apatites from the La Purisima site are heavier than those of apatites from the San Hilario site, whereas the ??13C-values show the opposite trend. One possible interpretation of these variations is that ??18O reflects seawater values and ??13C sediment pore water values. This interpretation suggests that upwelling rates and primary productivity within the water column were greater at La Purisima, an interpretation that is corroborated by a greater abundance of apatite measured in outcrop at La Purisima. The Ce anomalies of the phosphate-enriched samples also differ between the two sites, indicating that they also recorded water masses, similar to the ??18O-values. ?? 1991.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(91)90075-3","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Piper, D., 1991, Geochemistry of a Tertiary sedimentary phosphate deposit: Baja California Sur, Mexico: Chemical Geology, v. 92, no. 4, p. 283-316, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90075-3.","startPage":"283","endPage":"316","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266077,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90075-3"},{"id":223224,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16eae4b0c8380cd552ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, D.Z.","contributorId":34154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piper","given":"D.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016479,"text":"70016479 - 1991 - An aem-tem study of weathering and diagenesis, Abert Lake, Oregon: I. Weathering reactions in the volcanics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-12T14:57:55.660521","indexId":"70016479","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An aem-tem study of weathering and diagenesis, Abert Lake, Oregon: I. Weathering reactions in the volcanics","docAbstract":"<p><span>Abert Lake in south-central Oregon provides a site suitable for the study of sequential weathering and diagenetic events. In this first of two papers, transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize the igneous mineralogy, subsolidus alteration assemblage, and the structural and chemical aspects of silicate weathering reactions that occur in the volcanic rocks (basalts, basaltic andesites, and dacitic/ rhyolitic extrusive and pyroclastics) that outcrop around the lake. Olivine and pyroxene replacement occurred topotactically, whereas feldspar and glass alteration produced randomly oriented smectite in channels and cavities. The tetrahedral, octahedral, and interlayer compositions of the weathering products, largely dioctahedral smectites, varied with primary mineral composition, rock type, and as the result of addition of elements released from adjacent reaction sites. Weathering of the highly evolved, Fe-rich Jug Mountain complex at the north end of the lake produced a homogeneous smectite assemblage that contrasts with the heterogeneous smectite assemblage replacing the volcanics along the eastern margin of the lake. The variability within and between the smectite assemblages highlights the microenvironmental diversity, fluctuating redox conditions, and variable solution chemistry associated with mineral weathering reactions in the surficial environment. Late-stage exhalative and aqueous alteration of the volcanics redistributed many components and formed a variety of alkali and alkali-earth carbonate, chloride, sulfate, and fluoride minerals in vugs and cracks. Overall, substantial Mg, Si, Na, Ca, and K are released by weathering reactions that include the almost complete destruction of the Mg-smectite that initially replaced olivine. The leaching of these elements from the volcanics provides an important source of these constituents in the lake water. The nature of subsequent diagenetic reactions resulting from the interaction between the materials transported to the lake and the solution will be described in part II (</span><span class=\"small-caps\">Banfield</span><span>&nbsp;et al., 1991).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(91)90444-A","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Banfield, J., Jones, B., and Veblen, D., 1991, An aem-tem study of weathering and diagenesis, Abert Lake, Oregon: I. Weathering reactions in the volcanics: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, no. 10, p. 2781-2793, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90444-A.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2781","endPage":"2793","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479785,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90444-a","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":223273,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9e4e4b0c8380cd484f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banfield, J.F.","contributorId":48710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banfield","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, B.F.","contributorId":52156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Veblen, D.R.","contributorId":25300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veblen","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016483,"text":"70016483 - 1991 - Geochemistry of halogens in the Milk River aquifer, Alberta, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-21T13:05:12.392442","indexId":"70016483","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of halogens in the Milk River aquifer, Alberta, Canada","docAbstract":"<p>Analytical data are presented for Cl, Br and I on a regional scale for the Milk River aquifer. The three halides show strikingly similar spatial distributions and are highly correlated. Concentrations are low in the freshwater portions of the aquifer but increase by as much as two orders of magnitude along the margins. However, halide ratios reach nearly constant values moving down-gradient, suggesting the dominance of a common subsurface source for these ions. Ratios of Cl/I and Cl/Br are less than those of seawater and fit an origin derived from the diagenesis of organic matter in the sediments. Halide ratios rule out leakage and/or diffusion from the underlying Colorado Group as a major influence on the chemistry; the favored hypothesis is altered connate seawater diffusing from low-permeability units within the Milk River Formation as the primary source of salts. This hypothesis of an internal source has important implications for solute sources in other aquifers affected by saline waters because it does not require the importation of a distant fluid.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(91)90044-P","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Fabryka-Martin, J., Whittemore, D.O., Davis, S., Kubik, P., and Sharma, P., 1991, Geochemistry of halogens in the Milk River aquifer, Alberta, Canada: Applied Geochemistry, v. 6, no. 4, p. 447-464, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(91)90044-P.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"447","endPage":"464","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223323,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Alberta","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.0695286719085,\n              60.18817887231066\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.15741929690876,\n              53.79117239494869\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.70820054690849,\n              48.91195393457784\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.9621067969087,\n              48.79629373902381\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.1378880469087,\n              60.23184488901154\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.0695286719085,\n              60.18817887231066\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16fce4b0c8380cd5533a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fabryka-Martin, J.","contributorId":51467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fabryka-Martin","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whittemore, Donald O.","contributorId":28748,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whittemore","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, S.N.","contributorId":51918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"S.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kubik, P.W.","contributorId":21691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kubik","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sharma, Prakash","contributorId":107435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharma","given":"Prakash","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
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