Glacial deposits are the sole source of ground-water supplies in Grand Traverse County. These deposits range in thickness from 100 to 900 feet and consist of till, outwash, and materials of lacustrine and eolian origin. In some areas, the deposits fill buried valleys that are 500 feet deep. Sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic age, which underlie the glacial deposits, are mostly shale and are not used for water supply.
Of the glacial deposits, outwash and lacustrine sand are the most productive aquifers. Most domestic wells obtain water from sand and gravel at depths ranging from 50 to 150 feet and yield at least 20 gallons per minute. Irrigation, municipal, and industrial wells capable of yielding 250 gallons per minute or more are generally greater than 150 feet deep. At places in the county where moranial deposits contain large amounts of interbedded silt and clay, wells are generally deeper and yields are much lower.
Areal variations in the chemical and physical characteristics of ground and surface water are related to land use and chemical inputs to the hydrologic system. Information on fertilizer application, septic-tank discharges, animal wastes, and precipitation indicate that 40 percent of nitrogen input is from precipitation, 6 percent from septic tanks, 14 percent from animal wastes, and 40 percent from fertilizers.
Streams and lakes generally have a calcium bicarbonate-type water. The dissolved-solids concentration of streams ranged from 116 to 380 milligrams per liter, and that of lakes, from 47 to 170 milligrams per liter. Water of streams is hard to very hard; water of lakes ranges from soft to hard. The maximum total nitrogen concentration found in streams was 4.4 milligrams per liter. Water of lakes have low nitrogen concentrations; the median nitrate concentration is less than 0.01 milligrams per liter. Pesticides (Parathion and Simazine) were detected in low concentrations at six stream sites; 2,4-D was detected in low concentrations in water of two lakes. Relationships between land use and the yield of dissolved and suspended substances could not be established for most stream basins.
Calcium and bicarbonate are the principal dissolved substances in ground water. Dissolved-solids concentrations ranged from 70 to 700 milligrams per liter; the countywide mean concentration is 230 milligrams per liter. The mean nitrate concentration is 1.3 milligrams per liter; about 1.6 percent of the county's ground water has nitrate concentrations that exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's maximum drinking water level of 10 milligrams per liter. An effect of fertilizer applications on ground-water quality is evident in some parts of the county.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri904122","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Grand Traverse County and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey Division","usgsCitation":"Cummings, T., Gillespie, J., and Grannemann, N., 1990, Hydrology and land use in Grand Traverse County, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4122, Document: viii, 99 p.; 3 Plates: 26.93 x 38.31 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904122.","productDescription":"Document: viii, 99 p.; 3 Plates: 26.93 x 38.31 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123237,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4122/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55581,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4122/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55582,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4122/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55583,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4122/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55584,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4122/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Grand Traverse County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.3317,44.8158],[-85.3363,44.512],[-85.4567,44.5116],[-85.5804,44.5116],[-85.6956,44.5124],[-85.8205,44.5117],[-85.8184,44.5988],[-85.816,44.7744],[-85.6938,44.7738],[-85.6385,44.7729],[-85.6321,44.7679],[-85.6245,44.7665],[-85.6136,44.7641],[-85.6071,44.7663],[-85.5994,44.7658],[-85.5942,44.7676],[-85.5948,44.7713],[-85.5948,44.7736],[-85.5881,44.7941],[-85.5794,44.8159],[-85.5774,44.8191],[-85.5748,44.8209],[-85.5716,44.8227],[-85.5644,44.8322],[-85.5577,44.8477],[-85.5518,44.8591],[-85.5485,44.8627],[-85.5362,44.8717],[-85.5335,44.8781],[-85.5321,44.8845],[-85.5333,44.8886],[-85.5314,44.8909],[-85.5268,44.8931],[-85.5274,44.8986],[-85.5306,44.8991],[-85.5351,44.8991],[-85.5428,44.8992],[-85.5493,44.8988],[-85.5512,44.8974],[-85.5513,44.8956],[-85.5533,44.8924],[-85.5565,44.8888],[-85.5591,44.8883],[-85.5661,44.8929],[-85.5648,44.8984],[-85.5596,44.8993],[-85.5589,44.9011],[-85.5537,44.9061],[-85.5393,44.9197],[-85.5308,44.9292],[-85.53,44.9452],[-85.526,44.9497],[-85.5199,44.9707],[-85.5173,44.9743],[-85.5108,44.9765],[-85.5004,44.9801],[-85.4952,44.986],[-85.4874,44.9901],[-85.4803,44.9909],[-85.4745,44.99],[-85.4719,44.9881],[-85.4688,44.9794],[-85.4653,44.9593],[-85.4672,44.9584],[-85.4814,44.9608],[-85.4859,44.959],[-85.4879,44.9567],[-85.4873,44.9554],[-85.4867,44.949],[-85.4861,44.9439],[-85.4875,44.9398],[-85.4875,44.9389],[-85.4895,44.9339],[-85.4922,44.9285],[-85.4928,44.9262],[-85.4916,44.9207],[-85.4898,44.9166],[-85.4885,44.9143],[-85.4918,44.912],[-85.4925,44.9075],[-85.4906,44.902],[-85.49,44.8979],[-85.4934,44.8901],[-85.4941,44.8869],[-85.4929,44.8828],[-85.4935,44.8796],[-85.4988,44.8737],[-85.495,44.866],[-85.4977,44.8591],[-85.4984,44.8578],[-85.5082,44.8464],[-85.5296,44.8384],[-85.5569,44.8135],[-85.559,44.8062],[-85.5598,44.7925],[-85.5592,44.7866],[-85.5606,44.782],[-85.5697,44.7711],[-85.5698,44.7693],[-85.5737,44.7648],[-85.5744,44.762],[-85.5738,44.7575],[-85.5649,44.7528],[-85.5559,44.7514],[-85.5341,44.7476],[-85.5283,44.7498],[-85.5217,44.7584],[-85.5068,44.7688],[-85.5067,44.7716],[-85.5053,44.7812],[-85.5097,44.7857],[-85.5077,44.7907],[-85.5071,44.793],[-85.5024,44.8017],[-85.4966,44.8057],[-85.492,44.8084],[-85.4875,44.8102],[-85.4856,44.8107],[-85.4817,44.8138],[-85.4719,44.817],[-85.4615,44.8265],[-85.4587,44.8387],[-85.4528,44.8478],[-85.4501,44.8551],[-85.4443,44.8596],[-85.3831,44.8591],[-85.3787,44.8518],[-85.3763,44.844],[-85.3706,44.8353],[-85.3624,44.8284],[-85.3572,44.827],[-85.3489,44.8265],[-85.3387,44.8227],[-85.3317,44.8158]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Grand Traverse\",\"state\":\"MI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8f70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cummings, T. R.","contributorId":104082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cummings","given":"T. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gillespie, J.L.","contributorId":67927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillespie","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grannemann, N.G.","contributorId":11221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grannemann","given":"N.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26953,"text":"wri904132 - 1990 - Geomorphic evaluation of erosional stability at reclaimed surface mines in northwestern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:30","indexId":"wri904132","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4132","title":"Geomorphic evaluation of erosional stability at reclaimed surface mines in northwestern Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri904132","usgsCitation":"Elliott, J.G., 1990, Geomorphic evaluation of erosional stability at reclaimed surface mines in northwestern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4132, vii, 67 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904132.","productDescription":"vii, 67 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119112,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4132/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55839,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4132/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c525","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, J. G.","contributorId":45341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27985,"text":"wri894124 - 1990 - Determination of hydraulic properties in the vicinity of a landfill near Antioch, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:42","indexId":"wri894124","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4124","title":"Determination of hydraulic properties in the vicinity of a landfill near Antioch, Illinois","docAbstract":"A hydrogeologic investigation was conducted in and around a landfill near Antioch, Illinois, in December 1987. The investigation consisted, in part, of an aquifer test that was designed to determine the hydraulic connection between the hydrogeologic units in the area. The hydrogeologic units consist of a shallow, unconfined, sand and gravel aquifer of variable thickness that overlies an intermediate confining unit of variable thickness composed predominantly of till. Underlying the till is a deep, confined, sand and gravel aquifer that serves as the water supply for the village of Antioch. The aquifer test was conducted in the confined aquifer.\r\nAquifer-test data were analyzed using the Hantush and Jacob method for a leaky confined aquifer with no storage in the confining unit. Calculated transmissivity of the confined aquifer ranged from 1.96x10^4 to 2.52x10^4 foot squared per day and storativity ranged from 2.10x10^-4 to 8.71x10^-4. Leakage through the confining unit ranged from 1.29x10^-4 to 7.84x10^-4 foot per day per foot, and hydraulic conductivity of the confining unit ranged from 3.22x10^-3 to 1.96x10^-2 foot per day.\r\n\r\nThe Hantush method for analysis of a leaky confined aquifer with storage in the confining unit also was used to estimate aquifer and confining-unit properties. Transmissivity and storativity values calculated using the Hantush method are in good agreement with the values calculated from the Hantush and Jacob method.\r\n\r\nProperties of the confining unit were estimated using the ratio method of Neuman and Witherspoon. The estimated diffusivity of the confining unit ranged from 50.36 to 68.13 feet squared per day, A value for the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the confining unit calculated from data obtained using both the Hantush and the Neuman and Witherspoon methods was within the range of values calculated by the Hantush and Jacob method.\r\n\r\nThe aquifer-test data clearly showed that the confining unit is hydraulically connected to the confined aquifer. The aquifer-test data also indicated that the unconfined aquifer becomes hydraulically connected to the deep sand and gravel aquifer within 24 hours after the start of pumping in the confined aquifer.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri894124","usgsCitation":"Kay, R.T., and Earle, J.D., 1990, Determination of hydraulic properties in the vicinity of a landfill near Antioch, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4124, v, 28 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894124.","productDescription":"v, 28 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2212,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=WRIR&number=89-4124","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124932,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4124/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56808,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4124/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db66765a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kay, Robert T. 0000-0002-6281-8997 rtkay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6281-8997","contributorId":1122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kay","given":"Robert","email":"rtkay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":199012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Earle, John D.","contributorId":34537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Earle","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26873,"text":"wri904014 - 1990 - Water resources of the Descanso Area, San Diego County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:28","indexId":"wri904014","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4014","title":"Water resources of the Descanso Area, San Diego County, California","docAbstract":"Hydrologic information was collected during water year 1988 (October 1987 to September 1988) to evaluate the effects of current pumping on groundwater levels in the Descanso area in south-central San Diego County. Water year 1988 was a period of near-normal precipitation and runoff. The groundwater system in the area consists of aquifers in the metamorphic and granitic bedrock and in the overlying regolith (weathered bedrock). Most wells penetrate both aquifers, but the regolith is the source of most water pumped from wells. Groundwater storage in 1988 was estimated to be 800 to 2,000 acre-ft in the regolith and 300 to 3,000 acre-ft in bedrock. Recharge to the groundwater system from infiltration of precipitation and streamflow was estimated to be about 1,000 acre-ft. Pumpage, which was estimated to be 170 acre-ft, had little effect on groundwater storage. Water levels in wells were nearly the same at the end of the water year as at the beginning. Groundwater quality generally was suitable for domestic uses. Concentrations of iron and manganese , although nontoxic, exceeded California maximum contaminant levels for domestic drinking water in some wells. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri904014","usgsCitation":"Duell, L., 1990, Water resources of the Descanso Area, San Diego County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4014, v, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904014.","productDescription":"v, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4014/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55766,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4014/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f0572","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duell, L. F. Jr.","contributorId":39009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duell","given":"L. F.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28580,"text":"wri894189 - 1990 - Calibration and sensitivity analysis of a ground-water flow model of the coastal lowlands aquifer system in parts of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:47","indexId":"wri894189","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4189","title":"Calibration and sensitivity analysis of a ground-water flow model of the coastal lowlands aquifer system in parts of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri894189","usgsCitation":"Martin, A., and Whiteman, C.D., 1990, Calibration and sensitivity analysis of a ground-water flow model of the coastal lowlands aquifer system in parts of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4189, vi, 54 p. (some folded) :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894189.","productDescription":"vi, 54 p. (some folded) :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126549,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4189/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57403,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4189/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57404,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4189/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57405,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4189/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57406,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4189/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57407,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4189/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f95b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Angel Jr.","contributorId":42571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Angel","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whiteman, C. D. Jr.","contributorId":20367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whiteman","given":"C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27448,"text":"wri904167 - 1990 - Gaged and estimated monthly streamflow during 1931-84 for selected sites in the Red River of the North basin in North Dakota and Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-05T19:19:04.827574","indexId":"wri904167","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4167","title":"Gaged and estimated monthly streamflow during 1931-84 for selected sites in the Red River of the North basin in North Dakota and Minnesota","docAbstract":"Operation of the Garrison Diversion Unit in North Dakota may have various effects on the quantity and quality of streamflow in the Sheyenne River and the Red River of the North. To model the effects that the Garrison Diverson Unit could have on water quantity, monthly gaged and estimated streamflow data and estimated unregulated streamflow data were compiled to develop a complete monthly streamflow record for January 1931 through December 1984 (data-development period) for 29 sites in the Red River of the North basin.
Gaged streamflow records were available for January 1931 through December 1984 for only 4 sites; no records or records of various length were available for the remaining 25 sites. Drainage-area ratio and Maintenance of Variance Extension Type 1 methods were used to estimate the streamflow for those sites that had no streamflow record or had a streamflow record available for only part of the data-development period.
Unregulated streamflow for the 29 sites was estimated by removing the hydrologic effects of Lake Ashtabula, which is formed behind Baldhill Dam on the Sheyenne River, and surface-water withdrawals. VIater-balance procedures were used to remove the hydrologic effects of Lake Ashtabula from the streamflow record for sites downstream of Baldhill Dam.
Mean annual gaged streamflow for the Sheyenne River below Baldhill Dam was 9,175 acre-feet less than mean annual estimated unregulated streamflow for 1950-84, when Baldhill Dam was in operation. Net evaporation losses from Lake Ashtabula account for most of the difference between gaged streamflow and estimated unregulated streamflow.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri904167","usgsCitation":"Guenthner, R., Weigel, J.F., and Emerson, D.G., 1990, Gaged and estimated monthly streamflow during 1931-84 for selected sites in the Red River of the North basin in North Dakota and Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4167, Report: vi, 230 p.; 1 Plate: 21.28 x 15.64 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904167.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 230 p.; 1 Plate: 21.28 x 15.64 inches","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56307,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4167/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56306,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4167/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126801,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4167/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":411441,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47416.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Red River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.5,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -100.6667,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -100.6667,\n 45.75\n ],\n [\n -94.5,\n 45.75\n ],\n [\n -94.5,\n 49\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1460","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guenthner, R. S.","contributorId":31433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guenthner","given":"R. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weigel, J. F.","contributorId":74394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weigel","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Emerson, D. G.","contributorId":39385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emerson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28448,"text":"wri904150 - 1990 - Simulation of ground-water flow in the St Peter aquifer in an area contaminated by coal-tar derivatives, St Louis Park, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-13T19:48:03.37146","indexId":"wri904150","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4150","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in the St Peter aquifer in an area contaminated by coal-tar derivatives, St Louis Park, Minnesota","docAbstract":"A model constructed to simulate ground-water flow in part of the Prairie du Chien-Jordan and St. Peter aquifers, St. Louis Park, Minnesota, was used to test hypotheses about the movement of ground water contaminated with coal-tar derivatives and to simulate alternatives for reducing the downgradient movement of contamination in the St. Peter aquifer. The model, constructed for a previous study, was applied to simulate the effects of current ground-water withdrawals on the potentiometric surface of the St. Peter aquifer. Multiaquifer wells served as conduits for vertical exchange of water from the St. Peter aquifer to the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer. Model simulations predict that the multiaquifer wells have the potential to limit downgradient migration of contaminants in the St. Peter aquifer caused by cones of depression created around the multiaquifer wells. Differences in vertical leakage to the St. Peter aquifer may exist in areas of bedrock valleys. Model simulations indicate that these differences are not likely to affect significantly the general patterns of ground-water flow.
\nModel simulations also indicated that drawdown caused by pumping two wells, each pumping at 75 gallons per minute and located about 1 mile southeast of the source of contamination, would be effective in controlling movement and volume of contaminated ground water in the immediate area of the source of contamination. Some contamination may already have moved beyond the influence of these wells, however, because of a complex set of hydraulic conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri904150","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Lorenz, D., and Stark, J., 1990, Simulation of ground-water flow in the St Peter aquifer in an area contaminated by coal-tar derivatives, St Louis Park, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4150, v, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904150.","productDescription":"v, 37 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57251,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4150/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159660,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4150/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":408281,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47405.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"St. Louis Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.4988021850586,\n 44.87436239539944\n ],\n [\n -93.4988021850586,\n 45.000009785501575\n ],\n [\n -93.25504302978516,\n 45.000009785501575\n ],\n [\n -93.25504302978516,\n 44.87436239539944\n ],\n [\n -93.4988021850586,\n 44.87436239539944\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f26b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorenz, D. L.","contributorId":10776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenz","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stark, J. R.","contributorId":100406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27291,"text":"wri884174 - 1990 - Effect of spray irrigation of treated wastewater on water quality of the surficial aquifer system, Reedy Creek Improvement District, central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:41","indexId":"wri884174","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4174","title":"Effect of spray irrigation of treated wastewater on water quality of the surficial aquifer system, Reedy Creek Improvement District, central Florida","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri884174","usgsCitation":"German, E.R., 1990, Effect of spray irrigation of treated wastewater on water quality of the surficial aquifer system, Reedy Creek Improvement District, central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4174, vi, 43 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884174.","productDescription":"vi, 43 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120055,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4174/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56172,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4174/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6254b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"German, E. R.","contributorId":86315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"German","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28192,"text":"wri904063 - 1990 - Geohydrologic framework and an analysis of a well-plugging program, Lee County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:45","indexId":"wri904063","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4063","title":"Geohydrologic framework and an analysis of a well-plugging program, Lee County, Florida","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri904063","usgsCitation":"La Rose, H., 1990, Geohydrologic framework and an analysis of a well-plugging program, Lee County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4063, iv, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904063.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121735,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4063/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57029,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4063/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57030,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4063/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8ec3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"La Rose, H. R.","contributorId":91537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"La Rose","given":"H. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27414,"text":"wri904152 - 1990 - Reconnaissance investigation of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Angostura Reclamation Unit, southwestern South Dakota, 1988-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:41","indexId":"wri904152","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4152","title":"Reconnaissance investigation of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Angostura Reclamation Unit, southwestern South Dakota, 1988-89","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri904152","usgsCitation":"Greene, E., Sowards, C., and Hansmann, E., 1990, Reconnaissance investigation of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Angostura Reclamation Unit, southwestern South Dakota, 1988-89: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4152, vi, 75 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904152.","productDescription":"vi, 75 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158696,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4152/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56272,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4152/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63eb9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greene, E.A.","contributorId":75575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sowards, C.L.","contributorId":54252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sowards","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hansmann, E.W.","contributorId":75576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansmann","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28511,"text":"wri894128 - 1990 - Hydrogeology of aquifers in Cretaceous and younger rocks in the vicinity of Onslow and southern Jones counties, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T09:55:25","indexId":"wri894128","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4128","title":"Hydrogeology of aquifers in Cretaceous and younger rocks in the vicinity of Onslow and southern Jones counties, North Carolina","docAbstract":"Unconsolidated sediments in Onslow and Jones Counties, North Carolina overlie crystalline basement rocks and range in thickness from about 700 ft to more than 1,800 ft, thickening toward the east. This material is composed of permeable sand and limestone interlayered with relatively impermeable clay and silt beds. Sediments are divided into two groups: aquifers in Quaternary-, and Tertiary-aged rocks and aquifers in Cretaceous-aged rocks. Aquifers in the Cretaceous rocks provide most of the groundwater for public supplies and are the focus of this report. The aquifers in Cretaceous rocks are the Peedee, Black Creek, upper Cape Fear, and lower Cape Fear aquifers, which are composed of beds or groups of beds of sand and gravel. Each aquifer is overlain by a clay and silt bed, that impedes the flow of water between aquifers. The thickness of Cretaceous hydrogeologic units ranges from about 700 ft to more than 1, 300 ft. Hydrogeologic units are correlated using 60 geophysical logs and accompanying drillers ' logs along with water level and water quality data. Three hydrogeologic sections demonstrate the continuity of the aquifers and confining units, show water levels and chloride concentration in water from test intervals, and delineate where chloride concentration in water exceeds 250 mg/L within each aquifer. Maps of each aquifer in Cretaceous rocks show altitude of its top, thickness, sand percentage, and the transition from freshwater to saltwater. Maps of the confining units show thickness and sand percentage of each.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri894128","usgsCitation":"Lyke, W., and Winner, M.D., 1990, Hydrogeology of aquifers in Cretaceous and younger rocks in the vicinity of Onslow and southern Jones counties, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4128, v, 49 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894128.","productDescription":"v, 49 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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J.","contributorId":33313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"D. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28510,"text":"wri894197 - 1990 - Ground-water pumpage and water-level declines in the Peedee and Black Creek aquifers in Onslow and Jones counties, North Carolina, 1900-86","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T10:20:08","indexId":"wri894197","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4197","title":"Ground-water pumpage and water-level declines in the Peedee and Black Creek aquifers in Onslow and Jones counties, North Carolina, 1900-86","docAbstract":"Two aquifers in sediments of Cretaceous age, The Peedee and Black Creek aquifers, have become a major source of freshwater in Onslow and Jones Counties in North Carolina since about 1960. Prior to 1960, most water systems in this area withdrew water from younger sand or limestone beds that overlie the Peedee and Black Creek aquifers. Water-quality and economic considerations related to the treatment of water from these shallower aquifers led to increased use of the Peedee and Black Creek aquifers. Water withdrawals from the Black Creek and Peedee aquifers were about 10,000 gallons per day in 1933. By 1986, total withdrawals were about 7.8 million gallons per day, about 90 percent of which was supplied from the Black Creek aquifer. As a result of these withdrawals, ground-water levels have declined throughout Onslow and Jones Counties. The average rate of decline in static water levels in the Peedee aquifer is about 0.6 feet per year in central Jones County and about 1.4 feet per year in northern Onslow County. Rates of water level decline in the Black Creek aquifer average about 8.3 feet per year in Jones County to about 12 feet per year in northern Onslow County. Water levels in the Peedee aquifer have declined as much as 40 feet in Jones County and 80 feet in northern Onslow County since about 1900. During the same period, water levels in the Black Creek aquifer have declined as much as 120 and 160 feet in Jones and northern Onslow Counties, respectively.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri894197","usgsCitation":"Lyke, W., and Brockman, A.R., 1990, Ground-water pumpage and water-level declines in the Peedee and Black Creek aquifers in Onslow and Jones counties, North Carolina, 1900-86: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4197, iv, 32 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894197.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57305,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4197/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122757,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4197/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Jones County, Onslow County","otherGeospatial":"Black Creek aquifer, Peedee aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-77.728271484375,35.007502842952896],[-77.706298828125,34.994003757575776],[-77.68569946289062,34.97487624147657],[-77.67471313476562,34.95349314197422],[-77.65823364257812,34.92647493584645],[-77.6898193359375,34.73145560017836],[-77.57034301757812,34.465806327688526],[-77.55386352539061,34.46693854910783],[-77.5360107421875,34.45674800347809],[-77.52639770507812,34.43636318093373],[-77.45223999023436,34.47373155509983],[-77.40692138671875,34.49410725526702],[-77.39044189453124,34.500898049218456],[-77.36297607421875,34.513346401475786],[-77.33688354492188,34.52126711205505],[-77.31353759765625,34.54049998801135],[-77.26959228515625,34.568775557959036],[-77.24075317382812,34.58686687870012],[-77.21466064453125,34.59365010878254],[-77.16796875,34.617387052407175],[-77.12677001953125,34.62981798126],[-77.09243774414062,34.67161743636362],[-77.11029052734375,34.68291096793206],[-77.11166381835938,34.70549341022544],[-77.12814331054688,34.726941022280975],[-77.135009765625,34.7461262752594],[-77.13088989257812,34.75289647745205],[-77.13363647460938,34.76192255039478],[-77.14050292968749,34.76192255039478],[-77.156982421875,34.76417891445512],[-77.15011596679688,34.77433178948767],[-77.15286254882812,34.78222760653013],[-77.16659545898438,34.78899484825181],[-77.156982421875,34.79576153473033],[-77.13226318359375,34.796889261824674],[-77.113037109375,34.796889261824674],[-77.09518432617188,34.80252766591687],[-77.08694458007812,34.81042078374209],[-77.0745849609375,34.8183131456094],[-77.05398559570312,34.82169535497484],[-77.05398559570312,34.83296838321102],[-77.11029052734375,34.831841149828655],[-77.10891723632812,35.01425155045957],[-77.09793090820312,35.0254981588326],[-77.1075439453125,35.0367432201753],[-77.11029052734375,35.07159307658134],[-77.12127685546875,35.077212628195525],[-77.13226318359375,35.077212628195525],[-77.135009765625,35.06709715666095],[-77.14599609375,35.058104573869024],[-77.15423583984375,35.06372505419625],[-77.16659545898438,35.064849103829204],[-77.17758178710938,35.058104573869024],[-77.18582153320312,35.06709715666095],[-77.18582153320312,35.076088748832625],[-77.18582153320312,35.085079350271805],[-77.46185302734375,35.22542873333704],[-77.52090454101562,35.24225438307026],[-77.51129150390625,35.1670728020265],[-77.60467529296875,35.068221159859256],[-77.728271484375,35.007502842952896]]]}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65daff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyke, W.L.","contributorId":75551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyke","given":"W.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brockman, A. R.","contributorId":49388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brockman","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28594,"text":"wri904031 - 1990 - Effects of channel modifications on the hydrology of Chicod Creek basin, North Carolina, 1975-87","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-25T11:42:32","indexId":"wri904031","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4031","title":"Effects of channel modifications on the hydrology of Chicod Creek basin, North Carolina, 1975-87","docAbstract":"Drainage modifications in this Coastal Plain basin from 1978 to 1981 consisted of channel excavation and clearing of blockages. A study was begun in 1975 to define hydrologic conditions of the basin before, during, and after modifications and to determine what changes were attributed to modifications. Surface-water conditions were altered during and following modifications. Minimum flow at Juniper Branch was increased from less than 0.1 cu ft/sec to 0.4 cu ft/second;streamflow variability was reduced from an index of 0.87 to 0.49. In-channel velocity at Chicod Creek was increased from a mean of 0.4 ft/sec to 1.5 ft/sec. Substantial groundwater level declines were observed in wells 180 and 250 ft from Juniper Branch during the modifications phase;these were 0.4 and 0.2 ft, respectively. However, most surface-water and groundwater conditions returned nearly to premodification levels by 1987. Water-quality characteristics monitored during the investigation included physical, chemical, and bacteriological characteristics. Physical characteristics monitored were suspended sediment, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH. Of these physical characteristics, only sediment concentrations increased substantially during channel modifications. Chemical characteristics studied were major dissolved constituents, nutrients, trace metals, and pesticides. Substantial changes ranged from a decline in total iron concentrations of 77% to an increase in total nitrite concentrations of 130%. Changes in many chemical characteristics persisted following channel modifications. Bacterial counts did not change substantially.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri904031","usgsCitation":"Mason, R., Simmons, C., and Watkins, S., 1990, Effects of channel modifications on the hydrology of Chicod Creek basin, North Carolina, 1975-87: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4031, vii, 83 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904031.","productDescription":"vii, 83 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57423,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4031/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124824,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4031/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Chicod Creek basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.167724609375,\n 35.55010533588552\n ],\n [\n -78.167724609375,\n 36.41244153535644\n ],\n [\n -76.86035156249999,\n 36.41244153535644\n ],\n [\n -76.86035156249999,\n 35.55010533588552\n ],\n [\n -78.167724609375,\n 35.55010533588552\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a48e4b07f02db6234c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mason, R.R. Jr.","contributorId":71590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"R.R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simmons, C.E.","contributorId":32572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmons","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watkins, S.A.","contributorId":83962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watkins","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27341,"text":"wri894173 - 1990 - Stream-aquifer system in the upper Bear River valley, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:39","indexId":"wri894173","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4173","title":"Stream-aquifer system in the upper Bear River valley, Wyoming","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri894173","usgsCitation":"Glover, K.C., 1990, Stream-aquifer system in the upper Bear River valley, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4173, v, 58 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894173.","productDescription":"v, 58 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4173/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56206,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4173/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a50ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glover, K. C.","contributorId":14828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glover","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28496,"text":"wri894103 - 1990 - Geohydrology and numerical model analysis of ground-water flow in the Pullman-Moscow area, Washington and Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-08T20:31:37.211838","indexId":"wri894103","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4103","title":"Geohydrology and numerical model analysis of ground-water flow in the Pullman-Moscow area, Washington and Idaho","docAbstract":"The geohydrology of the Pullman, Washington-Moscow, Idaho area was investigated by mapping geohydrologic units, determining the distribution of hydraulic head in each unit, and determining some of the components of the water budget. This information was used to construct a three- dimensional groundwater-flow model that incorporates three layers--a surficial loess layer, a Wanapum Basalt layer, and a Grande Ronde Basalt layer. The model was used to assess the effects of changes in the rate of withdrawal of groundwater on the water levels in the geohydrologic units and on streamflow in the area. Recharge to the groundwater system was calculated independent of the model. It was determined that current farming practices use soil moisture more effectively than did natural vegetation, and these practices have reduced groundwater recharge by nearly 10%. The three-dimensional model was calibrated using the time- averaged method for the period 1974-85, and was evaluated by simulating historical pumpage rate changes (1890-1985) and comparing calculated with observed water-level changes. Model results indicate that groundwater levels would stop declining if pumpage were stabilized at a constant level. Levels will continue to decline into the foreseeable future, however, as long as groundwater pumpage continues to increase. The source of the additional simulated pumpage is streamflow depletion near pumping locations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri894103","usgsCitation":"Lum, W.E., Smoot, J.L., and Ralston, D.R., 1990, Geohydrology and numerical model analysis of ground-water flow in the Pullman-Moscow area, Washington and Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4103, vi, 73 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894103.","productDescription":"vi, 73 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":413884,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47204.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123416,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4103/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57298,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4103/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Pullman-Moscow area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.5,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -117.5,\n 46.5\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 46.5\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -117.5,\n 47\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8cca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lum, W. 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II","contributorId":81504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lum","given":"W.","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smoot, James L.","contributorId":13605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smoot","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ralston, Dale R.","contributorId":100030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralston","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26817,"text":"wri894052 - 1990 - Characterization and simulation of rainfall-runoff relations for headwater basins in western King and Snohomish Counties, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:32","indexId":"wri894052","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4052","title":"Characterization and simulation of rainfall-runoff relations for headwater basins in western King and Snohomish Counties, Washington","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri894052","usgsCitation":"Dinicola, R., 1990, Characterization and simulation of rainfall-runoff relations for headwater basins in western King and Snohomish Counties, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4052, v, 52 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894052.","productDescription":"v, 52 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119072,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4052/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55700,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4052/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4ecf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dinicola, Richard S. 0000-0003-4222-294X dinicola@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4222-294X","contributorId":352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinicola","given":"Richard S.","email":"dinicola@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27616,"text":"wri904025 - 1990 - Simulation of solute transport in variably saturated porous media with supplemental information on modifications to the US Geological Survey's computer program VS2D","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:43","indexId":"wri904025","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4025","title":"Simulation of solute transport in variably saturated porous media with supplemental information on modifications to the US Geological Survey's computer program VS2D","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri904025","usgsCitation":"Healy, R.W., 1990, Simulation of solute transport in variably saturated porous media with supplemental information on modifications to the US Geological Survey's computer program VS2D: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4025, v, 125 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904025.","productDescription":"v, 125 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159004,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4025/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56477,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4025/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f21c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Healy, R. 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66ccf4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faye, R.E.","contributorId":106863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faye","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mayer, G.C.","contributorId":73206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayer","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28380,"text":"wri904093 - 1990 - Water resources of Hutchinson and Turner counties, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri904093","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources 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Eight hydrogeologic units are represented in the ground-water-flow model. Aquifers represented are the unconfined-drift, confined-drift, St. Peter, and Prairie du Chien-Jordan. Confining units represented are the upper drift, basal-drift, Decorah-Platteville-Glenwood, and basal St. Peter confining units. The ground-water-flow model was calibrated for steady-state conditions fbr a period before substantial ground-water development (1885-1930) and for a period of significant pumping stress (winter conditions, 1970-79). The principle of superposition was used in the steady-state simulation for 1970- 79. Transient conditions were simulated for an aquifer test conducted at the Minneapolis Water Works site and for seasonal variations in ground-water withdrawals resulting in seasonal fluctuations of hydraulic heads of as much as about 45 ft. Sensitivity analysis indicated that hydraulic heads in the confined-drift and St. Peter aquifers and Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer were most affected by varying the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the upper drift confining unit and recharge to the confined-drift and St. Peter aquifers.
\nSpatially variable leakage to the confined-drift and St. Peter aquifers in the steady-state simulation for 1885-1930 ranged from 1.0 to 2.3 inches per year. Leakage to the confined-drift and St. Peter aquifers in the steady-state simulation for 1970-79 increased 0 to 3.0 inches per year above the initial steady-state results. This increase represents additional leakage caused by the lowering of hydraulic heads due to ground-water withdrawals. Simulated leakage to the confined-drift and St. Peter aquifers for the transient simulation for 1987 varied both seasonally (0.4 to 2.1 inches per stress period) and spatially (2.6 to 5.7 inches per year).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri904165","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minneapolis Water Works","usgsCitation":"Lindgren, R.J., 1990, Simulation of ground-water flow in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan and overlying aquifers near the Mississippi River, Fridley, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4165, xi, 152 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904165.","productDescription":"xi, 152 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57181,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4165/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4165/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Fridley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.566667,\n 45.25\n ],\n [\n -93.566667,\n 44.875\n ],\n [\n -92.916667,\n 44.875\n ],\n [\n -92.916667,\n 45.25\n ],\n [\n -93.566667,\n 45.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2974","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindgren, R. J.","contributorId":70808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindgren","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27216,"text":"wri894210 - 1990 - Application of a distributed-routing rainfall-runoff model to flood-frequency estimation in Somerset County, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:43","indexId":"wri894210","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4210","title":"Application of a distributed-routing rainfall-runoff model to flood-frequency estimation in Somerset County, New Jersey","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri894210","usgsCitation":"Fulton, J., 1990, Application of a distributed-routing rainfall-runoff model to flood-frequency estimation in Somerset County, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4210, vii, 78 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894210.","productDescription":"vii, 78 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119874,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4210/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56088,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4210/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67ab5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fulton, J.L.","contributorId":49407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fulton","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27060,"text":"wri894046 - 1990 - Surface-water hydrology and salinity of the Anclote River estuary, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:41","indexId":"wri894046","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4046","title":"Surface-water hydrology and salinity of the Anclote River estuary, Florida","docAbstract":"Direct measurements of streamflow, tides, and salinity in the Anclote River Estuary, Florida were made during the period January 1984 through May 1986; historical streamflow was compared to that measured during the study; the influence of well-field pumpage on streamflow was evaluated; and regression relations between salinity, tide, and average daily streamflow were developed. Mean monthly streamflows during the study period generally were lower than the corresponding long-term monthly averages yet representative of flows that typically enter the estuary. The influence of pumpage from individual well fields in or near the basin on streamflow was not statistically significant; the influence of total well-field pumpage, however, was significant at the 5% level. The upstream daily location of 0.44-, 5.0-, 10-, and 18-parts-per-thousand (ppt) salinity was quantified using multiple regression techniques. Streamflow used in the analysis ranged from 2.3 to 263 cu ft/sec, and high tides ranged from 0.25 ft below to 2.76 ft above sea level. Vertical salinity profiles indicated partially to well-mixed conditions throughout the estuary during the study period. Results of the regression analyses show that streamflow has a large effect on the location of the saltwater- freshwater interface (defined as 0.44 ppt salinity) as well as water having a salinity of 5.0 ppt. The location of water having salinities greater than 5.0 ppt is affected increasingly by tide, with a corresponding decrease in effect by streamflow. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports,","doi":"10.3133/wri894046","usgsCitation":"Fernandez, M., 1990, Surface-water hydrology and salinity of the Anclote River estuary, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4046, iv, 34 p. :ill. ;29 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894046.","productDescription":"iv, 34 p. :ill. ;29 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158770,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4046/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55935,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4046/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a6fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fernandez, Mario Jr.","contributorId":77155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fernandez","given":"Mario","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}