The lithology and structural features of the Ahuachapán geothermal area and their impact on the movement of cold and hot fluids within the system are described, as well as the development and evaluation of the natural state model of the field. Four major lithologic units are present in Ahuachapán and three major aquifers have been identified; flow patterns and zones of fluid mixing were located on the basis of temperature and geochemical data from wells and surface manifestations. Geologic structures control the heat and fluid recharge and the flow within the reservoir. Modeling studies suggest, in agreement with field data, an overall average transmissivity of 25–35 darcy-meters, and indicate that the system is recharged by waters with temperatures greater than 250°C. The total thermal throughflow for the Ahuachapán reservoir in the unexploited state is estimated to be about 250 MWt.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(91)90002-D","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Aunzo, Z., Laky, C., Steingrimsson, B., Bodvarsson, G., Lippmann, M., Truesdell, A., Escobar, C., Quintanilla, A., and Cuellar, G., 1991, Pre-exploitation state of the Ahuachapán geothermal field, El Salvador: Geothermics, v. 20, no. 1-2, p. 1-22, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(91)90002-D.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224284,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a80dce4b0c8380cd7b243","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aunzo, Z.","contributorId":101020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aunzo","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laky, C.","contributorId":26193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laky","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steingrimsson, B.","contributorId":98884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steingrimsson","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bodvarsson, G.S.","contributorId":98045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodvarsson","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lippmann, M.J.","contributorId":66423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lippmann","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Truesdell, A.H.","contributorId":52566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Truesdell","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address: TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":369813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Escobar, C.","contributorId":18513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Escobar","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Quintanilla, A.","contributorId":45056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quintanilla","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Cuellar, G.","contributorId":22094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuellar","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70015005,"text":"70015005 - 1991 - A Sr-isotopic comparison between thermal waters, rocks, and hydrothermal calcites, Long Valley caldera, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:59","indexId":"70015005","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Sr-isotopic comparison between thermal waters, rocks, and hydrothermal calcites, Long Valley caldera, California","docAbstract":"The 87Sr/86Sr values of thermal waters and hydrothermal calcites of the Long Valley caldera geothermal system are more radiogenic than those of young intracaldera volcanic rocks. Five thermal waters display 87Sr/86Sr of 0.7081-0.7078 but show systematically lighter values from west to east in the direction of lateral flow. We believe the decrease in ratio from west to east signifies increased interaction of deeply circulating thermal water with relatively fresh volcanic rocks filling the caldera depression. All types of pre-, syn-, and post-caldera volcanic rocks in the west and central caldera have (87Sr/86Sr)m between about 0.7060 and 0.7072 and values for Sierra Nevada granodiorites adjacent to the caldera are similar. Sierran pre-intrusive metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks can have considerably higher Sr-isotope ratios (0.7061-0.7246 and 0.7090-0.7250, respectively). Hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks inside the caldera have (87Sr/86Sr)m slightly heavier than their fresh volcanic equivalents and hydrothermal calcites (0.7068-0.7105) occupy a midrange of values between the volcanic/plutonic rocks and the Sierran metamorphic rocks. These data indicate that the Long Valley geothermal reservoir is first equilibrated in a basement complex that contains at least some metasedimentary rocks. Reequilibration of Sr-isotope ratios to lower values occurs in thermal waters as convecting geothermal fluids flow through the isotopically lighter volcanic rocks of the caldera fill. ?? 1991.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Goff, F., Wollenberg, H., Brookins, D., and Kistler, R.W., 1991, A Sr-isotopic comparison between thermal waters, rocks, and hydrothermal calcites, Long Valley caldera, California: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 48, no. 3-4, p. 265-281.","startPage":"265","endPage":"281","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224344,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e308e4b0c8380cd45db5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goff, F.","contributorId":53408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goff","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wollenberg, H.A.","contributorId":96681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wollenberg","given":"H.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brookins, D.C.","contributorId":57727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brookins","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kistler, R. W.","contributorId":36112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kistler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015007,"text":"70015007 - 1991 - U-series ages of solitary corals from the California coast by mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-12T15:28:14.112152","indexId":"70015007","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U-series ages of solitary corals from the California coast by mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of dating fossil solitary corals from Pleistocene marine strandlines outside tropical latitudes using the recently developed high sensitivity, high-precision U-series technique based on thermal-ionization mass-spectrometry (TIMS). The TIMS technique is much more efficient than conventional a spectrometry and, as a result, multiple samples of an individual coral skeleton, or different specimens from the same bed can be analyzed.
Detached and well-rounded fossil specimens of the solitary coral Balanophyllia elegans were collected from relict littoral deposits on emergent marine terraces along the California coast at Cayucos terrace (elevation 8 m, previously dated at 124 and 117 Ky by α counting), Shell Beach terrace (elevation about 25 m, previously undated), Nestor terrace, San Diego (elevation 23 m, previously dated at 131 to 109 Ky ), Bird Rock terrace, San Diego ( elevation 8 m, previously dated at 81 Ky ). Attached living specimens were collected from the intertidal zone on the modern terrace at Moss Beach.
Concentrations of 232Th in both living and fossil specimens are much higher than in reef-building corals (12 to 624 pmol/g vs. 0.1 to 1.6 pmol/g, respectively). However, because 230Th/232Th in Balanophyllia elegans are very low (2.22 × 10−3to 4.33 × 10−4), the high 232Th concentrations have negligible effect on the 230Th-234U dates. The high 232Th concentration in the living specimen (33.1 pmol/g) indicates that a significant amount of 232Th is incorporated in the aragonitic skeleton during growth, or attached to clay-sized silicates trapped in the skeletal material. The calculated initial 234U activities in the fossil specimens of Balanophyllia elegans are higher than the 234U activity in modern seawater or in the modern specimen. The higher initial activities could possibly reflect the influx of 234U-enriched continental water into Pleistocene coastal waters, or it could reflect minor diagenetic alteration, a persistent and fundamental problem in dating all corals.
Samples from a compound specimen from the Cayucos terrace were subjected to different preparation procedures. Samples prepared by a standard acid washing procedure yielded 230Th-234U ages of 125, 123, and 122 Ky, whereas samples prepared by an abbreviated procedure without acid washing yield significantly lower ages of 113 and 112 Ky. Two other specimens from the same bed yielded 230Th-234U ages of 118 and 115 Ky. Also, two specimens from a stratigraphically higher bed yielded ages of 120 and 117 Ky, and three specimens from a lower bed yield ages of 115, 113, and 101 Ky. Nine of the twelve ages of the treated samples from the Cayucos terrace range from 125 to 113 Ky. However, the ages do not follow the stratigraphie order. Two possible interpretations are ( 1 ) the age of the terrace deposit is 125 Ky and all younger ages reflect variable diagenetic alteration or (2) the age of the terrace is 125 to 113 Ky and the ages reflect sediment reworking over a period of 12 Ky.
Three specimens from a single bed on the Shell Beach terrace yield ages of 126, 122, and 121 Ky, similar to the older ages from Cayucos. The ages of solitary corals from the Cayucos and Shell Beach terraces are similar to ages of reef-building corals from terraces at numerous tropical localities. These are correlated with the last interglacial sea-level highstand, which probably stood 2 to 10 m above present sea level. The youngest ages and present elevations of the Cayucos and Shell Beach terraces yield tectonic uplift rates of 0.01 and 0.15 m/Ky, respectively, assuming the original elevation of each terrace was 7 m.
Four specimens from the basal gravel on the Nestor terrace yielded ages of 145, 143, 137, and 133 Ky. The three oldest ages, however, are older than that associated with the last interglacial. The possible explanations for these older ages are ( 1 ) diagenic alteration or ( 2 ) the Nestor terrace deposits reflect in some way a poorly documented early phase of the last interglacial sea level high stand.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(91)90069-H","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Stein, M., Wasserburg, G., Lajoie, K.R., and Chen, J., 1991, U-series ages of solitary corals from the California coast by mass spectrometry: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, no. 12, p. 3709-3722, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90069-H.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"3709","endPage":"3722","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224397,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9e4e4b08c986b327eac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stein, Martin","contributorId":28055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"Martin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wasserburg, G.J.","contributorId":54734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wasserburg","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lajoie, K. R.","contributorId":6828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lajoie","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chen, J.-H.","contributorId":61278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"J.-H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015015,"text":"70015015 - 1991 - Changes in thermodynamic conditions of the Ahuachapán reservoir due to production and injection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-29T10:53:46","indexId":"70015015","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in thermodynamic conditions of the Ahuachapán reservoir due to production and injection","docAbstract":"Since large-scale exploitation of the Ahuachapán reservoir began in 1975 large changes in the reservoir thermodynamic conditions have occurred. Drawdown of up to 15 bars and significant temperature changes have been observed in the wellfield. Temperatures have declined due to boiling in the reservoir in response to the pressure drawdown; localized and minor cooling due to reinjection of spent geothermal fluids have also been observed. There are indications of cold fluid influx deep into the reservoir from the west and north. Reservoir temperatures show that a significant amount of hot fluid recharge comes to the wellfield from the southeast, and temperatures also indicate that the recharge rate has increased with time as pressure declines in the reservoir. Chemical analyses of the produced fluids show that most wells are fed by a mixture of geothermal fluids and cooler, less-saline waters. The cold water inflow has increased due to exploitation, as demonstrated by decreased salinity of the produced fluids.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(91)90003-E","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Steingrimsson, B., Aunzo, Z., Bodvarsson, G., Truesdell, A., Cuellar, G., Escobar, C., and Quintanilla, A., 1991, Changes in thermodynamic conditions of the Ahuachapán reservoir due to production and injection: Geothermics, v. 20, no. 1-2, p. 23-38, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(91)90003-E.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"38","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479732,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1k97077w","text":"External Repository"},{"id":223577,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f437e4b0c8380cd4bbec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steingrimsson, B.","contributorId":98884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steingrimsson","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aunzo, Z.","contributorId":101020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aunzo","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bodvarsson, G.S.","contributorId":98045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodvarsson","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Truesdell, A.","contributorId":51919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Truesdell","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cuellar, G.","contributorId":22094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuellar","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Escobar, C.","contributorId":18513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Escobar","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Quintanilla, A.","contributorId":45056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quintanilla","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70015017,"text":"70015017 - 1991 - Convergent radial dispersion: A note on evaluation of the Laplace transform solution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-28T06:18:34","indexId":"70015017","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Convergent radial dispersion: A note on evaluation of the Laplace transform solution","docAbstract":"A numerical inversion algorithm for Laplace transforms that is capable of handling rapid changes in the computed function is applied to the Laplace transform solution to the problem of convergent radial dispersion in a homogeneous aquifer. Prior attempts by the author to invert this solution were unsuccessful for highly advective systems where the Peclet number was relatively large. The algorithm used in this note allows for rapid and accurate inversion of the solution for all Peclet numbers of practical interest, and beyond. Dimensionless breakthrough curves are illustrated for tracer input in the form of a step function, a Dirac impulse, or a rectangular input.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91WR02301","usgsCitation":"Moench, A.F., 1991, Convergent radial dispersion: A note on evaluation of the Laplace transform solution: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 12, p. 3261-3264, https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR02301.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"3261","endPage":"3264","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223631,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbd7e4b0c8380cd4dfd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moench, Allen F. afmoench@usgs.gov","contributorId":3903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moench","given":"Allen","email":"afmoench@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":369869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015019,"text":"70015019 - 1991 - Estimation of suspended-sediment rating curves and mean suspended-sediment loads","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T16:17:53","indexId":"70015019","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of suspended-sediment rating curves and mean suspended-sediment loads","docAbstract":"Suspended-sediment loads are often estimated from an empirical relation between suspended-sediment load (L) and streamflow (S). This relation is usually defined as a power function, L = aSh, and is referred to as a suspended-sediment rating curve. This function can be formulated as either a linear or non-linear model to find the solution of the rating-curve parameters (a and b). Formulation of the power function as a linear model requires a logarithmic transformation to linearize the function and a subsequent correction for transformation bias. Rating-curve parameter estimates for both the bias-corrected, transformed-linear or non-linear models can be obtained by the method of least squares.
\nEach model has distinct advantages and disadvantages. A unique solution of the parameters of the transformed-linear model may be obtained algebraically. These parameter estimates have some optimal properties when certain attainable conditions are met. However, the parameter estimates must be corrected for transformation bias when obtained this way. Parameter estimates obtained for the non-linear model do not require a correction for transformation bias. However, these estimates must be obtained by iterative methods which do not always converge to a solution. In addition, the residual errors of the non-linear model typically are not identically distributed throughout the range of streamflow values. This problem adversely affects the precision of the parameter estimates. Weighted non-linear least squares can be used to improve the parameter estimates for the non-linear model, but the weights must be approximated and their appropriate form may be difficult to determine.
\nA simulation study was done to evaluate: (1) the accuracy and precision of parameter estimates for the bias-corrected, transformed-linear and non-linear models obtained by the method of least squares; (2) the accuracy of mean suspended-sediment loads calculated by the flow-duration, rating-curve method using model parameters obtained by the alternative methods. Parameter estimates obtained by least squares for the bias-corrected, transformed-linear model were considerably more precise than those obtained for the non-linear or weighted non-linear model. The accuracy of parameter estimates obtained for the biascorrected, transformed-linear and weighted non-linear model was similar and was much greater than the accuracy obtained by non-linear least squares. The improved parameter estimates obtained by the biascorrected, transformed-linear or weighted non-linear model yield estimates of mean suspended-sediment load calculated by the flow-duration, rating-curve method that are more accurate and precise than those obtained for the non-linear model.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90057-O","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Crawford, C.G., 1991, Estimation of suspended-sediment rating curves and mean suspended-sediment loads: Journal of Hydrology, v. 129, no. 1-4, p. 331-348, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90057-O.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"331","endPage":"348","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223633,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"129","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bb2e4b0c8380cd5282e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crawford, Charles G. 0000-0003-1653-7841 cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1653-7841","contributorId":1064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"Charles","email":"cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015032,"text":"70015032 - 1991 - The effect of sample hydration on 13C CPMAS NMR spectra of fulvic acids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-13T22:10:10.552631","indexId":"70015032","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of sample hydration on 13C CPMAS NMR spectra of fulvic acids","docAbstract":"Three fulvic acids, two of which have been well studied by a number of other groups (Armadale and Suwannee river fulvic acids) have been examined by high resolution solid-state 13C-NMR techniques to delineate the effect of absorbed water. Two main effects of absorbed water were observed: (1) changes in spin lattice relaxation times in the rotating frame and cross polarization times and (2) total loss of signal so that some fulvic acid is effectively in solution. These results suggest that discrepancies in the literature concerning observed relative signal intensities from different structural groups are due to absorbed water and emphasize the necessity for proper precautionary drying before spectroscopic analysis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(91)90092-X","usgsCitation":"Hatcher, P.G., and Wilson, M.A., 1991, The effect of sample hydration on 13C CPMAS NMR spectra of fulvic acids: Organic Geochemistry, v. 17, no. 3, p. 293-299, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(91)90092-X.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"299","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223797,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab4be4b08c986b322d4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatcher, Patrick G.","contributorId":93625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Michael A.","contributorId":66335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015033,"text":"70015033 - 1991 - Herbicides in surface waters of the midwestern United States: The effect of spring flush","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-28T07:18:50","indexId":"70015033","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Herbicides in surface waters of the midwestern United States: The effect of spring flush","docAbstract":"Approximately three-fourths of all preemergent herbicides used in the United States are applied to row crops over a 12-state area, called the \"corn belt\" (I). The application of these compounds may cause widespread degradation of water quality (2). Because herbicides are water soluble, there is the potential for leaching into groundwater and surface water (3, 4), as well as aerial transport and Occurrence in precipitation (5). Monitoring studies in the Midwest have shown widespread detection of herbicides in groundwater and in surface water (3,4); however, little is known about the regional impact of herbicide application (6). The objective of our research was to assess the mag. nitude and persistence of herbicide runoff in the spring flush at the regional scale.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00022a018","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Thurman, E., Goolsby, D.A., Meyer, M.T., and Kolpin, D., 1991, Herbicides in surface waters of the midwestern United States: The effect of spring flush: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 25, no. 10, p. 1794-1796, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00022a018.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1794","endPage":"1796","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223798,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-87.800477,42.49192],[-87.812461,42.232278],[-87.511043,41.696535],[-87.187651,41.629653],[-86.616978,41.896625],[-86.321803,42.310743],[-86.208309,42.762789],[-86.540916,43.633158],[-86.25395,44.64808],[-86.066745,44.905685],[-85.780439,44.977932],[-85.540497,45.210169],[-85.641652,44.810816],[-85.520205,44.960347],[-85.477423,44.813781],[-85.355478,45.282774],[-84.91585,45.393115],[-85.110884,45.526285],[-84.94565,45.708621],[-85.011433,45.757962],[-84.774156,45.788918],[-83.488826,45.355872],[-83.291346,45.062597],[-83.435822,45.000012],[-83.277213,44.7167],[-83.335248,44.357995],[-83.890145,43.934672],[-83.909479,43.672622],[-83.618602,43.628891],[-83.227093,43.981003],[-82.833103,44.036851],[-82.643166,43.852468],[-82.423086,42.988728],[-82.509935,42.637294],[-82.648776,42.550401],[-82.630922,42.64211],[-82.780817,42.652232],[-83.40822,41.832654],[-83.37573,41.686647],[-82.481214,41.381342],[-81.69325,41.514161],[-80.533774,41.973475],[-80.518991,40.638801],[-80.667957,40.582496],[-80.619297,40.26517],[-80.88036,39.620706],[-81.656138,39.277355],[-81.874857,38.881174],[-82.068864,38.984878],[-82.318111,38.457876],[-82.569368,38.406258],[-82.611343,38.171548],[-82.474635,37.905902],[-81.982479,37.541807],[-83.128813,36.757864],[-83.690714,36.582581],[-88.011792,36.677025],[-88.127378,36.49854],[-89.5391,36.498201],[-89.733095,36.000608],[-90.368718,35.995812],[-90.075934,36.281485],[-90.157136,36.484317],[-94.617919,36.499414],[-94.699735,36.998805],[-102.000447,36.993249],[-102.051614,41.002377],[-104.039238,41.001502],[-104.043814,45.868385],[-96.618295,45.935407],[-96.554507,46.083978],[-96.798823,46.658071],[-96.851293,47.589264],[-97.139497,48.153108],[-97.108655,48.691484],[-97.238387,48.982631],[-95.153711,48.998903],[-95.153314,49.384358],[-94.878454,49.333193],[-94.640803,48.741171],[-93.818375,48.534442],[-92.984963,48.623731],[-92.634931,48.542873],[-92.698824,48.494892],[-92.341207,48.23248],[-92.066269,48.359602],[-91.542512,48.053268],[-90.88548,48.245784],[-90.703702,48.096009],[-89.489226,48.014528],[-90.86827,47.5569],[-92.058888,46.809938],[-91.942988,46.679939],[-90.880358,46.957661],[-90.78804,46.844886],[-90.920813,46.637432],[-90.398478,46.575832],[-88.982483,46.99883],[-88.400224,47.379551],[-87.816958,47.471998],[-87.730804,47.449112],[-88.349952,47.076377],[-88.462349,46.786711],[-88.167373,46.9588],[-87.915943,46.909508],[-87.619747,46.79821],[-87.366767,46.507303],[-86.850111,46.434114],[-86.188024,46.654008],[-84.964652,46.772845],[-84.969464,46.47629],[-84.177428,46.52692],[-84.097766,46.256512],[-84.247687,46.17989],[-83.931175,46.017871],[-83.63498,46.103953],[-83.49484,45.999541],[-84.345451,45.946569],[-84.656567,46.052654],[-84.820557,45.868293],[-85.047028,46.020603],[-85.528403,46.087121],[-85.663966,45.967013],[-86.278007,45.942057],[-86.687208,45.634253],[-86.532989,45.882665],[-86.92106,45.697868],[-87.018902,45.838886],[-88.027103,44.578992],[-87.943801,44.529693],[-87.428144,44.890738],[-87.021088,45.296541],[-87.73063,43.893862],[-87.910172,43.236634],[-87.800477,42.49192]]],[[[-88.684434,48.115785],[-88.447236,48.182916],[-89.022736,47.858532],[-89.255202,47.876102],[-88.684434,48.115785]]],[[[-86.880572,45.331467],[-86.956192,45.351179],[-86.82177,45.427602],[-86.880572,45.331467]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Iowa\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"25","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3070e4b0c8380cd5d64c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015046,"text":"70015046 - 1991 - Flexural extension of the upper continental crust in collisional foredeeps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-27T11:50:21.761856","indexId":"70015046","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flexural extension of the upper continental crust in collisional foredeeps","docAbstract":"Normal faults on the outer slopes of trenches and collisional foredeeps reveal that high-amplitude lithospheric flexure can result in inelastic extensional deformation of the convex side of a flexed plate. This process, which we call \"flexural extension,\" differs fundamentally from rifting in that the lower lithosphere contracts while the upper lithosphere extends. In the Taconic foreland of New York, a >100-km-wide zone of brittle failure propagated ahead of the convergent plate boundary, rupturing the upper crust to an estimated depth of 15-20 km. Dip-slip displacement on normal faults in the Taconic and Arkoma foredeeps produced water depths like those in the closest modern analogue, the Timor Trough. Structural evidence does not support common illustrations of flexural normal faults as planar-irrotational structures which simply die out at shallow crustal depths. Instead, the surface geology shows that flexural normal faulting must be rotational with respect to the enveloping surface of the flexed plate. This toppled domino geometry implies the presence at depth of a detachment or zone of distributed ductile simple shear where fault displacement and block rotation are accommodated.
The delta 18 O values of gold-bearing quartz from the Juneau gold belt range from 15.2 to 20.8 per mil, indicating that ore fluid values ranged from 7.2 to 12.8 per mil at an estimated temperature of 300 degrees C. Hydrothermal micas from many of the deposits are characterized by delta D values of -75 to -53 per mil, and ore fluids were calculated to have values of -35 to -15 per mil. In contrast, extracted fluid inclusion waters have a broad range of delta D values, from -48 in relatively undeformed quartz to about -110 per mil for some of the more deformed quartz veins. This range of more than 60 per mil reflects various mixtures from inclusions containing isotopically heavy, primary ore fluids and those containing low-temperature, isotopically light meteoric waters that were trapped in late fractures during uplift of the veins to shallow crustal levels. These results indicate a deep crustal source for the ore fluids, most likely of metamorphic origin. Values of delta D for muscovite, biotite, and hornblende from country rocks, as well as of delta 18 O for quartz-feldspar and quartz-plagioclase, provide little evidence of deep circulation of meteoric water along the length of the gold belt.The provinciality of delta 34 data suggests a regional metamorphic fluid of approximately -6 per mil that acquired much of its sulfur from lithologies near sites of ore deposition. Sulfur ratios of sulfide minerals from auriferous quartz range from -17.8 to -5.6 per mil in black phyllite hosts, from -6.0 to -1.3 per mil in less reduced metasedimentary rocks, and from -3.8 to +1.2 per mil in relatively oxidized igneous rocks. The regional fluid is interpreted to have driven desulfidation reactions in relatively 34 S-depleted sulfur reservoirs in the phyllites and 34 S-enriched reservoirs in the more oxidized lithologies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.86.1.66","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Goldfarb, R., Newberry, R., Pickthorn, W., and Gent, C.A., 1991, Oxygen, hydrogen, and sulfur isotope studies in the Juneau gold belt, southeastern Alaska: Constraints on the origin of hydrothermal fluids: Economic Geology, v. 86, no. 1, p. 66-80, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.86.1.66.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"66","endPage":"80","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224016,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1991-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a72bce4b0c8380cd76c88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Newberry, R.J.","contributorId":50558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newberry","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pickthorn, W.J.","contributorId":95458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pickthorn","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gent, C. A.","contributorId":17955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gent","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015065,"text":"70015065 - 1991 - Petrogenesis and geological history of a uranium source rock: a case study in northeastern Washington, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-21T13:09:28.91328","indexId":"70015065","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrogenesis and geological history of a uranium source rock: a case study in northeastern Washington, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"A small (4 km2) drainage basin in northeastern Washington contains highly uraniferous groundwater and highly uraniferous peaty sediments of Holocene age. The U is derived from granitic bedrock that underlies the entire drainage basin and that contains 9–16 ppm U. This local bedrock was studied by petrographic, chemical and isotopic methods to determine conditions of its petrogenesis and post-emplacement history that may have contributed to its present high U content and source-rock capability. The original magma was derived by anatexis of Precambrian continental crust of probable mixed metaigneous and metasedimentary character. Mineral-melt partitioning controlled the enrichment of U in chemically evolved phases of the crystallizing melt. Following emplacement in the upper crust at ∼100Ma, the pluton interacted with meteoric-hydrothermal water at ambient temperatures 300°C. Locally intense fracturing promoted alteration, and fracturing and alteration probably continued during later regional uplift in the Eocene. Regional uplift was followed by low-temperature alteration and weathering in the middle to late Tertiary. The combined result of hydrothermal alteration and low-temperature alteration and weathering was the redistribution of U from primary mineral hosts such as allanite to new sites on fracture surfaces and in secondary minerals such as hematite. Zones of highly fractured and altered rock show the most obvious evidence of this process. A model is proposed in which high-angle fractures beneath the drainage basin were the sites of Tertiary supergene enrichments of U. Recent glacio-isostatic uplift has elevated these older enriched zones to shallow levels where they are now being leached by oxidizing groundwater. The chemistry, mineralogy, texture and geological history of this U source-rock suggest criteria for locating other granitic terrane that may contain uraniferous waters and associated young surficial U deposits. The details of U distribution and mobility at this site also apply to the general topic of U mobility in granitic rocks.
\\A filtration model commonly used to describe removal of colloids during packed-bed filtration in water treatment applications was modified for describing downgradient transport of bacteria in sandy, aquifer sediments. The modified model was applied to the results of a small-scale (7 m), natural-gradient tracer test and to observations of an indigenous bacterial population moving downgradient within a plume of organically contaminated groundwater in Cape Cod, MA. The model reasonably accounted for concentration histories of labeled bacteria appearing at samplers downgradient from the injection well in the tracer experiment and for the observed 0.25-μm increase in average cell length for an unlabeled, indigenous bacterial population, 0.6 km downgradient from the source of the plume. Several uncertainties were apparent in applying filtration theory to problems involving transport of bacteria in groundwater. However, adsorption (attachment) appeared to be a major control of the extent of bacterial movement downgradient, which could be described, in part, by filtration theory. Estimates of the collision efficiency factor, which represents the physicochemical factors that determine adsorption of the bacteria onto the grain surfaces, ranged from 5.4 x 10-3 to 9.7 x 10-3.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00013a021","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Harvey, R., and Garabedian, S., 1991, Use of colloid filtration theory in modeling movement of bacteria through a contaminated sandy aquifer: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 25, no. 1, p. 178-185, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00013a021.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"178","endPage":"185","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224234,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbed7e4b08c986b3297f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, R.W. 0000-0002-2791-8503","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":11757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garabedian, S. P.","contributorId":56657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"S. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":42074,"text":"ofr9232 - 1991 - Altitude of the water table in the Biscayne aquifer, Dade County, Florida, April 25-28, 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-03T21:45:27.394647","indexId":"ofr9232","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-32","title":"Altitude of the water table in the Biscayne aquifer, Dade County, Florida, April 25-28, 1988","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9232","usgsCitation":"Lietz, A., 1991, Altitude of the water table in the Biscayne aquifer, Dade County, Florida, April 25-28, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-32, 1 Plate: 35.00 x 43.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9232.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 35.00 x 43.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":135353,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":416690,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18198.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":21429,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0032/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Dade County","otherGeospatial":"Biscayne aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.875,\n 26.075\n ],\n [\n -80.875,\n 25.017\n ],\n [\n -80.125,\n 25.017\n ],\n [\n -80.125,\n 26.075\n ],\n [\n -80.875,\n 26.075\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6869f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lietz, A.C.","contributorId":40957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lietz","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":225908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26916,"text":"wri904158 - 1991 - Geohydrology and water quality in northern Portage County, Ohio, in relation to deep-well brine injection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-10T20:53:18.931249","indexId":"wri904158","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4158","title":"Geohydrology and water quality in northern Portage County, Ohio, in relation to deep-well brine injection","docAbstract":"Geohydrology and water quality of the principal freshwater aquifers near oilfield and gasfield brine-injection wells in northern Portage County, Ohio, were evaluated. Since 1975, 13 wells in this part of the Country have been used to dispose of more than 4.5 million barrels of brine by injection into Silurian carbonate and sandstone rocks that generally are greater than 3,500 feet below land surface. More than 3,000 feet of interbedded shales, sandstones, carbonates, and evaporites separate the freshwater aquifers from these brine-injection zones. The shallowest brine-injection zone is greater than 2,200 feet below sea level. Native fluids in the injection zones have dissolved-solids concentrations greater than 125,000 milligrams per liter and are hydraulically isolated from the freshwater aquifers. No known faults or fracture systems are present in northern Portage County, although abandoned oil and gas wells could exist and serve as conduits for migration of injected brine.\r\n\r\nPennsylvanian clastic units are freshwater bearing in northern Portage County, and two bedrock aquifers generally are recognized. The shallower bedrock aquifer (Connoquenessing Sandstone Member of the Pottsville Formation) principally consists of sandstone; this aquifer is separated from a deeper sandstone and conglomerate aquifer in the lower part of the Sharon Member (Pottsville Formation) by shale in the upper part of the Sharon Member that acts as a confining unit. The upper sandstone aquifer is the surficial aquifer where overlying glacial deposits are unsaturated in the uplands; glacial deposits comprise the surficial aquifer in buried valleys where the sandstone is absent. These two surficial aquifers are hydraulically connected and act as a single unit. The lower sandstone and conglomerate aquifer is the most areally extensive aquifer within the project area.\r\n\r\nFrom November 1987 through August 1988, ground-water levels remained at least 60 feet higher in the upper sandstone aquifer than in the lower sandstone and conglomerate aquifer at a topographically high recharge area. Water levels in the surficial aquifers and the lower sandstone and conglomerate aquifer were nearly the same along the Cuyahoga River.\r\n\r\nGround water in the upper sandstone aquifer flows radially from topographically high recharge areas into the glacial deposits in the buried valleys. Much of the ground water in these surficial aquifers discharges into the Cuyahoga River. Most ground water in the lower sandstone and conglomerate aquifer flows toward discharge areas near the Cuyahoga River and Eagle Creek. In June 1988, the Cuyahoga River gained 15.8 cubic feet per second of water from the aquifers between the northern edge of Portage County and State Route 303. Ground water may have discharged into the upstream end of Lake Rockwell but did not discharge into the downstream end of the Lake during most of the period from October 1987 through September 1988.\r\n\r\nMeasurements of the specific conductance of ground water sampled from areas near the 13 brine-injection wells and along the Cuyahoga River indicate no widespread ground-water contamination related to brine injection. Chemical analysis of water from 25 wells indicates that most ground waters are a calcium bicarbonate type. Water analyses show that four wells sampled contain water with chloride concentrations greater than 250 milligrams per liter. Sodium concentrations in water from these four wells ranged from 67 to 190 milligrams per liter. A mixing diagram constructed from bromide and chloride data was used to distinguish between the sources of elevated chloride concentrations in these four wells. Waters from two of the wells have been mixed with oilfield and gasfield brine, and waters from the other two wells have been mixed with a salt-solution brine such as that derived from diluted highway-deicing salts.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri904158","usgsCitation":"Eberts, S.M., 1991, Geohydrology and water quality in northern Portage County, Ohio, in relation to deep-well brine injection: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4158, v, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904158.","productDescription":"v, 63 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415542,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47412.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":55798,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4158/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124788,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4158/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","county":"Portage County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.3833,\n 41.3472\n ],\n [\n -81.3833,\n 41.1764\n ],\n [\n -81.13,\n 41.1764\n ],\n [\n -81.13,\n 41.3472\n ],\n [\n -81.3833,\n 41.3472\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697f06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eberts, S. M.","contributorId":28276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberts","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28020,"text":"wri894101 - 1991 - Ground-water conditions in Amargosa Desert, Nevada-California, 1952-87","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-13T19:08:15.746472","indexId":"wri894101","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4101","title":"Ground-water conditions in Amargosa Desert, Nevada-California, 1952-87","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri894101","usgsCitation":"Kilroy, K., 1991, Ground-water conditions in Amargosa Desert, Nevada-California, 1952-87: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4101, Report: iv, 93 p.; 4 Plates: 20.28 x 21.51 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894101.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 93 p.; 4 Plates: 20.28 x 21.51 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120061,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4101/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56853,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4101/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56854,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4101/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56855,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4101/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56856,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4101/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56857,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4101/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":414013,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49233.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117,\n 36.95\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 36.1\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 36.1\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 36.95\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 36.95\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d2a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kilroy, K. C.","contributorId":49795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilroy","given":"K. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28400,"text":"wri914074 - 1991 - Streamflow and sediment transport characteristics of the lower Campbell Creek basin, Anchorage, Alaska, 1986-88","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-04T21:33:00.65031","indexId":"wri914074","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4074","title":"Streamflow and sediment transport characteristics of the lower Campbell Creek basin, Anchorage, Alaska, 1986-88","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914074","usgsCitation":"Lipscomb, S.W., 1991, Streamflow and sediment transport characteristics of the lower Campbell Creek basin, Anchorage, Alaska, 1986-88: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4074, vi, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914074.","productDescription":"vi, 38 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415195,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47495.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":57207,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4074/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159404,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4074/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"lower Campbell Creek basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150,\n 61.1833\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 61.0833\n ],\n [\n -149.7153,\n 61.0833\n ],\n [\n -149.7153,\n 61.1833\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 61.1833\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4fc8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lipscomb, S. W.","contributorId":65083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipscomb","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26831,"text":"wri914027 - 1991 - Regional assessment of nonpoint-source pesticide residues in ground water, San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-04T11:00:07.267114","indexId":"wri914027","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4027","title":"Regional assessment of nonpoint-source pesticide residues in ground water, San Joaquin Valley, California","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914027","usgsCitation":"Domagalski, J.L., and Dubrovsky, N., 1991, Regional assessment of nonpoint-source pesticide residues in ground water, San Joaquin Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4027, v, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914027.","productDescription":"v, 64 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158192,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4027/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55721,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4027/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":415126,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47465.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122,\n 38.25\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -118.75,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -118.75,\n 38.25\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 38.25\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db69666d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Domagalski, Joseph L. 0000-0002-6032-757X joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dubrovsky, N. M.","contributorId":48199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubrovsky","given":"N. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44719,"text":"wri924047 - 1991 - Geohydrology of the High Plains aquifer system, Cheyenne urban area, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-10T21:23:58.491315","indexId":"wri924047","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4047","title":"Geohydrology of the High Plains aquifer system, Cheyenne urban area, Wyoming","docAbstract":"The Cheyenne area is on broad tablelands that form part of the High Plains aquifer. Surficial deposits, along with the Ogallala Formation and the White River Group, are included in the High Plains aquifer in the study area, and both unconfined and confined ground-water conditions exist within 100 feet of land surface. During wet years, shallow ground-water problems affect urban development. The High Plains aquifer is considered an aquifer system in the Cheyenne area. Water-yielding sandstone and conglomerate units are surrounded by sequences of clay and silt; although the water-yielding units under confined conditions may be areally extensive, they are not easily identified. Urban development has modified the High Plains aquifer system locally as indicated by the mapped potentiometric surfaces, the perched water zones, and the surface-drainage patterns. That part of the system in the shallow zones is affected by excavations and by structures that penetrate the saturated zones.
","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/wri924047","usgsCitation":"Cooley, M.E., and Crist, M.A., 1991, Geohydrology of the High Plains aquifer system, Cheyenne urban area, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4047, 4 Plates: 43.75 x 35.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924047.","productDescription":"4 Plates: 43.75 x 35.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162783,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":82015,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4047/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82017,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4047/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82016,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4047/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82014,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4047/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":110258,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47624.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"47624"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","city":"Cheyenne","otherGeospatial":"High Plains aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.91287316773818,\n 41.21845790398558\n ],\n [\n -104.91287316773818,\n 41.05831167067973\n ],\n [\n -104.70642356416842,\n 41.05831167067973\n ],\n [\n -104.70642356416842,\n 41.21845790398558\n ],\n [\n -104.91287316773818,\n 41.21845790398558\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a895b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooley, Maurice E.","contributorId":8077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"Maurice","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crist, Marvin A.","contributorId":63376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crist","given":"Marvin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":47740,"text":"wri914094 - 1991 - Potentiometric surface of the Aquia aquifer in southern Maryland, September 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-18T18:27:49.503481","indexId":"wri914094","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4094","title":"Potentiometric surface of the Aquia aquifer in southern Maryland, September 1989","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914094","usgsCitation":"Mack, F., Curtin, S.E., Andreasen, D., and Wheeler, J.C., 1991, Potentiometric surface of the Aquia aquifer in southern Maryland, September 1989: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4094, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914094.","productDescription":"1 p.","costCenters":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415927,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47507.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":84654,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4094/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124188,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4094/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Aquia aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.9167,\n 39.0833\n ],\n [\n -76.9167,\n 38.1667\n ],\n [\n -76.1667,\n 38.1667\n ],\n [\n -76.1667,\n 39.0833\n ],\n [\n -76.9167,\n 39.0833\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db683098","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mack, Frederick K.","contributorId":95858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Frederick K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Curtin, Stephen E. securtin@usgs.gov","contributorId":3703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtin","given":"Stephen","email":"securtin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andreasen, David C.","contributorId":59003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andreasen","given":"David C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wheeler, Judith C.","contributorId":13620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"Judith","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":44805,"text":"wri904183 - 1991 - Louisiana ground-water map no. 3: Potentiometric surface, 1989, and water-level changes, 1980-89, of the Sparta aquifer in north-central Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-17T18:52:42.256941","indexId":"wri904183","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4183","title":"Louisiana ground-water map no. 3: Potentiometric surface, 1989, and water-level changes, 1980-89, of the Sparta aquifer in north-central Louisiana","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri904183","usgsCitation":"Smoot, C.W., and Seanor, R.C., 1991, Louisiana ground-water map no. 3: Potentiometric surface, 1989, and water-level changes, 1980-89, of the Sparta aquifer in north-central Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4183, Report: 1 p.; 2 Plates: 26.90 x 25.12 inches and 26.82 x 25.24 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904183.","productDescription":"Report: 1 p.; 2 Plates: 26.90 x 25.12 inches and 26.82 x 25.24 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":258730,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4183/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":258729,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4183/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258728,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4183/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258727,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4183/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":415857,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49243.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Sparta aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.7756,\n 33.0203\n ],\n [\n -93.7756,\n 31.7989\n ],\n [\n -91.6433,\n 31.7989\n ],\n [\n -91.6433,\n 33.0203\n ],\n [\n -93.7756,\n 33.0203\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db64455f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smoot, Charles W.","contributorId":88398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smoot","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seanor, Ronald C. 0000-0001-5735-5580 rcseanor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5735-5580","contributorId":3731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seanor","given":"Ronald","email":"rcseanor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016763,"text":"70016763 - 1991 - Solution of the one-dimensional consolidation theory equation with a pseudospectral method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-25T16:06:40","indexId":"70016763","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Solution of the one-dimensional consolidation theory equation with a pseudospectral method","docAbstract":"The one-dimensional consolidation theory equation is solved for an aquifer system using a pseudospectral method. The spatial derivatives are computed using Fast Fourier Transforms and the time derivative is solved using a fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme. The computer model calculates compaction based on the void ratio changes accumulated during the simulated periods of time. Compactions and expansions resulting from groundwater withdrawals and recharges are simulated for two observation wells in Santa Clara Valley and two in San Joaquin Valley, California. Field data previously published are used to obtain mean values for the soil grain density and the compression index and to generate depth-dependent profiles for hydraulic conductivity and initial void ratio. The water-level plots for the wells studied were digitized and used to obtain the time dependent profiles of effective stress.
","largerWorkTitle":"IAHS Publication (International Association of Hydrological Sciences)","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Land Subsidence","conferenceDate":"12 May 1991 through 17 May 1991","conferenceLocation":"Houston, TX, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by Int Assoc of Hydrological Sciences","publisherLocation":"Wallingford, United Kingdom","issn":"0144-7815","isbn":"0947571922","usgsCitation":"Sepulveda, N., 1991, Solution of the one-dimensional consolidation theory equation with a pseudospectral method, in IAHS Publication (International Association of Hydrological Sciences), no. 200, Houston, TX, USA, 12 May 1991 through 17 May 1991, p. 555-564.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"555","endPage":"564","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224849,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"200","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b925ae4b08c986b319e78","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Anon","contributorId":128316,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Anon","id":536350,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Sepulveda, N.","contributorId":56805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016745,"text":"70016745 - 1991 - Isotopic discontinuities in ground water beneath Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:51","indexId":"70016745","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Isotopic discontinuities in ground water beneath Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"Analytical data for stable isotopes in ground water from beneath Yucca Mountain, when examined in map view, show areal patterns of heterogeneity that can be interpreted in terms of mixing of at least three end members. One end member must be isotopically heavy in terms of hydrogen and oxygen and have a young apparent 14C age such as water found at the north end of Yucca Mountain beneath Fortymile Wash. A second end member must contain isotopically heavy carbon and have an old apparent 14C age such as water from the Paleozoic aquifer. The third end member cannot be tightly defined. It must be isotopically lighter than the first with respect of hydrogen and oxygen and be intermediate to the first and second end members with respect to both apparent 14C age and ?? 13C. The variable isotopic compositions of hydrogen and oxygen indicate that two of the end members are waters, but the variable carbon isotopic composition could represent either a third water end member or reaction of water with a carbon-bearing solids such as calcite.","largerWorkTitle":"High Level Radioactive Waste Management","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 2nd Annual International Conference on High Level Radioactive Waste Management","conferenceDate":"28 April 1991 through 3 May 1991","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, NV, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872628310","usgsCitation":"Stuckless, J., Whelan, J.F., and Steinkampf, W., 1991, Isotopic discontinuities in ground water beneath Yucca Mountain, Nevada, in High Level Radioactive Waste Management, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 28 April 1991 through 3 May 1991, p. 1410-1415.","startPage":"1410","endPage":"1415","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224604,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fa9e4b0c8380cd646e7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Anon","contributorId":128316,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Anon","id":536346,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Stuckless, J. S.","contributorId":6060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whelan, J. F.","contributorId":45328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whelan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steinkampf, W.C.","contributorId":8137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinkampf","given":"W.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28840,"text":"wri914000 - 1991 - Selenium and associated trace elements in soil, rock, water and streambed sediment of the proposed Sandstone Reservoir, south-central Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-04T18:39:38.65441","indexId":"wri914000","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4000","title":"Selenium and associated trace elements in soil, rock, water and streambed sediment of the proposed Sandstone Reservoir, south-central Wyoming","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914000","usgsCitation":"Naftz, D.L., and Barclay, C., 1991, Selenium and associated trace elements in soil, rock, water and streambed sediment of the proposed Sandstone Reservoir, south-central Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4000, Report; vi, 69 p.; 1 Plate: 39.31 x 31.94 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914000.","productDescription":"Report; vi, 69 p.; 1 Plate: 39.31 x 31.94 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415180,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47444.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":57716,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4000/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57715,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4000/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158932,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4000/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Sandstone Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.5,\n 41.25\n ],\n [\n -107.5,\n 41.0833\n ],\n [\n -107.2917,\n 41.0833\n ],\n [\n -107.2917,\n 41.25\n ],\n [\n -107.5,\n 41.25\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a00e4b07f02db5f7c94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naftz, D. L.","contributorId":40624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barclay, C. S.","contributorId":34142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barclay","given":"C. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29403,"text":"wri884168 - 1991 - Geohydrology of rocks penetrated by test well USW H-5, Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-20T21:44:12.178805","indexId":"wri884168","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4168","title":"Geohydrology of rocks penetrated by test well USW H-5, Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884168","usgsCitation":"Robison, J.H., and Craig, R.W., 1991, Geohydrology of rocks penetrated by test well USW H-5, Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4168, v, 44p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884168.","productDescription":"v, 44p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122581,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4168/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58254,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4168/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":414394,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47072.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.5,\n 36.9\n ],\n [\n -116.5,\n 36.75\n ],\n [\n -116.3717,\n 36.75\n ],\n [\n -116.3717,\n 36.9\n ],\n [\n -116.5,\n 36.9\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8a44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robison, J. H.","contributorId":60183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robison","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Craig, R. W.","contributorId":40984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craig","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30082,"text":"wri904087 - 1991 - Low-flow and flow-duration characteristics of Mississippi streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-17T19:30:53.592263","indexId":"wri904087","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4087","title":"Low-flow and flow-duration characteristics of Mississippi streams","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri904087","usgsCitation":"Telis, P., 1991, Low-flow and flow-duration characteristics of Mississippi streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4087, Report: iv, 214 p.; 1 Plate: 36.15 x 48.17 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904087.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 214 p.; 1 Plate: 36.15 x 48.17 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415870,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47355.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58893,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4087/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58892,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4087/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119196,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4087/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-89.095623,30.231767],[-89.077259,30.23168],[-89.067128,30.250199],[-89.063989,30.246299],[-89.073538,30.223318],[-89.091469,30.202305],[-89.118222,30.223343],[-89.156738,30.230699],[-89.095623,30.231767]]],[[[-88.90037,30.224576],[-88.945498,30.209646],[-88.974672,30.207391],[-88.984249,30.21032],[-88.920511,30.220578],[-88.889797,30.239665],[-88.87366,30.241748],[-88.90037,30.224576]]],[[[-88.710719,30.250799],[-88.656804,30.233956],[-88.573044,30.22264],[-88.562067,30.227476],[-88.569138,30.221357],[-88.587424,30.219154],[-88.665857,30.228847],[-88.71183,30.242662],[-88.752782,30.238803],[-88.771991,30.245523],[-88.73255,30.246322],[-88.718104,30.252931],[-88.710719,30.250799]]],[[[-88.506999,30.214348],[-88.453444,30.201236],[-88.430332,30.208548],[-88.401466,30.210172],[-88.428301,30.198511],[-88.453654,30.196584],[-88.493523,30.205945],[-88.506999,30.214348]]],[[[-90.309297,34.995694],[-88.200064,34.995634],[-88.176106,34.962519],[-88.154617,34.922392],[-88.136692,34.907592],[-88.097888,34.892202],[-88.243025,33.79568],[-88.473227,31.893856],[-88.41863,30.866528],[-88.395023,30.369425],[-88.399062,30.360744],[-88.39398,30.349307],[-88.401181,30.344382],[-88.409927,30.342115],[-88.418811,30.353911],[-88.433891,30.354652],[-88.446495,30.347753],[-88.446625,30.337671],[-88.45381,30.329626],[-88.480117,30.318345],[-88.504802,30.321472],[-88.506334,30.327398],[-88.522494,30.340092],[-88.579483,30.34419],[-88.599249,30.358933],[-88.613745,30.353108],[-88.624523,30.358713],[-88.66382,30.362099],[-88.700587,30.343689],[-88.728893,30.342671],[-88.746945,30.347622],[-88.771742,30.365403],[-88.811615,30.384907],[-88.810227,30.394698],[-88.841328,30.409598],[-88.857828,30.392898],[-88.851442,30.375355],[-88.89393,30.393398],[-88.971233,30.390798],[-89.016334,30.383898],[-89.083237,30.368097],[-89.18684,30.331197],[-89.285744,30.303097],[-89.294444,30.307596],[-89.291844,30.328096],[-89.287844,30.333196],[-89.281564,30.33198],[-89.279818,30.34979],[-89.292499,30.365635],[-89.315067,30.375408],[-89.335942,30.374016],[-89.353248,30.368795],[-89.366116,30.352169],[-89.332546,30.337895],[-89.322545,30.314896],[-89.329946,30.302896],[-89.365747,30.284896],[-89.379547,30.270396],[-89.419348,30.25432],[-89.430428,30.223218],[-89.447465,30.205098],[-89.44791,30.185352],[-89.461275,30.174745],[-89.469792,30.176278],[-89.480214,30.193751],[-89.503231,30.183051],[-89.524504,30.180753],[-89.530452,30.192197],[-89.538652,30.195797],[-89.570154,30.180297],[-89.585754,30.192096],[-89.596655,30.211796],[-89.615856,30.223195],[-89.614156,30.244595],[-89.631789,30.256924],[-89.631411,30.279662],[-89.64344,30.287682],[-89.640401,30.306755],[-89.626221,30.314255],[-89.629727,30.339287],[-89.657191,30.356515],[-89.683686,30.405873],[-89.684118,30.412646],[-89.678514,30.414012],[-89.684816,30.439511],[-89.68341,30.451793],[-89.701799,30.465115],[-89.709551,30.477853],[-89.715886,30.477797],[-89.724614,30.491902],[-89.758133,30.505404],[-89.76057,30.515761],[-89.768133,30.51502],[-89.779565,30.544345],[-89.793818,30.545935],[-89.794532,30.556554],[-89.803887,30.560581],[-89.790078,30.565333],[-89.794495,30.569653],[-89.808027,30.567998],[-89.807118,30.587337],[-89.819838,30.59534],[-89.814563,30.606152],[-89.821286,30.60713],[-89.823261,30.622803],[-89.818081,30.634019],[-89.821868,30.644024],[-89.833261,30.657516],[-89.851889,30.661199],[-89.85055,30.664781],[-89.843355,30.663699],[-89.837894,30.672514],[-89.847201,30.670038],[-89.835848,30.699555],[-89.845801,30.707314],[-89.836257,30.716185],[-89.831961,30.715384],[-89.828061,30.725018],[-89.836331,30.727197],[-89.83687,30.734661],[-89.816764,30.740076],[-89.826053,30.742322],[-89.831537,30.76761],[-89.819164,30.795229],[-89.81261,30.789876],[-89.804696,30.791624],[-89.810863,30.797379],[-89.800422,30.810425],[-89.800049,30.819078],[-89.782404,30.817975],[-89.783985,30.827385],[-89.790432,30.830985],[-89.790121,30.837983],[-89.780947,30.848542],[-89.784073,30.85527],[-89.771722,30.854677],[-89.767955,30.863858],[-89.778005,30.873411],[-89.778583,30.878903],[-89.770027,30.882254],[-89.773553,30.896862],[-89.757024,30.898947],[-89.764202,30.911906],[-89.759403,30.915134],[-89.750073,30.91293],[-89.744789,30.918933],[-89.756333,30.943498],[-89.735686,30.966573],[-89.728041,30.966518],[-89.727086,30.969707],[-89.736883,30.977122],[-89.732168,30.978088],[-89.727698,30.993329],[-89.73554,30.999715],[-89.728145,31.0023],[-89.732504,31.004831],[-89.751481,30.99969],[-91.636942,30.999416],[-91.578413,31.02403],[-91.564397,31.038965],[-91.559907,31.054119],[-91.567648,31.070186],[-91.61857,31.107328],[-91.625994,31.116896],[-91.625118,31.131879],[-91.597062,31.163492],[-91.589046,31.178586],[-91.588939,31.188959],[-91.601616,31.208573],[-91.625119,31.226071],[-91.644356,31.234414],[-91.652019,31.242691],[-91.654027,31.255753],[-91.637672,31.26768],[-91.564192,31.261633],[-91.537734,31.267369],[-91.515614,31.27821],[-91.508858,31.291644],[-91.507977,31.312943],[-91.548967,31.347255],[-91.551002,31.363645],[-91.546607,31.381198],[-91.55568,31.386413],[-91.568953,31.377629],[-91.578334,31.399067],[-91.576265,31.410498],[-91.565179,31.423447],[-91.548465,31.432668],[-91.541626,31.431706],[-91.532336,31.390275],[-91.521836,31.37517],[-91.504163,31.36495],[-91.47887,31.364955],[-91.471098,31.376917],[-91.472065,31.395925],[-91.500046,31.42052],[-91.513366,31.444396],[-91.518148,31.483483],[-91.514917,31.510113],[-91.520579,31.513207],[-91.522536,31.522078],[-91.511217,31.532612],[-91.489618,31.534266],[-91.481318,31.530666],[-91.443916,31.542466],[-91.414915,31.562166],[-91.405415,31.576466],[-91.403915,31.589766],[-91.422716,31.597065],[-91.466317,31.586066],[-91.488618,31.587466],[-91.502783,31.595727],[-91.516567,31.611818],[-91.515462,31.630372],[-91.494478,31.645013],[-91.474318,31.625365],[-91.436716,31.612665],[-91.421116,31.611565],[-91.401015,31.620365],[-91.395715,31.644165],[-91.400115,31.688164],[-91.397915,31.709364],[-91.371804,31.742948],[-91.365034,31.748184],[-91.338663,31.750005],[-91.275545,31.745515],[-91.263406,31.754468],[-91.259611,31.76129],[-91.263043,31.766995],[-91.286045,31.772062],[-91.325973,31.76151],[-91.355214,31.758063],[-91.365529,31.761628],[-91.359514,31.799362],[-91.345714,31.842861],[-91.333814,31.853261],[-91.294713,31.86046],[-91.289312,31.846861],[-91.289412,31.828661],[-91.282212,31.814762],[-91.269212,31.809162],[-91.255611,31.812662],[-91.245047,31.831447],[-91.266612,31.851161],[-91.267712,31.86266],[-91.234899,31.876863],[-91.20281,31.907959],[-91.18061,31.917959],[-91.18491,31.923759],[-91.18371,31.933158],[-91.19111,31.934158],[-91.18481,31.965557],[-91.16441,31.982557],[-91.104108,31.990357],[-91.075908,32.016828],[-91.088108,32.034455],[-91.15141,32.049255],[-91.16131,32.059755],[-91.16031,32.070354],[-91.14881,32.080154],[-91.139309,32.081754],[-91.128609,32.076554],[-91.103708,32.050255],[-91.082308,32.047555],[-91.079108,32.050255],[-91.080008,32.079154],[-91.034707,32.101053],[-91.030507,32.108153],[-91.030907,32.120552],[-91.017606,32.125153],[-91.004106,32.146152],[-91.00619,32.156957],[-91.025007,32.162552],[-91.050207,32.178451],[-91.057647,32.177354],[-91.058907,32.171251],[-91.048507,32.150152],[-91.053175,32.124237],[-91.08163,32.133992],[-91.101181,32.131136],[-91.111294,32.125036],[-91.162822,32.132694],[-91.174552,32.154978],[-91.164171,32.196888],[-91.133587,32.213432],[-91.11727,32.206668],[-91.108509,32.20815],[-91.100409,32.21785],[-91.083708,32.22645],[-91.071108,32.22605],[-91.061408,32.21865],[-91.050307,32.237949],[-91.039007,32.242349],[-91.021507,32.236149],[-91.006106,32.22405],[-91.002469,32.215812],[-90.988672,32.215812],[-90.983434,32.221305],[-90.98029,32.243601],[-90.970016,32.25168],[-90.982985,32.270294],[-90.980747,32.29141],[-90.976199,32.29645],[-90.964149,32.296872],[-90.953008,32.284043],[-90.947834,32.283486],[-90.922231,32.298639],[-90.902558,32.319587],[-90.90072,32.330379],[-90.875631,32.372434],[-90.89206,32.370579],[-90.897762,32.35436],[-90.912363,32.339454],[-90.993625,32.354047],[-91.004506,32.364744],[-90.99408,32.403862],[-90.967767,32.418279],[-90.96856,32.438084],[-90.978547,32.447032],[-90.993863,32.45085],[-91.029606,32.433542],[-91.052907,32.438442],[-91.095308,32.458741],[-91.116008,32.48314],[-91.116708,32.500139],[-91.101304,32.525599],[-91.093741,32.549128],[-91.074817,32.533467],[-91.050907,32.500139],[-91.038106,32.49044],[-91.004206,32.48214],[-90.990703,32.487749],[-90.987831,32.49419],[-90.994481,32.506331],[-91.005468,32.513842],[-91.061685,32.536448],[-91.075373,32.546718],[-91.080398,32.556442],[-91.03617,32.579556],[-91.010228,32.601927],[-91.002962,32.622555],[-91.014286,32.640482],[-91.025769,32.646573],[-91.038415,32.636443],[-91.049796,32.607188],[-91.112764,32.590186],[-91.118641,32.585139],[-91.127912,32.586493],[-91.144074,32.600613],[-91.153556,32.626181],[-91.152699,32.640757],[-91.138712,32.649774],[-91.127723,32.665343],[-91.104443,32.682434],[-91.076061,32.693751],[-91.063946,32.702926],[-91.054749,32.719229],[-91.056999,32.72558],[-91.077176,32.732534],[-91.123152,32.742798],[-91.154461,32.742339],[-91.165328,32.751301],[-91.156918,32.780343],[-91.164397,32.785821],[-91.161669,32.812465],[-91.145002,32.84287],[-91.127886,32.855059],[-91.105631,32.858396],[-91.070602,32.888659],[-91.064449,32.901064],[-91.064804,32.926464],[-91.083084,32.947909],[-91.080355,32.962794],[-91.086802,32.976266],[-91.09693,32.986412],[-91.106581,32.988938],[-91.134414,32.980533],[-91.138585,32.971352],[-91.131243,32.960928],[-91.137863,32.952756],[-91.132115,32.923122],[-91.15169,32.901935],[-91.170235,32.899391],[-91.196785,32.906784],[-91.208263,32.915354],[-91.213972,32.927198],[-91.210705,32.939845],[-91.199415,32.952314],[-91.201842,32.961212],[-91.168973,32.992132],[-91.162363,33.019684],[-91.129088,33.033554],[-91.120379,33.05453],[-91.124639,33.064127],[-91.149823,33.081603],[-91.171514,33.087818],[-91.180836,33.098364],[-91.200167,33.10693],[-91.20178,33.125121],[-91.193174,33.136734],[-91.183662,33.141691],[-91.161651,33.141781],[-91.151853,33.131802],[-91.131659,33.129101],[-91.104317,33.131598],[-91.089862,33.139655],[-91.084366,33.180856],[-91.091711,33.220813],[-91.070697,33.227302],[-91.050407,33.251202],[-91.045191,33.265404],[-91.043624,33.274636],[-91.04815,33.282796],[-91.072567,33.285885],[-91.083694,33.278557],[-91.099093,33.238173],[-91.106142,33.241799],[-91.117223,33.260685],[-91.128078,33.268502],[-91.125539,33.280255],[-91.141615,33.299539],[-91.143667,33.328398],[-91.142219,33.348989],[-91.120409,33.363809],[-91.101456,33.38719],[-91.075293,33.405966],[-91.058152,33.428705],[-91.057621,33.445341],[-91.067623,33.455104],[-91.086498,33.451576],[-91.096723,33.437603],[-91.095211,33.417488],[-91.10717,33.399078],[-91.123623,33.387526],[-91.154017,33.378914],[-91.171968,33.38103],[-91.191127,33.389634],[-91.20922,33.40629],[-91.199354,33.418321],[-91.17628,33.416979],[-91.131885,33.430063],[-91.118495,33.449116],[-91.125109,33.472842],[-91.167403,33.498304],[-91.177148,33.48617],[-91.16936,33.452629],[-91.177293,33.443638],[-91.206807,33.433846],[-91.235181,33.438972],[-91.231661,33.4571],[-91.208535,33.468606],[-91.182901,33.502379],[-91.187367,33.510552],[-91.219297,33.532364],[-91.229834,33.547047],[-91.231418,33.560593],[-91.224121,33.567369],[-91.198285,33.572061],[-91.17822,33.582607],[-91.152148,33.582721],[-91.134043,33.594489],[-91.130445,33.606034],[-91.139209,33.625658],[-91.171168,33.647766],[-91.219048,33.661503],[-91.228228,33.671326],[-91.227857,33.683073],[-91.22057,33.692923],[-91.205377,33.700819],[-91.162464,33.70684],[-91.13045,33.674522],[-91.09404,33.658351],[-91.078507,33.658283],[-91.034565,33.673018],[-91.030402,33.687766],[-91.03612,33.689113],[-91.046778,33.706313],[-91.059891,33.714816],[-91.06829,33.716477],[-91.101101,33.705007],[-91.117733,33.705342],[-91.132338,33.714246],[-91.146618,33.732456],[-91.140756,33.759735],[-91.145112,33.76734],[-91.133854,33.782814],[-91.123466,33.782106],[-91.107318,33.770619],[-91.053886,33.778701],[-91.023285,33.762991],[-91.000106,33.769165],[-90.988466,33.78453],[-91.000107,33.799549],[-91.046849,33.815365],[-91.067511,33.840443],[-91.073011,33.857449],[-91.070883,33.866714],[-91.026382,33.90798],[-91.010318,33.929352],[-91.035961,33.943758],[-91.084095,33.956179],[-91.089787,33.966004],[-91.087921,33.975335],[-91.075378,33.983586],[-91.042751,33.986811],[-91.01889,34.003151],[-91.000108,33.966428],[-90.983359,33.960186],[-90.967632,33.963324],[-90.961548,33.979945],[-90.979945,34.000106],[-90.987948,34.019038],[-90.970726,34.02162],[-90.942662,34.01805],[-90.89242,34.02686],[-90.887413,34.032505],[-90.887837,34.055403],[-90.870528,34.080516],[-90.882628,34.096615],[-90.918395,34.093054],[-90.946323,34.109374],[-90.958467,34.125105],[-90.9543,34.138498],[-90.91001,34.165508],[-90.894385,34.160953],[-90.86458,34.140555],[-90.847168,34.136884],[-90.825708,34.142011],[-90.810884,34.155903],[-90.808685,34.175878],[-90.816572,34.183023],[-90.8556,34.18688],[-90.887884,34.18198],[-90.916048,34.196916],[-90.93522,34.21905],[-90.937152,34.23411],[-90.929015,34.244541],[-90.907082,34.244492],[-90.89456,34.22438],[-90.87912,34.21545],[-90.847808,34.20653],[-90.840009,34.223077],[-90.836972,34.250104],[-90.828267,34.27365],[-90.802928,34.282465],[-90.765165,34.280524],[-90.743082,34.302257],[-90.74061,34.313469],[-90.744713,34.324872],[-90.767108,34.345264],[-90.767061,34.360271],[-90.762085,34.364754],[-90.750107,34.367919],[-90.712088,34.363805],[-90.683222,34.368817],[-90.68162,34.35291],[-90.691551,34.338618],[-90.693129,34.32257],[-90.686003,34.315771],[-90.669343,34.31302],[-90.661395,34.315398],[-90.657488,34.322231],[-90.666862,34.348569],[-90.666788,34.35582],[-90.655346,34.371846],[-90.658542,34.375705],[-90.613944,34.390723],[-90.571145,34.420319],[-90.566505,34.429528],[-90.56733,34.440383],[-90.585477,34.461247],[-90.588942,34.491097],[-90.578493,34.516296],[-90.545728,34.53775],[-90.540736,34.548085],[-90.545891,34.563257],[-90.570133,34.587457],[-90.587224,34.615732],[-90.58344,34.641389],[-90.588536,34.668646],[-90.567334,34.693371],[-90.552317,34.697087],[-90.540074,34.684981],[-90.538061,34.673232],[-90.552642,34.659707],[-90.554129,34.640871],[-90.543696,34.629559],[-90.524481,34.628504],[-90.479718,34.659934],[-90.466041,34.674312],[-90.462552,34.687576],[-90.475194,34.700826],[-90.538974,34.698783],[-90.565646,34.721053],[-90.565437,34.736536],[-90.547606,34.744367],[-90.542695,34.752626],[-90.547612,34.784589],[-90.53651,34.798572],[-90.514706,34.801768],[-90.500994,34.771187],[-90.520556,34.753388],[-90.521004,34.738612],[-90.514735,34.729656],[-90.488865,34.723731],[-90.469897,34.72703],[-90.454968,34.735557],[-90.453038,34.753352],[-90.47459,34.7932],[-90.456935,34.823383],[-90.481955,34.857805],[-90.485038,34.869252],[-90.479872,34.883264],[-90.466154,34.890989],[-90.453916,34.891122],[-90.438313,34.884581],[-90.42898,34.867168],[-90.431741,34.855051],[-90.428754,34.8414],[-90.423879,34.834606],[-90.414864,34.831846],[-90.34038,34.860357],[-90.323067,34.846391],[-90.307384,34.846195],[-90.303698,34.859704],[-90.313476,34.871698],[-90.250095,34.90732],[-90.244725,34.921031],[-90.244476,34.937596],[-90.253969,34.954988],[-90.296422,34.976346],[-90.309297,34.995694]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Mississippi\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a75e4b07f02db644b44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Telis, P. A.","contributorId":13280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Telis","given":"P. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}