Numerous debris flows occurred in the Huachuca Mountains of southeastern Arizona during the summer rainy season of 1988 in areas that were burned by a forest fire earlier in the summer. Debris flows occurred following a major forest fire in 1977 as well, suggesting a causal link between fires and debris flows. Abundant evidence of older debris flows preserved along channels and in mountain front fans indicates that debris flows have occurred repeteadly during the late Quaternary in this environment. Soil development in sequences of debris-flow deposits indicates that debris flows probably recur over time intervals of several hundred to a thousand years in individual drainage basins in the study area.
Surface runoff in the steep drainage basins of the Huachuca Mountains is greatly enhanced following forest fires, as the hillslopes are denuded of their vegetative cover. Water and sediment eroded from the hillslope regolith are rapidly introduced into the upper reaches of tributary channels by widespread rilling and slope wash during rainfall events. This influx of water and sediment destabilizes regolith previously accumulated in the channel, triggering debris flows that scour the channel to bedrock in the upper reaches. Following a debris flow, the scoured, trapezoidally-shaped channel gradually assumes a swale shape and the percentage of exposed bedrock declines, as material is introduced from the slopes. Debris flows do a tremendous amount of work in a very short time, however, and are the major channel-forming events.
Where the tributary channels enter larger, trunk channels, the debris flows serve as the main source of very coarse sediment. The local slope and coarse particle distribution of the trunk channel depend on the competence of water flows in the channel to transport the material introduced by debris flows. Where the smaller channels drain directly to the mountain front, debris flows create extensive alluvial fans which dominate the morphology of the basin-range boundary.
Time intervals between debris flows in the drainage basins of the Huachuca Mountains are probably controlled by complex interactions among climate, forest fires and slope processes. Fires destroy the protective vegetation that stabilizes the upper catchment slopes and inhibits erosion. However, not every fire that burns a catchment causes debris flows, because sufficient weathered material must accumulate in the upper channel reaches to initiate a large debris flow. If such accumulation has not occurred, the material introduced to a channel following a forest fire will move only a short distance down the channel. Thus, the episodic nature of debris flows probably depends on rates of slope weathering and erosion, which are in turn controlled by climate, both directly and through vegetation and forest fires.
Cinnabar- and stibnite-bearing epithermal vein deposits are found throughout the Kuskokwim River region of southwestern Alaska. A geochemical orientation survey was carried out around several of these epithermal lodes to obtain information for planning regional geochemical surveys and to develop procedures which maximize the anomaly: threshold contrast of the deposits. Stream sediment, heavy-mineral concentrate, stream water, and vegetation samples were collected in drainages surrounding the Red Devil, Cinnabar Creek, White Mountain, Rhyolite, and Mountain Top deposits. Three sediment size fractions; nonmagnetic, paramagnetic and magnetic splits of the concentrate samples; stream waters; and the vegetation samples were analyzed for multi-element suites by a number of different chemical procedures. Nonmagnetic, heavy-mineral concentrates were also examined microscopically to identify their mineralogy.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(91)90009-J","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Gray, J.E., Goldfarb, R., Detra, D., and Slaughter, K.E., 1991, Geochemistry and exploration criteria for epithermal cinnabar and stibnite vein deposits in the Kuskokwim River region, southwestern Alaska: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 41, no. 3, p. 363-386, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(91)90009-J.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"363","endPage":"386","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223369,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16d1e4b0c8380cd5528b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, J. E.","contributorId":49363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Detra, D.E.","contributorId":72358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Detra","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Slaughter, K. E.","contributorId":100865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slaughter","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016756,"text":"70016756 - 1991 - Geochemical mass-balance in a small forested watershed in southwestern Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:50","indexId":"70016756","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Geochemical mass-balance in a small forested watershed in southwestern Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"An intensive hydrologic investigation of the North Fork Bens Creek Watershed on Laurel Hill in southwestern Pennsylvania was made during 1984-85. Precipitation was sampled weekly, and stream water was sampled monthly and during selected storms for discharge and chemical composition. The watershed is underlain by sandstone and sandy shale consisting of quartz, feldspar, muscovite, chlorite, calcite, and kaolinite. Watershed chemical flux for the sum of Ca++, Mg++, Na+, and K+ shows that solutes from wet deposition account for 19 to 21 percent of the load in runoff from the watershed. Cation exchange and weathering account for the net changes in the chemistry of streamflow. Alteration of orthoclase, muscovite, chlorite, and albite to kaolinite accounts for 36 percent of the neutralization of H+ resulting from precipitation input and carbonic-acid weathering. Dissolution of calcite accounts for 34 percent of H+ neutralization. Dissolution of aluminum-bearing minerals in the soil matrix accounts for 25 percent of H+ neutralization.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1991 National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage","conferenceDate":"22 July 1991 through 26 July 1991","conferenceLocation":"Honolulu, HI, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872628116","usgsCitation":"Witt, E.C., and Bikerman, M., 1991, Geochemical mass-balance in a small forested watershed in southwestern Pennsylvania, Proceedings of the 1991 National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage, Honolulu, HI, USA, 22 July 1991 through 26 July 1991, p. 516-523.","startPage":"516","endPage":"523","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224751,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1686e4b0c8380cd5519e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Witt, Emitt C. III 0000-0002-1814-7807 ecwitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1814-7807","contributorId":1612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witt","given":"Emitt","suffix":"III","email":"ecwitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5074,"text":"Center for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":404,"text":"NGTOC Rolla","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":374412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bikerman, Michael","contributorId":12983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bikerman","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016405,"text":"70016405 - 1991 - Genesis and continuity of quaternary sand and gravel in glacigenic sediment at a proposed low-level radioactive waste disposal site in east-central Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:43","indexId":"70016405","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1540,"text":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genesis and continuity of quaternary sand and gravel in glacigenic sediment at a proposed low-level radioactive waste disposal site in east-central Illinois","docAbstract":"The Illinois Department of Nuclear Safety has characterized the Martinsville Alternative Site (MAS) for a proposed low-level radioactive waste disposal facility. The MAS is located in east-central Illinois approximately 1.6 km (1 mi) north of the city of Martinsville. Geologic investigation of the 5.5-km2 (1380-acre) site revealed a sequence of chiefly Illinoian glacigenic sediments from 6 to 60 m (20-200 ft) thick overlying two major bedrock valleys carved in Pennsylvanian strata. Relatively permeable buried units include basal, preglacial alluvium; a complex of intraglacial and subglacial sediment; englacial deposits; and supraglacial fluvial deposits. Postglacial alluvium underlies stream valleys on and adjacent to the site. In most areas, the buried sand units are confined by low-permeability till, lacustrine sediment, colluvium, and loess. The distribution and thickness of the most extensive and continuous buried sand units have been modified considerably by subglacial erosion, and their distributions have been influenced by the buried bedrock valleys. The most continuous of the various sand units were deposited as preglacial and postglacial alluvium and are the uppermost and lowermost stratigraphic units at the alternative site. Sand units that were deposited in englacial or ice-marginal environments are less continuous. Aquifer pumping tests, potentiometric head data, and groundwater geochemistry analyses indicate minimal interaction of groundwater across localized interconnections of the permeable units. ?? 1991 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01740472","issn":"01775146","usgsCitation":"Troost, K.G., and Curry, B.B., 1991, Genesis and continuity of quaternary sand and gravel in glacigenic sediment at a proposed low-level radioactive waste disposal site in east-central Illinois: Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, v. 18, no. 3, p. 159-170, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01740472.","startPage":"159","endPage":"170","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205351,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01740472"},{"id":223214,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1557e4b0c8380cd54d7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Troost, K. G.","contributorId":77244,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Troost","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Curry, B. Brandon","contributorId":104224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curry","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brandon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016401,"text":"70016401 - 1991 - A statistical approach to the interpretation of aliphatic hydrocarbon distributions in marine sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T20:36:01","indexId":"70016401","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A statistical approach to the interpretation of aliphatic hydrocarbon distributions in marine sediments","docAbstract":"Q-mode factor analysis was used to quantitate the distribution of the major aliphatic hydrocarbon (n-alkanes, pristane, phytane) systems in sediments from a variety of marine environments. The compositions of the pure end members of the systems were obtained from factor scores and the distribution of the systems within each sample was obtained from factor loadings. All the data, from the diverse environments sampled (estuarine (San Francisco Bay), fresh-water (San Francisco Peninsula), polar-marine (Antarctica) and geothermal-marine (Gorda Ridge) sediments), were reduced to three major systems: a terrestrial system (mostly high molecular weight aliphatics with odd-numbered-carbon predominance), a mature system (mostly low molecular weight aliphatics without predominance) and a system containing mostly high molecular weight aliphatics with even-numbered-carbon predominance. With this statistical approach, it is possible to assign the percentage contribution from various sources to the observed distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons in each sediment sample. ?? 1991.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(91)90070-8","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Rapp, J.B., 1991, A statistical approach to the interpretation of aliphatic hydrocarbon distributions in marine sediments: Chemical Geology, v. 93, no. 1-2, p. 163-177, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90070-8.","startPage":"163","endPage":"177","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266075,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90070-8"},{"id":223162,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5aee4b0c8380cd46ef5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rapp, J. B.","contributorId":28987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016755,"text":"70016755 - 1991 - Hydrologic and geochemical approaches for determining ground-water flow components","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:50","indexId":"70016755","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Hydrologic and geochemical approaches for determining ground-water flow components","docAbstract":"Lyman Lake is an irrigation-storage reservoir on the Little Colorado River near St. Johns, Arizona. The main sources of water for the lake are streamflow in the Little Colorado River and ground-water inflow from the underlying Coconino aquifer. Two approaches, a hydrologic analysis and a geochemical analysis, were used to compute the quantity of ground-water flow to and from Lyman Lake. Hydrologic data used to calculate a water budget were precipitation on the lake, evaporation from the lake, transpiration from dense vegetation, seepage through the dam, streamflow in and out of the lake, and changes in lake storage. Geochemical data used to calculate the ground-water flow components were major ions, trace elements, and the stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen. During the study, the potentiometric level of the Coconino aquifer was above the lake level at the upstream end of the lake and below the lake level at the downstream end. Hydrologic and geochemical data indicate that about 10 percent and 8 percent, respectively, of the water in the lake is ground-water inflow and that about 35 percent of the water in the Little Colorado River 6 miles downgradient from the lake near Salado Springs is ground water. These independent estimates of ground-water flow derived from each approach are in agreement and support a conceptual model of the water budget.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1991 National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage","conferenceDate":"22 July 1991 through 26 July 1991","conferenceLocation":"Honolulu, HI, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872628116","usgsCitation":"Hjalmarson, H., and Robertson, F.N., 1991, Hydrologic and geochemical approaches for determining ground-water flow components, Proceedings of the 1991 National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage, Honolulu, HI, USA, 22 July 1991 through 26 July 1991, p. 267-274.","startPage":"267","endPage":"274","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224750,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3546e4b0c8380cd5fdc6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hjalmarson, H. W.","contributorId":95872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hjalmarson","given":"H. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robertson, F. N.","contributorId":66737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016396,"text":"70016396 - 1991 - Chemical equilibrium and mass balance relationships associated with the Long Valley hydrothermal system, California, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:42","indexId":"70016396","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical equilibrium and mass balance relationships associated with the Long Valley hydrothermal system, California, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Recent drilling and sampling of hydrothermal fluids from Long Valley permit an accurate characterization of chemical concentrations and equilibrium conditions in the hydrothermal reservoir. Hydrothermal fluids are thermodynamically saturated with secondary quartz, calcite, and pyrite but are in disequilibrium with respect to aqueous sulfide-sulfate speciation. Hydrothermal fluids are enriched in 18O by approximately 1??? relative to recharge waters. 18O and Cl concentrations in well cuttings and core from high-temperature zones of the reservoir are extensively depleted relative to fresh rhyolitic tuff compositions. Approximately 80% of the Li and 50% of the B are retained in the altered reservoir rock. Cl mass balance and open-system 18O fractionation models produce similar water-rock ratios of between 1.0 and 2.5 kg kg-1. These water-rock ratios coupled with estimates of reservoir porosity and density produce a minimum fluid residence time of 1.3 ka. The low fluid Cl concentrations in Long Valley correlate with corresponding low rock concentrations. Mass balance calculations indicate that leaching of these reservoir rocks accounts for Cl losses during hydrothermal activity over the last 40 ka. ?? 1991.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"White, A.F., and Peterson, M.L., 1991, Chemical equilibrium and mass balance relationships associated with the Long Valley hydrothermal system, California, U.S.A.: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 48, no. 3-4, p. 283-302.","startPage":"283","endPage":"302","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f57be4b0c8380cd4c24a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, A. F.","contributorId":36546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, M. L.","contributorId":49930,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016389,"text":"70016389 - 1991 - Chloride cycling in two forested lake watersheds in the west-central Adirondack Mountains, New York, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:22:48","indexId":"70016389","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chloride cycling in two forested lake watersheds in the west-central Adirondack Mountains, New York, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"The chemistry of precipitation, throughfall, soil water, ground water, and surface water was evaluated in two forested lake-watersheds over a 4-yr period to assess factors controlling C1- cycling. Results indicate that C1- cycling in these watersheds is more complex than the generally held view of the rapid transport of atmospherically derived C1- through the ecosystem. The annual throughfall Cl- flux for individual species in the northern hardwood forest was 2 to 5 times that of precipitation (56 eq ha-1), whereas the Na+ throughfall flux, in general, was similar to the precipitation flux. Concentrations of soil-water Cl- sampled from ceramic tension lysimeters at 20 cm below land surface generally exceeded the Na+ concentrations and averaged 31 ??eq L-1, the highest of any waters sampled in the watersheds, except throughfall under red spruce which averaged 34 ??eq L-1. Chloride was concentrated prior to storms and mobilized rapidly during storms as suggested by increases in streamwater Cl- concentrations with increasing flow. Major sources of Cl- in both watersheds are the forest floor and hornblende weathering in the soils and till. In the Panther Lake watershed, which contains mainly thick deposits of till( > 3 m), hornblende weathering results in a net Cl- flux 3 times greater than that in the Woods Lake watershed, which contains mainly thin deposits of till. The estimated accumulation rate of Cl- in the biomass of the two watersheds was comparable to the precipitation Cl- flux.The chemistry of precipitation, throughfall, soil water, ground water, and surface water was evaluated in two forested lake-watersheds over a 4-yr period to assess factors controlling Cl- cycling. Results indicate that Cl- cycling in these watersheds is more complex than the generally held view of the rapid transport of atmospherically derived Cl- through the excosystem. The annual throughfall Cl- flux for individual species in the northern hardwood forest was 2 to 5 times that of precipitation (56 eq ha-1), whereas the Na+ throughfall flux, in general, was similar to the precipitation flux. Concentrations of soil-water Cl- sampled from ceramic tension lysimeters at 20 cm below land surface generally exceeded the Na+ concentrations and averaged 31 ??eq L-1, the highest of any waters sampled in the watersheds, except throughfall under red spruce which averaged 34 ??eq L-1. Chloride was concentrated prior to storms and mobilized rapidly during storms as suggested by increases in streamwater Cl- concentrations with increasing flow. Major sources of Cl- in both watersheds are the forest floor and hornblende weathering in the soils and till. In the Panther Lake watershed, which contains mainly thick deposits of till (> 3 m), hornblende weathering results in a net Cl- flux 3 times greater than that in the Woods Lake watershed, which contains mainly thin deposits of till. The estimated accumulation rate of Cl- in the biomass of the two watersheds was comparable to the precipitation Cl- flux.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00211830","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Peters, N., 1991, Chloride cycling in two forested lake watersheds in the west-central Adirondack Mountains, New York, U.S.A.: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 59, no. 3-4, p. 201-215, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00211830.","startPage":"201","endPage":"215","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222958,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267651,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00211830"}],"volume":"59","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5c4e4b0c8380cd4c3e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016385,"text":"70016385 - 1991 - Relation between the national handbook of recommended methods for water data acquisition and ASTM standards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T11:15:44","indexId":"70016385","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Relation between the national handbook of recommended methods for water data acquisition and ASTM standards","docAbstract":"In the late 1950's, intense demands for water and growing concerns about declines in the quality of water generated the need for more water-resources data. About thirty Federal agencies, hundreds of State, county and local agencies, and many private organizations had been collecting water data. However, because of differences in procedures and equipment, many of the data bases were incompatible. In 1964, as a step toward establishing more uniformity, the Bureau of the Budget (now the Office of Management and Budget, OMB) issued 'Circular A-67' which presented guidelines for collecting water data and also served as a catalyst for creating the Office of Water Data Coordination (OWDC) within the U.S. Geological Survey. This paper discusses past, present, and future aspects of the relation between methods in the National Handbook and standards published by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) Committee D-19 on Water's Subcommittee D-19.07 on Sediment, Geomorphology, and Open Channel Flow. The discussion also covers historical aspects of standards - development work jointly conducted by OWDC and ASTM.
","largerWorkTitle":"ASTM Special Technical Publication","conferenceTitle":"Monitoring Water in the 1990's: Meeting New Challenges","conferenceDate":"11-14 June 1990","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASTM","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA, United States","issn":"00660558","isbn":"0803114079","usgsCitation":"Glysson, G.D., and Skinner, J.V., 1991, Relation between the national handbook of recommended methods for water data acquisition and ASTM standards, in ASTM Special Technical Publication, no. 1102, Denver, CO, USA, 11-14 June 1990, p. 291-300.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"291","endPage":"300","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222906,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"1102","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a64ae4b0e8fec6cdc16a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glysson, G. Douglas","contributorId":13607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glysson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skinner, John V.","contributorId":25297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016376,"text":"70016376 - 1991 - An analytical method for hydrogeochemical surveys: Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry after using enrichment coprecipitation with cobalt and ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T23:56:17.531811","indexId":"70016376","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An analytical method for hydrogeochemical surveys: Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry after using enrichment coprecipitation with cobalt and ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate","docAbstract":"Trace metals that are commonly associated with mineralization were concentrated and separated from natural water by coprecipitation with ammonium pyrollidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) and cobalt and determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The method is useful in hydrogeochemical surveys because it permits preconcentration near the sample sites, and selected metals are preserved shortly after the samples are collected. The procedure is relatively simple: (1) a liter of water is filtered; (2) the pH is adjusted; (3) Co chloride and APDC are added to coprecipitate the trace metals; and (4) later, the precipitate is filtered, dissolved, and diluted to 10 ml for a 100-fold concentration enrichment of the separated metals. Sb(III), As(III), Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mo, Ni, Ag, V, and Zn can then be determined simultaneously by ICP-AES. In an experiment designed to measure the coprecipitation efficiency, Sb(III), Cd and Ag were recovered at 70 to 75% of their original concentration. The remaining metals were recovered at 85 to 100% of their original concentrations, however. The range for the lower limits of determination for the metals after preconcentration is 0.1 to 3.0 μg/l.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(91)90008-I","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Hopkins, D., 1991, An analytical method for hydrogeochemical surveys: Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry after using enrichment coprecipitation with cobalt and ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 41, no. 3, p. 349-361, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(91)90008-I.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"349","endPage":"361","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222797,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9f8e4b0c8380cd4856d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hopkins, D.M.","contributorId":103646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016375,"text":"70016375 - 1991 - Tritium concentrations in the active Pu'u O'o crater, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: implications for cold fusion in the Earth's interior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-13T13:10:09","indexId":"70016375","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tritium concentrations in the active Pu'u O'o crater, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: implications for cold fusion in the Earth's interior","docAbstract":"The assertion that deuterium-deuterium fusion may occur at low temperature suggests a potential new source of geothermal heat. If a cold-fusion-like process occurs within the Earth, then a test for its existence would be a search for anomalous tritium in volcanic emissions. The Pu'u O'o crater is the first point at which large amounts of water are degassed from the magma that feeds the Kilauea system. The magma is probably not contaminated by meteoric-source ground water prior to degassing at Pu'u O'o, although mixing of meteoric and magmatic H2O occurs within the crater. Tritium contents of samples from within the crater are lower than in samples taken simultaneously from the nearby upwind crater rim. These results provide no evidence in support of a cold-fusion-like process in the Earth's interior. ?? 1991.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(91)90159-F","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Quick, J.E., Hinkley, T.K., Reimer, G., and Hedge, C., 1991, Tritium concentrations in the active Pu'u O'o crater, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: implications for cold fusion in the Earth's interior: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 69, no. 1-2, p. 132-137, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(91)90159-F.","startPage":"132","endPage":"137","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223568,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267321,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(91)90159-F"}],"volume":"69","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb86be4b08c986b32784e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quick, J. E.","contributorId":48563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quick","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hinkley, T. K. 0000-0001-8507-6271","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8507-6271","contributorId":78731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkley","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reimer, G.M.","contributorId":59800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimer","given":"G.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hedge, C. E.","contributorId":73611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedge","given":"C. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015076,"text":"70015076 - 1991 - Importance of hydrologic data for interpreting wetland maps and assessing wetland loss and mitigation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:59","indexId":"70015076","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1022,"text":"Biological Report - US Fish & Wildlife Service","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Importance of hydrologic data for interpreting wetland maps and assessing wetland loss and mitigation","docAbstract":"The US Geological Survey collects and disseminates, in written and digital formats, groundwater and surface-water information related to the tidal and nontidal wetlands of the United States. This information includes quantity, quality, and availability of groundwater and surface water; groundwater and surface-water interactions (recharge-discharge); groundwater flow; and the basic surface-water characteristics of streams, rivers, lakes, and wetlands. Water resources information in digital format can be used in geographic information systems (GISs) for many purposes related to wetlands. US Geological Survey wetland-related activities include collection of information important for assessing and mitigating coastal wetland loss and modification, hydrologic data collection and interpretation, GIS activities, identification of national trends in water quality and quantity, and process-oriented wetland research. -Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Report - US Fish & Wildlife Service","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Carter, V., 1991, Importance of hydrologic data for interpreting wetland maps and assessing wetland loss and mitigation: Biological Report - US Fish & Wildlife Service, v. 90, no. 18, p. 79-85.","startPage":"79","endPage":"85","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224403,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a393be4b0c8380cd61856","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, V.","contributorId":61115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016365,"text":"70016365 - 1991 - The interaction between biology and the management of aquatic macrophytes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-28T17:44:51.920706","indexId":"70016365","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":861,"text":"Aquatic Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The interaction between biology and the management of aquatic macrophytes","docAbstract":"‘Management’ refers to controlling nuisance aquatic species and to restoring or restructing aquatic plant communities. Producing stable, diverse, aquatic plant communities containing a high percentage of desirable species is a primary management goal.
There are a variety of techniques including harvesting, herbicides, water-level fluctuation, sediment alteration, nutrient limitation, light alteration, and biological controls which can be used for managing macrophytes. These techniques are briefly reviewed along with discussions of biological considerations important to the efficacy of the technique and the environmental impacts of the technique. There is a growing interest in restoring and restructing aquatic plant communities. Techniques for community restoration are discussed as are emerging management technologies using growth regulators and bioengineering.
New management technologies will probably be limited by costs and environmental impacts. In the near future, better macrophyte management will come through better planning and more effective use of present technology. The challenge is to make current planning and management techniques more effective through increased biological inputs. The potential for biological input ranges from subcellular biology to species biology, to community and ecosystem biology. Some information needs are identified.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0304-3770(91)90045-7","usgsCitation":"Nichols, S.A., 1991, The interaction between biology and the management of aquatic macrophytes: Aquatic Botany, v. 41, no. 1-3, p. 225-252, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(91)90045-7.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"252","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223419,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad4de4b08c986b323b0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, S. A.","contributorId":72935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016362,"text":"70016362 - 1991 - Geochemistry of dissolved inorganic carbon in a Coastal Plain aquifer. 2. Modeling carbon sources, sinks, and δ13C evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-29T11:14:11","indexId":"70016362","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of dissolved inorganic carbon in a Coastal Plain aquifer. 2. Modeling carbon sources, sinks, and δ13C evolution","docAbstract":"Stable isotope data for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), carbonate shell material and cements, and microbial CO2 were combined with organic and inorganic chemical data from aquifer and confining-bed pore waters to construct geochemical reaction models along a flowpath in the Black Creek aquifer of South Carolina. Carbon-isotope fractionation between DIC and precipitating cements was treated as a Rayleigh distillation process. Organic matter oxidation was coupled to microbial fermentation and sulfate reduction. All reaction models reproduced the observed chemical and isotopic compositions of final waters. However, model 1, in which all sources of carbon and electron-acceptors were assumed to be internal to the aquifer, was invalidated owing to the large ratio of fermentation CO2 to respiration CO2 predicted by the model (5–49) compared with measured ratios (two or less). In model 2, this ratio was reduced by assuming that confining beds adjacent to the aquifer act as sources of dissolved organic carbon and sulfate. This assumption was based on measured high concentrations of dissolved organic acids and sulfate in confining-bed pore waters (60–100 μM and 100–380 μM, respectively) relative to aquifer pore waters (from less than 30 μM and 2–80 μM, respectively). Sodium was chosen as the companion ion to organic-acid and sulfate transport from confining beds because it is the predominant cation in confining-bed pore waters. As a result, excessive amounts of Na-for-Ca ion exchange and calcite precipitation (three to four times more cement than observed in the aquifer) were required by model 2 to achieve mass and isotope balance of final water. For this reason, model 2 was invalidated. Agreement between model-predicted and measured amounts of carbonate cement and ratios of fermentation CO2 to respiration CO2 were obtained in a reaction model that assumed confining beds act as sources of DIC, as well as organic acids and sulfate. This assumption was supported by measured high concentrations of DIC in confining beds (2.6–2.7 mM). Results from this study show that geochemical models of confined aquifer systems must incorporate the effects of adjacent confining beds to reproduce observed groundwater chemistry accurately.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90111-T","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P.B., and Chapelle, F.H., 1991, Geochemistry of dissolved inorganic carbon in a Coastal Plain aquifer. 2. Modeling carbon sources, sinks, and δ13C evolution: Journal of Hydrology, v. 127, no. 1-4, p. 109-135, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90111-T.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"135","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223365,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"127","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16f2e4b0c8380cd55313","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, Peter B. 0000-0001-7452-2379 pmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Peter","email":"pmcmahon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapelle, Francis H. chapelle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"Francis","email":"chapelle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016357,"text":"70016357 - 1991 - Radon-222 and its parent radionuclides in groundwater from two study areas in New Jersey and Maryland, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-21T12:44:27.399751","indexId":"70016357","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radon-222 and its parent radionuclides in groundwater from two study areas in New Jersey and Maryland, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"A study of groundwater chemistry and radionuclide mobility in New Jersey and Maryland was conducted to investigate natural processes that control the mobility of radionuclides in the water-rock system. Groundwater was sampled from two geological units in New Jersey and from six in Maryland. The water sampled was from aquifiers in fractured metamorphic rocks of varying composition and metamorphic grade. In both areas, groundwater chemistry was affected most by aquifier mineralogy and lithology; concentrations of total dissolved U, 226Ra and 222Rn were similarly affected. In evey sample for which measurements were made, dissolved Utotal and 226Ra were present in much lower concentrations than 222Rn when expressed in terms of their radioactivity. On the other hand, the total amount of 222Rn that could be produced in these rocks, given their U contents, is much higher than the concentrations observed in groundwater. Thus, the emanating efficiencies of the aquifer rocks studied must be near 10% or less. Such low emanating efficiencies require that a fraction of the 226Ra in the rock be located close to the water-rock interface so that 222Rn, when produced, can be rapidly and efficiently transferred to the aqueous phase. This condition is established when a similar fraction of the U is in a readily leachable position. No known U or Ra solids were supersaturated in any of the samples. Thus, adsorption processes probably play a role in limiting mobilities of Utotal and 226Ra. Concentrations of Utotal and 226Ra found in the water samples are comparable to those found in experimental studies of adsorption onto mineral surfaces. ?? 1991.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(91)90007-C","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Wanty, R., Johnson, S.L., and Briggs, P., 1991, Radon-222 and its parent radionuclides in groundwater from two study areas in New Jersey and Maryland, U.S.A.: Applied Geochemistry, v. 6, no. 3, p. 305-318, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(91)90007-C.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"318","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223315,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, New 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\"}}]}","volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9445e4b0c8380cd812d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wanty, R. B. 0000-0002-2063-6423","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":66704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, S. L.","contributorId":53826,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Briggs, Paul H.","contributorId":107691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Paul H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016350,"text":"70016350 - 1991 - Field and modelling studies of immiscible fluid flow above a contaminated water-table aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:42","indexId":"70016350","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Field and modelling studies of immiscible fluid flow above a contaminated water-table aquifer","docAbstract":"A method was developed for measuring the spatial distribution of immiscible liquid contaminants in the subsurface. Fluid saturation distributions measured at a crude-oil spill site were used to test a numerical multiphase flow model.","largerWorkTitle":"National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia","conferenceTitle":"International Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium 1991 Part 2 (of 3)","conferenceDate":"2 October 1991 through 4 October 1991","conferenceLocation":"Perth, Aust","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by IE Aust","publisherLocation":"Barton","issn":"03136922","usgsCitation":"Herkelrath, W., Essaid, H., and Hess, K., 1991, Field and modelling studies of immiscible fluid flow above a contaminated water-table aquifer, in National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia, v. 2, no. 91 pt 22, Perth, Aust, 2 October 1991 through 4 October 1991, p. 424-428.","startPage":"424","endPage":"428","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223160,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"91 pt 22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0fa4e4b0c8380cd53979","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herkelrath, W.N.","contributorId":77981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkelrath","given":"W.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Essaid, H.I.","contributorId":22342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Essaid","given":"H.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hess, K.M.","contributorId":39415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016346,"text":"70016346 - 1991 - Valencia gorge: Possible Messinian refill channel for the western Mediterranean Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-24T01:13:28.352459","indexId":"70016346","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Valencia gorge: Possible Messinian refill channel for the western Mediterranean Sea","docAbstract":"A deeply incised gorge is buried nearly 800 m beneath the floor of the Valencia Trough in the western Mediterranean Sea. The gorge is steeply cut more than 200m into Messinian evaporite deposits and has been mapped for more than 40 km. Published and unpublished seismic profiles show the total length to be nearly 300 km. The gorge is not aligned with any known large fluvial systems, and its orientation indicates that it may have been connected near Valencia with the Betic Strait, the portal in southern Spain proposed to link the Atlantic and the western Mediterranean. The Betic Strait was probably open at least through early Messinian time. Conservative estimates show that sea water flowing through the Valencia gorge at rates of 0.5 to 2 m/s could have refilled the western Mediterranean basins below 2000 m in less than 50 yr.
On the western side of the Tjörnes Peninsula in northern Iceland exposures of fossiliferous marine sediments, basalts, and glacial tills record the climatic history of this region of the North Atlantic Ocean. Seventy-five marine ostracode species were recovered from the Pliocene Tjörnes sediments and Quaternary sediments known as the Breidavik beds. The ostracode assemblages contain many warm-water genera that do not inhabit Iceland today and indicate early to middle Pliocene (4.5–3.0 Ma) winter and summer bottom-water temperatures that averaged 5–6°C and 14–16°C, respectively (maximum 20°C in summer, rarely below 3°C in winter except during a brief cooling 3.5–3.2 Ma). An intensified North Atlantic Drift and a diminished or absent East Greenland Current account for warm-water oceanographic conditions at 66°N. Late Pliocene marine climates were cooler with winter and summer averages of about 9°C and 8°C. Early Pleistocene ostracode assemblages dated at 1.7–1.3 Ma contain extant arctic–subarctic species that indicate winter and summer temperatures of about − 1.5°C and 4–5°C. New species Bensonocythere eirikssoni, Robertsonites williamsi, Hemicythere rekaensis, Thaerocythere mayburyae, Thaerocythere whatleyi, Leptocythere tjornesensis, Tetracytherura bardarsoni, and Cytheromorpha einarssoni are described.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00016a008","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Chiou, C.T., Kile, D.E., and Rutherford, D., 1991, The neutral oil in commercial linear alkylbenzenesulfonate and its effect on organic solute solubility in water: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 25, no. 4, p. 660-665, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00016a008.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"660","endPage":"665","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223107,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae10e4b08c986b323ee7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chiou, C. T.","contributorId":97080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiou","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kile, D. E.","contributorId":22758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kile","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rutherford, D.W.","contributorId":21244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutherford","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016754,"text":"70016754 - 1991 - Mesh-size effects on drift sample composition as determined with a triple net sampler","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:51","indexId":"70016754","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mesh-size effects on drift sample composition as determined with a triple net sampler","docAbstract":"Nested nets of three different mesh apertures were used to study mesh-size effects on drift collected in a small mountain stream. The innermost, middle, and outermost nets had, respectively, 425 ??m, 209 ??m and 106 ??m openings, a design that reduced clogging while partitioning collections into three size groups. The open area of mesh in each net, from largest to smallest mesh opening, was 3.7, 5.7 and 8.0 times the area of the net mouth. Volumes of filtered water were determined with a flowmeter. The results are expressed as (1) drift retained by each net, (2) drift that would have been collected by a single net of given mesh size, and (3) the percentage of total drift (the sum of the catches from all three nets) that passed through the 425 ??m and 209 ??m nets. During a two day period in August 1986, Chironomidae larvae were dominant numerically in all 209 ??m and 106 ??m samples and midday 425 ??m samples. Large drifters (Ephemerellidae) occurred only in 425 ??m or 209 ??m nets, but the general pattern was an increase in abundance and number of taxa with decreasing mesh size. Relatively more individuals occurred in the larger mesh nets at night than during the day. The two larger mesh sizes retained 70% of the total sediment/detritus in the drift collections, and this decreased the rate of clogging of the 106 ??m net. If an objective of a sampling program is to compare drift density or drift rate between areas or sampling dates, the same mesh size should be used for all sample collection and processing. The mesh aperture used for drift collection should retain all species and life stages of significance in a study. The nested net design enables an investigator to test the adequacy of drift samples. ?? 1991 Kluwer Academic Publishers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00015344","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Slack, K.V., Tilley, L.J., and Kennelly, S., 1991, Mesh-size effects on drift sample composition as determined with a triple net sampler: Hydrobiologia, v. 209, no. 3, p. 215-226, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00015344.","startPage":"215","endPage":"226","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205535,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015344"},{"id":224702,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"209","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5440e4b0c8380cd6cf14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, K. V.","contributorId":82386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tilley, L. J.","contributorId":91836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilley","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kennelly, S.S.","contributorId":75697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennelly","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016747,"text":"70016747 - 1991 - Effects of drainage on water, sediment and biota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:51","indexId":"70016747","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Effects of drainage on water, sediment and biota","docAbstract":"The U.S. Department of the Interior started a program in 1985 to identify effects of irrigation-induced trace constituents in water, bottom sediment and biota. The program was developed in response to concerns that contamination similar to that found in 1983 at Kesterson Reservoir in California might exist elsewhere. Studies are complete or underway for 26 sites in 15 western States. Selenium is the trace constituent most often found at elevated concentrations in all media. Maximum selenium concentrations in fish from 9 of 20 areas exceeded the threshold concentration for adverse reproductive effects. Maximum selenium concentrations in bird livers from 11 areas exceeded the level at which embryonic deformities are likely; deformed birds were observed in 5 areas. Trace constituent problems may be anticipated if geologic sources such as marine shales occur in an irrigation project area. The potential for problems is increased if closed basins or sinks are present.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1991 National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage","conferenceDate":"22 July 1991 through 26 July 1991","conferenceLocation":"Honolulu, HI, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872628116","usgsCitation":"Engberg, R.A., Sylvester, M.A., and Feltz, H.R., 1991, Effects of drainage on water, sediment and biota, Proceedings of the 1991 National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage, Honolulu, HI, USA, 22 July 1991 through 26 July 1991, p. 801-807.","startPage":"801","endPage":"807","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224606,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06d5e4b0c8380cd5142e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Engberg, Richard A.","contributorId":20897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engberg","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sylvester, Marc A.","contributorId":90706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sylvester","given":"Marc","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Feltz, Herman R.","contributorId":49104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feltz","given":"Herman","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016676,"text":"70016676 - 1991 - Degassing and differentiation in subglacial volcanoes, Iceland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:48","indexId":"70016676","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Degassing and differentiation in subglacial volcanoes, Iceland","docAbstract":"Within the neovolcanic zones of Iceland many volcanoes grew upward through icecaps that have subsequently melted. These steep-walled and flat-topped basaltic subglacial volcanoes, called tuyas, are composed of a lower sequence of subaqueously erupted, pillowed lavas overlain by breccias and hyaloclastites produced by phreatomagmatic explosions in shallow water, capped by a subaerially erupted lava plateau. Glass and whole-rock analyses of samples collected from six tuyas indicate systematic variations in major elements showing that the individual volcanoes are monogenetic, and that commonly the tholeiitic magmas differentiated and became more evolved through the course of the eruption that built the tuya. At Herdubreid, the most extensively studies tuya, the upward change in composition indicates that more than 50 wt.% of the first erupted lavas need crystallize over a range of 60??C to produce the last erupted lavas. The S content of glass commonly decreases upward in the tuyas from an average of about 0.08 wt.% at the base to < 0.02 wt.% in the subaerially erupted lava at the top, and is a measure of the depth of water (or ice) above the eruptive vent. The extensive subsurface crystallization that generates the more evolved, lower-temperature melts during the growth of the tuyas, apparently results from cooling and degassing of magma contained in shallow magma chambers and feeders beneath the volcanoes. Cooling may result from percolation of meltwater down cracks, vaporization, and cycling in a hydrothermal circulation. Degassing occurs when progressively lower pressure eruption (as the volcanic vent grows above the ice/water surface) lowers the volatile vapour pressure of subsurface melt, thus elevating the temperature of the liquidus and hastening liquid-crystal differentiation. ?? 1991.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., and Calk, L.C., 1991, Degassing and differentiation in subglacial volcanoes, Iceland: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 46, no. 1-2, p. 157-180.","startPage":"157","endPage":"180","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225025,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe4fe4b0c8380cd4ec6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calk, L. C.","contributorId":54261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calk","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}