Thick, glacial sand and gravel deposits provide most ground-water supplies in Kalamazoo County. These deposits range in thickness from 50 to about 600 feet in areas that overlie buried bedrock valleys. Most domestic wells completed at depths of less than 75 feet in the sands and gravels yield adequate water supplies. Most industry, public supply, and irrigation wells completed at depths of 100 to 200 feet yield 1,000 gallons per minute or more. The outwash plains include the most productive of the glacial aquifers in the county. The Coldwater Shale of Mississippian age, which underlies the glacial deposits in most of the county, usually yields only small amounts of largely mineralized water.
Ground-water levels in Kalamazoo County reflect short- and long-term changes in precipitation and local pumpage. Ground-water levels increase in the spring and decline in the fall.
Ground-water recharge rates, for different geologic settings, were estimated from ground-water runoff to the streams. Recharge rates ranged from 10.86 to 5.87 inches per year. A countywide-average ground-water recharge rate is estimated to be 9.32 inches per year.
Chemical quality of precipitation and dry fallout at two locations in Kalamazoo County were similar to that of other areas in the State. Total deposition of dissolved sulfate is 30.7 pounds per acre per year, of total nitrogen is 13.2 pounds per acre per year, and of total phosphorus is 0.3 pounds per acre per year. Rainfall and snow data indicated that the pH of precipitation is inversely proportional to its specific conductance.
Water of streams and rivers of Kalamazoo County is predominately of the calcium bicarbonate type, although dissolved sulfate concentrations are slightly larger in streams in the southeastern and northwestern parts of the county. The water in most streams is hard to very hard. Concentrations of dissolved chloride in streams draining urban-industrial areas are slightly larger than at other locations. Concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in streams are directly proportional to streamflow. Except for elevated concentrations of iron, none of the trace elements in streams exceeded maximum contaminant levels for drinking water established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Pesticides were detected in some streams.
Ground water in the surficial aquifers is of the calcium bicarbonate type, although sodium, sulfate, and chloride ions predominate at some locations. Specific conductance and hardness and concentrations of total dissolved-solids slightly exceed statewide averages. Concentrations of dissolved sodium and dissolved chloride in 6 wells were greater than most natural ground waters in the State, indicating possible contamination from road salts. Water samples from 6 of the 46 wells sampled contained concentrations of total nitrate as nitrogen greater than 10.0 milligrams per liter. Elevated concentrations of total nitrate as nitrogen in water from wells in rural-agricultural areas probably are related to fertilizer applications. Results of partial chemical analyses by the Michigan Department of Public Health indicates specific conductance, and concentrations of hardness, dissolved fluoride, and total iron are fairly uniform throughout the county. Concentrations of dissolved sodium, dissolved chloride, and total nitrate as nitrogen differed among townships. Pesticides were detected in water from only one well. Water from five wells contained volatile organics.
A map of susceptibility of ground water to contamination in Kalamazoo County was developed using a system created by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Seven geohydrologic factors that affect and control ground-water movement are mapped and composited onto a countywide map. All seven factors have some effect on countywide susceptibility, but the most important factors are depth to water and composition of the materials above the aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri904028","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey Division, and Kalamazoo County","usgsCitation":"Rheaume, S.J., 1990, Geohydrology and water quality of Kalamazoo County, Michigan, 1986-88: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4028, Document: x, 102 p.; 3 Plates: 39.20 x 33.65 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904028.","productDescription":"Document: x, 102 p.; 3 Plates: 39.20 x 33.65 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58182,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4028/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58183,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4028/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58184,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4028/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58185,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4028/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121811,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4028/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Kalamazoo County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.5421,42.4195],[-85.5328,42.4194],[-85.4172,42.4199],[-85.3091,42.4185],[-85.2979,42.4188],[-85.2969,42.3361],[-85.297,42.3298],[-85.2967,42.2721],[-85.296,42.2448],[-85.295,42.159],[-85.2928,42.0717],[-85.4102,42.0714],[-85.5301,42.0714],[-85.6427,42.0704],[-85.7638,42.0698],[-85.7654,42.157],[-85.7663,42.4196],[-85.5421,42.4195]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Kalamazoo\",\"state\":\"MI\"}}]}\n","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8bbd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rheaume, S. J.","contributorId":70804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rheaume","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28934,"text":"wri874156 - 1990 - Appraisal of the water resources of the Skunk Creek Aquifer in Minnehaha County, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:48","indexId":"wri874156","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4156","title":"Appraisal of the water resources of the Skunk Creek Aquifer in Minnehaha County, South Dakota","docAbstract":"The Skunk Creek aquifer, a major glacial outwash deposit in the Skunk Creek drainage basin, consists of a 30-sq-mi shallow stream connected sand and gravel aquifer in southeastern South Dakota. The aquifer thickness ranges from 1 to 74 ft. Average annual fluctuation of the water table is 2.5 ft. The water has an average dissolved-solids content of 620 mg/L and is very hard , averaging 403 mg/L calcium carbonate hardness. A numerical model was developed and calibrated under steady-state and transient conditions. The model contained 484 active nodes each representing 0.0625 sq mi. Hydraulic conductivities of the aquifer used in the model range from 10 to 400 ft/d, and average specific yield is 20%. Recharge from infiltration of precipitation was estimated to be 6 inches/yr or 24% of average annual precipitation. Maximum evapotranspiration rate was 32 inches/yr and the evapotranspiration extinction depth for the model was 5 ft. The steady-state hydrologic budget was about 11 ,000 acre-ft/yr. Recharge by precipitation was about 9,500 acre-ft and recharge from streams was about 1,100 acre-ft. Discharge by evapotranspiration was about 5,000 acre-ft and discharge to streams was about 5,700 acre-ft. A hypothetical simulation to determine maximum withdrawal under steady-state conditions resulted in a groundwater withdrawal of about 15,700 acre-ft/yr from 19 hypothetical wells pumping at a rate of 500 gal/min and 13 existing wells pumping at a combined average rate of 24 gal/min. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Books and Open-File Reports, [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri874156","usgsCitation":"Ohland, G., 1990, Appraisal of the water resources of the Skunk Creek Aquifer in Minnehaha County, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4156, v, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874156.","productDescription":"v, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124063,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4156/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57807,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4156/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a3eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ohland, G.L.","contributorId":45749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohland","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30221,"text":"wri894144 - 1990 - Hydrogeology of a hazardous-waste disposal site near Brentwood, Williamson County, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri894144","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4144","title":"Hydrogeology of a hazardous-waste disposal site near Brentwood, Williamson County, Tennessee","docAbstract":"Approximately 44,000 gal of industrial solvent wastes were disposed in pits on a farm near Brentwood, Tennessee, in 1978, and contaminants were reported in the soil and shallow groundwater on the site in 1985. In order for the State to evaluate possible remedial-action alternatives, an 18-month study was conducted to define the hydrogeologic setting of the site and surrounding area. The area is underlain by four hydrogeologic units: (1) an upper aquifer consisting of saturated regolith, Bigby-Cannon Limestone, and weathered Hermitage Formation; (2) the Hermitage confining unit; (3) a lower aquifer consisting of the Carters Limestone; and (4) the Lebanon confining unit. Wells generally are low yielding less than 1 gal/min ), although locally the aquifers may yield as much as 80 gal/minute. This lower aquifer is anisotropic, and transmissivity of this aquifer is greatest in a northwest-southeast direction. Recharge to the groundwater system is primarily from precipitation, and estimates of average annual recharge rates range from 6 to 15 inches/year. Discharge from the groundwater system is primarily to the Little Harpeth River and its tributaries. Groundwater flow at the disposal site is mainly to a small topographic depression that drains the site. Geochemical data indicate four distinct water types. These types represent (1) shallow, rapidly circulating groundwater; (2) deeper (> than 100 ft), rapidly circulating groundwater; (3) shallow, slow moving groundwater; and (4) deeper, slow moving groundwater. Results of the numerical model indicate that most flow is in the upper aquifer. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri894144","usgsCitation":"Tucci, P., Hanchar, D., and Lee, R.W., 1990, Hydrogeology of a hazardous-waste disposal site near Brentwood, Williamson County, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4144, v, 68 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894144.","productDescription":"v, 68 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2415,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri89-4144","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":122688,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_89_4144.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6248c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tucci, Patrick ptucci@usgs.gov","contributorId":926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucci","given":"Patrick","email":"ptucci@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":202882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanchar, D. W.","contributorId":87986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanchar","given":"D. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, R. W.","contributorId":86757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30525,"text":"wri904003 - 1990 - Chemical stability of wet-deposition samples, subsampled daily for one week","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:54","indexId":"wri904003","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4003","title":"Chemical stability of wet-deposition samples, subsampled daily for one week","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nCopies can be purchased from U.S. Geological Survey Books and Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri904003","usgsCitation":"Willoughby, T.C., See, R., and Schroder, L., 1990, Chemical stability of wet-deposition samples, subsampled daily for one week: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4003, iv, 19 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904003.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4003/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59305,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4003/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dee4b07f02db5e31e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willoughby, T. C.","contributorId":31791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willoughby","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"See, R.B.","contributorId":67910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"See","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schroder, L.J.","contributorId":31767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroder","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":203400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30242,"text":"wri904149 - 1990 - Quality of ground water in Clark County, Washington, 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:55","indexId":"wri904149","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4149","title":"Quality of ground water in Clark County, Washington, 1988","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri904149","usgsCitation":"Turney, G.L., 1990, Quality of ground water in Clark County, Washington, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4149, v, 97 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904149.","productDescription":"v, 97 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4149/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59019,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4149/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db654bc8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turney, G. L.","contributorId":95070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turney","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28972,"text":"wri894194 - 1990 - Estimates of consumptive use and ground-water return flow and the effect of rising and sustained high river stage on the method of estimation in Cibola Valley, Arizona and California, 1983 and 1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:35","indexId":"wri894194","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4194","title":"Estimates of consumptive use and ground-water return flow and the effect of rising and sustained high river stage on the method of estimation in Cibola Valley, Arizona and California, 1983 and 1984","docAbstract":"In Cibola Valley, Arizona, water is pumped from the Colorado River to irrigate crops and to maintain wildlife habitat. Unused water percolates to the water table and, as groundwater, moves downgradient into areas of phreatophytes, into a drainage ditch, out of the flood plain, and back to the river. In 1983 and 1984, groundwater return flow was negligible because in most of Cibola Valley the river lost water to the aquifer. Evapotranspiration was used as an approximation for consumptive use by vegetation. Evapotranspiration was calculated as the sum of the products of the area of vegetation types and water-use rate by vegetation type. Evapotranspiration was estimated to be 70,100 acre-ft in 1983 and 62,600 acre-ft in 1984. These estimates may be in error because of the effect of sustained inundation on the rate of water use by phreatophytes. The effects cannot be quantified and therefore adjustments to rates calculated for dry-surface conditions could not be made. The method of estimating consumptive use of water by vegetation and groundwater return flow is affected by changing conditions during years of rising and sustained high river stage caused by flood-control releases at Parker Dam. Most of the bank storage that will return to the river when the high river stage subsides did not originate as irrigation water. High river stage caused some areas to be flooded directly or raised groundwater levels above the land surface. No crops could be grown in flooded fields. The decreased depth to water and inundation with fresh water resulted in new phreatophyte growth in some areas. In some areas that were flooded, many phreatophytes died. Changes in the inundated and flooded areas throughout the years made it difficult to estimate the evaporation losses from the increased water surface. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri894194","usgsCitation":"Owen-Joyce, S.J., 1990, Estimates of consumptive use and ground-water return flow and the effect of rising and sustained high river stage on the method of estimation in Cibola Valley, Arizona and California, 1983 and 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4194, v, 41 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894194.","productDescription":"v, 41 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124215,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4194/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57845,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4194/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649f3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Owen-Joyce, Sandra J. 0000-0002-4400-5618 sjowen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4400-5618","contributorId":5215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen-Joyce","given":"Sandra","email":"sjowen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":200712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29266,"text":"wri854229 - 1990 - Ground-water-flow systems in the Powder River structural basin, Wyoming and Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:35","indexId":"wri854229","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4229","title":"Ground-water-flow systems in the Powder River structural basin, Wyoming and Montana","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri854229","usgsCitation":"Rankl, J., and Lowry, M., 1990, Ground-water-flow systems in the Powder River structural basin, Wyoming and Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4229, v, 39 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854229.","productDescription":"v, 39 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120144,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4229/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58118,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4229/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58119,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4229/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a1d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rankl, J.G.","contributorId":107733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rankl","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowry, M.E.","contributorId":55807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowry","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29933,"text":"wri894193 - 1990 - Liquid chromatographic determination of atrazine and its degradation products in water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri894193","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4193","title":"Liquid chromatographic determination of atrazine and its degradation products in water","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri894193","usgsCitation":"Steinheimer, T., and Ondrus, M., 1990, Liquid chromatographic determination of atrazine and its degradation products in water: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4193, iv, 19 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894193.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119698,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4193/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58749,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4193/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4f8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steinheimer, T.R.","contributorId":106166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinheimer","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ondrus, M.G.","contributorId":66307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ondrus","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29261,"text":"wri904027 - 1990 - Analysis of the effects of hypothetical changes in ground-water withdrawal from the Floridan aquifer system in the area of Glynn County, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-25T11:39:00","indexId":"wri904027","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4027","title":"Analysis of the effects of hypothetical changes in ground-water withdrawal from the Floridan aquifer system in the area of Glynn County, Georgia","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri904027","usgsCitation":"Randolph, R., and Krause, R., 1990, Analysis of the effects of hypothetical changes in ground-water withdrawal from the Floridan aquifer system in the area of Glynn County, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4027, v, 32 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904027.","productDescription":"v, 32 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121515,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4027/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58111,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4027/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58112,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4027/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58113,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4027/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58114,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4027/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Glynn County","otherGeospatial":"Floridan aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.1502685546875,\n 30.45340913020357\n ],\n [\n -82.1502685546875,\n 31.358327833411288\n ],\n [\n -81.01867675781249,\n 31.358327833411288\n ],\n [\n -81.01867675781249,\n 30.45340913020357\n ],\n [\n -82.1502685546875,\n 30.45340913020357\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db680133","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Randolph, R.B.","contributorId":38606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randolph","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krause, R.E.","contributorId":73210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krause","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30435,"text":"wri874062 - 1990 - Geothermal resources of the western arm of the Black Rock Desert, northwestern Nevada: Part II, aqueous geochemistry and hydrology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-02T21:22:21.188793","indexId":"wri874062","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4062","title":"Geothermal resources of the western arm of the Black Rock Desert, northwestern Nevada: Part II, aqueous geochemistry and hydrology","docAbstract":"The western arm of the Black Rock Desert, Nevada, includes several distinct hydrothermal systems, some of which exceed 150 C and may exceed 200 C at depth, determined on the basis of chemical geothermometry. The cation composition of the thermal water appears to be controlled by aluminosilicate minerals that are common in other active geothermal systems. Estimates of the equilibrium temperatures at which some mineral pairs are stable, when compared with the more commonly applied geothermometer estimates, indicate that thermodynamic data may be useful for estimating deep aquifer temperatures. Thermal water at Great Boiling and Mud Springs, which has a chloride concentration of about 2,000 mg/L and a total dissolved-solids concentration of 4 ,500 mg/L, appears to have been affected by shallow evapotranspiration in an adjacent playa prior to deep circulation. This model of recharge within the basin floor is distinctly different from models proposed for most other geothermal systems in the northern Great Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri874062","usgsCitation":"Welch, A., and Preissler, A.M., 1990, Geothermal resources of the western arm of the Black Rock Desert, northwestern Nevada: Part II, aqueous geochemistry and hydrology: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4062, vi, 91 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874062.","productDescription":"vi, 91 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":395309,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46739.htm"},{"id":59213,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4062/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124203,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4062/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Black Rock Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.5167,\n 40.6417\n ],\n [\n -118.9228,\n 40.6417\n ],\n [\n -118.9228,\n 41.4431\n ],\n [\n -119.5167,\n 41.4431\n ],\n [\n -119.5167,\n 40.6417\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ae7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Welch, A. H.","contributorId":14836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"A. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Preissler, A. M.","contributorId":85230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Preissler","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30504,"text":"wri894071 - 1990 - Ground-water flow in the Gulf Coast aquifer systems, south central United States — A preliminary analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-19T20:22:12.884776","indexId":"wri894071","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4071","title":"Ground-water flow in the Gulf Coast aquifer systems, south central United States — A preliminary analysis","docAbstract":"A major objective of the Gulf Coast Regional Aquifer-System Analysis is to use digital models of regional groundwater flow systems to develop better understanding and to improve management of the resource. Modeling is used to synthesize information about the aquifer systems and to test hypotheses about the relative importance of the components of the systems. The 290,000-sq mile study area in the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain includes the Mississippi embayment, Gulf Coastal Plain of Texas, and the Continental Shelf that are underlain by deposits of Tertiary and younger age, which contain fresh and saline water. A 10-layer, finite-difference, variable density model, with blocks 10 miles on a side, was used to simulate groundwater flow before development and in 1980, assuming steady- state conditions. Preliminary results indicate that the major factors controlling predevelopment regional flow are the topography, land-surface outcrop pattern, and geometry of aquifers and confining units. Geologic structure and the distribution of precipitation were less significant factors. The density of saline water in the deeper parts of the aquifer system probably has a substantial effect on regional groundwater flow that extends into the freshwater part of the system. Variable water density may be a significant driving force that transports salt great distances in many directions, including updip. The distribution and rates of regional recharge and discharge have been substantially changed by development. Groundwater pumpage in 1980 was about five times the value of predevelopment regional recharge. About 80% of the pumpage was supplied from increased regional recharge. Also resistance to vertical flow caused by many fine-grained beds within the permeable zones can be as important as resistance caused by regional confining units.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri894071","usgsCitation":"Williamson, A.K., Grubb, H.F., and Weiss, J.S., 1990, Ground-water flow in the Gulf Coast aquifer systems, south central United States — A preliminary analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4071, Report: vii, 124 p.; 4 Plates: 26.50 × 13.44 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894071.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 124 p.; 4 Plates: 26.50 × 13.44 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":59281,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4071/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59280,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4071/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59279,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4071/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59282,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4071/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":394536,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47182.htm"},{"id":123736,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4071/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59278,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4071/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf Coast aquifer systems","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100,\n 26\n ],\n [\n -87.5,\n 26\n ],\n [\n -87.5,\n 37.3333\n ],\n [\n -100,\n 37.3333\n ],\n [\n -100,\n 26\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cd49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williamson, A. K.","contributorId":57872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grubb, H. F.","contributorId":16863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grubb","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weiss, J. S.","contributorId":63414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiss","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29244,"text":"wri894207 - 1990 - Floods of February 1989 in Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:38","indexId":"wri894207","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4207","title":"Floods of February 1989 in Tennessee","docAbstract":"Rainfall amounts of over 5 inches the night of February 13 and the morning of February 14, 1989, caused flooding in areas of Middle and West Tennessee. The towns of Lebanon in Middle Tennessee and Obion in West Tennessee were most severely affected. Most of the business district in Lebanon and many residential areas in Obion were flooded. Recurrence intervals for 24-hour rainfall totals were as high as 25 years at some sites but most peak discharges had recurrence intervals of less than 10 years. Rainfall amounts for the period February 13-20, 1989, peak stages and discharges for this flood, the peak of record, and a list of discharge measurements made during the flood are documented. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\ncopies can be purchased from U.S. Geological Survey Books and Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri894207","usgsCitation":"Quinones, F., and Gamble, C.R., 1990, Floods of February 1989 in Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4207, iv, 15 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894207.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120151,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_89_4207.jpg"},{"id":2243,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri89-4207","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d9e4b07f02db5dfe32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quinones, Ferdinand","contributorId":44138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones","given":"Ferdinand","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gamble, C. R.","contributorId":26727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gamble","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28996,"text":"wri904194 - 1990 - Application of geophysical well log analysis to characterization of aquifers in the Sinai Region, Republic of Egypt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri904194","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4194","title":"Application of geophysical well log analysis to characterization of aquifers in the Sinai Region, Republic of Egypt","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri904194","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., Zaghloul, E., and El Daftar, T., 1990, Application of geophysical well log analysis to characterization of aquifers in the Sinai Region, Republic of Egypt: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4194, v, 54 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904194.","productDescription":"v, 54 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118909,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4194/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57863,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4194/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a9e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zaghloul, E.S.","contributorId":86814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaghloul","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"El Daftar, Tag","contributorId":69194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"El Daftar","given":"Tag","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29894,"text":"wri904159 - 1990 - Monitoring regional ground-water quality; statistical considerations and description of a monitoring network in Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:54","indexId":"wri904159","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4159","title":"Monitoring regional ground-water quality; statistical considerations and description of a monitoring network in Kansas","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri904159","usgsCitation":"Spruill, T., 1990, Monitoring regional ground-water quality; statistical considerations and description of a monitoring network in Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4159, vi, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904159.","productDescription":"vi, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119458,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4159/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58710,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4159/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635b8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spruill, T.B.","contributorId":76747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spruill","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28997,"text":"wri904034 - 1990 - Estimation of the relative permeability distribution in fractured granitic rocks by means of vertical flow measurements in the Siblingen borehole, Switzerland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri904034","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4034","title":"Estimation of the relative permeability distribution in fractured granitic rocks by means of vertical flow measurements in the Siblingen borehole, Switzerland","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Sections [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri904034","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., Hess, A., and Morin, R.H., 1990, Estimation of the relative permeability distribution in fractured granitic rocks by means of vertical flow measurements in the Siblingen borehole, Switzerland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4034, v, 26 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904034.","productDescription":"v, 26 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121502,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4034/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57864,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4034/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb1b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hess, A.E.","contributorId":71979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morin, R. H.","contributorId":31794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30287,"text":"wri904107 - 1990 - Relation between urbanization and water quality of streams in the Austin area, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-16T09:45:33","indexId":"wri904107","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4107","title":"Relation between urbanization and water quality of streams in the Austin area, Texas","docAbstract":"Selected water-quality properties and constituents of stormflow and base flow were compared to determine the relation between the degree of urbanization and the water quality in a drainage basin. Samples were collected during three flow categories (rising stage and falling stage of stormflow and base flow) at 18 sites on 11 streams. The degree of urbanization is indicated by grouping the sample sites by development based on the percent of impervious cover in the drainage basin. Four development classifications rural, mostly rural, partly urban, and urban were identified based on ranges of impervious cover in the drainage basins. For each site and development classification, the concentrations and densities in samples collected during the rising stage and falling stage of stormflow and during base flow were compared. Samples were collected for physical organics and inorganics, nutrients, indicator bacteria, inorganic trace elements, synthetic organic compounds, and radiochemical constituents.
\nExcept for dissolved solids, the concentrations in samples collected during the rising stage of stormflow were larger than in samples collected during the falling stage. The concentrations in stormflow were larger than in base flow. The concentrations and densities of suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci increased with increased impervious cover.
\nFor the five sample sites that had a sufficient number of samples from each flow category for statistical comparisons, the median concentrations in samples collected during the rising stage and falling stage of stormflow were significantly larger than the base-flow median concentrations. In addition, the concentrations in samples collected during the rising stage were more variable and significantly larger than in those collected during the falling stage of stormflow. Statistical differences between the median concentrations in samples collected during the rising stage and falling stage of stormflow were not evident for the site with the mostly rural drainage basin.
\nExcept for dissolved solids, the median concentrations in samples collected during the rising stage and falling stage of stormflow increased with increasing development classifications. For base flow, the median concentrations were also larger for more urban classifications than for the other classifications.
\nThe ratio of the number of samples with detectable concentrations to the total number of samples analyzed for 18 inorganic trace elements and the concentrations of many of these minor constituents increased with increasing development classifications. Twenty-two of the 42 synthetic organic compounds for which samples were analyzed were detected in one or more samples. The compounds were detected more frequently and in larger concentrations at the sites with more urban classifications.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri904107","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Austin","usgsCitation":"Veenhuis, J., and Slade, R., 1990, Relation between urbanization and water quality of streams in the Austin area, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4107, Document: v, 64 p.; Plate: 24.11 x 33.65 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904107.","productDescription":"Document: v, 64 p.; Plate: 24.11 x 33.65 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159665,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4107/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59078,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4107/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59079,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4107/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Austin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.18069458007812,\n 29.88470894463455\n ],\n [\n -98.18069458007812,\n 30.471165021624223\n ],\n [\n -97.47344970703124,\n 30.471165021624223\n ],\n [\n -97.47344970703124,\n 29.88470894463455\n ],\n [\n -98.18069458007812,\n 29.88470894463455\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a39a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Veenhuis, J.E.","contributorId":6850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veenhuis","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slade, R.M.","contributorId":84364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slade","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29897,"text":"wri894190 - 1990 - Preliminary evaluation of the effects of an abandoned oil refinery on chemical quality of water in the Arkansas River valley, Arkansas City, Kansas, 1985-86","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:54","indexId":"wri894190","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4190","title":"Preliminary evaluation of the effects of an abandoned oil refinery on chemical quality of water in the Arkansas River valley, Arkansas City, Kansas, 1985-86","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri894190","usgsCitation":"Spruill, T., 1990, Preliminary evaluation of the effects of an abandoned oil refinery on chemical quality of water in the Arkansas River valley, Arkansas City, Kansas, 1985-86: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4190, vi, 53 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894190.","productDescription":"vi, 53 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159480,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4190/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58712,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4190/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58713,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4190/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c3d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spruill, T.B.","contributorId":76747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spruill","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29775,"text":"wri894169 - 1990 - Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the carbonate rocks of the Valley Creek basin, eastern Chester County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-12T13:31:25","indexId":"wri894169","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4169","title":"Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the carbonate rocks of the Valley Creek basin, eastern Chester County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Sixty-eight percent of the 22.6-square-mile Valley Creek basin is underlain by Cambrian and Ordovician limestone and dolomite. Ground water flows through a network of interconnected secondary openings; primary porosity is virtually nonexistent. Some of these openings have been enlarged by solution. Secondary porosity and permeability exhibit great spatial variability, and the yield and specific capacity of wells are highly variable. The number of water-bearing zones decreases with depth. Fifty percent of water-bearing zones are encountered within 100 feet of the land surface, and 81 percent are within 200 feet.\r\n\r\n Most ground-water flow in the Valley Creek basin is local and discharges to nearby streams. Ground-water discharge comprised an average of 76 percent of the flow of Valley Creek during 1983--87, including both natural ground- water discharge and quarry pumpage discharged to Valley Creek. Discharge from the Cedar Hollow quarry comprised 21 to 26 percent of the base flow of Valley Creek; the average was 23 percent. The average natural base flow of Valley Creek would be 8 percent lower if the quarry were not operating.\r\n\r\n Regional ground-water flow is to the northeast to the Schuylkill River. On the western side of the Valley Creek basin, the ground-water divide is 1/2 mile west of the surface-water divide. An estimated 0.75 million gallons per day of ground water flows from the adjacent West Valley Creek basn eastward into the Valley Creek basin. A ground-water divide is not present on the eastern side of the basin; the water table slopes gently eastward toward the Schuylkill River. On the northeaster side, an estimated 1.76 million gallons per day of ground water flows northeastward out of the basin to the Schuylkill River beneath the surface-water divide. On the southeaster side, an estimated 0.85 million gallons per day of ground water flows beneath the surface-water divide into the basin.\r\n\r\n Annual water budgets and an average water budget were calculated for 1983-87 for the 20.8-square-mile area bove the streamflow-gaging station. Annual precipitation for 1983-87 ranged from 40.61 to 56.55 inches and averaged 47.25 inches; annual streamflow ranged from 15.55 to 28.57 inches and averaged 22.31 inches; annual evapotranspiration ranged from 18.21 to 24.83 inches and averaged 22.90 inches; and annual recharge ranged from 15.89 to 26.84 inches and averaged 21.04 inches.\r\n\r\n The Valley Creek basin was modeled as a two-dimensional water-table aquifer. Recharge to, ground-water flow through, and discharge from the rocks of Chester valley were simulated. In order to include the natural hydrologic boundaries of the ground-water-flwo system, the 66.4-square-mile area between the Brandywine Creek and the Schuylkill River was modeled. The model was calibrated under stead-state conditions using avareage recharge and evapotranspiration rates. Aquifer hydraulic conductivity was estimated from specific-capacity and quifer-test data. The average (1983-87) annual water budget for hte Valley Creek basin was simualted.\r\n\r\n The effect of increased ground-water development on base flow and underflow was simulated by locating a hypothetical well field produceing 4 million gallons per day in different parts of the basin. Pumpage from a well field near surface-water divides would induce as much as an additional 1.41 inches per year of underflow from an adjacent surface-water basin. Pumpage from a well field near the center of the basin would affect base flow more than underflow.\r\n\r\n Increased seepage of ground water into quarries as a result of their expansion was simulated as increased withdrawal by pumping. A 100-percent increase in the pumping rate of the Cedar Hollow quarry, from 3.93 to 7.86 million gallons per day, owuld reduce the natural base flow of Valley Creek by 18 percent. However, the quarry pumpage would be discharged to Valley Creek, thereby increasing the base flow at the gaging station by ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri894169","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R., 1990, Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the carbonate rocks of the Valley Creek basin, eastern Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4169, viii, 60 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894169.","productDescription":"viii, 60 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science 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R. A.","contributorId":36155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29020,"text":"wri894048 - 1990 - Altitude of potentiometric surface, fall 1985, and historic water-level changes in the Fort Pillow aquifer in western Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:53","indexId":"wri894048","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4048","title":"Altitude of potentiometric surface, fall 1985, and historic water-level changes in the Fort Pillow aquifer in western Tennessee","docAbstract":"Recharge to the Fort Pillow aquifer of Tertiary age in Tennessee is from precipitation on the outcrop, which forms a narrow belt across western Tennessee, and by downward infiltration of water from the overlying fluvial deposits of Tertiary and Quaternary age and alluvium of Quaternary age or, where the upper confining unit is absent, from the overlying Memphis aquifer of Tertiary age. The potentiometric surface in the Fort Pillow aquifer slopes gently westward from the outcrop-recharge area, and the water moves slowly in that direction. A depression in the potentiometric surface in the Memphis area is the result of past pumping at Memphis Light, Gas and Water Division (MLGW) well fields (1924-74), and past and present pumping at an industrial well field at Memphis, and the municipal well field at West Memphis, Ark. Water levels in areas affected by pumping have declined at average rates ranging from 0.4 to 0. 9 ft/year during the period 1945-85. The greatest rate of decline was as much as 4.0 ft/year between 1945 and 1954 in an observation well in a well field of MLGW at Memphis. In 1971, MLGW ceased pumping from the Fort Pillow aquifer at this well field, and between 1972 and 1976, water levels rose about 28 ft in this well. Withdrawals from the Fort Pillow aquifer in western Tennessee in 1985 averaged about 12 million gal/day. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri894048","usgsCitation":"Parks, W.S., and Carmichael, J.K., 1990, Altitude of potentiometric surface, fall 1985, and historic water-level changes in the Fort Pillow aquifer in western Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4048, iii, 8 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894048.","productDescription":"iii, 8 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2288,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri89-4048","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124140,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_89_4048.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689b98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parks, W. S.","contributorId":99555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parks","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carmichael, J. K.","contributorId":90276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carmichael","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}