The mediterranean-type climate (MTC) in Australia spans from the southwestern part of Western Australia to include much of South Australia and western Victoria (Fig. 8.1), which covers a longitudinal distance second only to the Mediterranean Basin MTC region. As in other MTC regions, the highly fire-prone evergreen sclerophyllous shrub and tree mediterranean-type vegetation (MTV) extends much further east and north into climatic zones that are not MTC. Australia, however, is distinctly unlike other MTC regions in that fire-prone MTV is extensive across the southern part of the continent and transcends climatic boundaries with relatively subtle changes in community structure and composition. Sclerophyllous MTV dominates both the MTC region of the southwestern corner of the continent as well as the southeastern corner under an aseasonal climate. Both regions share a common fire season of summer to early autumn (McArthur 1972); however, the MTC southwest has a potential fire season every summer whereas in the southeast it is tied to weather anomalies that occur once to several times a decade.
Mediterranean-type Vegetation
Within the southern Australian MTC zone (Fig. 8.1) evergreen sclerophyllous vegetation dominates. Such MTV is sometimes defined as shrub dominated (Specht 1979), and indeed large areas of sclerophyllous heaths (see Fig. 1.6f), shrublands (Fig. 8.2a) and mallee (Fig. 8.3) occur. However, woodlands and forests form integral parts of the MTC biome (Dell et al. 1989; Gill 1994), and thus MTV includes shrublands, woodlands and forests, and in southern Australia they dominate both in the MTC region and outside that climatic zone (Fig. 8.1). MTV is found across the southern temperate latitudes of Australia (Table 8.1) in an arc below about 30° latitude, accounting for dominant vegetation types in infertile habitats throughout temperate Australia. We specifically focus on the various heaths, shrublands and dry sclerophyll forests that constitute the most fire prone communities in these temperate landscapes. Although similar fire-prone MTV heathlands occur extensively within the tropics on the northern end of the continent (Keith et al. 2002; Russell-Smith & Stanton 2002), here we focus on the temperate MTV, but do consider broader relationships with other adjoining vegetation types (e.g. wet sclerophyll forests, rainforests, and various arid and semi-arid woodlands and shrublands).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fire in Mediterranean ecosystems: Ecology, evolution and management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/CBO9781139033091.010","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J.E., Bond, W.J., Bradstock, R.A., Pausas, J.G., and Rundel, P.W., 2011, Fire in southern Australia, chap. 8 of Fire in Mediterranean ecosystems: Ecology, evolution and management, p. 201-230, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139033091.010.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"230","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-018786","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307616,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Australia","otherGeospatial":"South Australia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 113.7744140625,\n -35.281500657891186\n ],\n [\n 138.2958984375,\n -35.281500657891186\n ],\n [\n 138.2958984375,\n -27.41078570257701\n ],\n [\n 113.7744140625,\n -27.41078570257701\n ],\n [\n 113.7744140625,\n -35.281500657891186\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f596e4b0bc0bec0a174f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bond, William J.","contributorId":81621,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bond","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradstock, Ross A.","contributorId":42826,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bradstock","given":"Ross","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pausas, Juli G.","contributorId":91347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pausas","given":"Juli","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rundel, Philip W.","contributorId":107552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rundel","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70190324,"text":"70190324 - 2011 - Barriers on the brink? The complex intertwined roles of geologic framework, sediment availability and sea-level rise in island evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-26T18:23:20","indexId":"70190324","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Barriers on the brink? The complex intertwined roles of geologic framework, sediment availability and sea-level rise in island evolution","docAbstract":"Movement of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) through the hydrologic cycle is an important component of global carbon budgets, but there is considerable uncertainty about the controls of DIC transmission from landscapes to streams, and through river networks to the oceans. In this study, diel measurements of DIC, d13C-DIC, dissolved oxygen (O2), d18O-O2, alkalinity, pH, and other parameters were used to assess the relative magnitudes of biological and geochemical controls on DIC cycling and flux in a nutrient-rich, net autotrophic stream. Rates of photosynthesis (P), respiration (R), groundwater discharge, air–water exchange of CO2, and carbonate precipitation/dissolution were quantified through a time-stepping chemical/isotope (12C and 13C, 16O and 18O) mass balance model. Groundwater was the major source of DIC to the stream. Primary production and carbonate precipitation were equally important sinks for DIC removed from the water column. The stream was always super-saturated with respect to carbonate minerals, but carbonate precipitation occurred mainly during the day when P increased pH. We estimated more than half (possibly 90%) of the carbonate precipitated during the day was retained in the reach under steady baseflow conditions. The amount of DIC removed from the overlying water through carbonate precipitation was similar to the amount of DIC generated from R. Air–water exchange of CO2 was always from the stream to the atmosphere, but was the smallest component of the DIC budget. Overall, the in-stream DIC reactions reduced the amount of CO2 evasion and the downstream flux of groundwater-derived DIC by about half relative to a hypothetical scenario with groundwater discharge only. Other streams with similar characteristics are widely distributed in the major river basins of North America. Data from USGS water quality monitoring networks from the 1960s to the 1990s indicated that 40% of 652 stream monitoring stations in the contiguous USA were at or above the equilibrium saturation state for calcite, and 77% of all stations exhibited apparent increases in saturation state from the 1960/70s to the 1980/90s. Diel processes including partially irreversible carbonate precipitation may affect net carbon fluxes from many such watersheds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.12.012","usgsCitation":"Tobias, C., and Bohlke, J., 2011, Biological and geochemical controls on diel dissolved inorganic carbon cycling in a low-order agricultural stream: Implications for reach scales and beyond: Chemical Geology, v. 283, no. 1-2, p. 18-30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.12.012.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"18","endPage":"30","ipdsId":"IP-022716","costCenters":[{"id":146,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Eastern Region","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265319,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -126.21093749999999,\n 49.49667452747045\n ],\n [\n -124.98046874999999,\n 46.07323062540835\n ],\n [\n -125.68359374999999,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -125.33203125,\n 39.232253141714885\n ],\n [\n -122.87109375,\n 36.1733569352216\n ],\n [\n -119.53125,\n 33.43144133557529\n ],\n [\n -116.3671875,\n 32.69486597787505\n ],\n [\n -111.4453125,\n 31.50362930577303\n ],\n [\n -106.875,\n 31.653381399664\n ],\n [\n -95.97656249999999,\n 25.005972656239187\n ],\n [\n -95.625,\n 27.68352808378776\n ],\n [\n -92.98828125,\n 29.38217507514529\n ],\n [\n -88.59374999999999,\n 28.613459424004414\n ],\n [\n -88.24218749999999,\n 29.84064389983441\n ],\n [\n -84.90234375,\n 28.613459424004414\n ],\n [\n -80.68359375,\n 24.046463999666567\n ],\n [\n -79.1015625,\n 25.48295117535531\n ],\n [\n -78.92578124999999,\n 30.751277776257812\n ],\n [\n -76.46484375,\n 34.59704151614417\n ],\n [\n -74.70703125,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -73.30078125,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -70.48828125,\n 40.84706035607122\n ],\n [\n -67.5,\n 43.83452678223682\n ],\n [\n -67.5,\n 47.27922900257082\n ],\n [\n -69.78515625,\n 47.27922900257082\n ],\n [\n -75.76171875,\n 45.82879925192134\n ],\n [\n -81.73828125,\n 42.16340342422401\n ],\n [\n -80.85937499999999,\n 45.089035564831036\n ],\n [\n -84.19921875,\n 46.92025531537451\n ],\n [\n -93.8671875,\n 49.38237278700955\n ],\n [\n -126.21093749999999,\n 49.49667452747045\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"283","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50ebfc72e4b07f1501afcfc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tobias, Craig","contributorId":90612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tobias","given":"Craig","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":191103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"J.K.","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70042349,"text":"70042349 - 2011 - QuickBird satellite imagery as a tool for restoration and rehabilitation of Lake Sevan, Armenia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-15T12:07:27","indexId":"70042349","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"QuickBird satellite imagery as a tool for restoration and rehabilitation of Lake Sevan, Armenia","docAbstract":"Lake Sevan in Armenia is the largest freshwater lake in the Transcaucasus region and is one of the largest high-altitude freshwater lakes in Eurasia (Babayan et al., 2006). Armenia is a small (29,743 km2), land- locked country that is comparatively poor in natural resources and nearly surrounded by borders that are blockaded by its neighbors (Babayan et al., 2006; Rhoades, 2008 and references therein; CIA, 2010). Despite these obstacles, ecological research and environmental restoration efforts continue. For the most part, ecological research in Lake Sevan during the twentieth century was restricted to Soviet-era journals, or was otherwise unavailable to western scientists.
\nSaltcedar (Tamarix spp.) has increasingly dominated riparian floodplains relative to native forests in the southwestern U.S., but little is known about its impacts on avian productivity or population status. We monitored 86 Arizona Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii arizonae), 147 Abert's Towhee (Melozone aberti), and 154 Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteria virens) nests to assess reproductive parameters in cottonwood-willow (Populus-Salix), saltcedar, and mesquite (Prosopis spp.) stands along the San Pedro River, Arizona during 1999–2001. We also assessed source-sink status for each species in each vegetation type using field data combined with data from the literature. There were no significant differences in reproductive parameters between vegetation types for Abert's Towhee or Yellow-breasted Chat, although seasonal fecundity was quite low across vegetation types for the latter (0.75 ± 0.14; mean ± SE). Bell's Vireo had extremely low seasonal fecundity in saltcedar (0.10 ± 0.09) and significantly fewer fledglings per nest in saltcedar (0.09 ± 0.09) compared with cottonwood (1.07 ± 0.32). Point estimates of λ were substantially <1 for all three focal species in all habitats indicating the entire study area may be performing as a sink; 90% CI of ![\"i1559-4491-123-1-48-e01.gif\"](\"https://bioone.org/ContentImages/Journals/wils/123/1/10-061.1/graphic/i1559-4491-123-1-48-e01.gif\")
included 1 only for Abert's Towhee across vegetation types and Bell's Vireo in cottonwood vegetation. These results are surprising given the San Pedro is considered to be one of the best remaining occurrences of lowland native riparian vegetation in the southwestern United States.
To track individuals in situ, over 12 million salmon and trout have been marked with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags in the Columbia River Basin, USA. However, few studies have examined long term tag retention as well as tag effects on juvenile salmon and trout. We marked juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (N = 207), steelhead (anadromous rainbow trout) O. mykiss (N = 221), cutthroat trout O. clarkii (N = 202) and bull trout Salvelinus confluentus (N = 180) with 12, 19, or 23 mm PIT tags and examined tag retention, survival, growth, and physiological performance over a six month period in a laboratory environment. PIT tag retention rates were high for coho salmon (100%), steelhead (95%), cutthroat trout (97%), and bull trout (99%), regardless of tag size. Survival was also high for coho (99%), steelhead (99%), cutthroat trout (97%), and bull trout (88%) and did not vary among tag sizes. Short term individual growth rates for coho salmon marked with 12 mm tags were significantly higher than those marked with 19 mm and 23 mm PIT tags. Likewise, steelhead trout individual growth rates were lower for fish marked with 23 mm PIT tags followed by 19 and 12 mm tags. Conversely, long-term growth rates were positive and not affected by tag size. There were no significant effects of tag size or marking on coho gill Na+, K+, -ATPase activity (µmol ADP x mg protein–1 h–1) and plasma osmolality (µmol kg–1) or bull trout hepatosomatic indices. Our study suggests that marking juvenile salmonids with PIT tags results in high retention with little effect upon their survival, growth, and important physiological indicators regardless of tag size in a laboratory environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","usgsCitation":"Ostrand, K.G., Zydlewski, G., Gale, W.L., and Zydlewski, J.D., 2011, Long term retention, survival, growth, and physiological indicators of salmonids marked with passive integrated transponder tags: American Fisheries Society Symposium, v. 76, p. 1-11.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"11","ipdsId":"IP-007117","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348944,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6107fde4b06e28e9c25638","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ostrand, Kenneth G.","contributorId":200437,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ostrand","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zydlewski, Gayle B.","contributorId":139211,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zydlewski","given":"Gayle B.","affiliations":[{"id":12606,"text":"University of Maine, Dept of Plant, Soil, & Envir Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":722325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gale, William L.","contributorId":48726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gale","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zydlewski, Joseph D. 0000-0002-2255-2303 jzydlewski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2255-2303","contributorId":2004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zydlewski","given":"Joseph","email":"jzydlewski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":718126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70190460,"text":"70190460 - 2011 - Introduction: Tectonics, volcanism, and stratigraphy within the evolving transform margin north of San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-01T10:52:29","indexId":"70190460","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1820,"text":"Geosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Introduction: Tectonics, volcanism, and stratigraphy within the evolving transform margin north of San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/GES00541.1","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V., and Sweetkind, D.S., 2011, Introduction: Tectonics, volcanism, and stratigraphy within the evolving transform margin north of San Francisco Bay, California: Geosphere, v. 7, no. 3, p. 597-598, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES00541.1.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"597","endPage":"598","ipdsId":"IP-015372","costCenters":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475431,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges00541.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":345417,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","volume":"7","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59aa71dde4b0e9bde130d010","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langenheim, Victoria E. 0000-0003-2170-5213 zulanger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":151042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"Victoria E.","email":"zulanger@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":709270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sweetkind, Donald S. 0000-0003-0892-4796 dsweetkind@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0892-4796","contributorId":139913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweetkind","given":"Donald","email":"dsweetkind@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":709269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70036986,"text":"70036986 - 2011 - Late Holocene geomorphic record of fire in ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests, Kendrick Mountain, northern Arizona, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-17T17:40:53.907831","indexId":"70036986","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2083,"text":"International Journal of Wildland Fire","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Holocene geomorphic record of fire in ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests, Kendrick Mountain, northern Arizona, USA","docAbstract":"Long-term fire history reconstructions enhance our understanding of fire behaviour and associated geomorphic hazards in forested ecosystems. We used 14C ages on charcoal from fire-induced debris-flow deposits to date prehistoric fires on Kendrick Mountain, northern Arizona, USA. Fire-related debris-flow sedimentation dominates Holocene fan deposition in the study area. Radiocarbon ages indicate that stand-replacing fire has been an important phenomenon in late Holocene ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and ponderosa pine–mixed conifer forests on steep slopes. Fires have occurred on centennial scales during this period, although temporal hiatuses between recorded fires vary widely and appear to have decreased during the past 2000 years. Steep slopes and complex terrain may be responsible for localised crown fire behaviour through preheating by vertical fuel arrangement and accumulation of excessive fuels. Holocene wildfire-induced debris flow events occurred without a clear relationship to regional climatic shifts (decadal to millennial), suggesting that interannual moisture variability may determine fire year. Fire-debris flow sequences are recorded when (1) sufficient time has passed (centuries) to accumulate fuels; and (2) stored sediment is available to support debris flows. The frequency of reconstructed debris flows should be considered a minimum for severe events in the study area, as fuel production may outpace sediment storage.
","language":"English","publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","doi":"10.1071/WF09093","issn":"10498001","usgsCitation":"Jenkins, S., Hull, S.C., Anderson, D., Kaufman, D.S., and Pearthree, P., 2011, Late Holocene geomorphic record of fire in ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests, Kendrick Mountain, northern Arizona, USA: International Journal of Wildland Fire, v. 20, no. 1, p. 125-141, https://doi.org/10.1071/WF09093.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"141","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245839,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217867,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1071/WF09093"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Kendrick Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.2470703125,\n 34.813803317113155\n ],\n [\n -111.4013671875,\n 34.813803317113155\n ],\n [\n -111.4013671875,\n 36.10237644873644\n ],\n [\n -113.2470703125,\n 36.10237644873644\n ],\n [\n -113.2470703125,\n 34.813803317113155\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44e5e4b0c8380cd66ea5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jenkins, S.E.","contributorId":18084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hull, Sieg C.","contributorId":100227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hull","given":"Sieg","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, D.E.","contributorId":47320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kaufman, D. S.","contributorId":18006,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaufman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pearthree, P. A.","contributorId":77236,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pearthree","given":"P. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70043634,"text":"70043634 - 2011 - Marine Habitat Use by Anadromous Bull Trout from the Skagit River, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-26T11:10:39","indexId":"70043634","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2680,"text":"Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Marine Habitat Use by Anadromous Bull Trout from the Skagit River, Washington","docAbstract":"Acoustic telemetry was used to describe fish positions and marine habitat use by tagged bull trout Salvelinus confluentus from the Skagit River, Washington. In March and April 2006, 20 fish were captured and tagged in the lower Skagit River, while 15 fish from the Swinomish Channel were tagged during May and June. Sixteen fish tagged in 2004 and 2005 were also detected during the study. Fish entered Skagit Bay from March to May and returned to the river from May to August. The saltwater residency for the 13 fish detected during the out-migration and return migration ranged from 36 to 133 d (mean ± SD, 75 ± 22 d). Most bull trout were detected less than 14 km (8.5 ± 4.4 km) from the Skagit River, and several bay residents used the Swinomish Channel while migrating. The bull trout detected in the bay were associated with the shoreline (distance from shore, 0.32 ± 0.27 km) and occupied shallow-water habitats (mean water column depth, <4.0 m). The modified-minimum convex polygons (MMCPs) used to describe the habitats used by 14 bay fish showed that most areas were less than 1,000 ha. The mean length of the shoreline bordering the MMCPs was 2.8 km (range, 0.01–5.7 km) for bay fish and 0.6 km for 2 channel residents. Coastal deposits, low banks, and sediment bluffs were common shoreline classes found within the MMCPs of bay fish, while modified shoreline classes usually included concrete bulkheads and riprap. Mixed fines, mixed coarse sediments, and sand were common substrate classes found within MMCPs; green algae and eelgrass (Zostera sp.) vegetation classes made up more than 70% of the area used by bull trout. Our results will help managers identify specific nearshore areas that may require further protection to sustain the unique anadromous life history of bull trout.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"London, UK","doi":"10.1080/19425120.2011.640893","usgsCitation":"Hayes, M.C., Rubin, S.P., Reisenbichler, R., Goetz, F.A., Jeanes, E., and McBride, A., 2011, Marine Habitat Use by Anadromous Bull Trout from the Skagit River, Washington: Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem Science, v. 3, no. 1, p. 394-410, https://doi.org/10.1080/19425120.2011.640893.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"394","endPage":"410","numberOfPages":"17","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-020827","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475165,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19425120.2011.640893","text":"External Repository"},{"id":268356,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268353,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19425120.2011.640893"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Skagit Bay;Skagit River;Swinomish Channel","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.597466,48.247083 ], [ -122.597466,48.470645 ], [ -122.334824,48.470645 ], [ -122.334824,48.247083 ], [ -122.597466,48.247083 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6645e4b0b29085100a22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayes, Michael C. 0000-0002-9060-0565 mhayes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9060-0565","contributorId":3017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Michael","email":"mhayes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":474003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, Steve P. 0000-0003-3054-7173 srubin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3054-7173","contributorId":3018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"Steve","email":"srubin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":474004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reisenbichler, Reginald","contributorId":29903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reisenbichler","given":"Reginald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goetz, Fred A.","contributorId":53261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goetz","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jeanes, Eric","contributorId":71081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jeanes","given":"Eric","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McBride, Aundrea","contributorId":88630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"Aundrea","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70036110,"text":"70036110 - 2011 - Using spatiotemporal models and distance sampling to map the space use and abundance of newly metamorphosed Western Toads (Anaxyrus boreas)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-24T17:01:49","indexId":"70036110","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1894,"text":"Herpetological Conservation and Biology","onlineIssn":"2151-0733","printIssn":"1931-7603","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Using spatiotemporal models and distance sampling to map the space use and abundance of newly metamorphosed Western Toads (Anaxyrus boreas)","title":"Using spatiotemporal models and distance sampling to map the space use and abundance of newly metamorphosed Western Toads (Anaxyrus boreas)","docAbstract":"High variability in abundance, cryptic coloration, and small body size of newly metamorphosed anurans have limited demographic studies of this life-history stage. We used line-transect distance sampling and Bayesian methods to estimate the abundance and spatial distribution of newly metamorphosed Western Toads (Anaxyrus boreas) in terrestrial habitat surrounding a montane lake in central Washington, USA. We completed 154 line-transect surveys from the commencement of metamorphosis (15 September 2009) to the date of first snow accumulation in fall (1 October 2009), and located 543 newly metamorphosed toads. After accounting for variable detection probability associated with the extent of barren habitats, estimates of total surface abundance ranged from a posterior median of 3,880 (95% credible intervals from 2,235 to 12,600) in the first week of sampling to 12,150 (5,543 to 51,670) during the second week of sampling. Numbers of newly metamorphosed toads dropped quickly with increasing distance from the lakeshore in a pattern that differed over the three weeks of the study and contradicted our original hypotheses. Though we hypothesized that the spatial distribution of toads would initially be concentrated near the lake shore and then spread outward from the lake over time, we observed the opposite. Ninety-five percent of individuals occurred within 20, 16, and 15 m of shore during weeks one, two, and three respectively, probably reflecting continued emergence of newly metamorphosed toads from the lake and mortality or burrow use of dispersed individuals. Numbers of toads were highest near the inlet stream of the lake. Distance sampling may provide a useful method for estimating the surface abundance of newly metamorphosed toads and relating their space use to landscape variables despite uncertain and variable probability of detection. We discuss means of improving the precision of estimates of total abundance.","language":"English","publisher":"Herpetological Conservation and Biology","issn":"19317603","usgsCitation":"Chelgren, N.D., Samora, B., Adams, M.J., and McCreary, B., 2011, Using spatiotemporal models and distance sampling to map the space use and abundance of newly metamorphosed Western Toads (Anaxyrus boreas): Herpetological Conservation and Biology, v. 6, no. 2, p. 175-190.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"190","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":246427,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263781,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.herpconbio.org/Volume_6/Issue_2"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mt. Rainier National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.876709,46.787719 ], [ -121.876709,46.939905 ], [ -121.638906,46.939905 ], [ -121.638906,46.787719 ], [ -121.876709,46.787719 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc0a5e4b08c986b32a23f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chelgren, Nathan D.","contributorId":49062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chelgren","given":"Nathan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Samora, Barbara","contributorId":95770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samora","given":"Barbara","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adams, M. J. 0000-0001-8844-042X mjadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8844-042X","contributorId":3133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adams","given":"M.","email":"mjadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":454261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McCreary, Brome","contributorId":105005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCreary","given":"Brome","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":454264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70044963,"text":"70044963 - 2011 - V is for verde antique","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-05T11:22:50","indexId":"70044963","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":674,"text":"Aggregates Manager","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"V is for verde antique","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aggregates Manager","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Randall Reilly","usgsCitation":"Langer, W.H., 2011, V is for verde antique: Aggregates Manager, v. 16, no. 10, p. 44-44.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"44","endPage":"44","ipdsId":"IP-032189","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":273301,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51b05df0e4b030b519801348","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langer, W. H.","contributorId":44932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70036989,"text":"70036989 - 2011 - Short- and long-term effects of fire on carbon in US dry temperate forest systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-17T16:46:26.184593","indexId":"70036989","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Short- and long-term effects of fire on carbon in US dry temperate forest systems","docAbstract":"Forests sequester carbon from the atmosphere, and in so doing can mitigate the effects of climate change. Fire is a natural disturbance process in many forest systems that releases carbon back to the atmosphere. In dry temperate forests, fires historically burned with greater frequency and lower severity than they do today. Frequent fires consumed fuels on the forest floor and maintained open stand structures. Fire suppression has resulted in increased understory fuel loads and tree density; a change in structure that has caused a shift from low- to high-severity fires. More severe fires, resulting in greater tree mortality, have caused a decrease in forest carbon stability. Fire management actions can mitigate the risk of high-severity fires, but these actions often require a trade-off between maximizing carbon stocks and carbon stability. We discuss the effects of fire on forest carbon stocks and recommend that managing forests on the basis of their specific ecologies should be the foremost goal, with carbon sequestration being an ancillary benefit.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Institute of Biological Sciences","doi":"10.1525/bio.2011.61.2.9","issn":"00063568","usgsCitation":"Hurteau, M.D., and Brooks, M.L., 2011, Short- and long-term effects of fire on carbon in US dry temperate forest systems: BioScience, v. 61, no. 2, p. 139-146, https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2011.61.2.9.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"146","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245869,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217896,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1525/bio.2011.61.2.9"}],"volume":"61","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8ea6e4b08c986b318a74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hurteau, Matthew D.","contributorId":100660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurteau","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brooks, Matthew L. 0000-0002-3518-6787 mlbrooks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3518-6787","contributorId":393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Matthew","email":"mlbrooks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":458872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70046613,"text":"70046613 - 2011 - Normalized Difference Vegetation Index for Fanno Creek, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-17T08:40:30","indexId":"70046613","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index for Fanno Creek, Oregon","docAbstract":"Fanno Creek is a tributary to the Tualatin River and flows though parts of the southwest Portland metropolitan area. The stream is heavily influenced by urban runoff and shows characteristic flashy streamflow and poor water quality commonly associated with urban streams. This data set represents the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), or \"greenness\" of the Fanno Creek floodplain study area. Aerial photography was used to isolate areas of vegetation based on comparing different bandwidths within the imagery. In this case, the NDVI is calculated as the quotient of the near infrared band minus the red band divided by the near infared plus the red band. NDVI = (NIR - R)/(NIR + R).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70046613","usgsCitation":"Sobieszczyk, S., 2011, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index for Fanno Creek, Oregon, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.3133/70046613.","productDescription":"Dataset","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":273756,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":273755,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/fannoCk_ndvi_09.xml"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Fanno Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -129.351779,39.745375 ], [ -129.351779,55.265926 ], [ -109.448056,55.265926 ], [ -109.448056,39.745375 ], [ -129.351779,39.745375 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51c02ff3e4b0ee1529ed3d34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sobieszczyk, Steven 0000-0002-0834-8437 ssobie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0834-8437","contributorId":885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sobieszczyk","given":"Steven","email":"ssobie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":479868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70032355,"text":"70032355 - 2011 - Origin of minor and trace element compositional diversity in anorthitic feldspar phenocrysts and melt inclusions from the Juan de Fuca Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-25T11:20:43","indexId":"70032355","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1757,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of minor and trace element compositional diversity in anorthitic feldspar phenocrysts and melt inclusions from the Juan de Fuca Ridge","docAbstract":"Melt inclusions trapped in phenocryst phases are important primarily due to their potential of preserving a significant proportion of the diversity of magma composition prior to modification of the parent magma array during transport through the crust. The goal of this investigation was to evaluate the impact of formational and post-entrapment processes on the composition of melt inclusions hosted in high anorthite plagioclase in MORB. Our observations from three plagioclase ultra-phyric lavas from the Endeavor Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge document a narrow range of major elements and a dramatically greater range of minor and trace elements within most host plagioclase crystals. Observed host/inclusion partition coefficients for Ti are consistent with experimental determinations. In addition, observed values of DTi are independent of inclusion size and inclusion TiO2 content of the melt inclusion. These observations preclude significant effects from the re-homogenization process, entrapment of incompatible element boundary layers or dissolution/precipitation. The observed wide range of TiO2 contents in the host feldspar, and between bands of melt inclusions within individual crystals rule out modification of TiOWe report the results of low temperature (−10°C) experiments on the stability fields and phase transition pathways of five hydrous Mg-sulfates. A low temperature form of MgSO4·7H2O (LT-7w) was found to have a wide stability field that extends to low relative humidity (∼13% RH at −10°C). Using information on the timing of phase transitions, we extracted information on the reaction rates of five important dehydration and rehydration processes. We found that the temperature dependencies of rate constants for dehydration processes differ from those of rehydration, which reflect differences in reaction mechanisms. By extrapolating these rate constants versus T correlations into the T range relevant to Mars, we can evaluate the possibility of occurrence of specific processes and the presence of common Mg-sulfate species present on Mars in different periods and locations. We anticipate in a moderate obliquity period, starkeyite and LH-MgSO4·H2O should be two common Mg-sulfates at the surface, another polymorph MH-MgSO4·H2O can exist at the locations where hydrothermal processes may have occurred. In polar regions or within the subsurface of other regions, meridianiite (coexisting with water ice, near 100% RH) and LT-7w (over a large RH range) are the stable phases. During a high obliquity period, meridianiite and LT-7w should exhibit widespread occurrence. The correlations of reaction rates versus temperature found in this study imply that dehydration and rehydration of hydrous Mg-sulfates would always be slower than the sublimation and crystallization of water ice, which would be supported by mission observations from Odyssey and by Mars Exploration Rovers.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2011JE003818","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Wang, A., Freeman, J., Chou, I., and Jolliff, B., 2011, Stability of Mg-sulfates at-10C and the rates of dehydration/rehydration processes under conditions relevant to Mars: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 116, no. 12, E12006, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JE003818.","productDescription":"E12006, 22 p.","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475154,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011je003818","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":241383,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-12-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b964de4b08c986b31b416","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, A.","contributorId":46735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, J.J.","contributorId":95667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chou, I.-M. 0000-0001-5233-6479","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-6479","contributorId":44283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chou","given":"I.-M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":436937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jolliff, B.L.","contributorId":21268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jolliff","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70032265,"text":"70032265 - 2011 - Social network models predict movement and connectivity in ecological landscapes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:29","indexId":"70032265","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3165,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Social network models predict movement and connectivity in ecological landscapes","docAbstract":"Network analysis is on the rise across scientific disciplines because of its ability to reveal complex, and often emergent, patterns and dynamics. Nonetheless, a growing concern in network analysis is the use of limited data for constructing networks. This concern is strikingly relevant to ecology and conservation biology, where network analysis is used to infer connectivity across landscapes. In this context, movement among patches is the crucial parameter for interpreting connectivity but because of the difficulty of collecting reliable movement data, most network analysis proceeds with only indirect information on movement across landscapes rather than using observed movement to construct networks. Statistical models developed for social networks provide promising alternatives for landscape network construction because they can leverage limited movement information to predict linkages. Using two mark-recapture datasets on individual movement and connectivity across landscapes, we test whether commonly used network constructions for interpreting connectivity can predict actual linkages and network structure, and we contrast these approaches to social network models. We find that currently applied network constructions for assessing connectivity consistently, and substantially, overpredict actual connectivity, resulting in considerable overestimation of metapopulation lifetime. Furthermore, social network models provide accurate predictions of network structure, and can do so with remarkably limited data on movement. Social network models offer a flexible and powerful way for not only understanding the factors influencing connectivity but also for providing more reliable estimates of connectivity and metapopulation persistence in the face of limited data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1107549108","issn":"00278424","usgsCitation":"Fletcher, R.J., Acevedo, M., Reichert, B.E., Pias, K., and Kitchens, W., 2011, Social network models predict movement and connectivity in ecological landscapes: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 108, no. 48, p. 19282-19287, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1107549108.","startPage":"19282","endPage":"19287","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":475302,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1107549108","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":214946,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1107549108"},{"id":242707,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"48","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-11-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b91c2e4b08c986b319aa7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fletcher, R. J. Jr.","contributorId":88120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Acevedo, M.A.","contributorId":91317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Acevedo","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reichert, Brian E. 0000-0002-9640-0695","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9640-0695","contributorId":22166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichert","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":435330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pias, Kyle E.","contributorId":26535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pias","given":"Kyle E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kitchens, W.M.","contributorId":87647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchens","given":"W.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70032671,"text":"70032671 - 2011 - Building transparent data access for ocean observatories: Coordination of U.S. IOOS DMAC with NSF's OOI Cyberinfrastructure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:22","indexId":"70032671","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Building transparent data access for ocean observatories: Coordination of U.S. IOOS DMAC with NSF's OOI Cyberinfrastructure","docAbstract":"The NOAA-led U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) and the National Science Foundation's Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) have been collaborating since 2007 on advanced tools and technologies that ensure open access to ocean observations and models. Initial collaboration focused on serving ocean data via cloud computing-a key component of the OOI cyberinfrastructure (CI) architecture. As the OOI transitioned from planning to execution in the Fall of 2009, an OOI/IOOS team developed a customer-based \"use case\" to align more closely with the emerging objectives of OOI-CI team's first software release scheduled for Summer 2011 and provide a quantitative capacity for stress-testing these tools and protocols. A requirements process was initiated with coastal modelers, focusing on improved workflows to deliver ocean observation data. Accomplishments to date include the documentation and assessment of scientific workflows for two \"early adopter\" modeling teams from IOOS Regional partners (Rutgers-the State University of New Jersey and University of Hawaii's School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology) to enable full understanding of data sources and needs; generation of all-inclusive lists of the data sets required and those obtainable through IOOS; a more complete understanding of areas where IOOS can expand data access capabilities to better serve the needs of the modeling community; and development of \"data set agents\" (software) to facilitate data acquisition from numerous data providers and conversions of the data format to the OOI-CI canonical form. ?? 2011 MTS.","largerWorkTitle":"OCEANS'11 - MTS/IEEE Kona, Program Book","conferenceTitle":"MTS/IEEE Kona Conference, OCEANS'11","conferenceDate":"19 September 2011 through 22 September 2011","conferenceLocation":"Kona, HI","language":"English","isbn":"9781457714276","usgsCitation":"Arrott, M., Alexander, C., Graybeal, J., Mueller, C., Signell, R., de La Beaujardière, J., Taylor, A., Wilkin, J., Powell, B., and Orcutt, J., 2011, Building transparent data access for ocean observatories: Coordination of U.S. IOOS DMAC with NSF's OOI Cyberinfrastructure, in OCEANS'11 - MTS/IEEE Kona, Program Book, Kona, HI, 19 September 2011 through 22 September 2011.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2abe4b0c8380cd4b2b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arrott, M.","contributorId":38788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arrott","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alexander, Corrine","contributorId":51902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"Corrine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Graybeal, J.","contributorId":84990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graybeal","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mueller, C.","contributorId":40201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Signell, R.","contributorId":76052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"de La Beaujardière, J.","contributorId":17435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"de La Beaujardière","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Taylor, A.","contributorId":87381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wilkin, J.","contributorId":88163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkin","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Powell, B.","contributorId":39721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Orcutt, J.","contributorId":51457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orcutt","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70032670,"text":"70032670 - 2011 - Estimating basin scale evapotranspiration (ET) by water balance and remote sensing methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-15T16:06:49","indexId":"70032670","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating basin scale evapotranspiration (ET) by water balance and remote sensing methods","docAbstract":"Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important hydrological process that can be studied and estimated at multiple spatial scales ranging from a leaf to a river basin. We present a review of methods in estimating basin scale ET and its applications in understanding basin water balance dynamics. The review focuses on two aspects of ET: (i) how the basin scale water balance approach is used to estimate ET; and (ii) how ‘direct’ measurement and modelling approaches are used to estimate basin scale ET. Obviously, the basin water balance-based ET requires the availability of good precipitation and discharge data to calculate ET as a residual on longer time scales (annual) where net storage changes are assumed to be negligible. ET estimated from such a basin water balance principle is generally used for validating the performance of ET models. On the other hand, many of the direct estimation methods involve the use of remotely sensed data to estimate spatially explicit ET and use basin-wide averaging to estimate basin scale ET. The direct methods can be grouped into soil moisture balance modelling, satellite-based vegetation index methods, and methods based on satellite land surface temperature measurements that convert potential ET into actual ET using a proportionality relationship. The review also includes the use of complementary ET estimation principles for large area applications. The review identifies the need to compare and evaluate the different ET approaches using standard data sets in basins covering different hydro-climatic regions of the world.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1002/hyp.8379","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Senay, G., Leake, S., Nagler, P., Artan, G., Dickinson, J., Cordova, J., and Glenn, E.P., 2011, Estimating basin scale evapotranspiration (ET) by water balance and remote sensing methods: Hydrological Processes, v. 25, no. 26, p. 4037-4049, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8379.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"4037","endPage":"4049","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214009,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8379"}],"volume":"25","issue":"26","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-12-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b0ee4b0c8380cd52540","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senay, G.B. 0000-0002-8810-8539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":17741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leake, S.","contributorId":90551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leake","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nagler, P.L. 0000-0003-0674-103X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0674-103X","contributorId":29937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagler","given":"P.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Artan, G.","contributorId":27262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Artan","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dickinson, J.","contributorId":78562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickinson","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cordova, J.T.","contributorId":7511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cordova","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Glenn, E. 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On the basis of data from 418 nests of color-banded individuals in southwestern Pennsylvania and 700 km south in the Georgia Piedmont, we found that clutch size in replacement nests and probability of renesting were significantly greater in Pennsylvania (clutch size 4.4; renesting probability 0.66) than in Georgia (clutch size 3.8; renesting probability 0.54). Contrasts of the remaining measures of breeding were not statistically significant, and, in particular, mean daily nest survival in the two study areas was nearly identical (0.974 in Pennsylvania; 0.975 in Georgia). An individual-based model of fecundity (i.e., number of fledged young per adult female), predicted that approximately half of the females in both Pennsylvania and Georgia fledge at least one young, and mean values for fecundity in Pennsylvania and Georgia were 2.28 and 1.91, respectively. On the basis of greater support for the food-limitation hypothesis than for the season-length hypothesis, the trade-off between breeding in a region with more food but making a longer migration may be greater for waterthrushes breeding farther north than for those breeding farther south. ?? The Cooper Ornithological Society 2011.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Condor","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1525/cond.2011.090212","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Mattsson, B., Latta, S., Cooper, R., and Mulvihill, R., 2011, Latitudinal variation in reproductive strategies by the migratory Louisiana Waterthrush: Condor, v. 113, no. 2, p. 412-418, https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2011.090212.","startPage":"412","endPage":"418","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213981,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cond.2011.090212"},{"id":241659,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4587e4b0c8380cd673cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mattsson, B.J.","contributorId":82029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattsson","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Latta, S.C.","contributorId":52800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Latta","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cooper, R.J.","contributorId":89077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mulvihill, R.S.","contributorId":103098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulvihill","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70032453,"text":"70032453 - 2011 - Reassessment of stable continental regions of Southeast Asia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:21","indexId":"70032453","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reassessment of stable continental regions of Southeast Asia","docAbstract":"Probabilistic seismic-hazard assessments of the central and eastern United States (CEUS) require estimates of the size of the largest possible earthquake (Mmax). In most of the CEUS, sparse historical seismicity does not provide a record of moderate and large earthquakes that is sufficient to constrain Mmax. One remedy for the insufficient catalog is to combine the catalog of moderate to large CEUS earthquakes with catalogs from other regions worldwide that are tectonically analogous to the CEUS (stable continental regions, or SCRs). After the North America SCR, the largest contribution of earthquakes to this global SCR catalog comes from a Southeast Asian SCR that extends from Indochina to southeasternmost Russia. Integration and interpretation of recently published geological and geophysical results show that most of these Southeast Asian earthquakes occurred in areas exposing abundant alkaline igneous rocks and extensional faults, both of Neogene age (last 23 million years). The implied Neogene extension precludes classification of the areas as SCR crust. The extension also reduces the number of moderate and large Southeast Asian historical earthquakes that are available to constrain CEUS Mmax by 86 percent, from 43 to six.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Seismological Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.82.6.971","issn":"08950695","usgsCitation":"Wheeler, R.L., 2011, Reassessment of stable continental regions of Southeast Asia: Seismological Research Letters, v. 82, no. 6, p. 971-983, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.82.6.971.","startPage":"971","endPage":"983","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":213816,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.82.6.971"},{"id":241475,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a95c1e4b0c8380cd81bfa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wheeler, R. L.","contributorId":34916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70176643,"text":"70176643 - 2011 - Short-term nitrogen additions can shift a coastal wetland from a sink to a source of N2O","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-06T10:43:48","indexId":"70176643","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":924,"text":"Atmospheric Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Short-term nitrogen additions can shift a coastal wetland from a sink to a source of N2O","docAbstract":"Coastal salt marshes sequester carbon at high rates relative to other ecosystems and emit relatively little methane particularly compared to freshwater wetlands. However, fluxes of all major greenhouse gases (N2O, CH4, and CO2) need to be quantified for accurate assessment of the climatic roles of these ecosystems. Anthropogenic nitrogen inputs (via run-off, atmospheric deposition, and wastewater) impact coastal marshes. To test the hypothesis that a pulse of nitrogen loading may increase greenhouse gas emissions from salt marsh sediments, we compared N2O, CH4 and respiratory CO2fluxes from nitrate-enriched plots in a Spartina patens marsh (receiving single additions of NaNO3 equivalent to 1.4 g N m−2) to those from control plots (receiving only artificial seawater solutions) in three short-term experiments (July 2009, April 2010, and June 2010). In July 2009, we also compared N2O and CH4 fluxes in both opaque and transparent chambers to test the influence of light on gas flux measurements. Background fluxes of N2O in July 2009 averaged −33 μmol N2O m−2 day−1. However, within 1 h of nutrient additions, N2O fluxes were significantly greater in plots receiving nitrate additions relative to controls in July 2009. Respiratory rates and CH4 fluxes were not significantly affected. N2O fluxes were significantly higher in dark than in transparent chambers, averaging 108 and 42 μmol N2O m−2 day−1 respectively. After 2 days, when nutrient concentrations returned to background levels, none of the greenhouse gas fluxes differed from controls. In April 2010, N2O and CH4 fluxes were not significantly affected by nitrate, possibly due to higher nitrogen demands by growing S. patens plants, but in June 2010 trends of higher N2O fluxes were again found among nitrate-enriched plots, indicating that responses to nutrient pulses may be strongest during the summer. In terms of carbon equivalents, the highest average N2O and CH4 fluxes observed, exceeded half the magnitude of typical daily net carbon sequestration rates by salt marshes. Thus, anthropogenic additions of nitrate to coasts can substantially alter N2O fluxes from marshes, although substantial temporal variation in these fluxes was observed. To better assess the climatic roles of salt marshes, greenhouse gas emissions need to be studied in the context of chronic nitrogen loads that impact many coastal ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.046","usgsCitation":"Moseman-Valtierra, S., Gonzalez, R., Kroeger, K.D., Tang, J., Chao, W.C., Crusius, J., Bratton, J.F., Mann, A.G., and Shelton, J., 2011, Short-term nitrogen additions can shift a coastal wetland from a sink to a source of N2O: Atmospheric Environment, v. 45, no. 26, p. 4390-4397, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.046.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"4390","endPage":"4397","ipdsId":"IP-027481","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328938,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"26","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f5aae4b0bc0bec0a17b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moseman-Valtierra, Serena","contributorId":140087,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moseman-Valtierra","given":"Serena","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6923,"text":"University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":649552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gonzalez, Rosalinda","contributorId":174889,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gonzalez","given":"Rosalinda","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kroeger, Kevin D. 0000-0002-4272-2349 kkroeger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4272-2349","contributorId":1603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroeger","given":"Kevin","email":"kkroeger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":41100,"text":"Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tang, Jianwu","contributorId":174890,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tang","given":"Jianwu","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27818,"text":"The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory. 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Among groups exposed to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), injection of donor plasma from VHS survivors resulted in significantly greater survival (50%) and significantly lower tissue titers (1.5 x 10(5) plaque-forming units [PFU]/g) than the injection of plasma from VHSV-naive donors (6% survival; 3.7 x 10(6) PFU/g). Additionally, the magnitude of the protective immune response increased during the postexposure period; plasma that was collected from survivors at 123 d postexposure (931 degree-days) provided greater protection than plasma collected from survivors at 60 d postexposure (409 degree-days). These results provide proof of concept that the VHSV exposure history of Pacific herring populations can be determined post hoc; furthermore, the results can be used as the foundation for developing additional high-throughput diagnostic techniques that may be effective at quantifying herd immunity and forecasting the potential for future VHS epizootics in populations of wild Pacific herring.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/08997659.2011.616838","issn":"08997659","usgsCitation":"Hershberger, P., Gregg, J., Grady, C., LaPatra, S., and Winton, J., 2011, Passive immunization of Pacific herring against viral hemorrhagic septicemia.: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 23, no. 3, p. 140-147, https://doi.org/10.1080/08997659.2011.616838.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"140","endPage":"147","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242708,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214947,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08997659.2011.616838"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-09-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a757ae4b0c8380cd77b8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hershberger, P.K. 0000-0002-2261-7760","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2261-7760","contributorId":58818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hershberger","given":"P.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gregg, J.L.","contributorId":78521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregg","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grady, C.A.","contributorId":7929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grady","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"LaPatra, S. 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