Accurate estimation of nutrient loads in rivers and streams is critical for many applications including determination of sources of nutrient loads in watersheds, evaluating long-term trends in loads, and estimating loading to downstream waterbodies. Since in many cases nutrient concentrations are measured on a weekly or monthly frequency, there is a need to estimate concentration and loads during periods when no data is available. The objectives of this study were to: (i) document the performance of a multiple regression model to predict loads of nitrate and total phosphorus (TP) in Iowa rivers and streams; (ii) determine whether there is any systematic bias in the load prediction estimates for nitrate and TP; and (iii) evaluate streamflow and concentration factors that could affect the load prediction efficiency. A commonly cited rating curve regression is utilized to estimate riverine nitrate and TP loads for rivers in Iowa with watershed areas ranging from 17.4 to over 34,600 km2. Forty-nine nitrate and 44 TP datasets each comprising 5–22 years of approximately weekly to monthly concentrations were examined. Three nitrate data sets had sample collection frequencies averaging about three samples per week. The accuracy and precision of annual and long term riverine load prediction was assessed by direct comparison of rating curve load predictions with observed daily loads. Significant positive bias of annual and long term nitrate loads was detected. Long term rating curve nitrate load predictions exceeded observed loads by 25% or more at 33% of the 49 measurement sites. No bias was found for TP load prediction although 15% of the 44 cases either underestimated or overestimate observed long-term loads by more than 25%. The rating curve was found to poorly characterize nitrate and phosphorus variation in some rivers.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.11.006","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Stenback, G., Crumpton, W., Schilling, K.E., and Helmers, M., 2011, Rating curve estimation of nutrient loads in Iowa rivers: Journal of Hydrology, v. 396, no. 1-2, p. 158-169, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.11.006.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"158","endPage":"169","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245483,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217530,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.11.006"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","otherGeospatial":"Iowa River 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\"}}]}","volume":"396","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a954de4b0c8380cd8192a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stenback, G.A.","contributorId":16249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stenback","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crumpton, W.G.","contributorId":92082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crumpton","given":"W.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schilling, K. E.","contributorId":61982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Helmers, M.J.","contributorId":89380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helmers","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70037018,"text":"70037018 - 2011 - Seasonal erosion and restoration of Mars' northern polar dunes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T16:31:09","indexId":"70037018","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal erosion and restoration of Mars' northern polar dunes","docAbstract":"Despite radically different environmental conditions, terrestrial and martian dunes bear a strong resemblance, indicating that the basic processes of saltation and grainfall (sand avalanching down the dune slipface) operate on both worlds. Here, we show that martian dunes are subject to an additional modification process not found on Earth: springtime sublimation of Mars' CO 2 seasonal polar caps. Numerous dunes in Mars' north polar region have experienced morphological changes within a Mars year, detected in images acquired by the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Dunes show new alcoves, gullies, and dune apron extension. This is followed by remobilization of the fresh deposits by the wind, forming ripples and erasing gullies. The widespread nature of these rapid changes, and the pristine appearance of most dunes in the area, implicates active sand transport in the vast polar erg in Mars' current climate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.1197636","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Hansen, C., Bourke, M., Bridges, N.T., Byrne, S., Colon, C., Diniega, S., Dundas, C.M., Herkenhoff, K.E., McEwen, A., Mellon, M., Portyankina, G., and Thomas, N., 2011, Seasonal erosion and restoration of Mars' northern polar dunes: Science, v. 331, no. 6017, p. 575-578, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1197636.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"575","endPage":"578","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":217011,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1197636"},{"id":244921,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"331","issue":"6017","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b889ee4b08c986b316a7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, C.J.","contributorId":72530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bourke, M.","contributorId":100610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bourke","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bridges, Nathan T.","contributorId":45005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bridges","given":"Nathan","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Byrne, Shane","contributorId":53513,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Byrne","given":"Shane","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":458997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Colon, C.","contributorId":46784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colon","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Diniega, S.","contributorId":37976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diniega","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dundas, Colin M. 0000-0003-2343-7224 cdundas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2343-7224","contributorId":2937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dundas","given":"Colin","email":"cdundas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":458988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":458986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"McEwen, A.","contributorId":39105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEwen","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Mellon, M.","contributorId":43152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mellon","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Portyankina, Ganna","contributorId":200703,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Portyankina","given":"Ganna","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Thomas, N.","contributorId":72490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70036581,"text":"70036581 - 2011 - Impacts of Land-Cover Change on Suspended Sediment Transport in Two Agricultural Watersheds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-29T19:45:52.263098","indexId":"70036581","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impacts of Land-Cover Change on Suspended Sediment Transport in Two Agricultural Watersheds","docAbstract":"Suspended sediment is a major water quality problem, yet few monitoring studies have been of sufficient scale and duration to assess the effectiveness of land-use change or conservation practice implementation at a watershed scale. Daily discharge and suspended sediment export from two 5,000-ha watersheds in central Iowa were monitored over a 10-year period (water years 1996-2005). In Walnut Creek watershed, a large portion of land was converted from row crop to native prairie, whereas in Squaw Creek land use remained predominantly row crop agriculture. Suspended sediment loads were similar in both watersheds, exhibiting flashy behavior typical of incised channels. Modeling suggested that expected total soil erosion in Walnut Creek should have been reduced 46% relative to Squaw Creek due to changes in land use, yet measured suspended sediment loads showed no significant differences. Stream mapping indicated that Walnut Creek had three times more eroding streambank lengths than did Squaw Creek suggesting that streambank erosion dominated sediment sources in Walnut Creek and sheet and rill sources dominated sediment sources in Squaw Creek. Our results demonstrate that an accounting of all sources of sediment erosion and delivery is needed to characterize sediment reductions in watershed projects combined with long-term, intensive monitoring and modeling to account for possible lag times in the manifestation of the benefits of conservation practices on water quality.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00533.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Schilling, K.E., Isenhart, T., Palmer, J., Wolter, C., and Spooner, J., 2011, Impacts of Land-Cover Change on Suspended Sediment Transport in Two Agricultural Watersheds: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 47, no. 4, p. 672-686, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00533.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"672","endPage":"686","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245540,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217587,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00533.x"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","county":"Jasper","otherGeospatial":"Walnut and Squaw Creek","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-93.234,41.8622],[-93.1187,41.8624],[-93.0035,41.8624],[-92.8845,41.8619],[-92.7674,41.8618],[-92.7683,41.776],[-92.768,41.6879],[-92.7683,41.6007],[-92.7567,41.6011],[-92.7564,41.509],[-92.8729,41.5082],[-92.9894,41.5083],[-93.1047,41.5078],[-93.2181,41.5076],[-93.3304,41.5074],[-93.3314,41.6004],[-93.3504,41.6004],[-93.3496,41.688],[-93.3494,41.7757],[-93.3492,41.8624],[-93.234,41.8622]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Jasper\",\"state\":\"IA\"}}]}","volume":"47","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-03-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38dde4b0c8380cd616fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schilling, K. E.","contributorId":61982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Isenhart, T.M.","contributorId":76963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isenhart","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Palmer, J.A.","contributorId":52807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wolter, C.F.","contributorId":23301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolter","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Spooner, J.","contributorId":62816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spooner","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70036583,"text":"70036583 - 2011 - The use (and misuse) of sediment traps in coral reef environments: Theory, observations, and suggested protocols","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-05T09:09:53","indexId":"70036583","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1338,"text":"Coral Reefs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use (and misuse) of sediment traps in coral reef environments: Theory, observations, and suggested protocols","docAbstract":"Sediment traps are commonly used as standard tools for monitoring “sedimentation” in coral reef environments. In much of the literature where sediment traps were used to measure the effects of “sedimentation” on corals, it is clear from deployment descriptions and interpretations of the resulting data that information derived from sediment traps has frequently been misinterpreted or misapplied. Despite their widespread use in this setting, sediment traps do not provide quantitative information about “sedimentation” on coral surfaces. Traps can provide useful information about the relative magnitude of sediment dynamics if trap deployment standards are used. This conclusion is based first on a brief review of the state of knowledge of sediment trap dynamics, which has primarily focused on traps deployed high above the seabed in relatively deep water, followed by our understanding of near-bed sediment dynamics in shallow-water environments that characterize coral reefs. This overview is followed by the first synthesis of near-bed sediment trap data collected with concurrent hydrodynamic information in coral reef environments. This collective information is utilized to develop nine protocols for using sediment traps in coral reef environments, which focus on trap parameters that researchers can control such as trap height (H), trap mouth diameter (D), the height of the trap mouth above the substrate (z o ), and the spacing between traps. The hydrodynamic behavior of sediment traps and the limitations of data derived from these traps should be forefront when interpreting sediment trap data to infer sediment transport processes in coral reef environments.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00338-010-0705-3","issn":"07224028","usgsCitation":"Storlazzi, C., Field, M., and Bothner, M., 2011, The use (and misuse) of sediment traps in coral reef environments: Theory, observations, and suggested protocols: Coral Reefs, v. 30, no. 1, p. 23-38, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-010-0705-3.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"38","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":680,"text":"Woods Hole Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475297,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-010-0705-3","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":245572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb157e4b08c986b3252df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storlazzi, C. D. 0000-0001-8057-4490","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-4490","contributorId":98905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storlazzi","given":"C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Field, M.E.","contributorId":27052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":456853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036936,"text":"70036936 - 2011 - Earthquake impact scale","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-18T15:35:46.615068","indexId":"70036936","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2823,"text":"Natural Hazards Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake impact scale","docAbstract":"With the advent of the USGS prompt assessment of global earthquakes for response (PAGER) system, which rapidly assesses earthquake impacts, U.S. and international earthquake responders are reconsidering their automatic alert and activation levels and response procedures. To help facilitate rapid and appropriate earthquake response, an Earthquake Impact Scale (EIS) is proposed on the basis of two complementary criteria. On the basis of the estimated cost of damage, one is most suitable for domestic events; the other, on the basis of estimated ranges of fatalities, is generally more appropriate for global events, particularly in developing countries. Simple thresholds, derived from the systematic analysis of past earthquake impact and associated response levels, are quite effective in communicating predicted impact and response needed after an event through alerts of green (little or no impact), yellow (regional impact and response), orange (national-scale impact and response), and red (international response). Corresponding fatality thresholds for yellow, orange, and red alert levels are 1, 100, and 1,000, respectively. For damage impact, yellow, orange, and red thresholds are triggered by estimated losses reaching \\$1M, \\$100M, and \\$1B, respectively. The rationale for a dual approach to earthquake alerting stems from the recognition that relatively high fatalities, injuries, and homelessness predominate in countries in which local building practices typically lend themselves to high collapse and casualty rates, and these impacts lend to prioritization for international response. In contrast, financial and overall societal impacts often trigger the level of response in regions or countries in which prevalent earthquake resistant construction practices greatly reduce building collapse and resulting fatalities. Any newly devised alert, whether economic- or casualty-based, should be intuitive and consistent with established lexicons and procedures. Useful alerts should also be both specific (although allowably uncertain) and actionable. In this analysis, an attempt is made at both simple and intuitive color-coded alerting criteria; yet the necessary uncertainty measures by which one can gauge the likelihood for the alert to be over- or underestimated are preserved. The essence of the proposed impact scale and alerting is that actionable loss information is now available in the immediate aftermath of significant earthquakes worldwide on the basis of quantifiable loss estimates. Utilizing EIS, PAGER’s rapid loss estimates can adequately recommend alert levels and suggest appropriate response protocols, despite the uncertainties; demanding or awaiting observations or loss estimates with a high level of accuracy may increase the losses.
Cost surface (CS) models have emerged as a useful tool to examine the interactions between landscapes patterns and wildlife at large-scale extents. This approach is particularly relevant to guide conservation planning for species that show vulnerability to road networks in human-dominated landscapes. In this study, we measured the functional connectivity of the landscape in southern Portugal and examined how it may be related to stone marten road mortality risk. We addressed three questions: (1) How different levels of landscape connectivity influence stone marten occurrence in montado patches? (2) Is there any relation between montado patches connectivity and stone marten road mortality risk? (3) If so, which road-related features might be responsible for the species’ high road mortality? We developed a series of connectivity models using CS scenarios with different resistance values given to each vegetation cover type to reflect different resistance to species movement. Our models showed that the likelihood of occurrence of stone marten decreased with distance to source areas, meaning continuous montado. Open areas and riparian areas within open area matrices entailed increased costs. We found higher stone marten mortality on roads in well-connected areas. Road sinuosity was an important factor influencing the mortality in those areas. This result challenges the way that connectivity and its relation to mortality has been generally regarded. Clearly, landscape connectivity and road-related mortality are not independent.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer- Verlag","doi":"10.1007/s10344-010-0478-6","issn":"16124642","usgsCitation":"Grilo, C., Ascensao, F., Santos-Reis, M., and Bissonette, J., 2011, Do well-connected landscapes promote road-related mortality?: European Journal of Wildlife Research, v. 57, no. 4, p. 707-716, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-010-0478-6.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"707","endPage":"716","ipdsId":"IP-022017","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":475113,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hal.science/hal-00651661","text":"External Repository"},{"id":245413,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217463,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10344-010-0478-6"}],"volume":"57","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0367e4b0c8380cd50497","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grilo, C.","contributorId":89362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grilo","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ascensao, F.","contributorId":103501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ascensao","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Santos-Reis, M.","contributorId":58108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santos-Reis","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bissonette, J.A.","contributorId":21498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bissonette","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70037020,"text":"70037020 - 2011 - Potential misuse of avian density as a conservation metric","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-27T18:44:28.616356","indexId":"70037020","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential misuse of avian density as a conservation metric","docAbstract":": Effective conservation metrics are needed to evaluate the success of management in a rapidly changing world. Reproductive rates and densities of breeding birds (as a surrogate for reproductive rate) have been used to indicate the quality of avian breeding habitat, but the underlying assumptions of these metrics rarely have been examined. When birds are attracted to breeding areas in part by the presence of conspecifics and when breeding in groups influences predation rates, the effectiveness of density and reproductive rate as indicators of habitat quality is reduced. It is beneficial to clearly distinguish between individual- and population-level processes when evaluating habitat quality. We use the term reproductive rate to refer to both levels and further distinguish among levels by using the terms per capita fecundity (number of female offspring per female per year, individual level) and population growth rate (the product of density and per capita fecundity, population level). We predicted how density and reproductive rate interact over time under density-independent and density-dependent scenarios, assuming the ideal free distribution model of how birds settle in breeding habitats. We predicted population density of small populations would be correlated positively with both per capita fecundity and population growth rate due to the Allee effect. For populations in the density-dependent growth phase, we predicted no relation between density and per capita fecundity (because individuals in all patches will equilibrate to the same success rate) and a positive relation between density and population growth rate. Several ecological theories collectively suggest that positive correlations between density and per capita fecundity would be difficult to detect. We constructed a decision tree to guide interpretation of positive, neutral, nonlinear, and negative relations between density and reproductive rates at individual and population levels.
","language":"English, Spanish","publisher":"Society for Conservation Biology","doi":"10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01571.x","issn":"08888892","usgsCitation":"Skagen, S.K., and Yackel Adams, A.A., 2011, Potential misuse of avian density as a conservation metric: Conservation Biology, v. 25, no. 1, p. 48-55, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01571.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"48","endPage":"55","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":217041,"rank":2,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01571.x"},{"id":244952,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-09-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7f4be4b0c8380cd7aa44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skagen, Susan K. 0000-0002-6744-1244 skagens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6744-1244","contributorId":2009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skagen","given":"Susan","email":"skagens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":459008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yackel Adams, Amy A. 0000-0002-7044-8447 yackela@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7044-8447","contributorId":3116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yackel Adams","given":"Amy","email":"yackela@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":459007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70036932,"text":"70036932 - 2011 - Growth rate and age distribution of deep-sea black corals in the Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-02T20:08:01","indexId":"70036932","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth rate and age distribution of deep-sea black corals in the Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"Black corals (order Antipatharia) are important long-lived, habitat-forming, sessile, benthic suspension feeders that are found in all oceans and are usually found in water depths greater than 30 m. Deep-water black corals are some of the slowest-growing, longest-lived deep-sea corals known. Previous age dating of a limited number of black coral samples in the Gulf of Mexico focused on extrapolated ages and growth rates based on skeletal 210Pb dating. Our results greatly expand the age and growth rate data of black corals from the Gulf of Mexico. Radiocarbon analysis of the oldest Leiopathes sp. specimen from the upper De Soto Slope at 300 m water depth indicates that these animals have been growing continuously for at least the last 2 millennia, with growth rates ranging from 8 to 22 µm yr–1. Visual growth ring counts based on scanning electron microscopy images were in good agreement with the 14C-derived ages, suggestive of annual ring formation. The presence of bomb-derived 14C in the outermost samples confirms sinking particulate organic matter as the dominant carbon source and suggests a link between the deep-sea and surface ocean. There was a high degree of reproducibility found between multiple discs cut from the base of each specimen, as well as within duplicate subsamples. Robust 14C-derived chronologies and known surface ocean 14C reservoir age constraints in the Gulf of Mexico provided reliable calendar ages with future application to the development of proxy records.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps08953","issn":"01718630","usgsCitation":"Prouty, N., Roark, E., Buster, N., and Ross, S.W., 2011, Growth rate and age distribution of deep-sea black corals in the Gulf of Mexico: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 423, p. 101-115, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08953.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"115","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475286,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08953","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":217865,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps08953"},{"id":245837,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Gulf Of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.9,18.2 ], [ -97.9,30.4 ], [ -81.0,30.4 ], [ -81.0,18.2 ], [ -97.9,18.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"423","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2dffe4b0c8380cd5c1f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prouty, N.G.","contributorId":36766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prouty","given":"N.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roark, E.B.","contributorId":30076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roark","given":"E.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buster, N.A.","contributorId":105518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buster","given":"N.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ross, Steve W.","contributorId":72543,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ross","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70036762,"text":"70036762 - 2011 - Antibiotic use during the intracoelomic implantation of electronic tags into fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-21T20:15:33.162792","indexId":"70036762","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3278,"text":"Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Antibiotic use during the intracoelomic implantation of electronic tags into fish","docAbstract":"The use of antibiotics, in particular, the use of a single dose of antibiotics during electronic tag implantation is of unproven value, and carries with it the potential for the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria and the alteration of the immune response of the fish. Antibiotic use during electronic tag implantation must conform to relevant drug laws and regulations in the country where work is being done, including the requirements for withdrawal times before human consumption is a possibility. Currently, the choice of antibiotics (most often tetracycline or oxytetracycline) and the use of a single dose of the drug are decisions made without knowledge of the basic need for antibiotic usage and of the bacteria involved in infections that occur following electronic tag implantation. Correct perioperative use of an antibiotic is to apply the drug to the animal before surgery begins, to assure serum and tissue levels of the drug are adequate before the incision is made. However, the most common perioperative application of antibiotics during implantation of an electronic tag is to delay the administration of the drug, injecting it into the coelom after the electronic tag is inserted, just prior to closure of the incision. There is little empirical evidence that the present application of antibiotics in fish being implanted with electronic tags is of value. Improvements should first be made to surgical techniques, especially the use of aseptic techniques and sterilized instruments and electronic tags, before resorting to antibiotics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/s11160-010-9190-6","issn":"09603166","usgsCitation":"Mulcahy, D., 2011, Antibiotic use during the intracoelomic implantation of electronic tags into fish: Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, v. 21, no. 1, p. 83-96, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-010-9190-6.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"96","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245432,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217481,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11160-010-9190-6"}],"volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec5de4b0c8380cd49222","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mulcahy, D.M.","contributorId":43302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulcahy","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70036764,"text":"70036764 - 2011 - Goldschmidt crater and the Moon's north polar region: Results from the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-30T09:52:16","indexId":"70036764","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Goldschmidt crater and the Moon's north polar region: Results from the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3)","title":"Goldschmidt crater and the Moon's north polar region: Results from the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3)","docAbstract":"Soils within the impact crater Goldschmidt have been identified as spectrally distinct from the local highland material. High spatial and spectral resolution data from the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) on the Chandrayaan-1 orbiter are used to examine the character of Goldschmidt crater in detail. Spectral parameters applied to a north polar mosaic of M3 data are used to discern large-scale compositional trends at the northern high latitudes, and spectra from three widely separated regions are compared to spectra from Goldschmidt. The results highlight the compositional diversity of the lunar nearside, in particular, where feldspathic soils with a low-Ca pyroxene component are pervasive, but exclusively feldspathic regions and small areas of basaltic composition are also observed. Additionally, we find that the relative strengths of the diagnostic OH/H2O absorption feature near 3000 nm are correlated with the mineralogy of the host material. On both global and local scales, the strongest hydrous absorptions occur on the more feldspathic surfaces. Thus, M3 data suggest that while the feldspathic soils within Goldschmidt crater are enhanced in OH/H2O compared to the relatively mafic nearside polar highlands, their hydration signatures are similar to those observed in the feldspathic highlands on the farside.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2010JE003702","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Cheek, L., Pieters, C., Boardman, J., Clark, R.N., Combe, J.#., Head, J., Isaacson, P., McCord, T.B., Moriarty, D., Nettles, J., Petro, N., Sunshine, J., and Taylor, L., 2011, Goldschmidt crater and the Moon's north polar region: Results from the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3): Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 116, no. 2, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JE003702.","ipdsId":"IP-024464","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475407,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2010je003702","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":217510,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JE003702"},{"id":245461,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-02-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a29a7e4b0c8380cd5ab0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cheek, L.C.","contributorId":45934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheek","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pieters, C.M.","contributorId":48733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pieters","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16929,"text":"Brown University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":457713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boardman, J.W.","contributorId":106301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boardman","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, R. 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B.","contributorId":69695,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCord","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Moriarty, D.","contributorId":82953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moriarty","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Nettles, J.W.","contributorId":26165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nettles","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Petro, N.E.","contributorId":18999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petro","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Sunshine, J.M.","contributorId":74591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sunshine","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Taylor, L.A.","contributorId":14160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70036785,"text":"70036785 - 2011 - Demonstration of a conceptual model for using LiDAR to improve the estimation of floodwater mitigation potential of Prairie Pothole Region wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T10:49:44","indexId":"70036785","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Demonstration of a conceptual model for using LiDAR to improve the estimation of floodwater mitigation potential of Prairie Pothole Region wetlands","docAbstract":"Recent flood events in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America have stimulated interest in modeling water storage capacities of wetlands and their surrounding catchments to facilitate flood mitigation efforts. Accurate estimates of basin storage capacities have been hampered by a lack of high-resolution elevation data. In this paper, we developed a 0.5 m bare-earth model from Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) data and, in combination with National Wetlands Inventory data, delineated wetland catchments and their spilling points within a 196 km2 study area. We then calculated the maximum water storage capacity of individual basins and modeled the connectivity among these basins. When compared to field survey results, catchment and spilling point delineations from the LiDAR bare-earth model captured subtle landscape features very well. Of the 11 modeled spilling points, 10 matched field survey spilling points. The comparison between observed and modeled maximum water storage had an R2 of 0.87 with mean absolute error of 5564 m3. Since maximum water storage capacity of basins does not translate into floodwater regulation capability, we further developed a Basin Floodwater Regulation Index. Based upon this index, the absolute and relative water that could be held by wetlands over a landscape could be modeled. This conceptual model of floodwater downstream contribution was demonstrated with water level data from 17 May 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.05.040","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Huang, S., Young, C., Feng, M., Heidemann, H.K., Cushing, M., Mushet, D., and Liu, S., 2011, Demonstration of a conceptual model for using LiDAR to improve the estimation of floodwater mitigation potential of Prairie Pothole Region wetlands: Journal of Hydrology, v. 405, no. 3-4, p. 417-426, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.05.040.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"417","endPage":"426","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217883,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.05.040"}],"country":"United States;Canada","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.0,40.38 ], [ -120.0,60.0 ], [ -90.14,60.0 ], [ -90.14,40.38 ], [ -120.0,40.38 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"405","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe90e4b0c8380cd4edca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huang, S.","contributorId":18168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huang","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Young, Caitlin","contributorId":30181,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Young","given":"Caitlin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Feng, M.","contributorId":18195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feng","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heidemann, Hans Karl 0000-0003-4306-359X kheidemann@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4306-359X","contributorId":3755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heidemann","given":"Hans","email":"kheidemann@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Karl","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":457842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cushing, Matthew 0000-0001-5209-6006","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5209-6006","contributorId":66101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cushing","given":"Matthew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mushet, D.M. 0000-0002-5910-2744","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5910-2744","contributorId":59377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mushet","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Liu, S.","contributorId":93170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70036784,"text":"70036784 - 2011 - Horizontal movements of Atlantic blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) in the Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-22T13:13:02.380849","indexId":"70036784","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2660,"text":"Marine Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Horizontal movements of Atlantic blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) in the Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"We examined movements of Atlantic blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) from the Gulf of Mexico based upon 42 pop-up archival transmitting (PAT) tags. Long deployments (including one 334-day track) revealed diverse movement patterns within the Gulf of Mexico. North–south seasonal changes in blue marlin distribution showed strong correspondence with established seasonal patterns of sea surface temperature and primary production. During the summer spawning season, blue marlin utilized outer shelf and shelf edge waters in the northern Gulf of Mexico, and longer duration tracks indicated overwintering habitats in the Bay of Campeche. Egress occurred throughout the year and was difficult to determine because some tracks ended in the Straits of Florida (n = 3) while other tracks recorded movement through it or the Yucatan Channel (n = 4). Our results indicate that Atlantic blue marlin have a more restricted geographic range of habitats than previously recognized and that the Gulf of Mexico provides spatially dynamic suitable habitat that is utilized year-round through seasonal movements.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00227-010-1593-3","issn":"00253162","usgsCitation":"Kraus, R.T., Wells, R., and Rooker, J., 2011, Horizontal movements of Atlantic blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) in the Gulf of Mexico: Marine Biology, v. 158, no. 3, p. 699-713, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-010-1593-3.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"699","endPage":"713","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245827,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.533203125,\n 19.80805412808859\n ],\n [\n -77.080078125,\n 23.079731762449878\n ],\n [\n -81.73828125,\n 25.799891182088334\n ],\n [\n -84.111328125,\n 29.458731185355344\n ],\n [\n -86.923828125,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 29.305561325527698\n ],\n [\n -94.833984375,\n 29.38217507514529\n ],\n [\n -97.119140625,\n 26.980828590472107\n ],\n [\n -97.294921875,\n 23.644524198573688\n ],\n [\n -95.712890625,\n 19.80805412808859\n ],\n [\n -92.8125,\n 19.89072302399691\n ],\n [\n -89.82421875,\n 22.268764039073968\n ],\n [\n -86.396484375,\n 21.94304553343818\n ],\n [\n -87.36328125,\n 17.811456088564483\n ],\n [\n -87.890625,\n 16.130262012034756\n ],\n [\n -74.267578125,\n 16.29905101458183\n ],\n [\n -66.97265625,\n 16.804541076383455\n ],\n [\n -64.599609375,\n 16.804541076383455\n ],\n [\n -64.423828125,\n 19.394067895396613\n ],\n [\n -66.533203125,\n 19.80805412808859\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"158","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a321ee4b0c8380cd5e531","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kraus, Richard T. 0000-0003-4494-1841 rkraus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4494-1841","contributorId":2609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraus","given":"Richard","email":"rkraus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":457834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wells, R.J.D.","contributorId":105568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"R.J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rooker, J.R.","contributorId":13072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rooker","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70194387,"text":"70194387 - 2011 - Molecular insights into the biology of Greater Sage-Grouse","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-06T10:31:35","indexId":"70194387","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Molecular insights into the biology of Greater Sage-Grouse","docAbstract":"Recent research on Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) genetics has revealed some important findings. First, multiple paternity in broods is more prevalent than previously thought, and leks do not comprise kin groups. Second, the Greater Sage-Grouse is genetically distinct from the congeneric Gunnison sage-grouse (C. minimus). Third, the Lyon-Mono population in the Mono Basin, spanning the border between Nevada and California, has unique genetic characteristics. Fourth, the previous delineation of western (C. u. phaios) and eastern Greater Sage-Grouse (C. u. urophasianus) is not supported genetically. Fifth, two isolated populations in Washington show indications that genetic diversity has been lost due to population declines and isolation. This chapter examines the use of molecular genetics to understand the biology of Greater Sage-Grouse for the conservation and management of this species and put it into the context of avian ecology based on selected molecular studies.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Greater Sage-Grouse: Ecology and conservation of a landscape species and its habitats","language":"English","publisher":"University of California Press","doi":"10.1525/california/9780520267114.001.0001","usgsCitation":"Oyler-McCance, S.J., and Quinn, T.W., 2011, Molecular insights into the biology of Greater Sage-Grouse, chap. of Greater Sage-Grouse: Ecology and conservation of a landscape species and its habitats, p. 85-94, https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520267114.001.0001.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"94","costCenters":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349380,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6107fbe4b06e28e9c25622","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oyler-McCance, Sara J. 0000-0003-1599-8769 sara_oyler-mccance@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1599-8769","contributorId":1973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oyler-McCance","given":"Sara","email":"sara_oyler-mccance@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":723648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quinn, Thomas W.","contributorId":101131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinn","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70036735,"text":"70036735 - 2011 - Positive feedback and momentum growth during debris-flow entrainment of wet bed sediment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-03T15:02:51.431151","indexId":"70036735","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2845,"text":"Nature Geoscience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Positive feedback and momentum growth during debris-flow entrainment of wet bed sediment","docAbstract":"Debris flows typically occur when intense rainfall or snowmelt triggers landslides or extensive erosion on steep, debris-mantled slopes. The flows can then grow dramatically in size and speed as they entrain material from their beds and banks, but the mechanism of this growth is unclear. Indeed, momentum conservation implies that entrainment of static material should retard the motion of the flows if friction remains unchanged. Here we use data from large-scale experiments to assess the entrainment of bed material by debris flows. We find that entrainment is accompanied by increased flow momentum and speed only if large positive pore pressures develop in wet bed sediments as the sediments are overridden by debris flows. The increased pore pressure facilitates progressive scour of the bed, reduces basal friction and instigates positive feedback that causes flow speed, mass and momentum to increase. If dryer bed sediment is entrained, however, the feedback becomes negative and flow momentum declines. We infer that analogous feedbacks could operate in other types of gravity-driven mass flow that interact with erodible beds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature","doi":"10.1038/ngeo1040","issn":"17520894","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., Reid, M.E., Logan, M., Lahusen, R.G., Godt, J.W., and Griswold, J.P., 2011, Positive feedback and momentum growth during debris-flow entrainment of wet bed sediment: Nature Geoscience, v. 4, no. 2, p. 116-121, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1040.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"116","endPage":"121","ipdsId":"IP-022785","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245549,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7e06e4b0c8380cd7a2c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":457572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reid, Mark E. 0000-0002-5595-1503 mreid@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5595-1503","contributorId":1167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"Mark","email":"mreid@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":457577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Logan, Matthew 0000-0002-3558-2405 mlogan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-2405","contributorId":638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Logan","given":"Matthew","email":"mlogan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":457573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lahusen, Richard G. rlahusen@usgs.gov","contributorId":535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahusen","given":"Richard","email":"rlahusen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":457576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Godt, Jonathan W. 0000-0002-8737-2493 jgodt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8737-2493","contributorId":1166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godt","given":"Jonathan","email":"jgodt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":457574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Griswold, Julia P. griswold@usgs.gov","contributorId":4148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griswold","given":"Julia","email":"griswold@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":457575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70036584,"text":"70036584 - 2011 - Reduction of structural Fe(III) in nontronite by methanogen Methanosarcina barkeri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-29T19:20:55.08918","indexId":"70036584","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reduction of structural Fe(III) in nontronite by methanogen Methanosarcina barkeri","docAbstract":"Clay minerals and methanogens are ubiquitous and co-exist in anoxic environments, yet it is unclear whether methanogens are able to reduce structural Fe(III) in clay minerals. In this study, the ability of methanogen Methanosarcina barkeri to reduce structural Fe(III) in iron-rich smectite (nontronite NAu-2) and the relationship between iron reduction and methanogenesis were investigated. Bioreduction experiments were conducted in growth medium using three types of substrate: H2/CO2, methanol, and acetate. Time course methane production and hydrogen consumption were measured by gas chromatography. M. barkeri was able to reduce structural Fe(III) in NAu-2 with H2/CO2 and methanol as substrate, but not with acetate. The extent of bioreduction, as measured by the 1,10-phenanthroline method, was 7–13% with H2/CO2 as substrate, depending on nontronite concentration (5–10 g/L). The extent was higher when methanol was used as a substrate, reaching 25–33%. Methanogenesis was inhibited by Fe(III) reduction in the H2/CO2 culture, but enhanced when methanol was used. High charge smectite and biogenic silica formed as a result of bioreduction. Our results suggest that methanogens may play an important role in biogeochemical cycling of iron in clay minerals and may have important implications for the global methane budget.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2010.11.009","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Liu, D., Dong, H.H., Bishop, M., Wang, H., Agrawal, A., Tritschler, S., Eberl, D.D., and Xie, S., 2011, Reduction of structural Fe(III) in nontronite by methanogen Methanosarcina barkeri: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 75, no. 4, p. 1057-1071, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.11.009.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1057","endPage":"1071","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217645,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.11.009"}],"volume":"75","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3e6e4b0e8fec6cdba0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, D.","contributorId":97333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dong, Hailiang H.","contributorId":58873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dong","given":"Hailiang","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bishop, M.E.","contributorId":68974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bishop","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wang, Hongfang","contributorId":92635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Hongfang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Agrawal, A.","contributorId":43601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agrawal","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tritschler, S.","contributorId":101122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tritschler","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Eberl, D. D.","contributorId":66282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Xie, S.","contributorId":10235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xie","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":456855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70036988,"text":"70036988 - 2011 - Geochemical analysis of Atlantic rim water, Carbon County, Wyoming: New applications for characterizing coalbed natural gas reservoirs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-21T13:09:17.614014","indexId":"70036988","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical analysis of Atlantic rim water, Carbon County, Wyoming: New applications for characterizing coalbed natural gas reservoirs","docAbstract":"Coalbed natural gas (CBNG) production typically requires the extraction of large volumes of water from target formations, thereby influencing any associated reservoir systems. We describe isotopic tracers that provide immediate data on the presence or absence of biogenic natural gas and the identify methane-containing reservoirs are hydrologically confined. Isotopes of dissolved inorganic carbon and strontium, along with water quality data, were used to characterize the CBNG reservoirs and hydrogeologic systems of Wyoming’s Atlantic Rim. Water was analyzed from a stream, springs, and CBNG wells.
Strontium isotopic composition and major ion geochemistry identify two groups of surface water samples. Muddy Creek and Mesaverde Group spring samples are Ca-Mg-SO4–type water with higher 87Sr/86Sr, reflecting relatively young groundwater recharged from precipitation in the Sierra Madre. Groundwaters emitted from the Lewis Shale springs are Na-HCO3–type waters with lower 87Sr/86Sr, reflecting sulfate reduction and more extensive water-rock interaction.
To distinguish coalbed waters, methanogenically enriched d13CDIC was used from other natural waters. Enriched d13CDIC, between −3.6 and +13.3‰, identified spring water that likely originates from Mesaverde coalbed reservoirs. Strongly positive d13CDIC, between +12.6 and +22.8‰, identified those coalbed reservoirs that are confined, whereas lower d13CDIC, between +0.0 and +9.9‰, identified wells within unconfined reservoir systems
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","doi":"10.1306/06301009190","usgsCitation":"McLaughlin, J., Frost, C., and Sharma, S., 2011, Geochemical analysis of Atlantic rim water, Carbon County, Wyoming: New applications for characterizing coalbed natural gas reservoirs: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 95, no. 2, p. 191-217, https://doi.org/10.1306/06301009190.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"191","endPage":"217","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245868,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","county":"Carbon 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J.F.","contributorId":41683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frost, C.D.","contributorId":20900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frost","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sharma, Shruti","contributorId":34088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharma","given":"Shruti","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036788,"text":"70036788 - 2011 - Mapping permeability over the surface of the Earth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-21T18:02:39.348835","indexId":"70036788","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping permeability over the surface of the Earth","docAbstract":"Permeability, the ease of fluid flow through porous rocks and soils, is a fundamental but often poorly quantified component in the analysis of regional‐scale water fluxes. Permeability is difficult to quantify because it varies over more than 13 orders of magnitude and is heterogeneous and dependent on flow direction. Indeed, at the regional scale, maps of permeability only exist for soil to depths of 1–2 m. Here we use an extensive compilation of results from hydrogeologic models to show that regional‐scale (>5 km) permeability of consolidated and unconsolidated geologic units below soil horizons (hydrolithologies) can be characterized in a statistically meaningful way. The representative permeabilities of these hydrolithologies are used to map the distribution of near‐surface (on the order of 100 m depth) permeability globally and over North America. The distribution of each hydrolithology is generally scale independent. The near‐surface mean permeability is of the order of ∼5 × 10−14 m2. The results provide the first global picture of near‐surface permeability and will be of particular value for evaluating global water resources and modeling the influence of climate‐surface‐subsurface interactions on global climate change.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2010GL045565","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Gleeson, T., Smith, L., Moosdorf, N., Hartmann, J., Durr, H., Manning, A.H., Van Beek, L.P., and Jellinek, A.M., 2011, Mapping permeability over the surface of the Earth: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 38, no. 2, L02401, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045565.","productDescription":"L02401, 6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475618,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl045565","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":245433,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217482,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045565"}],"volume":"38","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a506ee4b0c8380cd6b6b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gleeson, T.","contributorId":40014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleeson","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, L.","contributorId":23477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moosdorf, N.","contributorId":102304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moosdorf","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hartmann, J.","contributorId":90573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartmann","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Durr, H.H.","contributorId":42464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durr","given":"H.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Manning, Andrew H. 0000-0002-6404-1237 amanning@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6404-1237","contributorId":1305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"Andrew","email":"amanning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":457855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Van Beek, L. P. H.","contributorId":21385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Beek","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"P. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Jellinek, A. Mark","contributorId":54364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jellinek","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70036787,"text":"70036787 - 2011 - An occurrence of the protocetid whale \"Eocetus\" wardii in the middle Eocene Piney Point Formation of Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T06:33:01","indexId":"70036787","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An occurrence of the protocetid whale \"Eocetus\" wardii in the middle Eocene Piney Point Formation of Virginia","docAbstract":"Two protocetid whale vertebrae, here referred to “Eocetus” wardii, have been recovered from the riverbed of the Pamunkey River in east-central Virginia. Neither bone was found in situ, but both were found with lumps of lithified matrix cemented to their surfaces. Most of this matrix was removed and processed for microfossils. Specimens of dinoflagellates were successfully recovered and this flora clearly demonstrates that both vertebrae came from the middle Eocene Piney Point Formation, which crops out above and below river level in the area where the bones were discovered. These vertebrae are the oldest whale remains reported from Virginia and are as old as any cetacean remains known from the western hemisphere.","language":"English","publisher":"The Paleontological Society","doi":"10.1666/10-083.1","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Weems, R.E., Edwards, L.E., Osborne, J.E., and Alford, A., 2011, An occurrence of the protocetid whale \"Eocetus\" wardii in the middle Eocene Piney Point Formation of Virginia: Journal of Paleontology, v. 85, no. 2, p. 271-278, https://doi.org/10.1666/10-083.1.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"278","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245406,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -83.68,36.54 ], [ -83.68,39.47 ], [ -75.24,39.47 ], [ -75.24,36.54 ], [ -83.68,36.54 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"85","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-07-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea97e4b0c8380cd4897b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weems, Robert E. 0000-0002-1907-7804 rweems@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1907-7804","contributorId":2663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weems","given":"Robert","email":"rweems@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":785627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":457852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Osborne, Jason E.","contributorId":171937,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Osborne","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":26968,"text":"Paleo Quest","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":457850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Alford, A.A.","contributorId":30073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alford","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70156744,"text":"70156744 - 2011 - Fire in the Mediterranean Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-10T16:57:41.69426","indexId":"70156744","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"4","title":"Fire in the Mediterranean Basin","docAbstract":"The Mediterranean Basin is a meeting point of three continents, Europe, Asia and Africa, and this is responsible for the great diversity of plants, animals and cultures that formed the cradle of Western civilization. It is considered one of the biodiversity hotspots (Myers et al. 2000) because of its high species richness and high proportion of endemisms (Thompson 2005). The total area showing a Mediterranean-type climate (MTC) is about 2.3 million km2, with transitions toward temperate forest ecosystems (in the European mountains) and toward arid ecosystems (in North Africa and the Near East). It is not only the largest of the five MTC regions, but also the most geographically complex (with more than 40 000 km of rough coast in different peninsulas and islands) as well as the most socio-economically, culturally and politically varied. Elevations range up to 3756 m in the east (the highest peak in the Taurus mountains, Turkey) and up to 4167 m in the west (the highest peak in the Atlas mountains, Morocco). There are many volcanoes in Italy and the Aegean Islands, with frequent minor eruptions and rare major explosions. The MTC region of the basin corresponds to a narrow rim around the Mediterranean Sea (Fig. 4.1), and includes: (1) in southern Europe, most of the Iberian peninsula (Portugal and Spain), south of France, most of Italy and Greece, the coast of Croatia, Montenegro and Albania; (2) in southwest Asia (the Near East), Cyprus, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, most of Turkey, and the coast of Syria; and (3) in North Africa (the Magreb), the north of Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and small coastal areas of Libya. It also includes all the islands in the Mediterranean Sea.
In general terms, summers are hot and dry and winters are mild and relatively wet; winters may be cold in the interior areas with a continental climate influence (e.g. central Spain and central Turkey). The configuration of seas, peninsulas and islands, and the topographic complexity of the area, produce a great regional variety of weather and climate. Rainfall ranges from semi-arid conditions (<300 mm) up to over 2000 mm, and peaks in autumn and spring (in the west) and in autumn and winter (in the east). Because of the air masses' trajectories, the wettest parts of the basin are typically the western parts of the peninsulas (Iberian, Italian and Balkan peninsulas). There are also clear gradients from the colder and wetter northwest (southern France and northern Iberia) to the hotter and more arid south and southeast parts of the basin (North Africa and the Near East). The temperature-moderating effect of the sea is highest in the west (Atlantic coast) and lessens toward the east (water temperatures rise from west to east).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fire in Mediterranean ecosystems: Ecology, evolution and management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/CBO9781139033091.006","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J.E., Bond, W.J., Bradstock, R.A., Pausas, J.G., and Rundel, P.W., 2011, Fire in the Mediterranean Basin, chap. 4 of Fire in Mediterranean ecosystems: Ecology, evolution and management, p. 83-112, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139033091.006.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"112","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-018782","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307614,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mediterranean Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 27.421875,\n 27.761329874505233\n ],\n [\n 37.70507812499999,\n 31.80289258670676\n ],\n [\n 38.935546875,\n 37.16031654673677\n ],\n [\n 29.355468750000004,\n 41.178653972331674\n ],\n [\n 22.060546874999996,\n 41.50857729743935\n ],\n [\n 12.568359375,\n 47.100044694025215\n ],\n [\n 7.55859375,\n 45.521743896993634\n ],\n [\n 1.669921875,\n 43.77109381775651\n ],\n [\n -6.15234375,\n 36.66841891894786\n ],\n [\n -5.625,\n 33.137551192346145\n ],\n [\n 8.7890625,\n 35.53222622770337\n ],\n [\n 10.1953125,\n 31.728167146023935\n ],\n [\n 21.09375,\n 27.605670826465445\n ],\n [\n 27.421875,\n 27.371767300523047\n ],\n [\n 27.421875,\n 27.761329874505233\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe7fede4b0824b2d1479f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bond, William J.","contributorId":81621,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bond","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradstock, Ross A.","contributorId":42826,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bradstock","given":"Ross","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pausas, Juli G.","contributorId":91347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pausas","given":"Juli","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rundel, Philip W.","contributorId":107552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rundel","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70156763,"text":"70156763 - 2011 - Fire and the origins of Mediterranean-type vegetation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-10T17:05:18.391524","indexId":"70156763","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"10","title":"Fire and the origins of Mediterranean-type vegetation","docAbstract":"The mediterranean-type climate (MTC) is widely agreed to have been in place in all five MTC regions since at least the late Pliocene (see Fig. 9.1), ~2 Ma, with much of the contemporary mediterranean-type vegetation (MTV) present and contributing to a highly fire-prone environment. There is far less agreement on: (1) the timing of the origin of the MTC, (2) the timing of and factors responsible for the origins of MTV, and (3) the paleohistory of fire and extent to which it has played a role in the origins of MTV. Ample evidence exists to suggest a much earlier origin of MTC and MTV.
A widely held paradigm is that many of the woody sclerophylls that comprise MTV are much older than the Pliocene and thus have not adapted to contemporary fire-prone MTC conditions (Axelrod 1989; Herrera 1992; Verdú et al. 2003; Ackerly 2004a). Most of these have origins in the Tertiary Period of the early Cenozoic and are viewed as relictual taxa that represent evolutionary inertia and are present today merely by chance avoidance of random extinctions.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fire in Mediterranean ecosystems: Ecology, evolution and management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/CBO9781139033091.013","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J.E., Bond, W.J., Bradstock, R.A., Pausas, J.G., and Rundel, P.W., 2011, Fire and the origins of Mediterranean-type vegetation, chap. 10 of Fire in Mediterranean ecosystems: Ecology, evolution and management, p. 275-309, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139033091.013.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"275","endPage":"309","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-018788","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307632,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe7fece4b0824b2d1479e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bond, William J.","contributorId":81621,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bond","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradstock, Ross A.","contributorId":42826,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bradstock","given":"Ross","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pausas, Juli G.","contributorId":91347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pausas","given":"Juli","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rundel, Philip W.","contributorId":107552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rundel","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70156706,"text":"70156706 - 2011 - Early detection and rapid response","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-06T18:46:28.320739","indexId":"70156706","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Early detection and rapid response","docAbstract":"Prevention is the first line of defense against introduced invasive species - it is always preferable to prevent the introduction of new invaders into a region or country. However, it is not always possible to detect all alien hitchhikers imported in cargo, or to predict with any degree of certainty which introduced species will become invasive over time. Fortunately, the majority of introduced plants and animals don't become invasive. But, according to scientists at Cornell University, costs and losses due to species that do become invasive are now estimated to be over $137 billion/year in the United States. Early detection and rapid response (EDRR) is the second line of defense against introduced invasive species - EDRR is the preferred management strategy for preventing the establishment and spread of invasive species. Over the past 50 years, there has been a gradual shift away from large and medium scale federal/state single-agency-led weed eradication programs in the United States, to smaller interagency-led projects involving impacted and potential stakeholders. The importance of volunteer weed spotters in detecting and reporting suspected new invasive species has also been recognized in recent years.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Encyclopedia of biological invasions","language":"English","publisher":"University of California Press","usgsCitation":"Westbrooks, R.G., and Eplee, R.E., 2011, Early detection and rapid response, chap. of Encyclopedia of biological invasions, p. 169-177.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"177","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-017553","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307555,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe7fede4b0824b2d1479f7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Simberloff, Daniel","contributorId":147072,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Simberloff","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570174,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rejmánek, Marcel","contributorId":147073,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rejmánek","given":"Marcel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570175,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Westbrooks, Randy G.","contributorId":147074,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Westbrooks","given":"Randy","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eplee, Robert E.","contributorId":147075,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eplee","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156764,"text":"70156764 - 2011 - Fire-adaptive trait evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-10T17:01:54.545426","indexId":"70156764","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"9","title":"Fire-adaptive trait evolution","docAbstract":"Until relatively recently the importance of fire and the origin of fire-adaptive traits have received minimal attention from paleoecologists, and appreciation of this importance has varied across the different mediterranean-type climate (MTC) ecosystems. For example, Axelrod (1973) and Raven & Axelrod (1978) wrote extensive treatises on the origins of the California flora, and yet gave little or no mention to the issue of fire in the evolution of these taxa. Hopper (2009) suggests that fire has only been an incidental factor in the evolution of the Western Australian flora. These investigators have weighed climate and soils far above fire as an important evolutionary driver in these plant assemblages and have downplayed this component of community assembly (see Fig. 1.4).
Axelrod (1989) even went so far as to suggest fire was irrelevant to the evolution of California chaparral. Although he acknowledged that fire could have played a role in the spread of chaparral-like vegetation during the late Tertiary (2–10 Ma), he insisted that fire had played no significant role in the origin of “adaptive types.” In his view, “Several lines of evidence suggest that the modern fire-adapted taxa may not reflect an evolutionary response to fire. The diverse adaptations to fire probably represent features that originated without the stimulus of fire. . .” Contrary to this belief, we suggest there is sufficient reason to accept a fire origin for many fire-adaptive traits in mediterranean-type vegetation (MTV), and that fire has been a potential ecosystem process on landscapes far longer than the late Tertiary (Bowman et al. 2009; Pausas & Keeley 2009).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fire in Mediterranean ecosystems: Ecology, evolution and management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/CBO9781139033091.012","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J.E., Bond, W.J., Bradstock, R.A., Pausas, J.G., and Rundel, P.W., 2011, Fire-adaptive trait evolution, chap. 9 of Fire in Mediterranean ecosystems: Ecology, evolution and management, p. 233-274, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139033091.012.","productDescription":"41 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"274","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-018787","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307633,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe7fece4b0824b2d1479e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bond, William J.","contributorId":81621,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bond","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradstock, Ross A.","contributorId":42826,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bradstock","given":"Ross","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pausas, Juli G.","contributorId":91347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pausas","given":"Juli","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rundel, Philip W.","contributorId":107552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rundel","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70156762,"text":"70156762 - 2011 - Fire and the fire regime framework","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-10T17:31:20.746088","indexId":"70156762","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"2","title":"Fire and the fire regime framework","docAbstract":"A global view of potential vs. actual vegetation distributions points to fire as a major driver of biome distribution and determinant of community structure (Bond et al. 2005). In ecological terms, fire acts much like an herbivore, consuming biomass and competing with biotic consumers for resources, and in this sense is an important part of trophic ecology (Bond & Keeley 2005). As in other competitive interactions, not only can fire competitively exclude herbivores by temporarily eliminating resources, but intensive grazing is known to exclude fire by consuming herbaceous ground fuels (Savage & Swetnam 1990). Coexistence is often enhanced by temporal separation of trophic niches, with herbivores grazing early in the spring on green herbaceous material that is unavailable for burning, whereas later in the season the remaining dry thatch is readily consumed by fire. In many respects fire is a more potent competitor because it is not limited by either toxins or protein deficiency and readily consumes dead woody biomass, but by contrast it is often limited by ignition sources and continuity of fuels.
Fire scientists have long symbolized the critical elements of fire in a triangle of fuel, oxygen and heat (Pyne et al. 1996). These are indeed necessary for fire ignition and propagation but are insufficient for predicting the global distribution of fire-prone ecosystems. The conditions both necessary and sufficient to explain the ecological distribution of fire activity can be summarized by four parameters: biomass, seasonality, ignitions and fuel structure (Fig. 2.1). In addition to biomass fuels to spread a fire there must be a dry season that converts potential fuels to available fuels. In mediterranean-type climate (MTC) ecosystems summer drought results in high fire hazard on an annual basis, in contrast to many temperate forests that are only periodically vulnerable to fire in response to decadal or longer oscillations in climate. Vegetation only burns when ignitions are present to initiate the combustion process and landscapes vary markedly in the potential for natural ignitions from lightning, and in the extent of anthropogenic ignition sources. However, understanding the ecosystem distribution of fire requires consideration of a fourth parameter, fuel structure, which is fundamental to recognizing how different fire regimes develop.
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