A method has been developed to extract soil water for determination of deuterium (D) and 18O content. The principle of this method is based on the observation that water and toluene form an azeotropic mixture at 84.1°C, but are completely immiscible at ambient temperature. In a specially designed distillation apparatus, the soil water is distilled at 84.1°C with toluene and is separated quantitatively in the collecting funnel at ambient temperature. Traces of toluene are removed and the sample can be analyzed by mass spectrometry. Kerosene may be substituted for toluene. The accuracy of this technique is ± 2 and
Variations in the isotopic and chemical composition of storm runoff in the 10.6-km2 Permanente Creek basin, Santa Clara County, California, indicate that changes in water composition lag behind changes in streamflow. This lag occurs even though field observations and rainfall-runoff modeling indicate that much of the storm runoff must be composed of \"new\" water running off impervious surfaces. The apparent incompatibility posed by the presence of \"old\" water and the direct and indirect evidence that surface runoff contributes substantially to storm runoff can be explained if initial rises in streamflow result from effects of flood waves. Flood waves composed of old channel water reach downstream locations ahead of the new water derived from impervious areas. By this mechanism, streamflow can rise rapidly in response to surface runoff and still be composed of large amounts of old water. Data collected in Permanente Creek indicate that flood waves can occur even in small basins, at least when those basins contain impervious surfaces.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90183-X","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Nolan, K., and Hill, B.R., 1990, Storm-runoff generation in the Permanente Creek drainage basin, west central California - An example of flood-wave effects on runoff composition: Journal of Hydrology, v. 113, no. 1-4, p. 343-367, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90183-X.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"367","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223261,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"west central California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.14469523179008,\n 37.42551262779051\n ],\n [\n -122.14469523179008,\n 37.36025739980698\n ],\n [\n -122.0689730637554,\n 37.36025739980698\n ],\n [\n -122.0689730637554,\n 37.42551262779051\n ],\n [\n -122.14469523179008,\n 37.42551262779051\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"113","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9882e4b08c986b31c072","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nolan, K.M.","contributorId":36151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolan","given":"K.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, B. R.","contributorId":72833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016257,"text":"70016257 - 1990 - Topographic effects on flow path and surface water chemistry of the Llyn Brianne catchments in Wales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T15:53:14.936616","indexId":"70016257","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topographic effects on flow path and surface water chemistry of the Llyn Brianne catchments in Wales","docAbstract":"Topographic shape is a watershed attribute thought to influence the flow path followed by water as it traverses a catchment. Flow path, in turn, may affect the chemical composition of surface waters. Topography is quantified in the hydrological model TOPMODEL as the relative frequency distribution of the index ln(atanB), where a is the upslope area per unit contour that drains past a point and tanB is the local surface slope. Spatial distributions of ln(atanB) were calculated for eight catchments in Wales on a 25 m x 25 m grid. Among the catchments, mean observed stream H+ concentration during high flow periods was highly correlated with the mean of the ln(atanB) distribution. The steady-state gain of a transfer function (time series) model relating H+ to discharge was positively correlated with the mean of the ln(atanB) distribution. These results suggest that during high flow periods, both the average stream acidity and the magnitude of fluctuations in H+ are conditioned by the topographic shape of the catchment. By performing a sensitivity analysis on TOPMODEL, we also show that as the mean of the ln(atanB) distribution for a catchment increases, so does its theoretical likelihood to produce significant quantities of surface and near-surface runoff. Our observed results in the Llyn Brianne catchments are consistent with this theoretical expectation in that surface or near-surface runoff is often higher in acidity than are deeper sources of hillslope runoff.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90207-E","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Wolock, D., Hornberger, G., and Musgrove, T., 1990, Topographic effects on flow path and surface water chemistry of the Llyn Brianne catchments in Wales: Journal of Hydrology, v. 115, no. 1-4, p. 243-259, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90207-E.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"243","endPage":"259","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223256,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United Kingdom","otherGeospatial":"Wales","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -5.126165378116639,\n 53.51661908857275\n ],\n [\n -5.126165378116639,\n 51.36214123180656\n ],\n [\n -2.9628795494702445,\n 51.36214123180656\n ],\n [\n -2.9628795494702445,\n 53.51661908857275\n ],\n [\n -5.126165378116639,\n 53.51661908857275\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"115","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb47ce4b08c986b3263c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolock, D.M. 0000-0002-6209-938X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":36601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hornberger, G.M.","contributorId":68463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Musgrove, T.J.","contributorId":24926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Musgrove","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016206,"text":"70016206 - 1990 - Theory and application of an approximate model of saltwater upconing in aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T15:59:24.858686","indexId":"70016206","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Theory and application of an approximate model of saltwater upconing in aquifers","docAbstract":"Motion and mixing of salt water and fresh water are vitally important for water-resource development throughout the world. An approximate model of saltwater upconing in aquifers is developed, which results in three non-linear coupled equations for the freshwater zone, the saltwater zone, and the transition zone. The description of the transition zone uses the concept of a boundary layer. This model invokes some assumptions to give a reasonably tractable model, considerably better than the sharp interface approximation but considerably simpler than a fully three-dimensional model with variable density. We assume the validity of the Dupuit-Forchheimer approximation of horizontal flow in each layer. Vertical hydrodynamic dispersion into the base of the transition zone is assumed and concentration of the saltwater zone is assumed constant. Solute in the transition zone is assumed to be moved by advection only. Velocity and concentration are allowed to vary vertically in the transition zone by using shape functions. Several numerical techniques can be used to solve the model equations, and simple analytical solutions can be useful in validating the numerical solution procedures. We find that the model equations can be solved with adequate accuracy using the procedures presented. The approximate model is applied to the Smoky Hill River valley in central Kansas. This model can reproduce earlier sharp interface results as well as evaluate the importance of hydrodynamic dispersion for feeding salt water to the river. We use a wide range of dispersivity values and find that unstable upconing always occurs. Therefore, in this case, hydrodynamic dispersion is not the only mechanism feeding salt water to the river. Calculations imply that unstable upconing and hydrodynamic dispersion could be equally important in transporting salt water. For example, if groundwater flux to the Smoky Hill River were only about 40% of its expected value, stable upconing could exist where hydrodynamic dispersion into a transition zone is the primary mechanism for moving salt water to the river. The current model could be useful in situations involving dense saltwater layers.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90202-9","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"McElwee, C., and Kemblowski, M., 1990, Theory and application of an approximate model of saltwater upconing in aquifers: Journal of Hydrology, v. 115, no. 1-4, p. 139-163, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90202-9.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"163","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223150,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb1ffe4b08c986b32553c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McElwee, C.","contributorId":41596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McElwee","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kemblowski, M.","contributorId":54340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemblowski","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016143,"text":"70016143 - 1990 - Modelling streamwater chemistry as a mixture of soilwater end-members - An application to the Panola Mountain catchment, Georgia, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T16:21:04.448626","indexId":"70016143","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modelling streamwater chemistry as a mixture of soilwater end-members - An application to the Panola Mountain catchment, Georgia, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Streamwater chemistry at Panola Mountain research catchment, Georgia, U.S.A., is explained as a mixture of representative soilwater solutions that are considered to be temporally invariant to a first approximation. The selection of three end-members from all sampled soil waters is evaluated by comparing the observed and predicted streamwater concentration of six solutes (alkalinity, sulfate, sodium, magnesium, calcium and dissolved silica), which are assumed to mix conservatively, and by assessing the consistency of the implied hydrograph separation with the hydrological mechanisms that are believed to be operating in this catchment. The percentage of variation in the streamwater solute concentrations explained by the end-member mixing analysis (EMMA) ranges from 82 to >97%, and the hydrograph separation is, intuitively, physically reasonable. If the correct end-members have been identified, the streamwater chemical response to different levels of acidic deposition can be predicted by examining the change in each end-member under different loads; no hydrological model is required. If a traditional hydrochemical model, which is driven by rainfall quantity and quality, is desired, this analysis provides an indication of the model structure that would be necessary to reproduce both streamwater and soilwater chemistry.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90131-G","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Hooper, R.P., Christophersen, N., and Peters, N., 1990, Modelling streamwater chemistry as a mixture of soilwater end-members - An application to the Panola Mountain catchment, Georgia, U.S.A.: Journal of Hydrology, v. 116, no. 1-4, p. 321-343, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90131-G.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"343","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222834,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Panola Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.67705761975864,\n 33.81397750526931\n ],\n [\n -84.67705761975864,\n 33.46999873565858\n ],\n [\n -84.00474554401298,\n 33.46999873565858\n ],\n [\n -84.00474554401298,\n 33.81397750526931\n ],\n [\n -84.67705761975864,\n 33.81397750526931\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"116","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c74e4b0c8380cd6fced","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hooper, R. P.","contributorId":26321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christophersen, N.","contributorId":69711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christophersen","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016042,"text":"70016042 - 1990 - Modelling streamwater chemistry as a mixture of soilwater end-members - A step towards second-generation acidification models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-29T13:21:31.182536","indexId":"70016042","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modelling streamwater chemistry as a mixture of soilwater end-members - A step towards second-generation acidification models","docAbstract":"In present acidification models, soilwater characteristics, though modelled, are seldom checked against field observations. Given that such data are now collected as part of many catchment studies, a technique is developed whereby stream water can be predicted as a mixture of the observed soilwater classes or end-members. Provided that a sufficient set of end-members has been identified, a least-squares technique can be used to estimate the contribution to the stream from each end-member, whenever streamwater samples have been taken. For two catchments, Birkenes in southern Norway and Plynlimon in Mid-Wales, the analysis indicates that the soilwater end-members observed to date are insufficient to explain streamwater chemistry. However, properties of the missing soil waters have been identified, thus facilitating future field work. When an adequate set of soilwater end-members has been established, long-term predictions of changes in streamwater chemistry reduce to the problem of predicting the fate of each end-member. Thus, a separate hydrological submodel is not needed, since the mixing patterns are derived from the end-member analysis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90130-P","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Christophersen, N., Neal, C., Hooper, R.P., Vogt, R., and Andersen, S., 1990, Modelling streamwater chemistry as a mixture of soilwater end-members - A step towards second-generation acidification models: Journal of Hydrology, v. 116, no. 1-4, p. 307-320, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90130-P.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"320","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223039,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c74e4b0c8380cd6fce4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christophersen, N.","contributorId":69711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christophersen","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neal, C.","contributorId":89269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hooper, R. P.","contributorId":26321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vogt, R.D.","contributorId":96012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogt","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Andersen, S.","contributorId":101016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":7000036,"text":"7000036 - 1990 - Volcanic and seismic hazards on the Island of Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-24T09:19:43","indexId":"7000036","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":363,"text":"General Interest Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Volcanic and seismic hazards on the Island of Hawaii","docAbstract":"The eruptions of volcanoes often have direct, dramatic effects on the lives of people and on their property. People who live on or near active volcanoes can benefit greatly from clear, scientific information about the volcanic and seismic hazards of the area. This booklet provides such information for the residents of Hawaii so they may effectively deal with the special geologic hazards of the island. Identifying and evaluating possible geologic hazards is one of the principal roles of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and its Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. When USGS scientists recognize a potential hazard, such as an impending eruption, they notify the appropriate government officials, who in turn are responsible for advising the public to evacuate certain areas or to take other actions to insure their safety. This booklet was prepared in cooperation with the Hawaii County Civil Defense Agency.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/7000036","isbn":"0160382009","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1990, Volcanic and seismic hazards on the Island of Hawaii (Revision): General Interest Publication, 48 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps ; 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/7000036.","productDescription":"48 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps ; 24 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":261213,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/7000036/report.pdf","text":"Report"},{"id":261214,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/7000036/report-thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Revision","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd962","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26104,"text":"wri904110 - 1990 - Selected factors related to the potential for contamination of the principal aquifer, Salt Lake Valley, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:31","indexId":"wri904110","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4110","title":"Selected factors related to the potential for contamination of the principal aquifer, Salt Lake Valley, Utah","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri904110","usgsCitation":"Baskin, R.L., 1990, Selected factors related to the potential for contamination of the principal aquifer, Salt Lake Valley, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4110, v, 35 p. (some folded) :ill., col. maps ;28 cm. [PGS - 34 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904110.","productDescription":"v, 35 p. (some folded) :ill., col. maps ;28 cm. [PGS - 34 p.]","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4110/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54895,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4110/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa633","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baskin, R. L.","contributorId":14460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baskin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":134,"text":"wsp2350 - 1990 - National water summary 1987: Hydrologic events and water supply and use","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-28T21:03:11.195151","indexId":"wsp2350","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2350","title":"National water summary 1987: Hydrologic events and water supply and use","docAbstract":"Water use in the United States, as measured by freshwater withdrawals in 1985, averaged 338,000 Mgal/d (million gallons per day), which is enough water to cover the 48 conterminous States to a depth of about 2.4 inches. Only 92,300 Mgal/d, or 27.3 percent of the water withdrawn, was consumptive use and thus lost to immediate further use; the remainder of the withdrawals (72.7 percent) was return flow available for reuse a number of times as the water flowed to the sea. The 1985 freshwater withdrawals were much less than the average 30 inches of precipitation that falls on the conterminous States each year; consumptive use accounted for only 7 percent of the estimated annual runoff of 1,230,000 Mgal/d. Nonetheless, as the State summaries on water supply and use clearly show, water is not always available when and where it is needed. Balancing water demands with available water supplies constitutes one of the major resource allocation issues that will face the United States in the coming decade.
Of the 1985 freshwater withdrawals, 78.3 percent (265,000 Mgal/d) came from surface-water sources (streams and lakes), and 21.7 percent (73,300 Mgal/d) came from ground water. Surface water provided drinking water for about 47 percent of the Nation's total population. It was the source of 59.9 percent of the Nation's public-supply systems. For self-supplied withdrawals, surface water accounted for 1.6 percent of the domestic and commercial uses; 64.0 percent of the industrial and mining use; 99.4 percent of the thermoelectric generation withdrawals, mainly for cooling water; and 65.6 percent of the agricultural withdrawals. Eight States accounted for 43 percent of the surface-water use; California, Colorado, and Idaho used surface water primarily for irrigation, and Dlinois, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas used surface-water primarily for cooling condensers or reactors in thermoelectric plants.
Ground water provided drinking water for 53 percent of the Nation's total population and nearly all the rural population. It was the source of 40.1 percent of the public-supply systems withdrawals. For self-supplied withdrawals, ground water accounted for 11.3 percent of the domestic and commercial use, 17.3 percent of the industrial and mining withdrawals, less than 1 percent of the thermoelectric generation withdrawals, and 34.4 percent of the agricultural withdrawals (irrigation and livestock). Eight States Arizona, Arkansas, California, Florida, Idaho, Kansas, Nebraska, and Texas accounted for 66 percent of the ground water used. In each of those States, as in many other States, irrigation was the major use of ground water. Each offstream-use category described in the State summaries public supply, domestic and commercial, industrial and mining, thermoelectric power, and agriculture (irrigation and livestock) followed its own geographic pattern as described below.
Consumptive use of water effectively removes the water from immediate further use downstream of the withdrawal point. Of the total amount of consumptive water use in 1985, agricultural use accounted for about 82.5 percent. More than one-half (53 percent) of irrigation water is consumptively used by evapotranspiration or is incorporated into the crop. This is a good indication of the effect that irrigated agriculture can have in a river basin where irrigation is a major activity. The availability of return flows for reuse depends largely on where the water reenters the system. If the return flows are discharged to a stream, they usually can be reused; if they are discharged to a saltwater estuary, they are effectively lost to further use because of water-quality degradation just as if the water had been consumptively used. Similarly, water that recharges a highly transmissive aquifer can be available for reuse either through pumpage from a well or as discharge to a local stream. Thus, much of the water withdrawn for different uses can and does become available for further use although the quality might degrade with each additional use.
The allocation and the management of water resources are the responsibilities of the individual States and water institutions within the States. These institutions are evolving in response to the challenges of water management problems. As the individual State summaries indicate, recent State legislation deals with facilitating water transfers within the States as a means of reducing imbalances between water supplies and use, with emphasizing water conservation in times of drought and at places where groundwater depletion is a problem of long standing, and with reducing threats to public health and the environment from water pollution.
Most of the State summaries indicate the expectation that water use will continue to increase in the future and that water contamination will continue to be a major water concern. Both issues will require increasingly intensive water management in the future. Whether the water resources under management are considered to be fully appropriated or over appropriated, as in some Western States, or whether the resource could support additional development, as is the situation in most States, improved water-use information will play a key role in future water management efforts.
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Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1508","title":"Stratigraphy of the Mesaverde Group in the central and eastern greater Green River basin, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah","docAbstract":"This paper establishes a stratigraphic framework for the Mesaverde Group, nearly 5,000 ft thick, in the central and eastern greater Green River basin based on data from measured outcrop sections and drill holes. Stratigraphic correlations are supported by ammonite zonation. No new stratigraphic names are introduced, and no nomenclature problems are discussed. Five long measured sections through the Mesaverde Group are described. \r\n\r\nThe lower part of the Mesaverde Group, comprising the Rock Springs, Blair, Haystack Mountains, Allen Ridge, and Iles Formations, was deposited during a major eastward regression of the interior Cretaceous seaway of North America during the late Santonian and early Campanian. This regression was followed by regional uplift of the central Rocky Mountain area during the middle Campanian. The regional uplift was accompanied by widespread nondeposition and erosion, which, in turn, were followed by deposition of the Ericson and Pine Ridge Sandstones. The upper part of the Mesaverde Group, comprising the Almond and Williams Fork Formations, was deposited during a major westward transgression of the interior seaway in the early Maestrichtian. The major marine transgressions and regressions of the interior seaway were caused by eustatic changes of sea level, whereas intervening periods of nondeposition and erosion resulted from tectonism in the Sevier orogenic belt west of the study area. \r\n\r\nFormations of the Mesaverde Group are composed of sediments deposited in a landward-seaward progression of alluvial-plain, floodplain, coastal-plain, barrier-plain, tidal-flat, delta-plain, marine-shoreline, and marine-shelf and slope depositional environments. Each of these depositional environments is represented by specific lithofacies, sedimentary structures, and fossils, which are characteristic of depositional settings determined by water salinity, water depth, sedimentary and diagenetic processes, and the nature of sediment source terranes. \r\n\r\nThe Mesaverde Group was deposited mainly along the western margins of the interior Cretaceous seaway as marine shorelines that trended north to northeast across the study area. Arcuate deltas, which formed at the mouths of major rivers along these shorelines, spread eastward onto shallow marine shelves. Embayed shoreline areas between the deltas were the sites of barrier-island and tidal-flat deposition. Alluvial-plain, flood-plain, and coastal-plain environments were present inland. The marine shorelines were tidally influenced and wave dominated, and shoreline deposits were mostly thick, linear sheets of quartzose sandstone. Deposition was largely controlled by the emergence or submergence of shoreline areas. Stillstands occurred close to local transgressions and regressions, depending on rates of sedimentation and subsidence.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1508","usgsCitation":"Roehler, H.W., 1990, Stratigraphy of the Mesaverde Group in the central and eastern greater Green River basin, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1508, 52 p.; 2 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1508.","productDescription":"52 p.; 2 plates in pocket","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104670,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4915.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4915"},{"id":166573,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1508/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64701,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1508/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64702,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1508/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64703,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1508/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6068","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roehler, Henry W.","contributorId":48529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roehler","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30601,"text":"wri904134 - 1990 - Ground-water hydrology and quality in the Valley and Ridge and Blue Ridge physiographic provinces of Clarke County, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:12","indexId":"wri904134","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4134","title":"Ground-water hydrology and quality in the Valley and Ridge and Blue Ridge physiographic provinces of Clarke County, Virginia","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri904134","usgsCitation":"Wright, W.G., 1990, Ground-water hydrology and quality in the Valley and Ridge and Blue Ridge physiographic provinces of Clarke County, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4134, vi, 61 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904134.","productDescription":"vi, 61 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123106,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4134/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59359,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4134/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668d30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, W. 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This report contains discharge records for 185 gaging stations; stage and contents for 22 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 21 hydrologic stations and 217 wells; miscellaneous temperature measurements and field determinations for 147 stations; and water levels for 29 observations wells. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Utah.
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The cation composition of the thermal water appears to be controlled by aluminosilicate minerals that are common in other active geothermal systems. Estimates of the equilibrium temperatures at which some mineral pairs are stable, when compared with the more commonly applied geothermometer estimates, indicate that thermodynamic data may be useful for estimating deep aquifer temperatures. Thermal water at Great Boiling and Mud Springs, which has a chloride concentration of about 2,000 mg/L and a total dissolved-solids concentration of 4 ,500 mg/L, appears to have been affected by shallow evapotranspiration in an adjacent playa prior to deep circulation. This model of recharge within the basin floor is distinctly different from models proposed for most other geothermal systems in the northern Great Basin.
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L.","contributorId":55845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goetz","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44436,"text":"wri864001 - 1990 - Geology, structure, and thickness of hydrogeologic units in part of the Columbia Plateau, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T08:05:20","indexId":"wri864001","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4001","title":"Geology, structure, and thickness of hydrogeologic units in part of the Columbia Plateau, Oregon","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri864001","usgsCitation":"Gonthier, J.B., 1990, Geology, structure, and thickness of hydrogeologic units in part of the Columbia Plateau, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4001, 11 maps on 6 sheets : 1 col. ; 35 x 87 cm., sheets 91 x 112 cm. and 101 x 101 cm., folded in envelope 33 x 26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864001.","productDescription":"11 maps on 6 sheets : 1 col. ; 35 x 87 cm., sheets 91 x 112 cm. and 101 x 101 cm., folded in envelope 33 x 26 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":173279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":81745,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4001/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81746,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4001/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81744,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4001/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81747,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4001/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81748,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4001/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81749,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4001/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c5e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gonthier, Joseph B.","contributorId":74350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonthier","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":229764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18901,"text":"ofr90135 - 1990 - Evaluation of selenium mobility in soil using sorption experiments and a numerical model, western San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18901,"text":"ofr90135 - 1990 - Evaluation of selenium mobility in soil using sorption experiments and a numerical model, western San Joaquin Valley, California","indexId":"ofr90135","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"title":"Evaluation of selenium mobility in soil using sorption experiments and a numerical model, western San Joaquin Valley, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70046175,"text":"70046175 - 1991 - Selenium mobility and distribution in irrigated and nonirrigated alluvial soils","indexId":"70046175","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Selenium mobility and distribution in irrigated and nonirrigated alluvial soils"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70046175,"text":"70046175 - 1991 - Selenium mobility and distribution in irrigated and nonirrigated alluvial soils","indexId":"70046175","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Selenium mobility and distribution in irrigated and nonirrigated alluvial soils"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-31T14:01:08","indexId":"ofr90135","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-135","title":"Evaluation of selenium mobility in soil using sorption experiments and a numerical model, western San Joaquin Valley, California","docAbstract":"Sorption experiments and a numerical model were used to assess the effects of irrigation and drainage on the depth distribution of selenite and selenate in soils from the western San Joaquin Valley, California. The sorption studies show that selenate (15 to 12,400 micrograms per liter of selenium) is not adsorbed to soil, whereas selenite (10 to 5,000 micrograms per liter of selenium) is rapidly adsorbed. The time lag between adsorption and desorption is considerable, indicating nonreversible sorption, and an equation describing the desorption reaction is determined by the concentration of adsorbed selenite prior to desorption. A numerical model was used to qualitatively evaluate the nonreversible sorption reaction and its affect on selenite mobility during leaching by irrigation water. Model results show that selenite is resistant to leaching and therefore can represent a potential long-term source of selenium to ground water. In contrast, selenate behaves as a conservative constituent under alkaline and oxidized conditions and is easily leached from soil.
Chemical analyses of soils from irrigated and non-irrigated sites confirm the experimental and modeling results. Increasing salinity and soluble concentrations of selenate at a site irrigated for more than 40 years indicated leaching and downward displacement by irrigation water. Decreasing salinity and soluble concentrations of selenate at a nonirrigated site probably resulted from evaporation from the shallow water table. Adsorbed selenium in the irrigated and nonirrigated soils is mostly selenite and has been minimally affected by irrigation and drainage.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr90135","usgsCitation":"Fio, J.L., Fujii, R., and Deverel, S.J., 1990, Evaluation of selenium mobility in soil using sorption experiments and a numerical model, western San Joaquin Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-135, iv, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90135.","productDescription":"iv, 13 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":359037,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0135/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":151460,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0135/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin Valley","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fab82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fio, John L.","contributorId":77543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fio","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fujii, Roger rfujii@usgs.gov","contributorId":553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fujii","given":"Roger","email":"rfujii@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":179947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Deverel, S. 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E.","contributorId":100865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slaughter","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gray, J. E.","contributorId":49363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hageman, P. L. 0000-0002-3440-2150","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3440-2150","contributorId":27459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hageman","given":"P. 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It was first published as a printed edition in 1990. The geologic data have now been captured digitally and are presented here along with images of the printed map sheet and component parts as PDF files. The Quaternary Geologic Map of the White Lake 4° x 6° Quadrangle was mapped as part of the Quaternary Geologic Atlas of the United States. The atlas was begun as an effort to depict the areal distribution of surficial geologic deposits and other materials that accumulated or formed during the past 2+ million years, the period that includes all activities of the human species. These materials are at the surface of the Earth. They make up the ground on which we walk, the dirt in which we dig foundations, and the soil in which we grow crops. Most of our human activity is related in one way or another to these surface materials that are referred to collectively by many geologists as regolith, the mantle of fragmental and generally unconsolidated material that overlies the bedrock foundation of the continent. The maps were compiled at 1:1,000,000 scale. In recent years, surficial deposits and materials have become the focus of much interest by scientists, environmentalists, governmental agencies, and the general public. They are the foundations of ecosystems, the materials that support plant growth and animal habitat, and the materials through which travels much of the water required for our agriculture, our industry, and our general well being. They also are materials that easily can become contaminated by pesticides, fertilizers, and toxic wastes. In this context, the value of the surficial geologic map is evident.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/i1420(NH15)","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Louisiana Geological Survey, the Mississippi Geological Survey, and the Texas Bureau of Economic Geology","usgsCitation":"Gilliland, W.A., Wermund, E., Weide, D.L., Moore, D., and Bush, C.A., 1990, Quaternary geologic map of the White Lake 4° x 6° quadrangle, United States (Digital Edition November 2012): U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1420(NH-15), Report: 7 p.; 1 Plate: 43.6 x 29.23 inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/i1420(NH15).","productDescription":"Report: 7 p.; 1 Plate: 43.6 x 29.23 inches; Downloads Directory","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":187433,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/i_1420(NH_15).jpg"},{"id":106727,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9203.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"9203"},{"id":263422,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-1420/nh-15/downloads/I-1420_nh-15_map.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":263421,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-1420/nh-15/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":263423,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-1420/nh-15/downloads/textonly.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":263425,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-1420/nh-15/downloads/Digital%20edition%20history.doc"},{"id":263424,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-1420/nh-15/downloads/"}],"scale":"1000000","country":"United States","state":"Louisiana, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Gulf Of Mexico, White Lake 4° x 6° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -96.0,28.0 ], [ -96.0,32.0 ], [ -90.0,32.0 ], [ -90.0,28.0 ], [ -96.0,28.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Digital Edition November 2012","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a1d9","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Pope, David E.","contributorId":50798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749859,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1}],"editors":[{"text":"Richmond, Gerald M.","contributorId":87165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"Gerald M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749860,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Gilliland, William A.","contributorId":61721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilliland","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wermund, E. G.","contributorId":80986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wermund","given":"E. 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R.","contributorId":18015,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ward","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harr, C.A.","contributorId":106920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harr","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":36158,"text":"b1673 - 1990 - Selected caves and lava-tube systems in and near Lava Beds National Monument, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-23T11:34:45","indexId":"b1673","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1673","title":"Selected caves and lava-tube systems in and near Lava Beds National Monument, California","docAbstract":"Lava Beds National Monument (fig. 1) lies on the north slope of the huge Medicine Lake shield (fig. 2), a complex volcanic edifice of greater volume than the steep-sided Mount Shasta volcanic cone, which towers as a snowclad land mark 40 mi southwest of the monument (fig. 3).
\nMuch of the north and south flanks of the Medicine Lake shield were built from molten lava transmitted through lava tubes. These tubes formed beneath the congealing surface of basalt flows in somewhat the same way that a brook may continue to flow beneath a cover of its own winter ice. As molten lava emerges from a vent and flows downslope, congealing lava from the top and sides of the central channel often forms a bridge over the lava stream. The sticking together of bits of lava spatter and fragile lava crusts strengthens the bridge in the manner that thin crusts of floating ice raft together to cover a brook during early stages of a winter freeze. Eruption of basalt lava, however, is a much more violent and spasmodic process than the steady gathering of water that feeds a brook. If liquid lava stops rising from its source deep within the earth, the still-molten lava moving beneath the crusted-over top of a lava flow will continue to drain downhill and may ultimately leave an open lavatube cave-often large enough for people to walk through. It is rare, however, to find such a simple scenario recorded intact among the hundreds of lava-tube caves in the monument. Even before the top and walls of a lava flow have time to cool during a pause in lava supply, a new and violent eruption of lava may refill the open tube, overflow its upper end, and spread a new lava flow beside or on top of the first flow. Even if the original tube is large enough to contain the renewed supply of lava, this tube must deliver the new lava beyond the end of its original flow and thus the lava field extends farther and farther downslope. If the gradient of flow flattens, the tube may subdivide into a number of smaller distributaries, which spread laterally over the more gently sloping ground.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b1673","usgsCitation":"Waters, A.C., Donnelly-Nolan, J.M., and Rogers, B.W., 1990, Selected caves and lava-tube systems in and near Lava Beds National Monument, California: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1673, ix, 102 p.; 6 Plates: 41.40 x 49.12 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1673.","productDescription":"ix, 102 p.; 6 Plates: 41.40 x 49.12 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"116","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":97246,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1673/plate-3.pdf","size":"712","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":97247,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1673/plate-4.pdf","size":"873","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":97245,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1673/plate-2.pdf","size":"1105","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":97248,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1673/plate-5.pdf","size":"1076","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":97249,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1673/plate-6.pdf","size":"1192","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":165346,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1673/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":311550,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1673/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":97244,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1673/plate-1.pdf","size":"2006","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Lava Beds National Monument","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.6845703125,\n 41.65239288426814\n ],\n [\n -121.6845703125,\n 41.84808170729207\n ],\n [\n -121.43463134765625,\n 41.84808170729207\n ],\n [\n -121.43463134765625,\n 41.65239288426814\n ],\n [\n -121.6845703125,\n 41.65239288426814\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa66d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waters, Aaron Clement","contributorId":8081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waters","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"Clement","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Donnelly-Nolan, Julie M. 0000-0001-8714-9606 jdnolan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8714-9606","contributorId":3271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donnelly-Nolan","given":"Julie","email":"jdnolan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":215863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rogers, Bruce W.","contributorId":91549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}