Air-photo interpretation is very well suited to water resources studies where limited observations of hydrologic data must be extended to regional characteristics for large areas. It is also useful in monitoring the hydrologic regimen of an area to detect possible changes. Color aerial photography is generally superior to black-and-white photography for these water resources investigations. Depth penetration through water, and excellent discrimination of water indicators, such as vegetation, are its -main assets. Meaningful interpretation of the photography depends on adequate ground control data. Experiences of the Water Resources Division, U. S. Geological Survey, indicate that the best interpretation is done by professional personnel-engineers, geologists, and water chemists intimately associated with a particular water resources project for which the photography has been obtained.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Schneider, W.J., 1968, Color photographs for water resources studies: Photogrammetric Engineering, v. 34, no. 3, p. 257-262.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"262","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288472,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539acbebe4b0e83db6d08ed6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schneider, William J.","contributorId":47349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5700,"text":"5700 - 1968 - Data for springs in the southern coast, transverse, and peninsular ranges of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:16:00","indexId":"5700","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T13:25:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Data for springs in the southern coast, transverse, and peninsular ranges of California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","publisherLocation":"Menlo Park, CA","doi":"10.3133/5700","collaboration":"USGS Library Call No.: (200) B455d","usgsCitation":"Berkstresser, C.F., 1968, Data for springs in the southern coast, transverse, and peninsular ranges of California, 56 p. in various pagings : map ; 27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/5700.","productDescription":"56 p. in various pagings : map ; 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":204227,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd7ce4b0c8380cd4e855","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berkstresser, Charles Floyd","contributorId":84063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berkstresser","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"Floyd","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5699,"text":"5699 - 1968 - Data for springs in the northern coast ranges and Klamath Mountains of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:16:00","indexId":"5699","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T13:22:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Data for springs in the northern coast ranges and Klamath Mountains of California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","publisherLocation":"Menlo Park, CA","doi":"10.3133/5699","collaboration":"USGS Library Call No.: (200) B455dn","usgsCitation":"Berkstresser, C.F., 1968, Data for springs in the northern coast ranges and Klamath Mountains of California, iv, 49 p. : map ; 27 cm, https://doi.org/10.3133/5699.","productDescription":"iv, 49 p. : map ; 27 cm","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":204223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd7ae4b0c8380cd4e850","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berkstresser, Charles Floyd","contributorId":84063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berkstresser","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"Floyd","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70209107,"text":"70209107 - 1968 - Seismic evidence for the thickness of Cenozoic deposits in Mono Basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-16T17:32:43","indexId":"70209107","displayToPublicDate":"1968-12-31T17:27:29","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic evidence for the thickness of Cenozoic deposits in Mono Basin, California","docAbstract":"From gravity and limited seismic data obtained in 1957, Pakiser and others (1960) reported a thickness of Cenozoic deposits in the deepest part of Mono Basin, California, of 5.5 ± 1.5 km. Later, in 1962, from a series of chemical explosions in the westernmost part of Mono Basin and outside the limits of the main depressed structure, the thickness of Cenozoic deposits was estimated to be 1.6 km. In 1966, a series of ten 1-ton chemical explosions was detonated in Mono Lake near the deepest part of the Mono Basin structure for the purpose of studying the relative effectiveness of different types of explosives in generating seismic energy. Seismic waves recorded at distances 25.0 to 92.3 km from the explosions were delayed by 1.43 seconds (referred to a shot on bedrock) as they descended through the low-velocity Cenozoic deposits of Mono Basin. By using the velocities of Cenozoic deposits as determined during the 1957 field season, the thickness of Cenozoic deposits required to account for the 1.43-second delay determined in 1966 has been estimated to be about 5 ± 1 km. The delay of seismic waves emerging in Long Valley was less than expected, indicating that they were propagated into Long Valley mainly through high-velocity rocks. From the rate of deposition of Cenozoic rocks in Mono Basin based on the age and depth of burial of the Bishop Tuff, it was estimated that Mono Basin began to subside in early or middle Pliocene time.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79[1833:SEFTTO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Pakiser, L.C., 1968, Seismic evidence for the thickness of Cenozoic deposits in Mono Basin, California: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 79, no. 12, p. 1833-1838, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79[1833:SEFTTO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1833","endPage":"1838","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":373305,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mono Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.9647674560547,\n 37.8813571797486\n ],\n [\n -118.80546569824217,\n 37.8813571797486\n ],\n [\n -118.80546569824217,\n 37.98642201062662\n ],\n [\n -118.9647674560547,\n 37.98642201062662\n ],\n [\n -118.9647674560547,\n 37.8813571797486\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"79","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pakiser, L. C.","contributorId":83512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pakiser","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70209116,"text":"70209116 - 1968 - Paleomagnetism, potassium-argon ages, and geology of rhyolites and associated rocks of the Valles Caldera, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-17T11:22:21","indexId":"70209116","displayToPublicDate":"1968-12-31T11:16:57","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Paleomagnetism, potassium-argon ages, and geology of rhyolites and associated rocks of the Valles Caldera, New Mexico","docAbstract":"Paleomagnetic and potassium-argon studies support geologic evidence that the lower member of the Bandelier Tuff was deposited 1.4 m.y. ago. The upper member erupted about 1.0 m.y. ago and was followed by caldera collapse which formed the 12- to 14-mile diameter Valles Caldera. Postcaldera activity which resulted in the eruption of rhyolite domes and pyroclastic material, has occurred at about 0.9, 0.7, 0.5, and 0.4 m.y. ago, with later undated eruptions that were estimated at about 0.1 m.y. ago.
These data from the Valles Caldera are the basis for the previously published age revision of the Brunhes-Matuyama geomagnetic polarity epoch boundary from 1.0 to 0.7 m.y. ago, and they were used to define the Jaramillo normal polarity event at about 0.9 m.y. ago (Doell and Dalrymple, 1966).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Studies in volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/MEM116-p211","usgsCitation":"Doell, R., Dalrymple, G.B., Smith, R.L., and Bailey, R.A., 1968, Paleomagnetism, potassium-argon ages, and geology of rhyolites and associated rocks of the Valles Caldera, New Mexico, chap. of Studies in volcanology, v. 116, p. 211-248, https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM116-p211.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"248","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":373314,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Valles Caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.04803466796875,\n 35.61711648382185\n ],\n [\n -106.1883544921875,\n 35.61711648382185\n ],\n [\n -106.1883544921875,\n 36.10015727402227\n ],\n [\n -107.04803466796875,\n 36.10015727402227\n ],\n [\n -107.04803466796875,\n 35.61711648382185\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"116","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1968-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doell, Richard R.","contributorId":66683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doell","given":"Richard R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dalrymple, G. Brent","contributorId":54564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalrymple","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brent","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Robert L.","contributorId":90803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bailey, Roy A.","contributorId":42576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70233751,"text":"70233751 - 1968 - A method for estimating the uncertainty of seismic velocities measured by refraction techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-27T17:14:44.377534","indexId":"70233751","displayToPublicDate":"1968-12-01T12:02:26","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A method for estimating the uncertainty of seismic velocities measured by refraction techniques","docAbstract":"Time residuals from 75-km segments of 18 crustal seismic-refraction profiles in the Basin and Range province are used to investigate the validity of the linear-regression model and to make large sample estimates of the variance in the travel time distributions.
A formula for unbiased estimates of velocity uncertainty is derived, assuming a linear trend with distance for the variances of the travel-time distributions. If the recording units are symmetric about the center of the recording interval, this formula is equivalent to the one derived assuming the variances are equal.
At the 95-per cent confidence level the chi-squared test implied 84 per cent of the time-residual samples were inconsistent with the hypothesis that their parent populations had Gaussian distributions. If the number of recording locations expceeds 8, confidence limits computed without the Gaussian assumption suggest the departures from normality are not significant for velocity uncertainty estimates.
The large sample estimates of the time-residual populations may be applicable to other areas. This evidence motivated the development of a method, requiring very little numerical calculation, for estimating uncertainties in velocities. The method requires, in addition to the large sample estimates of the travel time variances, information on the quality of the data, the location of the recording interval, and the number of recording units. The method is useful for the design of new experiments and independent estimates of uncertainty reported in the literature.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0580061769","usgsCitation":"Borcherdt, R.D., and Healy, J.H., 1968, A method for estimating the uncertainty of seismic velocities measured by refraction techniques: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 58, no. 6, p. 1769-1790, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0580061769.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1769","endPage":"1790","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":404500,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Basin and Range province","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.57568359374999,\n 32.45415593941475\n ],\n [\n -111.20361328125,\n 32.713355353177555\n ],\n [\n -111.07177734375,\n 44.29240108529005\n ],\n [\n -123.33251953125,\n 43.6599240747891\n ],\n [\n -123.28857421875,\n 37.70120736474139\n ],\n [\n -121.46484375,\n 34.32529192442733\n ],\n [\n -118.67431640625,\n 32.41706632846282\n ],\n [\n -117.57568359374999,\n 32.45415593941475\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1968-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borcherdt, Roger D. 0000-0002-8668-0849 borcherdt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":2373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"Roger","email":"borcherdt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":847627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Healy, J. H.","contributorId":48968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70171538,"text":"70171538 - 1968 - Use of dye tracers to collect hydrologic data in Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-14T12:30:37.551585","indexId":"70171538","displayToPublicDate":"1968-11-27T18:30:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of dye tracers to collect hydrologic data in Oregon","docAbstract":"Dye tracers have been used in Oregon in the Collection of hydrologic data on 2,350 miles of stream channels in the Long Tom, Umpqua, Willmette, and John Day River basins, and in the Carmen‐Smith power tunnel. These investigations demonstrated the usefulness, of dye tracers for determining: (1) estimates of traveltimes and travel rates of water, (2) discharge where standard methods of measuring are not applicable, and (3) dispersion characteristics of streams. Illustrations are used to present the results of time‐of‐travel studies in simple, concise, and readily interpreted form.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1968.tb02937.x","issn":"1093-474X","usgsCitation":"Harris, D., and Sanderson, R., 1968, Use of dye tracers to collect hydrologic data in Oregon: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 4, no. 2, p. 51-68, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1968.tb02937.x.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"68","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":322096,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.93847656250001,\n 46.13417004624326\n ],\n [\n -122.6953125,\n 45.583289756006316\n ],\n [\n -123.00292968749999,\n 46.13417004624326\n ],\n [\n -124.0576171875,\n 46.31658418182218\n ],\n [\n -124.45312499999999,\n 42.84375132629021\n ],\n [\n -124.45312499999999,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -117.02636718749999,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -116.89453125,\n 44.15068115978094\n ],\n [\n -117.24609374999999,\n 44.33956524809713\n ],\n [\n -116.4111328125,\n 45.67548217560647\n ],\n [\n -116.93847656250001,\n 46.13417004624326\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"575158bde4b053f0edd03ca2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, D.D.","contributorId":59002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanderson, R.B.","contributorId":169982,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sanderson","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70221364,"text":"70221364 - 1968 - A lead isotope study of galenas and selected feldspars from mining Districts in Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-11T15:12:05.825137","indexId":"70221364","displayToPublicDate":"1968-11-01T10:07:55","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A lead isotope study of galenas and selected feldspars from mining Districts in Utah","docAbstract":"The leads in feldspars from the main Tertiary intrusive bodies in each of three mining regions in Utah are isotopically similar to the lead deposits immediately associated with them. These deposits are the largest and also the least radiogenic in each region, whereas the smaller deposits are more radiogenic. Throughout each region the 'ore leads appear to be mixtures in various proportions of lead derived from the intrusive magma and a radiogenic lead component derived from the upper crustal rocks through which the mineralizing fluids passed. Linear relationships are exhibited between the lead isotope ratios within each mining region, and these enable the ages of the upper crustal basement rocks to be determined. A simple tvo-stage model theory for the development of the lead ores yields the folloving data: Oquirrh Mountains region, t 1,650 4-150 m.y., p-Cottonwood-Park City region, t = 2,415 4-30 m.y., p- = 8.87. Tintlc region, t 2,075 4-30 m.y., Milford region, t 1 765 4-70 m.y., p-T ( Us ) = , = 8.83. An alternative \"mixing\" model is also proposed which requires only 1,650-m.y. and 2,400-m.y. events in these regions. In either case these ages confirm and supplement our present geochronological knowledge of the basement rocks of Utah.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.63.7.796","usgsCitation":"Stacey, J.S., Zartman, R., and Nkomo, I.T., 1968, A lead isotope study of galenas and selected feldspars from mining Districts in Utah: Economic Geology, v. 63, no. 7, p. 796-814, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.63.7.796.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"796","endPage":"814","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386427,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 42.049292638686836\n ],\n [\n -114.08203125,\n 42.049292638686836\n ],\n [\n -114.08203125,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -109.00634765625,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -109.0283203125,\n 41.04621681452063\n ],\n [\n -111.09374999999999,\n 41.07935114946899\n ],\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 42.049292638686836\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"63","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1968-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stacey, J. S.","contributorId":72785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stacey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zartman, R. E.","contributorId":15632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zartman","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nkomo, Ignatius T.","contributorId":61044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nkomo","given":"Ignatius","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70221368,"text":"70221368 - 1968 - Temperature, salinity, and origin of the ore-forming fluids at Pine Point, Northwest Territories, Canada, from fluid inclusion studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-11T15:57:58.424528","indexId":"70221368","displayToPublicDate":"1968-08-01T10:53:30","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temperature, salinity, and origin of the ore-forming fluids at Pine Point, Northwest Territories, Canada, from fluid inclusion studies","docAbstract":"Although the Pine Point ore is relatively poor in useable fluid inclusions, some sphalerite crystals from replacements, vugs, and from \" colloform\" crusts were found to contain primary or pseudosecondary liquid-gas inclusions adequate for study. Most (132 of 133) of these had low freezing temperatures, indicating exceedingly saline brines. The 112 inclusions suitable for filling-temperature determination homogenized at +51° to +97° C. A very small pressure correction must be added to obtain the trapping temperature.Dolomite crystals from some of the same vugs contain large numbers of primary inclusions, many of which have leaked. The twenty-three that presumably have not leaked had filling temperatures of 90°-100° C, but somewhat lower salinities. Inclusions in late calcite appeared to have similar gas-liquid ratios, but had still lower salinities.The significance of these data lies in the limitations they place on the choice of possible mechanisms of origin of these large deposits. This choice, in turn, may influence the success in prospecting for blind ore bodies. There is general agreement that the deposits are of Mississippi Valley type. Although the high salinities may reflect solution of salts from evaporites, as are now found to the south, the elevated temperatures seem to require deep circulation, perhaps through known faults in the underlying Pre-cambrian. The densities of these brines, even at their elevated temperatures, are well above that of fresh, cold surface water, thus restricting the possible modes of circulation during ore deposition.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.63.5.439","usgsCitation":"Roedder, E., 1968, Temperature, salinity, and origin of the ore-forming fluids at Pine Point, Northwest Territories, Canada, from fluid inclusion studies: Economic Geology, v. 63, no. 5, p. 439-450, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.63.5.439.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"439","endPage":"450","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386431,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","otherGeospatial":"northwest Canada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -140.9765625,\n 57.51582286553883\n ],\n [\n -112.14843749999999,\n 57.51582286553883\n ],\n [\n -112.14843749999999,\n 70.8446726342528\n ],\n [\n -140.9765625,\n 70.8446726342528\n ],\n [\n -140.9765625,\n 57.51582286553883\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"63","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1968-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roedder, E.","contributorId":100986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roedder","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70211005,"text":"70211005 - 1968 - Article navigation zonal distribution of variations in structural state of alkali feldspar within the Rader Creek pluton, Boulder Batholith, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-09T18:33:22.628063","indexId":"70211005","displayToPublicDate":"1968-07-09T13:26:50","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Article navigation zonal distribution of variations in structural state of alkali feldspar within the Rader Creek pluton, Boulder Batholith, Montana","docAbstract":"The granodioritic Rader Creek pluton of the composite Boulder batholith contains microperthitic alkali feldspar of bulk composition Or65 to Or86 with a structurally variable potassic phase. Complete cell parameters, 2V measurements, and bulk composition are given for 11 feldspar samples. The 131 and 131 reflections for these and 58 additional samples show the following structural types in the potassic phase: orthoclase only; orthoclase with subordinate maximum or near-maximum microcline (obliquity = 0.75–1.00); orthoclase with subordinate intermediate microcline (obliquity = 0.64–0.71); and intermediate microcline (obliquity = 0.56–0.77) with subordinate orthoclase. Within the pluton different feldspar structural types occur in zones whose boundaries are approximately parallel to contacts with younger intrusive rocks cutting the Rader Creek pluton but are, in places, nearly perpendicular to zonation within the pluton defined by rock composition. In general, the orthoclase zone is closest to the contact with younger intrusives; the intermediate microcline zone is the most distant. Bulk compositions of alkali feldspar are more potassic in the orthoclase zone than elsewhere. The data suggest a complex history for the alkali feldspar, involving at least two stages: 1. Exsolution and partial inversion of orthoclase to intermediate microcline during cooling of the Rader Creek pluton; 2. Transformation of the intermediate-microcline assemblage to orthoclase during reheating of the pluton at the time of intrusion of younger plutons of the batholith. The transitional stage in this transformation is characterized by orthoclase co-existing with subordinate microcline, whose obliquity usually approaches that of maximum microcline.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petrology/9.3.331","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R.I., 1968, Article navigation zonal distribution of variations in structural state of alkali feldspar within the Rader Creek pluton, Boulder Batholith, Montana: Journal of Petrology, v. 9, no. 3, p. 331-357, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/9.3.331.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"331","endPage":"357","costCenters":[{"id":153,"text":"California Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376224,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Boulder Batholith, Montana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.7581787109375,\n 45.57175504130605\n ],\n [\n -111.68701171875,\n 45.57175504130605\n ],\n [\n -111.68701171875,\n 46.65697731621612\n ],\n [\n -112.7581787109375,\n 46.65697731621612\n ],\n [\n -112.7581787109375,\n 45.57175504130605\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":792403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220556,"text":"5220556 - 1968 - Structure of the New England herring gull population","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T17:58:36.045768","indexId":"5220556","displayToPublicDate":"1968-07-01T12:17:38","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure of the New England herring gull population","docAbstract":"Measurements of the rates of population increase, reproduction, and mortality together with an observed age ratio, were used to analyze the population of the Herring Gull in New England. Data from sporadic censuses prior to this study, aerial censuses by the authors, and National Audubon Society Christmas Bird Count indicated that the New England breeding population has been doubling every 12 to 15 years since the early 1900's. This increase has involved founding new colonies and expanding the breeding range There is evidence that 15 to 30% of the adults do not breed in any given year. Sixty—one productivity measurements on 43 islands from 1963 through 1966, involving almost 13,000 nests, showed that from 0.8 to 1.4 young/breeding pair/year is the usual range of rate of production. The age distribution in the population was determined by classifying Herring Gulls by plumage category on an aerial census of the coast from Tampico, Mexico, to Cape Sable, Nova Scotia. Of the 622,000 gulls observed, 68% were adults, 17% were second— and third—year birds, and 15% were first—year birds. Mortality rates derived from band recovery data were too high to be consistent with the observed rate of population growth, productivity, and age structure. Loss of bands increasing to the rate of about 20%/year 5 years after banding eliminates most of the discrepancy. The age structure and rate of population increase indicate a mortality rate of 4 to 9% for gulls 2 years old or older, compared with the 25 to 30% indicated by band recoveries. The population structure we have developed fits everything we have observed about Herring Gull population dynamics, except mortality based on band recoveries.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1935530","usgsCitation":"Kadlec, J.A., and Drury, W.H., 1968, Structure of the New England herring gull population: Ecology, v. 49, no. 4, p. 644-676, https://doi.org/10.2307/1935530.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"644","endPage":"676","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198016,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649408","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kadlec, John A.","contributorId":113405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kadlec","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drury, William H.","contributorId":20012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drury","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70221386,"text":"70221386 - 1968 - Monitoring of changes in quality of ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-14T12:07:52.93776","indexId":"70221386","displayToPublicDate":"1968-05-01T07:04:04","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring of changes in quality of ground water","docAbstract":"Ground water of acceptable quality is commonly interspersed with water of inferior quality. Water of inferior quality may be naturally occurring salty water commonly underlying fresh water, or it may be enclaves of contaminated water from wastes that lie in the fresh-water bodies. Disposal of wastes on and in the ground and pumping of water from wells cause a dispersion of contaminated water; migration of contaminated water toward wells may be spontaneously induced by the natural hydraulic gradient, or it may be induced artificially by the cone of depression about one or more wells. Economic methods of determining precisely the boundary zones between contaminated and uncontaminated water are not available. Much reliance is placed on monitoring wells.
A prerequisite to monitoring is a synthetic hydrogeologic framework or model in which the behavior of the contaminated water is conceived. Such a conceptual model, using pertinent data that are available, helps to assess the need for monitoring and to guide a monitoring program for optimum results. Unplanned, indiscriminate monitoring of water from wells is expensive, inefficient, and fallible. The need for monitoring will increase in the future; yet, the proper objective is to improve the technology of determining the distribution of contaminated water so that monitoring can be minimized and conducted with optimum results.
","language":"English","publisher":"NGWA The Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1968.tb01645.x","usgsCitation":"LeGrand, H.E., 1968, Monitoring of changes in quality of ground water: Groundwater, v. 6, no. 3, p. 14-18, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1968.tb01645.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"14","endPage":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386448,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LeGrand, H. E.","contributorId":54571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeGrand","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221373,"text":"70221373 - 1968 - Mineral equilibria in the system nepheline-alkali feldspar-plagioclase and their petrological significance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-11T16:58:17.91932","indexId":"70221373","displayToPublicDate":"1968-02-01T11:52:16","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral equilibria in the system nepheline-alkali feldspar-plagioclase and their petrological significance","docAbstract":"The purpose of this work is a theoretical consideration of equilibrium conditions in the system nepheline-alkali feldspar-plagioclase-alkali chloride aqueous solution based on the thermodynamic treatment of experimental data (Orville, 1963; Iiyama et al., 1963; Debron et al., 1961) for particular systems. The excess thermodynamic functions (ZE, SE, HE, VE) of solid solutions were calculated for it. These data enable us to derive the diagrams of isotherms for the distribution of sodium components between nepheline and alkali feldspar; between plagioclase and alkali feldspar; and among plagioclase, nepheline, and alkali feldspar for the temperature range 400-1000° C.In order to check the calculated diagrams we analysed the minerals from the binary and ternary assemblages of the systems nepheline$alkali feldspar$plagioclase from various igneous massifs of nepheline syenites of the world. Temperatures obtained from different geothermometers were found to coincide satisfactorily.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/9.1.123","usgsCitation":"Perchuk, L., and Ryabchikov, I., 1968, Mineral equilibria in the system nepheline-alkali feldspar-plagioclase and their petrological significance: Journal of Petrology, v. 9, no. 1, p. 123-167, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/9.1.123.","productDescription":"45 p.","startPage":"123","endPage":"167","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386436,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perchuk, L.L.","contributorId":260174,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Perchuk","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryabchikov, I.D.","contributorId":260176,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ryabchikov","given":"I.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70270179,"text":"70270179 - 1968 - Floods in Maline Creek Basin, St. Louis County, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-13T20:08:06.968773","indexId":"70270179","displayToPublicDate":"1968-01-01T15:52:28","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Floods in Maline Creek Basin, St. Louis County, Missouri","docAbstract":"The rapid growth of suburban St. Louis presents problems in the economic development of flood plains within the area. The U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District has a project to study the hydrology of five major drainage basins within the area of responsibility of the Sewer District.
This report presents hydrologic data on two flood events that can be used in evaluating the extent and depth of flooding with respect to a given stage in the Maline Creek basin. The report will aid decision making in the utilization of flood plains by providing data necessary to solve existing flood problems, and for regulating usage of flood plains to minimize the creation of new flood problems. Data are presented which will be useful in flood-plain zoning and building regulations, locating disposal facilities, locating recreational areas, designing storm and sanitary sewers, and for future bridge and culvert design.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70270179","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with The Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District","usgsCitation":"Spencer, D.W., and Hauth, L.D., 1968, Floods in Maline Creek Basin, St. Louis County, Missouri: Open-File Report, Report: 12 p.; 1 Plate: 25.16 x 22.27 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/70270179.","productDescription":"Report: 12 p.; 1 Plate: 25.16 x 22.27 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":494058,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70270179/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":494057,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70270179/report-thumb.jpg","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":494059,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70270179/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Missouri","county":"St. Louis County","otherGeospatial":"Maline Creek 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spencer, Donald W.","contributorId":27523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spencer","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":945674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hauth, Leland D.","contributorId":17219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hauth","given":"Leland","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":945675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70110390,"text":"wdrIN671 - 1968 - Water resources data for Indiana, 1967","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-11T09:50:35","indexId":"wdrIN671","displayToPublicDate":"1968-01-01T13:51:37","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"IN-67-1","title":"Water resources data for Indiana, 1967","docAbstract":"The surface-water records for the 1967 water year for gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites within the State of Indiana are given in this report. For convenience there are also included records for a few pertinent gaging stations in bordering States.
\nThe quality-of-water investigations of the U.S. Geological Survey are concerned with the chemical and physical characteristics of surface- and ground-water supplies of the Nation. The basic records for the 1967 water year for quality of surface waters within the State of Indiana are given in this report. For convenience and interest, there are also records for a few water quality stations in bordering states.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrIN671","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Indiana Department of Natural Resources; Indiana State Board of Health; Indiana State Highway Commission; Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1968, Water resources data for Indiana, 1967: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report IN-67-1, viii, 259 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrIN671.","productDescription":"viii, 259 p.","numberOfPages":"268","temporalStart":"1966-10-01","temporalEnd":"1967-09-30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288278,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288277,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1967/in-67-1/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.0979,37.7717 ], [ -88.0979,41.7607 ], [ -84.7847,41.7607 ], [ -84.7847,37.7717 ], [ -88.0979,37.7717 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"538052d2e4b0826cd5016a6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221430,"text":"70221430 - 1968 - Geologic implications of aeromagnetic data for the eastern continental margin of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-16T12:23:30.849564","indexId":"70221430","displayToPublicDate":"1968-01-01T12:01:56","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic implications of aeromagnetic data for the eastern continental margin of the United States","docAbstract":"An aeromagnetic survey extending from the Gulf of Maine to the tip of Florida was conducted by the U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office between 1964 and 1966. Flight traverses were flown in a northwesterly direction at right angles to the geologic grain. The flight lines were approximately 800 km long and had an 8-km separation. The survey traversed part of the New England, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain provinces and extended some 320 km beyond the continental shelf into the Atlantic Ocean. Despite the wide flight-line spacing, numerous geological and structural features became apparent from this survey. Interpretation of these features was aided by using the available gravity and seismic data in addition to the State and Provincial geologic maps. The residual aeromagnetic map shows a continuous magnetic high on or near the continental slope as far south as the 31st parallel. At about the 36th parallel, this east-coast magnetic anomaly splits into two branches, and both of them parallel the 850-fathom contour. At the 31st parallel, the outer branch of the anomaly swings westward and crosses the coastline near Brunswick, Georgia. This continuous magnetic anomaly may result from an igneous intrusive body that parallels the edge of the pre-Paleozoic continental landmass. These magnetic data suggest that Florida and part of Georgia were added to the paleo-continent in pre-Paleozoic time. Landward from the east-coast anomaly, the magnetic field is quite variable, whereas oceanward it has an extremely small gradient. The absence of magnetic anomalies east of the continental slope suggests that in this region layer 2 may be composed of metamorphosed basalt. The characteristic magnetic patterns observed over the Piedmont and New England provinces extend oceanward to the east-coast anomaly.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1439970","usgsCitation":"Taylor, P., Zietz, I., and Dennis, L.S., 1968, Geologic implications of aeromagnetic data for the eastern continental margin of the United States: Geophysics, v. 33, no. 5, p. 755-780, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1439970.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"755","endPage":"780","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386498,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Eastern United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -69.3017578125,\n 47.517200697839414\n ],\n [\n -70.1806640625,\n 46.5286346952717\n ],\n [\n -71.3671875,\n 45.24395342262324\n ],\n [\n -74.794921875,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -76.2451171875,\n 44.24519901522129\n ],\n [\n -79.189453125,\n 43.51668853502906\n ],\n [\n -78.8818359375,\n 42.74701217318067\n ],\n [\n -82.6611328125,\n 41.83682786072714\n ],\n [\n -82.8369140625,\n 37.85750715625203\n ],\n [\n -83.5400390625,\n 36.70365959719456\n ],\n [\n -88.2861328125,\n 34.84987503195418\n ],\n [\n -89.912109375,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -80.771484375,\n 25.005972656239187\n ],\n [\n -78.837890625,\n 25.3241665257384\n ],\n [\n -68.6865234375,\n 39.198205348894795\n ],\n [\n -66.4892578125,\n 44.74673324024678\n ],\n [\n -67.3681640625,\n 45.644768217751924\n ],\n [\n -68.291015625,\n 47.39834920035926\n ],\n [\n -69.3017578125,\n 47.517200697839414\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, Patrick","contributorId":172618,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"Patrick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zietz, Isidore","contributorId":76708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zietz","given":"Isidore","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dennis, Leonard S.","contributorId":260351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dennis","given":"Leonard","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70168626,"text":"70168626 - 1968 - Water resources data for Iowa, water year 1967","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-22T11:01:22","indexId":"70168626","displayToPublicDate":"1968-01-01T12:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Water resources data for Iowa, water year 1967","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56cc402ce4b059daa47e4823","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128037,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey","id":621054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70271732,"text":"70271732 - 1968 - Water resources of the Juana Díaz area, Puerto Rico: A preliminary appraisal, 1966","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-22T19:44:14.648707","indexId":"70271732","displayToPublicDate":"1968-01-01T11:01:49","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Water resources of the Juana Díaz area, Puerto Rico: A preliminary appraisal, 1966","docAbstract":"This report is an areal study of a portion of the south coast of Puerto Rico. It follows similar studies of the Guanica, Guayanilla-Yauco, Tallaboa Valley, and Ponce areas to the west and the Jobos area to the east. It basically is an inventory of the water resources during one year. To this extent it carries no long-term information; however, as rainfall data is available for 50 years or so at some sites within the study area, we can make a qualitative estimate of the water resources under more extreme conditions. The purpose of this report, then, is to evaluate the gross hydrologic features of the area for the future management of the water resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70271732","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico","usgsCitation":"Giusti, E.V., 1968, Water resources of the Juana Díaz area, Puerto Rico: A preliminary appraisal, 1966, Report: 43 p.; 1 Figure: 17.12 x 19.29 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/70271732.","productDescription":"Report: 43 p.; 1 Figure: 17.12 x 19.29 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":495866,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70271732/figure-29.pdf","text":"Figure 29","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":495865,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70271732/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":495864,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70271732/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Puerto Rico","city":"Juana Díaz","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.41782863900221,\n 18.61812040597721\n ],\n [\n -67.41782863900221,\n 17.80333089063508\n ],\n [\n -65.56416750050371,\n 17.80333089063508\n ],\n [\n -65.56416750050371,\n 18.61812040597721\n ],\n [\n -67.41782863900221,\n 18.61812040597721\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giusti, Ennio V.","contributorId":35301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giusti","given":"Ennio","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":949218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1657,"text":"1657 - 1968 - Water resources data for Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-14T09:45:03","indexId":"1657","displayToPublicDate":"1968-01-01T09:42:48","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Water resources data for Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","publisherLocation":"Fort Buchanan, Puerto Rico","doi":"10.3133/1657","issn":"8756-9795","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority and similar agencies.","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1968, Water resources data for Puerto Rico, v, https://doi.org/10.3133/1657.","productDescription":"v","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289842,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -67.9516,17.8814 ], [ -67.9516,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,18.516 ], [ -65.2211,17.8814 ], [ -67.9516,17.8814 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c4fc91e4b0b58d96eeb662","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":16369,"text":"ofr68310 - 1968 - Alaska Railroad Terminal Reserve, Anchorage, soil-stability study: Stability in the vicinity of boring lines 1 and 2","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":16369,"text":"ofr68310 - 1968 - Alaska Railroad Terminal Reserve, Anchorage, soil-stability study: Stability in the vicinity of boring lines 1 and 2","indexId":"ofr68310","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"title":"Alaska Railroad Terminal Reserve, Anchorage, soil-stability study: Stability in the vicinity of boring lines 1 and 2"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":36081,"text":"b1258D - 1969 - Stability of the west slope of Government Hill Port area of Anchorage, Alaska","indexId":"b1258D","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Stability of the west slope of Government Hill Port area of Anchorage, Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":36081,"text":"b1258D - 1969 - Stability of the west slope of Government Hill Port area of Anchorage, Alaska","indexId":"b1258D","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Stability of the west slope of Government Hill Port area of Anchorage, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-20T18:21:05.848196","indexId":"ofr68310","displayToPublicDate":"1968-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"68-310","title":"Alaska Railroad Terminal Reserve, Anchorage, soil-stability study: Stability in the vicinity of boring lines 1 and 2","docAbstract":"This report has been prepared in response to a request dated April 22, 1966, from the General Manager of The Alaska Railroad to the Director, U.S. Geological Survey, for an evaluation of the propriety of continued industrial expansion on land contained within The Alaska Railroad Terminal Reserve and nearby. It is based on field examination June 8-12, 1966, in company with Messrs. E. B. Eckel and E. G. Dobrovolny, field work September 19-October 3, 1966, and May 1-June 4, 1967, on discussions with the staff of The Alaska Railroad, my colleagues, and Professor H. B. Seed of the University of California, and on review of published and unpublished material pertinent to the area and its problems.
During the fall of 1966 a detailed topographic map of the port area was prepared for The Alaska Railroad by Jay Whiteford and Associates. During late 1966 and early 1967 a drilling, sampling and soils testing program in an area of immediate interest along Boring Lines 1 and 2 was made by Adams, Corthell, Lee, Wince, and Associates (ACLW), a consultant engineering firm, under contract to The Alaska Railroad. Most of the basic data used in this report for stability analyses, such as the geometry of the ground surface and the physical properties of the materials, was derived from the Whiteford map and the ACLW investigations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr68310","usgsCitation":"Varnes, D., 1968, Alaska Railroad Terminal Reserve, Anchorage, soil-stability study: Stability in the vicinity of boring lines 1 and 2: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 68-310, Report: 40 p.; 27 Plates: 69.58 x 24.31 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr68310.","productDescription":"Report: 40 p.; 27 Plates: 69.58 x 24.31 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":428909,"rank":30,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428908,"rank":29,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428907,"rank":28,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428906,"rank":27,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428905,"rank":26,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428904,"rank":25,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-14.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428903,"rank":24,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-15.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428902,"rank":23,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-16.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428901,"rank":22,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-17.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428900,"rank":21,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-18.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428899,"rank":20,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-19.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428898,"rank":19,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428897,"rank":18,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-20.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428896,"rank":17,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-22.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428895,"rank":16,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-23.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428894,"rank":15,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-24.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428893,"rank":14,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-25.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428892,"rank":13,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428891,"rank":12,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-31.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428890,"rank":11,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-32.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428889,"rank":10,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-33.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428888,"rank":9,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428887,"rank":8,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428886,"rank":7,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428885,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428884,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428883,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428882,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":420323,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8300.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":147643,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Anchorage","otherGeospatial":"Alaska Railroad Terminal Reserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -149.85985198496206,\n 61.2552421724688\n ],\n [\n -149.9056882101855,\n 61.25492604539252\n ],\n [\n -149.90596324341948,\n 61.22157058885071\n ],\n [\n -149.8589747366323,\n 61.2207348631986\n ],\n [\n -149.85985198496206,\n 61.2552421724688\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688509","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Varnes, David J.","contributorId":86322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varnes","given":"David J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011532,"text":"70011532 - 1968 - Activity product constant of cryolite at 25°C and one atmosphere using selective-ion electrodes to estimate sodium and fluoride activities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-15T12:24:32","indexId":"70011532","displayToPublicDate":"1968-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Activity product constant of cryolite at 25°C and one atmosphere using selective-ion electrodes to estimate sodium and fluoride activities","docAbstract":"The activity product constant of cryolite (Na3AlF6) at 25°C and 1 atm total pressure was calculated from data for solutions from which synthetic cryolite or mixtures of cryolite and a solid apparently related to ralstonite had precipitated. The activities of fluoride and of sodium were estimated using specific ion electrodes. The activity of Al3+ was calculated from aluminum concentrations using equations which involve aluminum species existing in water solutions containing fluoride and hydroxide ions.
\nFor the reaction Na3AlF6(c) = 3Na(aq)+ + Al3+(aq) + 6E-(aq) the activity product constant Kso is 10−33.84, and the standard free energy of formation at 25°C is -745.4±1.0 kcal mole−1. This latter is identical to a value from the literature which is based on calorimetric data.
\nAlthough cryolite and related minerals are easily precipitated in the laboratory, their relative scarcity in nature suggests that the effect of influences, perhaps solutes other than those occurring in the structure, may inhibit or prevent the formation of cryolite.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(68)90033-1","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Roberson, C.E., and Hem, J., 1968, Activity product constant of cryolite at 25°C and one atmosphere using selective-ion electrodes to estimate sodium and fluoride activities: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 32, no. 12, p. 1343-1351, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(68)90033-1.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1343","endPage":"1351","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221761,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6d0e4b0c8380cd4764a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberson, C. E.","contributorId":40190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hem, J.D.","contributorId":54576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hem","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010458,"text":"70010458 - 1968 - Studies in the system MgO-SiO2-CO2-H2O(I): The activity-product constant of chrysotile","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T17:04:40.02958","indexId":"70010458","displayToPublicDate":"1968-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Studies in the system MgO-SiO2-CO2-H2O(I): The activity-product constant of chrysotile","docAbstract":"Chrysotile dissolves congruently in water according to the reaction: Mg3Si2O6(OH)4c + 5H2Ol = 3Mgaq2+ + 6OHaq− + 2H4SiO4aq. Experimental determination of the activity-product constant of chrysotile, Kchr = [Mg2+]3[OH−]6[H4SiO4aq]2, at 90°C, yields the value of Kchr = 10−49.2 ± 100.5. A synthetic sample and a natural sample from New Idria, California, were used in the determination.
Values of Kchr were calculated for temperatures ranging from 0°C to 200°C, using the thermochemical data of Kinget al. (1967) for chrysotile and antigorite, various solubility data for silica, and ionic partial molal heat capacities estimated by the method of criss and Cobble (1964a). Kchr is 10−54.1 at 0°C, rises to a maximum value of 10−48.5 at approximately 135°C, and is 10−49.1 at 200°C (all values for the three-phase system, chrysotile plus solution plus vapor). The calculated 90°C value is 10−49.1, in excellent agreement with the experimental value; for 25°C, the calculated value is 10−50.8.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(68)90041-0","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Hostetler, P.B., and Christ, C., 1968, Studies in the system MgO-SiO2-CO2-H2O(I): The activity-product constant of chrysotile: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 32, no. 5, p. 485-497, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(68)90041-0.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"485","endPage":"497","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218873,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9c8ae4b08c986b31d42b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostetler, P. B.","contributorId":107849,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hostetler","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":13719,"text":"Department of Geology, University of Missouri","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":358971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christ, C. L.","contributorId":53906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christ","given":"C. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}