{"pageNumber":"1799","pageRowStart":"44950","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68936,"records":[{"id":70016789,"text":"70016789 - 1991 - Simulation of lake ice and its effect on the late-Pleistocene evaporation rate of Lake Lahontan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:49","indexId":"70016789","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1248,"text":"Climate Dynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of lake ice and its effect on the late-Pleistocene evaporation rate of Lake Lahontan","docAbstract":"A model of lake ice was coupled with a model of lake temperature and evaporation to assess the possible effect of ice cover on the late-Pleistocene evaporation rate of Lake Lahontan. The simulations were done using a data set based on proxy temperature indicators and features of the simulated late-Pleistocene atmospheric circulation over western North America. When a data set based on a mean-annual air temperature of 3?? C (7?? C colder than present) and reduced solar radiation from jet-stream induced cloud cover was used as input to the model, ice cover lasting ??? 4 months was simulated. Simulated evaporation rates (490-527 mm a-1) were ??? 60% lower than the present-day evaporation rate (1300 mm a-1) of Pyramid Lake. With this reduced rate of evaporation, water inputs similar to the 1983 historical maxima that occurred in the Lahontan basin would have been sufficient to maintain the 13.5 ka BP high stand of Lake Lahontan. ?? 1991 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Climate Dynamics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00210581","issn":"09307575","usgsCitation":"Hostetler, S.W., 1991, Simulation of lake ice and its effect on the late-Pleistocene evaporation rate of Lake Lahontan: Climate Dynamics, v. 6, no. 1, p. 43-48, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00210581.","startPage":"43","endPage":"48","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225185,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205609,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210581"}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b906be4b08c986b3194bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostetler, S. W. 0000-0003-2272-8302","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":42911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016346,"text":"70016346 - 1991 - Valencia gorge: Possible Messinian refill channel for the western Mediterranean Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-24T01:13:28.352459","indexId":"70016346","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Valencia gorge: Possible Messinian refill channel for the western Mediterranean Sea","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15573686\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>A deeply incised gorge is buried nearly 800 m beneath the floor of the Valencia Trough in the western Mediterranean Sea. The gorge is steeply cut more than 200m into Messinian evaporite deposits and has been mapped for more than 40 km. Published and unpublished seismic profiles show the total length to be nearly 300 km. The gorge is not aligned with any known large fluvial systems, and its orientation indicates that it may have been connected near Valencia with the Betic Strait, the portal in southern Spain proposed to link the Atlantic and the western Mediterranean. The Betic Strait was probably open at least through early Messinian time. Conservative estimates show that sea water flowing through the Valencia gorge at rates of 0.5 to 2 m/s could have refilled the western Mediterranean basins below 2000 m in less than 50 yr.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<1129:VGPMRC>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Field, M., and Gardner, J., 1991, Valencia gorge: Possible Messinian refill channel for the western Mediterranean Sea: Geology, v. 19, no. 11, p. 1129-1132, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<1129:VGPMRC>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1129","endPage":"1132","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223110,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc0fae4b08c986b32a3e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Field, M.E.","contributorId":27052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, J.V.","contributorId":76705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"J.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016651,"text":"70016651 - 1991 - Sensitivity analysis of a ground-water-flow model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:50","indexId":"70016651","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Sensitivity analysis of a ground-water-flow model","docAbstract":"A sensitivity analysis was performed on 18 hydrological factors affecting steady-state groundwater flow in the Upper Floridan aquifer near Albany, southwestern Georgia. Computations were based on a calibrated, two-dimensional, finite-element digital model of the stream-aquifer system and the corresponding data inputs. Flow-system sensitivity was analyzed by computing water-level residuals obtained from simulations involving individual changes to each hydrological factor. Hydrological factors to which computed water levels were most sensitive were those that produced the largest change in the sum-of-squares of residuals for the smallest change in factor value. Plots of the sum-of-squares of residuals against multiplier or additive values that effect change in the hydrological factors are used to evaluate the influence of each factor on the simulated flow system. The shapes of these 'sensitivity curves' indicate the importance of each hydrological factor to the flow system. Because the sensitivity analysis can be performed during the preliminary phase of a water-resource investigation, it can be used to identify the types of hydrological data required to accurately characterize the flow system prior to collecting additional data or making management decisions.","largerWorkTitle":"Symposium on Ground Water","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ground Water in Practice","conferenceDate":"29 July 1991 through 2 August 1991","conferenceLocation":"Nashville, TN, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872628175","usgsCitation":"Torak, L.J., 1991, Sensitivity analysis of a ground-water-flow model, <i>in</i> Symposium on Ground Water, Nashville, TN, USA, 29 July 1991 through 2 August 1991, p. 40-45.","startPage":"40","endPage":"45","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224648,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d21e4b08c986b318288","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Lennon Gerard P.Rouhani Shahrokh","contributorId":128299,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Lennon Gerard P.Rouhani Shahrokh","id":536338,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Torak, Lynn J. ljtorak@usgs.gov","contributorId":401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torak","given":"Lynn","email":"ljtorak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":374136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016955,"text":"70016955 - 1991 - Integrated exploration for low-temperature geothermal resources in the Honey Lake Basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-16T17:21:34.262933","indexId":"70016955","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1806,"text":"Geophysical Prospecting","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrated exploration for low-temperature geothermal resources in the Honey Lake Basin, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>An integrated exploration study is presented to locate low-temperature geothermal reservoirs in the Honey Lake area of northern California. Regional studies to locate the geothermal resources included gravity, infra-red, water-temperature, and water-quality analyses. Five anomalies were mapped from resistivity surveys. Additional study of three anomalies by temperature-gradient and seismic methods was undertaken to define structure and potential of the geothermal resource. The gravity data show a graben structure in the area. Seismic reflection data indicate faults associated with surface-resistivity and temperature-gradient data. The data support the interpretation that the shallow reservoirs are replenished along the fault zones by deeply circulating heated meteoric waters.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2478.1991.tb00313.x","usgsCitation":"Schimschal, U., 1991, Integrated exploration for low-temperature geothermal resources in the Honey Lake Basin, California: Geophysical Prospecting, v. 39, no. 2, p. 279-291, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1991.tb00313.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"279","endPage":"291","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224472,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Honey Lake Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.12227145807901,\n              40.27126914321664\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.12227145807901,\n              40.51461906219083\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.6566182403823,\n              40.51461906219083\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.6566182403823,\n              40.27126914321664\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.12227145807901,\n              40.27126914321664\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-04-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c5ee4b0c8380cd62cad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schimschal, Ulrich","contributorId":92258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schimschal","given":"Ulrich","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016586,"text":"70016586 - 1991 - Applications of hydrologic information automatically extracted from digital elevation models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-31T13:47:38","indexId":"70016586","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applications of hydrologic information automatically extracted from digital elevation models","docAbstract":"Digital elevation models (DEMs) can be used to derive a wealth of information about the morphology of a land surface. Traditional raster analysis methods can be used to derive slope, aspect, and shaded relief information; recently-developed computer programs can be used to delineate depressions, overland flow paths, and watershed boundaries. These methods were used to delineate watershed boundaries for a geochemical stream sediment survey, to compare the results of extracting slope and flow paths from DEMs of varying resolutions, and to examine the geomorphology of a Martian DEM. -Author","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.3360050104","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Jenson, S.K., 1991, Applications of hydrologic information automatically extracted from digital elevation models: Hydrological Processes, v. 5, no. 1, p. 31-44, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360050104.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222915,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-09-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ecc7e4b0c8380cd494a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jenson, Susan K.","contributorId":66859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenson","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2000057,"text":"2000057 - 1991 - Walleye in Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:56","indexId":"2000057","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":217,"text":"Special Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"91-1","title":"Walleye in Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair","docAbstract":"The history and current status of walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) stocks in Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair are reviewed in relation to their exploitation by commercial and recreational fishermen, environmental factors, rehabilitation efforts, and community dynamics. Management initiatives and stock recovery under these processes are outlined.\rAfter the collapse of the fishery in 1957, the highly productive walleye stock of western Lake Erie remained depressed through the 1960s, while the eastern basin stock remained stable. Closure of the fishery for walleye from 1970-73 because of mercury contamination provided an opportunity for the development of an international interagency management plan. With quota management, the walleye stock in western Lake Erie responded well to limited exploitation, steadily increased, and expanded its range. As population expanded, growth began to decline and was more apparent in the young-of-the-year (YOY) in the 1970s, and in older walleye in the late 1970s and 1980s.\rAt the turn of the century, commercial harvest of walleye in Lake St. Clair ranged from 12-127 tonnes annually. A relatively stable period from 1910-59 was followed by significantly increased harvests (100-150 t) in 1959-65. This increase was a result of increased commercial exploitation as well as an increased abundance of walleye. After the mercury contamination problem of 1970, angling effort and harvest was reduced but then gradually increased in Ontario waters from 37 t in 1973 to 62 t in 1988. The increased mean age of the stock during the early 1970s was due to a few strong year-classes (1970, 1972, and 1974) as well as a period of stable or reduced catch per unit effort. With the current mean age not reduced significantly, the stocks of walleye should continue to provide good yields.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Status of walleye in the Great Lakes: case studies prepared for the 1989 workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Great Lakes Fishery Commission","publisherLocation":"Ann Arbor, MI","usgsCitation":"Nepszy, S., Davies, D., Einhouse, D., Hatch, R., Isbell, G., MacLennan, D., and Muth, K., 1991, Walleye in Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair: Special Publication 91-1, p. 145-168.","productDescription":"p. 145-168","startPage":"145","endPage":"168","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198949,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb814","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nepszy, S.J.","contributorId":96802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nepszy","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davies, D.H.","contributorId":102976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Einhouse, D.","contributorId":61125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Einhouse","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hatch, R.W.","contributorId":68008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Isbell, G.","contributorId":18477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isbell","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"MacLennan, D.","contributorId":98012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacLennan","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Muth, K.M.","contributorId":6968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muth","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70016343,"text":"70016343 - 1991 - The neutral oil in commercial linear alkylbenzenesulfonate and its effect on organic solute solubility in water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-19T01:21:18.751516","indexId":"70016343","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The neutral oil in commercial linear alkylbenzenesulfonate and its effect on organic solute solubility in water","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00016a008","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Chiou, C.T., Kile, D.E., and Rutherford, D., 1991, The neutral oil in commercial linear alkylbenzenesulfonate and its effect on organic solute solubility in water: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 25, no. 4, p. 660-665, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00016a008.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"660","endPage":"665","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223107,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae10e4b08c986b323ee7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chiou, C. T.","contributorId":97080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiou","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kile, D. E.","contributorId":22758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kile","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rutherford, D.W.","contributorId":21244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutherford","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70185486,"text":"70185486 - 1991 - Fate of silicate minerals in a peat bog","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-22T15:49:43.43597","indexId":"70185486","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fate of silicate minerals in a peat bog","docAbstract":"<p id=\"p-1\">An investigation of silicate weathering in a Minnesota mire indicates that quartz and aluminosilicates rapidly dissolve in anoxic, organic-rich, neutral- pH environments. Vertical profiles of pH, dissolved silicon, and major cations were obtained at a raised bog and a spring fen and compared. Profiles of readily extractable silicon, diatom abundance, ash mineralogy, and silicate surface texture were determined from peat cores collected at each site.</p><p id=\"p-2\">In the bog, normally a recharge mound, dissolved silicon increases with depth as pH increases, exceeding the background silicon concentration by a factor of two. Silicate grain surfaces, including quartz, are chemically etched at this location, despite being in contact with pore water at neutral pH with dissolved silicon well above the equilibrium solubility of quartz. The increasing silica concentrations at circum-neutral pH are consistent with a system where silicate solubility is influenced by silica-organic-acid complexes. Silica-organic-acid complexes therefore may be the cause of the almost complete absence of diatoms in decomposed peat and contribute to the formation of silica-depleted underclays commonly found beneath coal.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0328:FOSMIA>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bennett, P.C., Siegel, D., Hillier, B.M., and Glaser, P.H., 1991, Fate of silicate minerals in a peat bog: Geology, v. 19, no. 4, p. 328-331, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0328:FOSMIA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"328","endPage":"331","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338079,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Lost River peatland","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -94.48107716216364,\n              48.20103577453631\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.48107716216364,\n              48.1257567119583\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.34359226272942,\n              48.1257567119583\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.34359226272942,\n              48.20103577453631\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.48107716216364,\n              48.20103577453631\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d61e4b0236b68f98f88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, Philip C.","contributorId":30567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Siegel, Donald I.","contributorId":97499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siegel","given":"Donald I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hillier, Barbara M.","contributorId":19026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hillier","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Glaser, Paul H.","contributorId":178129,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Glaser","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":42074,"text":"ofr9232 - 1991 - Altitude of the water table in the Biscayne aquifer, Dade County, Florida, April 25-28, 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-03T21:45:27.394647","indexId":"ofr9232","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-32","title":"Altitude of the water table in the Biscayne aquifer, Dade County, Florida, April 25-28, 1988","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9232","usgsCitation":"Lietz, A., 1991, Altitude of the water table in the Biscayne aquifer, Dade County, Florida, April 25-28, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-32, 1 Plate: 35.00 x 43.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9232.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 35.00 x 43.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":135353,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":416690,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18198.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":21429,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0032/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Dade County","otherGeospatial":"Biscayne aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.875,\n              26.075\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.875,\n              25.017\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.125,\n              25.017\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.125,\n              26.075\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.875,\n              26.075\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6869f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lietz, A.C.","contributorId":40957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lietz","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":225908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70014979,"text":"70014979 - 1991 - Areal extent, hydrogeologic characteristics, and possible origins of the carbonate rock Newburg Zone (Middle-Upper Silurian) in Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:00","indexId":"70014979","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2938,"text":"Ohio Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Areal extent, hydrogeologic characteristics, and possible origins of the carbonate rock Newburg Zone (Middle-Upper Silurian) in Ohio","docAbstract":"The zone occurs in carbonate rocks of Middle to Late Silurian age across much of Ohio. Known also to well drillers as the \"Second Water' in the \"Big Lime' carbonate sequence, the Newburg zone is a source of hydrocarbons in northeast Ohio, brines in southeast Ohio, and a widespread source of water over much of west-central Ohio. Close to recharge areas, the quality of the water is comparable to that of the overlying carbonate rocks; thus, the Newburg zone warrants further investigation as a source of water for domestic use. Theories for the porosity and permeabilty of the Newburg zone include: 1) deposition of carbonate or quartz sand along an erosional surface and later lithified to porous and permeable sandstone; 2) dissolution of fossils within Silurian reef complexes; 3) fracture-induced porosity along thrust faults developed during the Alleghenian orogeny; and 4) a combination of these processes. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ohio Journal of Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00300950","usgsCitation":"Strobel, M., and Bugliosi, E., 1991, Areal extent, hydrogeologic characteristics, and possible origins of the carbonate rock Newburg Zone (Middle-Upper Silurian) in Ohio: Ohio Journal of Science, v. 91, no. 5, p. 209-215.","startPage":"209","endPage":"215","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223957,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed6be4b0c8380cd497d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strobel, M.L.","contributorId":81945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strobel","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bugliosi, E. F.","contributorId":70738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bugliosi","given":"E. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70125400,"text":"70125400 - 1991 - Clarifications and corrections of the dates of issue of some publications containing descriptions of North American birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-16T14:09:54","indexId":"70125400","displayToPublicDate":"1990-10-01T14:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":890,"text":"Archives of Natural History","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Clarifications and corrections of the dates of issue of some publications containing descriptions of North American birds","docAbstract":"<p>The date of issue of a work containing a new scientific name determines the date the name is available and, therefore, the priority of the name with respect to other applied to the same taxon.  Differences between the dates printed in publications and the actual dates of issues often resulted from procedures in distribution and erratic publishing schedules, especially before the twentieth century.  Distribution, including that to subscribers, was usually the responsibility of the author (Jackson, 1975: 14-15).  Early publications were customarily issues in parts (Price, 1982) and the dated title page was usually issued last, which complicates matters of establishing an actual publication date.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Early bibliographic works, especially those of Sherborn (e.g., 1902-1933), Mathews (e.g., 1911, 1919, 1925), Waterhouse (e.g., 1885, 1889, 1937), Zimmer (1926), and Richmond (e.g., 1899b, 1902, 1917), have provided information on the actual dates of issue of many ornithological works.  Many modern publications (e.g. American Ornithologists' Union [A.O.U.], 1957, 1983; various volumes of Peters's check-lists) have neglected recent, and some older, bibliographic works on several sources of scientific names of birds that affect the proper citations.  Here, we clarify information on the dates of issue of some publications on North American (<i>sensu</i>, A.O.U., 1983) birds.  In the event the actual day of issue cannot be determined, the last day of the month or year, whichever was known, or, lacking such information, the printed date, is the date of availability of the scientific name (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1985: Article 21).  Sources for determining the dates of issue include bibliographic works and the invaluable notes of Charles W. Richmond (in the Division of Birds library, Smithsonian Institution).  In the following, books are listed alphabetically by the author of the scientific names, and journals by the first word in their title.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Archives of Natural History","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society for the Bibliography of Natural History","publisherLocation":"London","doi":"10.3366/anh.1991.18.3.381","usgsCitation":"Browning, M.R., and Monroe, B.L., 1991, Clarifications and corrections of the dates of issue of some publications containing descriptions of North American birds: Archives of Natural History, v. 18, no. 3, p. 381-405, https://doi.org/10.3366/anh.1991.18.3.381.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"381","endPage":"405","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":293986,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293985,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.1991.18.3.381"}],"volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54195127e4b091c7ffc8e5f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Browning, M. Ralph","contributorId":8528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Browning","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ralph","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Monroe, Burt L. Jr.","contributorId":87074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monroe","given":"Burt","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70171235,"text":"70171235 - 1991 - A computer program for GEOphysical log data MANagement and plotting (GEOMAN)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-02T09:12:18","indexId":"70171235","displayToPublicDate":"1990-02-13T05:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A computer program for GEOphysical log data MANagement and plotting (GEOMAN)","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology and Fourth Caribbean Islands Water Resources Congress","conferenceDate":"July 23-27, 1990","conferenceLocation":"San Juan, Puerto Rico","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Associatio","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Arroyo, I.E., Torres-Gonzalez, S., and Carrasquillo, R., 1991, A computer program for GEOphysical log data MANagement and plotting (GEOMAN), <i>in</i> Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology, San Juan, Puerto Rico, July 23-27, 1990.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321709,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57481e2be4b07e28b664db79","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Krishna, J.H.","contributorId":169959,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krishna","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631621,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quinones-Aponte, Vicente","contributorId":48552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones-Aponte","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631622,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gomez-Gomez, Fernando","contributorId":169637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gomez-Gomez","given":"Fernando","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631623,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morris, G.L.","contributorId":169960,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morris","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631624,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Arroyo, I. E.","contributorId":120615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arroyo","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Torres-Gonzalez, Sigfredo sttorres@usgs.gov","contributorId":3997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torres-Gonzalez","given":"Sigfredo","email":"sttorres@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carrasquillo, Ramon A.","contributorId":100815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrasquillo","given":"Ramon A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":29913,"text":"wri894136 - 1991 - Hydrogeology and water quality of glacial-drift aquifers in the Bemidji-Bagley area, Beltrami, Clearwater, Cass, and Hubbard Counties, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-14T18:38:18.607962","indexId":"wri894136","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4136","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality of glacial-drift aquifers in the Bemidji-Bagley area, Beltrami, Clearwater, Cass, and Hubbard Counties, Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>Unconfined and the upper confined aquifers in glacial drift are the primary sources of water in a 1,600 square-mile area including parts of Beltrami, Cass, Clearwater, and Hubbard Counties, Minnesota. The unconfineddrift aquifer consists of coarse sand and gravel in the center of the study area. The total area underlain by the unconfined-drift aquifer is approximately 550 square miles. The unconfined aquifer ranges in thickness from 0 to 130 feet, and is greater than 20 feet thick over an area of 280 square miles. On the basis of scant data, the transmissivity of the unconfined aquifer ranges from less than 70 feet squared per day in the south and west to greater than 8,900 feet squared per day in an area west of Bemidji. Well yields from 10 to 300 gallons per minute are possible in some areas. The unconfined and upper confined-drift aquifers are separated by a fine-grained confining unit of till or lake deposits.</p>\n<p>The thickness of the upper confined-drift aquifer ranges from 0 to 60 feet in the Bemidji area. On the basis of specific-capacity and aquifer-thickness data, and results of model simulations, the transmissivity of the upper confined-drift aquifer ranges from less than 100 feet squared per day in the south and west parts of the aquifer to about 12,800 feet squared per day in the area around Bemidji. Well yields of 10 to 2,100 gallons per minute are possible in some areas.</p>\n<p>The direction of ground-water flow in both unconfined and upper confineddrift aquifers is toward the Mississippi and Clearwater Rivers. These rivers are the major discharge points for both aquifers. Ground-water divides, which separate the ground-water flow systems that discharge to these rivers, are approximately coincidental with surface-water divides between the rivers.</p>\n<p>Water from both aquifers generally is of the calcium bicarbonate type and is very hard, averaging 309 and 267 milligrams per liter as CaCO<sub>3</sub> from confined and unconfined-drift aquifers, respectively. Water from both aquifers generally is suitable for drinking, crop irrigation, and most other uses. Concentrations of ammonia, boron, chromium, iron, manganese, and phenols, however, locally exceed recommended limits for drinking water (Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, 1988). Longer residence time and leakage through glacial till is believed to cause higher concentrations of common inorganic constituents in water from confined-drift aquifers than concentrations in water from the unconfined-drift aquifer. Elevated concentrations of nutrients, chloride, and phenols in the unconfined-drift aquifer may be related to land-use practices.</p>\n<p>Statistical comparisons of common chemical constituents in water from wells completed in the unconfined-drift aquifer in several land-use areas suggest that concentrations of many constituents and physical properties are generally greater for wells in areas of commercial and residential land-use than for wells in areas of agriculture or forest land-use. These constituents include ammonia plus organic nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, silica, dissolved solids, and specific conductances. The mean values of ammonia nitrogen, magnesium, and fluoride are generally greater for wells in commercial land-use type areas than for wells in forested and agricultural land-use type areas. The mean concentration of nitrogen (N0<sub>2</sub> + NO<sub>3</sub>, dissolved) is generally greater for wells in residential land-use type areas than for wells in forested and agricultural land-use type areas.</p>\n<p>The Kruskil-Wallis test, a nonparametric that for 12 of the 21 constituents sampled in groups in the unconfined-drift aquifer, a of these constituents and land use was found statistical technique, indicated common in all land-use type relation between the concentration to be statistically significant.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri894136","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and the Bemedji-Bagley Ground-Water Study Steering Committee","usgsCitation":"Stark, J., Busch, J.P., and Deters, M.H., 1991, Hydrogeology and water quality of glacial-drift aquifers in the Bemidji-Bagley area, Beltrami, Clearwater, Cass, and Hubbard Counties, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4136, x, 135 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894136.","productDescription":"x, 135 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":414117,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47226.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58731,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4136/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121873,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4136/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Beltrami County, Cass County, Clearwater County, Hubbard County","otherGeospatial":"Bemidji-Bagley area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.5294,\n              47.6906\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.5294,\n              47.12\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.4133,\n              47.12\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.4133,\n              47.6906\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.5294,\n              47.6906\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6251fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stark, J. R.","contributorId":100406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Busch, J. P.","contributorId":54256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busch","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Deters, M. H.","contributorId":60277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deters","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":29061,"text":"wri894129 - 1990 - Ground-water levels and quality at Crex Meadows Wildlife Area, Burnett County, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-27T19:40:03.558899","indexId":"wri894129","displayToPublicDate":"2022-07-23T12:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89–4129","displayTitle":"Ground-Water Levels and Quality at Crex Meadows Wildlife Area, Burnett County, Wisconsin","title":"Ground-water levels and quality at Crex Meadows Wildlife Area, Burnett County, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p>During 1984, above-normal ground-water levels flooded the fields and basements in the vicinity of the Crex Meadows Wildlife Area. In response to concerns of neighboring farmers and homeowners, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and the U.S. Geological Survey began a cooperative study to assess ground-water conditions in the area and to determine the causes of above-normal ground-water levels in and around the Crex Meadows Wildlife Area.</p><p>Data from an inventory of water levels in the Crex Meadows area measured in 1935 and 1937 were compared with data collected in 1986 and 1987. The comparison indicates that 1986 water levels were 5 to 10 feet higher throughout the area than in 1935 and 1937. Water levels declined about 5 feet throughout much of the area during 1987 and were only 0–5 feet higher than in the late 1930's. Hydrographs of water levels measured from 1985 to the fall of 1987 also indicate that water levels rose in 1985 and 1986 and fell abruptly in 1987.</p><p>Water levels in two wells, one in northern Burnett County and the other in Polk County, were compared to those in the wildlife area to determine whether the wetland impoundments contributed significantly to above-normal water levels measured in 1986 or whether levels were high throughout northwestern Wisconsin. Water-levels at long-term observation wells Bt-2 (1936–present) and Pk-40 (1951–present) (13 miles northeast and 20 miles southeast of Crex Meadows, respectively) during 1986 were the highest of record.</p><p>Long-term discharge records for the St. Croix River upstream (Danbury) and downstream (St. Croix Falls) from Crex Meadows indicate that the river reached its highest historical discharge volume during 1986.</p><p>Hydrographs showing cumulative departure from mean annual precipitation at two stations (Danbury and St. Croix Falls) indicate that the above-normal ground-water levels in 1986 were preceded by several years of above-normal precipitation. It is probable that the above-normal ground-water levels and surface- water discharge throughout the area can be attributed to above-normal precipitation. Groundwater- level fluctuations corresponded directly to variations in precipitation during 1985–87.</p><p>Chemical analyses of water samples from 20 observation wells indicate that calcium and bicarbonate are the predominant ions in ground water in the Crex Meadows area. Iron concentrations ranged from 45 to 45,000 micrograms per liter, and 17 of 20 samples exceeded the 300-micrograms-per-liter recommended drinking-water standard of the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri894129","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Patterson, G.L., 1990, Ground-water levels and quality at Crex Meadows Wildlife Area, Burnett County, Wisconsin (ver. 2.0, July 2022): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89–4129, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894129.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 19 p.","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503576,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47224.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":404377,"rank":4,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4129/versionHist.txt","size":"4.0 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"WRIR 89–4129 version history"},{"id":387158,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4129/wrir894129.pdf","text":"Report","size":"675 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 89–4129"},{"id":387157,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4129/coverthb3.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Burnett County","otherGeospatial":"Crex Meadows Wildlife Area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.79911041259766,\n              45.74931859146165\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.79911041259766,\n              45.8536734968093\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.6202392578125,\n              45.8536734968093\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.6202392578125,\n              45.74931859146165\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.79911041259766,\n              45.74931859146165\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0: January 1990; Version 2.0: July 2022","contact":"<p>Director, <a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/umid-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/umid-water\">Upper Midwest Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>8505 Research Way<br>Middleton, WI 53562</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Ground-water levels</li><li>Ground-water quality</li><li>Summary and conclusions</li><li>References</li><li>Errata</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":15,"text":"Madison PSC"},"publishedDate":"1990-01-01","revisedDate":"2022-07-25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db66881d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patterson, G. L.","contributorId":35356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patterson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":200883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29832,"text":"wri904143 - 1990 - Hydrologic effects of well-field operations in a wetland, Dade County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-13T15:00:06.816128","indexId":"wri904143","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-13T11:05:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4143","title":"Hydrologic effects of well-field operations in a wetland, Dade County, Florida","docAbstract":"Water-level, canal stage and discharge, and rainfall data collected in a wetland in Dade County, Florida, were analyzed to determine the effects of pumping at the Northwest Well Field on water levels in the wetland. The Northwest Well Field is the first major well field in south Florida to be operated in a wetland, away from saltwater intrusion and the potential for contamination caused by urbanization.\r\n\r\nDuration curves were used to analyze trends in water levels for seven observation wells near the Northwest Well Field. One observation well is 5.5 miles north of the well field, three wells are outside the cone of depression of the well field, and three are within the cone of depression. The water level data were analyzed for four time periods that were determined by a double-mass analysis of cumulative rainfall and cumulative canal discharge. Before 1984, water levels in all seven wells were above land surface 25 to 50 percent of the time. Since the well field began operating in 1984, water levels in the three wells within the cone of depression have been above land surface less than 1 percent of the time. Water levels at the four wells outside the cone of depression showed no effect from pumping at the well field.\r\n\r\nWater levels have declined in 30 percent of the 65- square mile study area since the well field began operating. In 15 percent of the area, water levels have been lowered below land surface.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri904143","usgsCitation":"Sonenshein, R., and Hofstetter, R.H., 1990, Hydrologic effects of well-field operations in a wetland, Dade County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4143, iv, 16 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904143.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58629,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4143/wri904143.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.86 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 90-4143"},{"id":124058,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4143/report-thumb.jpg"}],"contact":"<p><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\">Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>3321 College Avenue<br>Davie, FL 33314</p><p><a href=\"../contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db606f0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sonenshein, R.S.","contributorId":10415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sonenshein","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hofstetter, Ronald H.","contributorId":51335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofstetter","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":13532,"text":"Department of Biology, University of Miami","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":202209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28665,"text":"wri904115 - 1990 - Water-resources potential of the freshwater lens at Key West, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-14T12:10:52.107661","indexId":"wri904115","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-13T11:05:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4115","title":"Water-resources potential of the freshwater lens at Key West, Florida","docAbstract":"The island of Key West lies at the end of the Florida Keys, about 150 miles southwest of Miami. The public-water supply for the island is provided by the Florida Keys Aqueduct Authority Well Field near Miami. However, there are many privately owned wells on the island that tap the local fresh ground-water lens for potable and nonpotable water supply. The number of people who use water from the wells for drinking purposes is unknown.\r\n\r\nFrom 1985 to 1988, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the South Florida Water Management District, conducted an investigation to characterize the Key West freshwater lens. Observation wells were drilled to determine the extent of the lens and to characterize the water quality. Previous well logs and well-core data collected during the investigation showed the aquifer to be a highly permeable, porous, solution-riddled, oolitic limestone that allows rainfall recharge to quickly seep into the ocean and saltwater to easily intrude the aquifer.\r\n\r\nThe small freshwater lens (250 milligrams per liter of chloride concentration, or less) averages 5 feet in thickness below the center of the western half (Old Town) of the island. The lens contains about 20 million gallons of fresh-water during the dry season and about 30 million gallons during the wet season. Underlying the freshwater lens is a transition zone of freshwater-saltwater mix that extends to the saltwater interface (19,000 milligrams per liter of chloride concentration), which is about 40-feet deep at the center of the lens. The water table fluctuates and the configuration of the lens constantly changes, largely as a result of tidal effects. Other events, such as rainfall, pumping, and evapotranspiration, are masked by the tidal effects.\r\n\r\nThe freshwater lens is a calcium bicarbonate water that grades to a sodium chloride type near the saltwater interface. Elevated concentrations of nitrate nitrogen were found in water samples from wells in the Old Town district. However, concentrations generally were not above the maximum contaminant level of 10 milligrams per liter for drinking water established by the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation. Water samples near an old land-fill in the eastern half of the island had concentrations of iron (600-1,900 micrograms per liter) and lead (40-800 micrograms per liter) that extended maximum contaminant levels of 300 and 50 micrograms per liter. These trace-element concentrations generally decreased with distance from the landfill.\r\n\r\nAlthough the freshwater lens is a potential source of water for additional nonpotable water needs in Key West, any large-scale pumping could quickly exhaust the freshwater lens, and saline water could be rapidly drawn though the porous limestone aquifer. Water-quality data indicate that the lens is an unlikely source of potable water.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri904115","usgsCitation":"McKenzie, D., 1990, Water-resources potential of the freshwater lens at Key West, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4115, iv, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904115.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57505,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4115/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"882 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 90-4115"},{"id":124359,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4115/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","city":"Key West","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.11181640625,\n              24.44714958973082\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.39770507812499,\n              24.44714958973082\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.39770507812499,\n              24.766784522874453\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.11181640625,\n              24.766784522874453\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.11181640625,\n              24.44714958973082\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\">Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>3321 College Avenue<br>Davie, FL 33314</p><p><a href=\"../contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4df1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKenzie, D.J.","contributorId":75134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenzie","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26567,"text":"wri904135 - 1990 - A method to estimate canal leakage to the Biscayne Aquifer, Dade County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-14T12:11:38.515462","indexId":"wri904135","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-13T11:05:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4135","title":"A method to estimate canal leakage to the Biscayne Aquifer, Dade County, Florida","docAbstract":"The leakage characteristics of channels that partially penetrate the Biscayne aquifer and have reduced bed permeability were studied. Leakage characteristics were described in terms of a reach transmissivity-defined as the volume flow rate out of the channel per unit length of the channel per unit drawdown, where drawdown is defined as the difference in altitude between the water surface in the canal and the water table in the adjacent aquifer. A theoretical expression was developed to relate the reach transmissivity to the transmissivity of the formation, mean channel width, distance of drawdown measurement from the channel centerline, ratio of drawdowns on both sides of the channel, and local reach transmissivity associated with reduced bed permeability. This theoretical expression was verified using a fine-scale numerical model, which gave accurate results when drawdowns were measured beyond 10 aquifer depths from the side of the channel. Using the theoretical formulation, it is shown that the reach transmissivity employed in regional ground-water models, which are based on average drawdowns within a cell, depends on the size of the cell as well as the transmissivity of the formation, channel width, and local reach transmissivity due to reduced bed permeability.\r\n\r\nThe theoretical reach transmissivity function was compared with field measurements at L-31N Canal and Snapper Creek Extension Canal in Dade County, Florida. Analyses of the data for both canals showed good agreement between the estimated and measured reach transmissivities. At L- 31N Canal, field measurements indicated that the local reach transmissivity was relatively uniform over a 2-mile reach of the channel (averaging 630 cubic feet per second per mile per foot), and the formation transmissivity was 1.8 x106 feet squared per day. At Snapper Creek Extension Canal, an approximate analysis was necessary due to the inability of the acoustic velocity meter to measure very low water velocities in the channel. Assuming an aquifer transmissivity of 1 x 106 feet squared per day, drawdown measurements indicated that the local reach transmissivity was about 400 cubic feet per second per mile per foot. The theoretical relation, combined with the local reach transmissivity and formation transmissivity, was sufficient to predict the leakage out of L-31N Canal and Snapper Creek Extension Canal for any drawdown scenario.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri904135","usgsCitation":"Chin, D., 1990, A method to estimate canal leakage to the Biscayne Aquifer, Dade County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4135, v, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904135.","productDescription":"v, 32 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55432,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4135/wri904135.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.38 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 90-4135"},{"id":124732,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4135/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Dade County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.57373046875,\n              25.31423555219758\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.771728515625,\n              25.31423555219758\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.771728515625,\n              26.23430203240673\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.57373046875,\n              26.23430203240673\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.57373046875,\n              25.31423555219758\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\">Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>3321 College Avenue<br>Davie, FL 33314</p><p><a href=\"../contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a48e4b07f02db623819","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chin, D.A.","contributorId":40632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chin","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":54655,"text":"wdrMDDE901 - 1990 - Water resources data Maryland and Delaware, water year 1990, Volume 1. Atlantic Slope Basins, Delaware River through Patuxent River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-22T19:38:30.759149","indexId":"wdrMDDE901","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-22T14:50:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MD-DE-90-1","displayTitle":"Water Resources Data Maryland and Delaware, Water Year 1990, Volume 1. Atlantic Slope Basins, Delaware River through Patuxent River","title":"Water resources data Maryland and Delaware, water year 1990, Volume 1. Atlantic Slope Basins, Delaware River through Patuxent River","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrMDDE901","usgsCitation":"James, R., Hornlein, J., Strain, B., and Smigaj, M., 1990, Water resources data Maryland and Delaware, water year 1990, Volume 1. Atlantic Slope Basins, Delaware River through Patuxent River: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MD-DE-90-1, 505 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMDDE901.","productDescription":"505 p.","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia  Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381955,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1990/md-de-90-1/wdrMDDE901.pdf","text":"Report","size":"19.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Water Data Report MD-DE-90-1"},{"id":182045,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1990/md-de-90-1/wdrMDDE901_coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, 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 \"}}]}","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb6ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"James, R.W.","contributorId":70434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hornlein, J.F.","contributorId":102554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornlein","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simmons, R.H.","contributorId":19982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmons","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smigaj, M.J.","contributorId":17682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smigaj","given":"M.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70194853,"text":"70194853 - 1990 - Underwater research methods for study of nuclear bomb craters, Enewetak, Marshall Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-23T16:10:42","indexId":"70194853","displayToPublicDate":"2018-01-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Underwater research methods for study of nuclear bomb craters, Enewetak, Marshall Islands","docAbstract":"<p><span>Three craters, created by the explosion of nuclear fusion devices, were mapped, sampled, core drilled and excavated with airlifts at Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands by using scuba and a research submersible. The craters studied were Mike, Oak, and Koa. Tests took place near sea level at the transition between lithified reef flat and unlithified lagoonal sediments, where water depth ranged from 1 to 4 m. Craters produced by the blasts ranged from 30 to 60 m in depth. The purpose of our study was to determine crater diameter and depth immediately after detonation. Observations of submerged roadways and testing structures and upturned crater rims similar to those characteristic of meteor impacts indicate that the initial, or transient, craters were smaller than their present size. At some later time, while the area was too radioactive for direct examination, the sides of the craters slumped owing to dewatering of under lying pulverized rock. Core drilling of crater margins with a diver-operated hydraulic coring device provided additional data. On the seaward margin of the atoll, opposite Mike, a large portion of the atoll rim approximately the size of a city block had slumped into the deep ocean, leaving a clean vertical rock section more than 400m high. An abundance of aggressive grey reef sharks displaying classic territorial behavior prevented use of scuba at the Mike slump site. The two-person submersible R.V. Delta provided protection and allowed observations down to 300 m. During the 6-week period of study, we made more than 300 scuba and 275 submersible dives. Mapping was with side scan sonar and continuous video sweeps supplemented by tape-recorded verbal descriptions made from within the submersible. A mini-ranger navigation system linked to the submersible allowed plotting of bottom features, depth and sediment type with spatial accuracy to within 2 m.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Academy of Underwater Sciences","usgsCitation":"Shinn, E., Halley, R., Kindinger, J., Hudson, J., and Slate, R., 1990, Underwater research methods for study of nuclear bomb craters, Enewetak, Marshall Islands, p. 327-344.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"327","endPage":"344","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350552,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6857f5e4b06e28e9c65f4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shinn, E.A.","contributorId":38610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shinn","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halley, R.B.","contributorId":198913,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Halley","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kindinger, J. L.","contributorId":38983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kindinger","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hudson, J.H.","contributorId":102505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Slate, R.A.","contributorId":201470,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Slate","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70198473,"text":"70198473 - 1990 - Pesticide and PCB residues for loggerhead shrikes in the Shenandoah Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-03T14:00:04","indexId":"70198473","displayToPublicDate":"2018-01-01T13:57:53","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pesticide and PCB residues for loggerhead shrikes in the Shenandoah Valley","docAbstract":"<p>The decline in loggerhead shrike (<i>Lanius ludovicianus</i>) populations is widespread and coincides with the use of organochlorines that began in the late 1940's and increased until the 1970's (Morrison 1981; Robbins et al. 1986; Tate 1986). An inhabitant of farmland areas, loggerhead shrikes prey on invertebrates and small vertebrates (Bent 1950), and thus risk exposure to pesticides and other agricultural chemicals. The role of contaminants in the decline of loggerhead shrikes has only been partially assessed (Busbee 1977; Anderson and Duzan 1978; Morrison 1979; Rudd et al. 1981). Studies of the nesting and winter ecology of loggerhead shrikes (Luukkonen 1987; Blumton 1989) during 1985-88 in the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia provided the opportunity to collect eggs and carcasses for contaminant residue analysis. In this paper we provide pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) residue data for eggs and carcasses collected.</p>","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01700988","usgsCitation":"Blumton, A.K., Fraser, J., Young, R., Goodbred, S., Porter, S., and Luukkonen, D., 1990, Pesticide and PCB residues for loggerhead shrikes in the Shenandoah Valley: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 45, no. 5, p. 697-702, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01700988.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"697","endPage":"702","costCenters":[{"id":37280,"text":"Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356149,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Shenandoah Valley","volume":"45","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c112564e4b034bf6a81e5b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blumton, A. K.","contributorId":53491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blumton","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fraser, J.D.","contributorId":68842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fraser","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Young, R.W.","contributorId":206729,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Young","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goodbred, S. 0000-0001-7626-9864 sgoodbred@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7626-9864","contributorId":194510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodbred","given":"S.","email":"sgoodbred@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":741568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Porter, S.L.","contributorId":41171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Luukkonen, D.L.","contributorId":206730,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Luukkonen","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70187667,"text":"70187667 - 1990 - Solving groundwater flow problems by conjugate-gradient methods and the strongly implicit procedure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:25:19","indexId":"70187667","displayToPublicDate":"2017-05-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Solving groundwater flow problems by conjugate-gradient methods and the strongly implicit procedure","docAbstract":"<p><span>The performance of the preconditioned conjugate-gradient method with three preconditioners is compared with the strongly implicit procedure (SIP) using a scalar computer. The preconditioners considered are the incomplete Cholesky (ICCG) and the modified incomplete Cholesky (MICCG), which require the same computer storage as SIP as programmed for a problem with a symmetric matrix, and a polynomial preconditioner (POLCG), which requires less computer storage than SIP. Although POLCG is usually used on vector computers, it is included here because of its small storage requirements. In this paper, published comparisons of the solvers are evaluated, all four solvers are compared for the first time, and new test cases are presented to provide a more complete basis by which the solvers can be judged for typical groundwater flow problems. Based on nine test cases, the following conclusions are reached: (1) SIP is actually as efficient as ICCG for some of the published, linear, two-dimensional test cases that were reportedly solved much more efficiently by ICCG; (2) SIP is more efficient than other published comparisons would indicate when common convergence criteria are used; and (3) for problems that are three-dimensional, nonlinear, or both, and for which common convergence criteria are used, SIP is often more efficient than ICCG, and is sometimes more efficient than MICCG.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR026i009p01961","usgsCitation":"Hill, M.C., 1990, Solving groundwater flow problems by conjugate-gradient methods and the strongly implicit procedure: Water Resources Research, v. 26, no. 9, p. 1961-1969, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR026i009p01961.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"1961","endPage":"1969","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341208,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5916c9bfe4b044b359e486d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70179968,"text":"70179968 - 1990 - Ground-water conditions in Utah, spring of 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-20T15:17:29","indexId":"70179968","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":110,"text":"Cooperative Investigations Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"30","title":"Ground-water conditions in Utah, spring of 1990","docAbstract":"<p>This is the twenty-seventh in a series of annual reports that describe ground-water conditions in Utah. Reports in this series, published cooperatively by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Utah Division of Water Resources, provide data to enable interested parties to keep abreast of changing ground-water conditions.</p><p>This report, like the others in the series, contains information on well construction, ground-water withdrawal from wells, water-level changes, related changes in precipitation and streamflow, and chemical quality of water. Supplementary data such as graphs showing chemical quality of water and maps showing water-level contours are included in reports of this series only for those years or areas for which applicable data are available and are important to a discussion of changing ground-water conditions.</p><p>This report includes individual discussions of selected major areas of ground-water development in the State for the calendar year 1989. Water-level fluctuations and selected related data, however, are described from the spring of 1989 to the spring of 1990. Much of the data used in this report were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Division of Water Rights, Utah Department of Natural Resources.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Utah, Division of Water Resources and Division of Water Rights","usgsCitation":"Herbert, L.R., Smith, G.J., Kariya, K.A., Eads, J.P., Allen, D., Stolp, B., Brooks, L.E., Garrett, R., Brothers, W., Puchta, R.W., Swenson, R., Emett, D.C., Overman, W., and Sandberg, G.W., 1990, Ground-water conditions in Utah, spring of 1990: Cooperative Investigations Report 30, vii, 84 p.","productDescription":"vii, 84 p.","numberOfPages":"92","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333619,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=50-1-175"},{"id":333620,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5883303be4b0d00231637820","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herbert, L. R.","contributorId":39865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herbert","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, G. J.","contributorId":80767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kariya, Kim A.","contributorId":177522,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kariya","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eads, James P.","contributorId":178506,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eads","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Allen, D.V.","contributorId":6129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stolp, Bert","contributorId":178507,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stolp","given":"Bert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Brooks, Lynette E. 0000-0002-9074-0939 lebrooks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9074-0939","contributorId":2718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Lynette","email":"lebrooks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":659339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Garrett, R. B.","contributorId":35810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrett","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Brothers, W.C.","contributorId":56671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brothers","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Puchta, R. W","contributorId":177482,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Puchta","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Swenson, R.L.","contributorId":178508,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swenson","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Emett, D. C.","contributorId":21213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emett","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Overman, W.R.","contributorId":178509,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Overman","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Sandberg, G. W.","contributorId":55426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandberg","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":70179407,"text":"70179407 - 1990 - Toxicity of organic selenium in the diet to chinook salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-17T15:56:48","indexId":"70179407","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toxicity of organic selenium in the diet to chinook salmon","docAbstract":"<p><span>The toxicity of two organoselenium diets was evaluated in 90- to 120-d partial life cycle tests with two life stages of chinook salmon (</span><i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i><span> Walbaum). One of the diets contained fish meal made from high-selenium mosquitofish (</span><i>Gambusia affinis</i><span> Baird and Girard) collected from the selenium-laden San Luis Drain, California (here termed SLD diet) and the other contained meal made from low-selenium mosquitofish (collected from a reference site) fortified with selenomethionine. A 90-d study was conducted with swim-up larvae in a water-simulating dilution of San Luis Drain water in a standardized fresh water; and a 120-d study was conducted with fingerlings 70-mm long in a water of similar quality but prepared with a standardized brackish water. After 90 d of exposure in the freshwater study, survival was reduced in fish fed ≥9.6 μg Se/g of either diet, and growth was reduced in fish fed ≥5.3 μg Se/g of SLD diet or ≥18.2 μg Se/g of selenomethionine diet. Reduced fish growth, whole-body concentrations of selenium and survival were strongly correlated to concentrations of selenium in both diets. After 120 d of exposure in the brackish-water study, survival was unaffected but growth was reduced in fish fed ≥18.2 μg Se/g of SLD diet or 35.4 μg Se/g of selenomethionine diet. After 120 d of dietary exposure, survival during a 10-d seawater challenge test was reduced in fish fed 35.4 μg Se/g of either diet. In this second dietary study, concentration—response relations were observed in both dietary treatments between the dietary concentrations of selenium and all three characteristics — fish growth, whole-body concentrations of selenium and survival in seawater.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620090310","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, S., Buhl, K.J., Faerber, N.L., Bullard, F.A., and Wiedmeyer, R.H., 1990, Toxicity of organic selenium in the diet to chinook salmon: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 9, no. 3, p. 347-358, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620090310.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"347","endPage":"358","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332706,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1990-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"586781fbe4b0cd2dabe7c73f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, Steven J.","contributorId":174108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Steven J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buhl, Kevin J. 0000-0002-9963-2352 kevin_buhl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9963-2352","contributorId":1396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buhl","given":"Kevin","email":"kevin_buhl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Faerber, Neil L.","contributorId":175406,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Faerber","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bullard, Fern A.","contributorId":176674,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bullard","given":"Fern","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wiedmeyer, Raymond H.","contributorId":176717,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wiedmeyer","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70179411,"text":"70179411 - 1990 - Toxicity of inorganic and organic selenium to <i>Daphnia magna</i> (cladocera) and <i>Chironomus riparius</i> (diptera)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-31T14:48:35","indexId":"70179411","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toxicity of inorganic and organic selenium to <i>Daphnia magna</i> (cladocera) and <i>Chironomus riparius</i> (diptera)","docAbstract":"<p><span>Elevated concentrations of selenium (Se) have been previously measured in biota sampled from the Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge (KNWR) in the San Joaquin Valley of central California. We conducted acute and chronic toxicity tests with the cladoceran </span><i>Daphnia magna</i><span> and the midge </span><i>Chironomus riparius</i><span> to determine the toxicity or bioaccumulation of waterborne Se in a reconstituted water similar to the San Joaquin River. Daphnids were more acutely sensitive than midges to the toxic effects of inorganic Se. An organic form of Se (seleno-[L]-methionine) was extremely toxic to daphnids, but was relatively nontoxic to midges. In long-term exposure to a 6:1 mixture of selenate to selenite (a mixture representative of KNWR), the emergence time of adult midges was delayed at Se concentrations ≥ 837 μg/L. Daphnid reproduction and intrinsic rate of natural increase (</span><i>r</i><span>) were reduced at Se concentrations ≥ 348 μg/L and growth of adults was reduced at ≥ 156 μg/L. Whole body Mg, K and Na concentrations in daphnids were not affected by chronic Se exposure; however, whole body Ca concentration increased at intermediate Se exposure concentrations. In addition, whole body Cl concentration was reduced at 711 μg Se/L. Daphnids accumulated potentially toxic concentrations of Se from water that may adversely affect fish or waterfowl through the food chain.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620090908","usgsCitation":"Ingersoll, C.G., Dwyer, F., and May, T., 1990, Toxicity of inorganic and organic selenium to <i>Daphnia magna</i> (cladocera) and <i>Chironomus riparius</i> (diptera): Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 9, no. 9, p. 1171-1181, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620090908.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1171","endPage":"1181","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332714,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1990-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5868d227e4b0cd2dabe7c80d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dwyer, F.J.","contributorId":107818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"May, T.W.","contributorId":75878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}