Operating Criteria and Procedures established in 1988 for delivery of water for irrigation in the Newlands Project area include regulations and methods to increase Project efficiency. Public Law 101-618 of 1990 includes a target of 75-percent Project efficiency and a program of water-rights acquisition for wetlands maintenance. The directives could result in large reductions in water used for irrigation in the Carson Desert, potentially affecting ground-water supplies. Previous studies of the area have been evaluated to determine the current understanding of how aquifers are recharged, what controls the flow and quality of ground water, potential effects of changes in water use, and what additional information would be needed to quantify further changes in water use.
Inflow of surface water to the basin from Lahontan Reservoir averaged about 370,000 acre-ft/yr (acre-feet per year) from 1975 to 1992, supplying water for irrigation of more than 50,000 acres. More than half of the water released from the reservoir is lost to seepage, operational spills, and evaporation before delivery of about 170,000 acre-ft/yr to farm headgates. The volume of water delivered to farms that does not contribute to crop consumptive use (on-farm loss) is poorly known but could be as much as 60,000 acre-ft/yr. Consumptive use on irrigated land may be about 180,000 acre-ft/yr, of which 50,000 acre-ft/yr may be derived from the shallow aquifer. Outflow from irrigated land is a mixture of operational spill, runoff from irrigated fields, and ground-water seepage to drains. Total outflow averages about 170,000 to 190,000 acre-ft/yr. This water flows to wetlands at Carson Lake, Stillwater Wildlife Management Area, and Carson Sink.
Three sedimentary aquifers were previously defined in the basin: a shallow aquifer having highly variable lithology and water quality, an intermediate aquifer containing principally fresh water, and a deep aquifer having water of poor quality. The deep aquifer could possibly be divided into sedimentary and volcanic zones. In addition, a near-surface zone may exist near the top of the shallow aquifer where vertical flow is inhibited by underlying clay beds. A basalt aquifer near the center of the basin is the source of public supply and is recharged by the shallow, intermediate, and deep aquifers. Water levels in the basalt aquifer have declined about 10 feet from pre-pumping levels, and chloride and arsenic concentrations in the water have increased. The average depth to ground water has decreased beneath large areas of the Carson Desert since 1904 as a result of recharge of surface water used for irrigation. Ground water generally flows from west to east, and dissolvedsolids concentrations increase greatly near areas of ground-water discharge, where State of Nevada drinking-water standards commonly are exceeded.
Uncertainties in the rates of recharge to and discharge from the basin cause an imbalance in the calculated water budget. Estimates for total recharge range from 400,000 to 420,000 acreft/yr, whereas estimates for discharge range from 630,000 to 680,000 acre-ft/yr. Estimates of inflow to and outflow from aquifers of the study area are as follows: shallow aquifer, more than 120,000 acre-ft/yr; intermediate aquifer, possibly more than 25,000 acre-ft/yr; deep aquifer, unknown; and basalt aquifer, about 4,000 acre-ft/yr. Estimates for flow volumes to and from the shallow and intermediate aquifers are based on assumed aquifer properties and could be in error by an order of magnitude or more.
Conceptual models of the basin show that ground-water flow is downward from the shallow aquifer to the intermediate aquifer in the western part and near the center of the basin, and is upward in the eastern part of the basin. Little is known about flow in the deep aquifer. Nearsurface clay beds inhibit vertical flow near the center and eastern part of the basin except where breached by relict sand-filled channels of the Carson River.
Conceptual models of the basin show that changes in water use in the western part of the basin probably would affect recharge to the sedimentary and basalt aquifers. Near the center of the basin, water-use changes could affect the shallow and basalt aquifers but might have less effect on the intermediate aquifer. In the eastern part of the basin, changes could affect the shallow aquifer, but would probably not affect the intermediate or basalt aquifers.
If seepage is decreased by lining canals, and land is removed from production, water-level declines in the shallow aquifer could be greater than 10 feet as far as 2 miles from the lined canals. Depending upon the distribution of specific yield, decreasing recharge by 25,000 to 50,000 acre-ft/yr beneath 30,000 acres could cause water levels to decline from 4 to 17 feet. Where ground water supplements crop consumptive use, water levels could temporarily rise when land is removed from production. Where water is pumped from a near-surface zone of the shallow aquifer, water-level declines might not greatly affect pumped wells where the nearsurface zone is thickest, but could cause wells to go dry where the zone is thin.
The understanding of surface-water and ground-water relations, recharge and discharge of ground water, ground-water movement, and the potential effects of changes in water use in the Carson Desert can be refined by studying (1) the extent of potable water in the intermediate and basalt aquifers, (2) lithology and specific yield of aquifer materials, (3) data on ground-water levels and quality, and (4) data on surface-water flow and quality, as well as monitoring the effects of changes in water use as they take place.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93463","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Maurer, D.K., Johnson, A.K., and Welch, A., 1994, Hydrogeology and potential effects of changes in water use, Carson Desert agricultural area, Churchill County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-463, Report: ix, 101 p.; 3 Plates: 28.70 x 31.65 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93463.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 101 p.; 3 Plates: 28.70 x 31.65 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":351002,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0463/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":351001,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0463/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":351000,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0463/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":350999,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0463/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152523,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0463/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"150000","country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Churchill County","otherGeospatial":"Carson Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 39\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625535","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maurer, Douglas K. dkmaurer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurer","given":"Douglas","email":"dkmaurer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":181895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Ann K.","contributorId":12457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Welch, Alan H.","contributorId":45286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"Alan H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29914,"text":"wri944009 - 1994 - Stream-aquifer interactions in the Straight River area, Becker and Hubbard counties, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T11:14:42","indexId":"wri944009","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4009","title":"Stream-aquifer interactions in the Straight River area, Becker and Hubbard counties, Minnesota","docAbstract":"The Straight River, in north-central Minnesota, is a trout stream having cold, clear water. The 75-square-mile Straight River watershed contributes flow to the stream. The watershed is underlain by highly transmissive surficial and confined-drift aquifers. Ground-water discharge from these aquifers sustains flow in the Straight River, and the cold water supports a population of trout. Water withdrawals from these aquifers are increasing in response to changes in land use from dry-land to irrigated fanning. Degradation of the stream's habitat for trout could result from the following: a decrease in ground-water discharge to the stream caused by ground-water withdrawals for irrigation, an increase in ground-water temperature resulting from percolation of irrigated water to the ground-water system, and introduction of agricultural chemicals to the stream through ground-water flow or runoff.
\nPhysical data indicate a hydraulic connection between the stream and the surficial aquifer. Discharge of the Straight River increases from about 25 cubic feet per second at the outfall from a reservoir near the headwaters to about 51 cubic feet per second near the mouth. The rate of streamflow gain during summer decreases downstream, possibly as a result of ground-water withdrawal for irrigation. The water table and potentiometric surface of the uppermost confined-drift aquifer generally slope to the southeast and locally toward rivers and lakes; gradients decline to about 5 feet per mile from spring to summer.
\nDaily fluctuations of stream temperature are as great as 15 degrees Celsius during the summer, primarily in response to changes in air temperature. Ground-water discharge to the Straight River decreases stream temperature during the summer. Results of simulations from a stream-temperature model indicate that daily changes in stream temperature are strongly influenced by solar radiation, wind speed, stream depth, and ground-water inflow. Results of simulations from ground-water-flow and stream-temperature models developed for the investigation indicate a significant decrease in ground-water flow could result from ground-water withdrawal at rates similar to those measured during 1988. This reduction in discharge to the stream could result in an increase in stream temperature of 0.5 to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Nitrate concentrations in shallow wells screened at the water table, in some areas, are locally greater than the limit set by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. Nitrate concentrations in water from deeper wells and in the stream are low, generally less than 1.0 milligram per liter.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri944009","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and the Legislative Commission on Minnesota Resources","usgsCitation":"Stark, J., Armstrong, D.S., and Zwilling, D.R., 1994, Stream-aquifer interactions in the Straight River area, Becker and Hubbard counties, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4009, ix, 83 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944009.","productDescription":"ix, 83 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4009/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58732,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4009/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Straight River area","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a506e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stark, J. R.","contributorId":100406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Armstrong, David S. 0000-0003-1695-1233 darmstro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1695-1233","contributorId":1390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"David","email":"darmstro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zwilling, Daniel R.","contributorId":100434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zwilling","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29042,"text":"wri944098 - 1994 - Estimates of monthly streamflow characteristics and dominant-discharge hydrographs for selected sites in the lower Missouri and Little Missouri River basins in Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:45","indexId":"wri944098","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4098","title":"Estimates of monthly streamflow characteristics and dominant-discharge hydrographs for selected sites in the lower Missouri and Little Missouri River basins in Montana","docAbstract":"Various streamflow characteristics were estimated for water-reservation purposes for 17 sites in the lower Missouri River Basin and four sites in the Little Missouri River Basin in Montana. The characteristics were mean monthly and annual streamflow and monthly mean streamflow that is exceeded 90, 80, 50, and 20 percent of the time. In addition, dominant-discharge hydrographs were estimated for 10 of the 17 sites in the lower Missouri River Basin and for four sites in the Little Missouri River Basin. Dominant discharge was considered to be equal to the peak discharge having a recurrence interval of two years. Monthly streamflow characteristics generally were based on a common 1937-86 base period. A mixed-station record-extension program was used to estimate missing flow data for streamflow-gaging stations. Two methods were used to estimate characteristics at ungaged sites. One method was based on corre- lating discharge measurements at the estimating site with concurrent discharges at a nearby gaged site. The second method was based on using a drainage-area ratio to transfer characteristics at a gaged site to the estimating site. Dominant discharges for gaged sites were obtained from a previous flood-frequency report or by fitting a log-Pearson Type 3 probability distribution to recorded peak-flow data. A drainage-area-ratio adjustment was used to transfer dominant dis- charges from gaged sites to ungaged sites. Dominant-discharge hydrographs were determined from visual examination of recorded hydrographs having maximum daily discharges that were relatively close to the estimated dominant discharges.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Books and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944098","usgsCitation":"Parrett, C., and Johnson, D., 1994, Estimates of monthly streamflow characteristics and dominant-discharge hydrographs for selected sites in the lower Missouri and Little Missouri River basins in Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4098, iv, 29 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944098.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123526,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4098/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57908,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4098/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c8c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parrett, Charles","contributorId":9635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrett","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, D.R.","contributorId":92711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29304,"text":"wri944059 - 1994 - Water and sediment budgets for the stormwater-drainage channel at the Navy Ships Parts Control Center near Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, water year 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-20T08:15:46","indexId":"wri944059","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4059","title":"Water and sediment budgets for the stormwater-drainage channel at the Navy Ships Parts Control Center near Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, water year 1993","docAbstract":"The Navy Ships Parts Control Center near Mechanicsburg, Pa., occupies an area of 824 acres, of which 358 are covered by impervious surfaces. Most of the impervious area is drained by stormwater systems that discharge to an open channel that extends about 7,900 feet from its headwaters to its confluence with Trindle Spring Run. The channel drains an area of 992 acres, of which 435 are covered by impervious surfaces. The entire area of the Center including the stormwater-drainage channel is situated in karst terrain. Parts of the drainage channel contain large sinkholes and most of the storm runoff that enters the channel drains to the sinkholes.\r\n\r\n From 1992 to 1994, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Department of the Navy, conducted a detailed study of water and sediment flows in the stormwater-drainage channel. The purpose of this study was to quantify the discharge of stormwater and suspended sediment to the ground-water system, by way of sinkholes, and to Trindle Spring Run. From October 1, 1992, to September 30, 1993, the data-collection period for the study, discharge and suspended-sediment concentrations were measured at three sites along the drainage channel. During the period, water inflow to the channel totaled 679 acre-feet and outflow to Trindle Spring Run totaled 131 acre-feet. Water loss to sinkholes in the drainage channel totaled 548 acre-feet or 81 percent of inflow. Total sediment inflow to the drainage channel was 97 tons, outflow to Trindle Spring Run was 22 tons, sediment loss to sinkholes was 63 tons, and the residual 12 tons of sediment was deposited in the channel. \r\n\r\n The effect of filling the sinkholes on flooding was estimated through use of a step-backwater model. The model was used to simulate undampened water-surface elevations that would result from the maximum instantaneous discharge recorded during October 1992-September 1993. The model is constrained by uncertainty in the values of the channel-roughness parameter. Analysis of the model results indicates that during high flows, inflow to sinkholes results in a moderate reduction in discharge and water-surface elevations in the drainage channel. This analysis shows that filling the sinkholes will result in increased frequency and magnitude of flooding in downstream parts of the drainage channel and increased discharge of storm runoff and suspended sediment to Trindle Spring Run.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944059","usgsCitation":"Reed, L., Durlin, R., and Bender, J., 1994, Water and sediment budgets for the stormwater-drainage channel at the Navy Ships Parts Control Center near Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, water year 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4059, vi, 57 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944059.","productDescription":"vi, 57 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58152,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4059/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159380,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4059/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","city":"Mechanicsburg","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.113037109375,\n 40.1497506298245\n ],\n [\n -76.90670013427733,\n 40.1497506298245\n ],\n [\n -76.90670013427733,\n 40.26066474660846\n ],\n [\n -77.113037109375,\n 40.26066474660846\n ],\n [\n -77.113037109375,\n 40.1497506298245\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db6991c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, L.A.","contributorId":14454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Durlin, R.R.","contributorId":67116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durlin","given":"R.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bender, J.K.","contributorId":84412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bender","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":6027,"text":"pp1044L - 1994 - Hydrothermal systems of the Cascade Range, north-central Oregon","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19504,"text":"ofr9169 - 1991 - Hydrothermal systems of the Cascade Range, north-central Oregon","indexId":"ofr9169","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrothermal systems of the Cascade Range, north-central Oregon"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6027,"text":"pp1044L - 1994 - Hydrothermal systems of the Cascade Range, north-central Oregon","indexId":"pp1044L","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"chapter":"L","title":"Hydrothermal systems of the Cascade Range, north-central Oregon"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-18T13:38:36.82201","indexId":"pp1044L","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1044","chapter":"L","title":"Hydrothermal systems of the Cascade Range, north-central Oregon","docAbstract":"Quaternary volcanoes of the Cascade Range form a 1,200- kilometer-long arc that extends from southern British Columbia to northern California. The section of the Cascade Range volcanic arc in central Oregon is characterized by relatively high Quaternary volcanic extrusion rates and hot-spring discharge rates. Stableisotope data and measurements of hot-spring heat discharge indicate that gravity-driven thermal fluid circulation transports about 1 MW (megawatt) of heat per kilometer of arc length from the Quaternary arc into Western Cascade rocks older than about 7 Ma (millions of years before present). Inferred flow-path lengths for the Na-Ca-Cl thermal waters of the Western Cascades are 10 to 40 kilometers (km), and an average topographic gradient as large as 0.1 separates the inferred recharge areas from the hot-spring groups. Thermal-fluid residence times are probably 102 to 104 years: sulfate-water isotopic equilibrium indicates residence times of more than 102 years, and our interpretation of stable-isotope data implies residence times of less than 104 years.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1044L","usgsCitation":"Ingebritsen, S.E., Mariner, R.H., and Sherrod, D.R., 1994, Hydrothermal systems of the Cascade Range, north-central Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1044, Document: iv, 86 p.; 2 Plates: 15.0 x 23.0 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1044L.","productDescription":"Document: iv, 86 p.; 2 Plates: 15.0 x 23.0 inches","numberOfPages":"91","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":484688,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4700.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":32975,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1044l/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32976,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1044l/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118179,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1044l/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32974,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1044l/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Cascade Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.9,\n 45.4197\n ],\n [\n -122.9,\n 43.6167\n ],\n [\n -120.8078,\n 43.6167\n ],\n [\n -120.8078,\n 45.4197\n ],\n [\n -122.9,\n 45.4197\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc2de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingebritsen, S. E.","contributorId":8078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingebritsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mariner, Robert H.","contributorId":81075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mariner","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":151978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25961,"text":"wri924046 - 1994 - Geohydrology and simulated ground-water flow in an irrigated area of northwestern Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-09T10:57:36","indexId":"wri924046","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4046","title":"Geohydrology and simulated ground-water flow in an irrigated area of northwestern Indiana","docAbstract":"Water for irrigation in parts of Newton and Jasper Counties and adjacent areas of northwestern Indiana is pumped mostly from the carbonate- bedrock aquifer that underlies glacial drift. To help in managing the ground-water resources of the area, a three-dimensional ground-water model was developed and tested with hydrologic data collected during 1986 and 1988. Two major aquifers and a confining unit were identified. The surficial unconfined outwash aquifer consists of sand and some gravel. Saturated thickness averages about 30 feet. Estimated values of horizontal hydraulic conductivity and storage coefficient are 350 feet per day and 0.07, respectively. The generally continuous confining unit beneath the outwash aquifer is composed predominantly of till and lacustrine silt and clay and is 0 to 125 feet thick. The carbonate-bedrock aquifer is composed of Silurian and Devonian dolomitic limestone; dolomite and has a median transmissivity of 2,000 feet squared per day. A nine-layer digital model was developed to simulate flow in the ground-water system. The mean absolute errors for simulated water levels in the bedrock aquifer ranged from 5 to 7 feet for two recent periods of irrigation. The component of the flow system that most affects water-level drawdowns in the bedrock aquifer is the confining unit which controls the rate of leakage to the bedrock aquifer. The model is most accurate in areas for which data for confining-unit thickness and bedrock water levels are available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri924046","collaboration":"INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES","usgsCitation":"Arihood, L.D., and Basch, M., 1994, Geohydrology and simulated ground-water flow in an irrigated area of northwestern Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4046, v, 38 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924046.","productDescription":"v, 38 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"38","numberOfPages":"43","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":54711,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4046/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4046/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Jasper, Newton","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.92108154296875,\n 41.24064190269477\n ],\n [\n -86.9183349609375,\n 40.901057866884024\n ],\n [\n -86.97052001953125,\n 40.901057866884024\n ],\n [\n -86.96914672851562,\n 40.83563216247778\n ],\n [\n -87.07901000976562,\n 40.831475967182925\n ],\n [\n -87.07901000976562,\n 40.72956780913899\n ],\n [\n -87.53082275390625,\n 40.730608477796636\n ],\n [\n -87.5225830078125,\n 41.20655580884106\n ],\n [\n -87.28225708007812,\n 41.225150426206326\n ],\n [\n -87.2149658203125,\n 41.261291493919856\n ],\n [\n -87.14080810546875,\n 41.3025710943056\n ],\n [\n -87.099609375,\n 41.30050773444147\n ],\n [\n -87.03506469726562,\n 41.272645986935586\n ],\n [\n -86.978759765625,\n 41.24270715552139\n ],\n [\n -86.92245483398438,\n 41.24787000204815\n ],\n [\n -86.92108154296875,\n 41.24064190269477\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arihood, L. D. 0000-0001-5792-3699","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5792-3699","contributorId":74388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arihood","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Basch, M.E.","contributorId":106937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Basch","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27534,"text":"wri944011 - 1994 - Hydrogeologic framework and preliminary simulation of ground-water flow in the Mimbres Basin, southwestern New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-05T22:46:01.698594","indexId":"wri944011","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4011","title":"Hydrogeologic framework and preliminary simulation of ground-water flow in the Mimbres Basin, southwestern New Mexico","docAbstract":"The bolson-fill aquifer, the major water-yielding unit in the Mimbres Basin, southwestern New Mexico, ranges in thickness from 0 to about 3,700 feet. Recharge to the bolson-fill aquifer occurs by infiltration of ephemeral streams that cross the basin margin, infiltration from precipitation and streamflow, ground-water underflow from adjacent basins, and infiltration of springflow from adjacent bedrock units within the basin. Ground water generally flows southward from the northern highland areas of the basin. Ground-water discharge consists of pumpage from wells, transpiration by plants, outflow to playas and springs in the Los Muertos Basin in Mexico, discharge to the Mimbres River, and ground-water flow to the Mesilla Basin near Mason Draw. Before 1910, ground-water recharge and discharge were approximately equal; by 1975, however, about 75 percent of the 146,000 acre-feet withdrawn annually was ground water, most of it from aquifer storage.
The transmissivity of the bolson-fill aquifer determined from aquifer tests and specific-capacity data ranges from 10 to 50,000 feet squared per day. Hydraulic conductivity, calculated from saturated thickness and transmissivity, ranges from 0.03 to 800 feet per day, with median values of about 18 feet per day in the Deming area and 6 feet per day elsewhere. Reported storage-coefficient values representing confined parts of the aquifer range from 0.00036 to 0.0036, and those representing unconfined parts of the aquifer range from 0.02 to 0.24.
Water quality in the north and central parts of the Mimbres Basin is suitable for most uses. Due to its large salinity and alkalinity, some of the ground water in the south and southeastern areas of the bolson-fill aquifer may not be suitable for irrigation or domestic use.
A preliminary two-dimensional digital model was constructed to evaluate ground-water flow in the bolson-fill aquifer. The model was divided into zones of uniform hydraulic conductivity corresponding to the major structural elements of the basin. For simulation purposes, hydraulic conductivity in the central part of the basin ranged from 2.2 to 4.4 feet per day, whereas locally along the edges of the aquifer less certain values ranged from 0.003 to 62 feet per day Analysis of the results of this predevelopment model indicated that use of the mountain-front recharge method overestimates total recharge and that evapotranspiration is substantial. The simulated total inflow was about 55 percent of that estimated in a water budget for the Mimbres Basin.
Ground-water development between 1930 and 1985 was simulated using storage-coefficient values of 0.01 and 0.02 for the Gila Conglomerate, 0.04 to 0.17 for bolson-fill deposits, and 0.001 for bolson fill capped with lacustrine clay. The simulated transient water budget indicated that most of the water pumped by 1985 came from storage, and lesser but substantial amounts came from reductions in evapotranspiration.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944011","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Mexico State Engineer Office","usgsCitation":"Hanson, R.T., McLean, J., and Miller, R.S., 1994, Hydrogeologic framework and preliminary simulation of ground-water flow in the Mimbres Basin, southwestern New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4011, Report: viii, 118 p.; 2 Plates: 25.71 x 41.06 inches and 24.73 x 32.84 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944011.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 118 p.; 2 Plates: 25.71 x 41.06 inches and 24.73 x 32.84 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393947,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47924.htm"},{"id":56393,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4011/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4011/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":351629,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4011/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":351628,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4011/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"datum":"National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929","country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Mimbres Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.5,\n 31.75\n ],\n [\n -107,\n 31.75\n ],\n [\n -107,\n 33.25\n ],\n [\n -108.5,\n 33.25\n ],\n [\n -108.5,\n 31.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627b59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, R. T.","contributorId":91148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McLean, J. S.","contributorId":48589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLean","given":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Ryan S.","contributorId":49005,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Ryan","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29787,"text":"wri944007 - 1994 - Annual replenishment of bed material by sediment transport in the Wind River near Riverton, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:57","indexId":"wri944007","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4007","title":"Annual replenishment of bed material by sediment transport in the Wind River near Riverton, Wyoming","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Wyoming Department of Transportation, conducted a study during 1985-87 to determine the annual replenishment of sand and gravel along a point bar in the Wind River near Riverton, Wyoming. Hydraulic- geometry relations determined from streamflow measurements; streamflow characteristics determined from 45 years of record at the study site; and analyses of suspended-sediment, bedload, and bed- material samples were used to describe river transport characteristics and to estimate the annual replenishment of sand and gravel. The Wind River is a perennial, snowmelt-fed stream. Average daily discharge at the study site is about 734 cubic feet per second, and bankfull discharge (recurrence interval about 1.5 years) is about 5,000 cubic feet per second. At bankfull discharge, the river is about 136 feet wide and has an average depth of about 5.5 feet and average velocity of about 6.7 feet per second. Streams slope is about 0.0010 foot per foot. Bed material sampled on the point bar before the 1986 high flows ranged from sand to cobbles, with a median diameter of about 22 millimeters. Data for sediment samples collected during water year 1986 were used to develop regression equations between suspended-sediment load and water discharge and between bedload and water discharge. Average annual suspended-sediment load was computed to be about 561,000 tons per year using the regression equation in combination with flow-duration data. The regression equation for estimating bedload was not used; instead, average annual bedload was computed as 1.5 percent of average annual suspended load about 8,410 tons per year. This amount of bedload material is estimated to be in temporary storage along a reach containing seven riffles--a length of approximately 1 river mile. On the basis of bedload material sampled during the 1986 high flows, about 75 percent (by weight) is sand (2 millimeters in diameter or finer); median particle size is about 0.5 milli- meter. About 20 percent (by weight) is medium gravel to small cobbles--12.7 millimeters (0.5 inch) or coarser. The bedload moves slowly (about 0.03 percent of the water speed) and briefly (about 10 percent of the time). The average travel distance of a median-sized particle is about 1 river mile per year. The study results indicate that the average replenishment rate of bedload material coarser than 12.7 millimeters is about 1,500 to 2,000 tons (less than 1,500 cubic yards) per year. Finer material (0.075 to 6.4 millimeters in diameter) is replen- ishment at about 4,500 to 5,000 cubic yards per year. The total volume of potentially usable material would average about 6,000 cubic yards per year.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944007","usgsCitation":"Smalley, M., Emmett, W.W., and Wacker, A., 1994, Annual replenishment of bed material by sediment transport in the Wind River near Riverton, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4007, iv, 23 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944007.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126892,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4007/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58587,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4007/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b7d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smalley, M.L.","contributorId":87585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smalley","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Emmett, W. W.","contributorId":107695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emmett","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wacker, A.M.","contributorId":36598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wacker","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30474,"text":"wri934203 - 1994 - Determination of traveltime in the Delaware River, Hancock, New York, to the Delaware Water Gap by use of a conservative dye tracer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T12:23:09","indexId":"wri934203","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4203","title":"Determination of traveltime in the Delaware River, Hancock, New York, to the Delaware Water Gap by use of a conservative dye tracer","docAbstract":"Traveltime of a soluble substance was determined for a 120-mile reach of the Delaware River from the confluence of the East Branch Delaware River and the West Branch Delaware River at Hancock, N.Y. to the Delaware Water Gap. Dye studies were conducted at the 85-95 percent and the 25-30 percent flow durations. Discharges ranged from 500-1,740 cubic feet per second during the 85-95 percent flow duration and 3,070-7,500 cubic feet per second for the 25-30 percent flow duration. The data were used to develop a set of time-concentration curves that would enable estimation of the traveltime of a spill at any point in the river within the study reach for 10 flow durations. The leading edge of a contaminant spill at Buckingham Access would take about 70 hours to reach the Delaware Water Gap when flows are at the 30-percent flow duration. The trailing edge (location of the dye cloud when concentrations would decrease to 10 percent of the peak concentration) would take about 50 hours after the arrival of the leading edge.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934203","usgsCitation":"White, K.E., and Kratzer, T., 1994, Determination of traveltime in the Delaware River, Hancock, New York, to the Delaware Water Gap by use of a conservative dye tracer: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4203, vi, 54 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934203.","productDescription":"vi, 54 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121673,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4203/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59258,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4203/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6674b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, K. E.","contributorId":65873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kratzer, T.W.","contributorId":74042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kratzer","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29991,"text":"wri934146 - 1994 - Hydrogeologic characterization of a proposed landfill expansion in Pickens County near Easley, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-24T20:22:07.958157","indexId":"wri934146","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4146","title":"Hydrogeologic characterization of a proposed landfill expansion in Pickens County near Easley, South Carolina","docAbstract":"This report presents the results of a hydrogeologic study in the Piedmont physiographic province of South Carolina to obtain geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data from the site of a proposed landfill expansion in Pickens County near Easley, South Carolina. The geology of the study area is typical of the Piedmont region. The unconsolidated regolith on the site is soil and saprolite, which is a product of the weathered parent rock. The soil ranges in thickness from about 5 to 20 feet. The saprolite ranges in thickness from about 5 to 134 feet. The most abundant parent rock type in the area is a biotite gneiss. Ground- and surface-water data were collected at the site. Slug tests on the saprolite indicate a mean hydraulic conductivity of 3 x 0.000003 feet per second. Transmissivity ranges from 12 to 27 cubic feet per day per feet (squared per day). The ground-water velocity for the site ranges from 3 to 6 feet per year. The closest major stream to the site is Golden Creek. Based on low-flow data for Golden Creek, the estimated minimum 7 consecutive day flow that has a recurrence interval of 10 years (7Q10) at station 02186102 is 2.4 cubic feet per second. Water samples were collected from five monitoring wells at the proposed landfill expansion site and from one stream adjacent to the expansion site. Measured pH units ranged from 5.5 to 8.1, and alkalinity concentrations ranged from 5.1 to 73 milligrams per liter as CaCO3. Other water- quality data obtained included temperature and specific conductance, and 5-day BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), bicarbonate, ammonia-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, nitrite plus nitrate, organic carbon, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, fluoride, and selected trace metal concentrations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934146","usgsCitation":"Stringfield, W.J., 1994, Hydrogeologic characterization of a proposed landfill expansion in Pickens County near Easley, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4146, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934146.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":414741,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47848.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58799,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4146/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123544,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4146/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","county":"Pickens County","city":"Easley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.6689,\n 34.8292\n ],\n [\n -82.6689,\n 34.8206\n ],\n [\n -82.6583,\n 34.8206\n ],\n [\n -82.6583,\n 34.8292\n ],\n [\n -82.6689,\n 34.8292\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628b5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stringfield, W. J.","contributorId":73236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stringfield","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27731,"text":"wri944019 - 1994 - Simulation of rainfall-runoff for basins in the Rolla, Missouri, area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-28T21:49:14.650832","indexId":"wri944019","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4019","title":"Simulation of rainfall-runoff for basins in the Rolla, Missouri, area","docAbstract":"Important rainfall-runoff characteristics for basins in the Rolla, Missouri, area were determined to be overland flow, interception storage, interception losses, evaporation, and infiltration. Using these characteristics, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) was configured for basins in the study area. The data network for the model calibration consisted of four continuous rainfall gages and three continuous streamflow gages. The model was calibrated, using observed data from three runoff events, by minimizing objective functions representing peak discharge, volume of runoff, and time to peak discharge from the beginning of simulation. The absolute mean percentage difference between the simulated and observed data for peak discharge, volume of runoff, and time to peak discharge are 9.47, 10.8, and 19.6 percent. A sensitivity analysis of SWMM parameters was performed on a simplified drainage basin. The output of runoff (volume, peak, and timing) in SWMM was determined to be most sensitive to subarea width, percentage impervious area, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and initial moisture deficit. The volume of runoff was affected by percentage impervious area, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and initial moisture deficit. The peak flow rate was affected by subcatchment width and percentage impervious area, whereas the time to peak was affected by subcatchment width. The model also was determined to be sensitive to the time step in the streamflow routing part.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944019","usgsCitation":"Holmes, R., and East, J.W., 1994, Simulation of rainfall-runoff for basins in the Rolla, Missouri, area: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4019, vii, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944019.","productDescription":"vii, 24 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411149,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47930.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56571,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4019/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158794,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4019/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","city":"Rolla","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.87591911661391,\n 38.03597634320698\n ],\n [\n -91.87591911661391,\n 37.80120519183451\n ],\n [\n -91.61055977166683,\n 37.80120519183451\n ],\n [\n -91.61055977166683,\n 38.03597634320698\n ],\n [\n -91.87591911661391,\n 38.03597634320698\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605d5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, Robert R. Jr. 0000-0002-5060-3999","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-3999","contributorId":70429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"East, J. W.","contributorId":99186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"East","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":17963,"text":"ofr9440 - 1994 - Water-quality data for the South Umpqua River Basin, Oregon, 1990-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-23T12:00:16","indexId":"ofr9440","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-40","title":"Water-quality data for the South Umpqua River Basin, Oregon, 1990-92","docAbstract":"Data are presented from a study of algal and nutrient dynamics in the South Umpqua River Basin in southwestern Oregon during summer, low-flow periods from September 1990 to October 1992. The study was done to assist local and state regulatory agencies in determining total maximum daily loads of nutrients for the basin in order to maintain dissolved oxygen greater than 90 percent of saturation and pH less than 8.5 units. Fifty-one sites, including South Umpqua River, tributaries, and wastewater-treatment plant effluents, were sampled during this period. The study included collection of 537 samples or measurements from surface-water sites, 315 samples of wastewater-treatment-plant effluents, 1,262 field measurements during intensive studies within individual reaches, daily mean flow data from 6 streamflow gaging stations, daily mean water-quality data from 2 fixed-station monitors recording hourly, and various biological data including bacteria, algae and macro invertebrates in the river. Also included are notes from field reconnaissance surveys and a compilation of quality-assurance data.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9440","usgsCitation":"Anderson, C.W., Tanner, D.Q., and Lee, D.B., 1994, Water-quality data for the South Umpqua River Basin, Oregon, 1990-92: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-40, vi, 156 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9440.","productDescription":"vi, 156 p.","numberOfPages":"162","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":149185,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0040/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47201,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0040/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e5730","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Chauncey W. 0000-0002-1016-3781 chauncey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1016-3781","contributorId":139268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Chauncey","email":"chauncey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":178290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tanner, Dwight Q.","contributorId":93452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanner","given":"Dwight","email":"","middleInitial":"Q.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, Douglas B.","contributorId":70748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29477,"text":"wri924107 - 1993 - Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow near the Lantana Landfill, Palm Beach County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-13T12:09:41.49876","indexId":"wri924107","displayToPublicDate":"2021-12-12T21:05:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4107","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow near the Lantana Landfill, Palm Beach County, Florida","docAbstract":"The Lantana landfill in Palm Beach County has a surface that is 40 to 50 feet above original ground level and consists of about 250 acres of compacted garbage and trash. Parts of the landfill are below the water table. Surface-resistivity measurements and water-quality analyses indicate that leachate-enriched ground water along the eastern perimeter of the landfill has moved about 500 feet eastward toward an adjacent lake. Concentrations of chloride and nutrients within the leachate-enriched ground water were greater than background concentrations. The surficial aquifer system in the area of the landfill consists primarily of sand of moderate permeability, from land surface to a depth of about 68 feet deep, and consists of sand interbedded with sandstone and limestone of high permeability from a depth of about 68 feet to a depth of 200 feet. The potentiometric surface in the landfill is higher than that in adjacent areas to the east, indicating ground-water movement from the landfill toward a lake to the east. \r\n\r\nSteady-state simulation of ground-water flow was made using a telescoping-grid technique where a model covering a large area is used to determine boundaries and fluxes for a finer scale model. A regional flow model encompassing a 500-square mile area in southeastern Palm Beach County was used to calculate ground-water fluxes in a 126.5-square mile subregional area. Boundary fluxes calculated by the subregional model were then used to calculate boundary fluxes for a local model of the 3.75-square mile area representing the Lantana landfill site and vicinity. Input data required for simulating ground-water flow in the study area were obtained from the regional flow models, thus, effectively coupling the models. Additional simulations were made using the local flow model to predict effects of possible remedial actions on the movement of solutes in the ground-water system. Possible remedial actions simulated included capping the landfill with an impermeable layer and pumping five leachate recovery wells. Results of the flow analysis indicate that the telescoping grid modeling approach can be used to simulate ground-water flow in small areas such as the Lantana landfill site and to simulate the effects of possible remedial actions. \r\n\r\nWater-quality data indicate the leachate-enriched ground water is divided vertically into two parts by a fine sand layer at about 40 to 50 feet below land surface. Data also indicate the extent of the leachate-enriched ground-water contamination and concentrations of constituents seem to be decreasing over time.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri924107","usgsCitation":"Russell, G., and Wexler, E.J., 1993, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow near the Lantana Landfill, Palm Beach County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4107, v, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924107.","productDescription":"v, 55 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124674,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4107/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58322,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4107/wri924107.pdf","text":"Report","size":"14.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Palm Beach County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.4913330078125,\n 26.367263860129366\n ],\n [\n -79.84588623046874,\n 26.367263860129366\n ],\n [\n -79.84588623046874,\n 26.990618722964737\n ],\n [\n -80.4913330078125,\n 26.990618722964737\n ],\n [\n -80.4913330078125,\n 26.367263860129366\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
This first annual report of the San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program contains the results of monitoring measurements made in 1993. Measurements of conventional water quality parameters and trace contaminant concentrations were made at 16 stations throughout the Estuary three times during the year: the wet period (March), during declining Delta outflow (May), and during the dry period (September). Water toxicity tests were conducted at 8 of those stations. Measurements of sediment quality and contaminant concentrations were made at the same 16 stations during the wet and dry sampling periods. Sediment toxicity was measured at 8 of those stations. Transplanted, bagged bivalve bioaccumulation and condition was measured at 11 stations during the wet and dry sampling periods.
\nWater Monitoring. Total or near-total (dissolved + particulate, see text) arsenic, cadmium, selenium, and dissolved (0.45 µm filtered) arsenic, cadmium, copper, nickel, silver, and zinc in water were highest in the South Bay. In general, dissolved metals in water were usually lowest in the Central Bay due to ocean influences. Near-total nickel and total mercury in water were highest in the northern estuary (San Pablo and Suisun Bays). Dissolved chromium and lead were highest at the Sacramento and San Joaquin River confluence stations. Six of the ten dissolved trace metals were highest in March during high runoff. Dissolved and total arsenic, selenium, and near-total cadmium were highest in September.
\nConcentrations of trace organic contaminants are reported for the March sampling period. Total PAHs and PCBs were highest in the South Bay, but PCBs were also high in the Napa River. Dissolved PAHs were highest in the Central Bay, and dissolved PCBs were highest in the Napa River. Total and dissolved pesticides were highest in the Sacramento River and in the Extreme South Bay.
\nConcentrations of trace elements in water (except selenium) were usually closely related with other environmental parameters. Total or near-total metals concentrations in water were most often associated with the amount of particulate material (TSS) in the water. Dissolved concentrations were usually associated with salinity or dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content. Dissolved PAHs were well correlated with TSS, but dissolved and total trace organic contaminants were poorly correlated with other water parameters.
\nBased on deviations from conservative mixing of fresh and salt water, three different patterns of possible sources of metals were identified in 1993. For dissolved chromium and lead, rivers and local runoff appeared to be important sources. For dissolved arsenic, cadmium, copper, and nickel year-round inputs from the South Bay appeared to be important sources. Dissolved mercury, selenium, and zinc were associated with local runoff in the South Bay during the wet period. Dissolved silver did not fit any of these patterns.
\nAlthough most contaminant concentrations were below water quality objectives, several trace contaminants were above the objectives at some stations. Comparisons to water quality objectives are used as a guide for evaluation of contaminant concentrations, but there are some differences in the way the RMP data are measured and that prescribed for regulatory purposes (see text). Concentrations of 5 metals in water were above EPA or Regional Basin Plan water quality objectives at six stations (see Table 30). Most of these elevated levels occurred at the northern estuary stations. Total PCB concentrations were above EPA human health objectives at all RMP stations. The pesticides chlordane, dieldrin, and DDTs were above the EPA objectives at several RMP stations, particularly at the northern-most, and river confluence stations.
\nAlthough some of the contaminant concentrations were above water quality objectives, water toxicity tests (96 hour algal growth and 48 hour bivalve larval development tests) did not indicate toxicity (sometimes inconclusive) associated with the water samples collected at any of the RMP stations in 1993. Exposure to Bay San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program Regional Monitoring Program 1993 Report ii water actually enhanced algal growth at most stations.
\nIn addition to the Estuary-wide sampling, the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers were sampled upstream from their confluence. Stations in each river were sampled six times over a 6 week period of high flows. In the Sacramento River, seven of the ten dissolved metals measured had concentrations lower than those measured at the river confluence stations. Some metals concentrations in the San Joaquin River were higher, and some were lower than concentrations from the river confluence station. Metals concentrations in the Sacramento River were poorly related to river flow because the station at Rio Vista is under considerable tidal influence. In the San Joaquin River, flows were inversely related to 7 of 10 total metals concentrations.
\nSediment Monitoring. Concentrations of silver, mercury, and lead in sediment were highest in the South Bay. However, concentrations of most trace metals in sediments were highest in the northern estuary at stations with the finest (silt, clay) sediments. The northern estuary stations with the coarsest (sand, shell) sediments generally had the lowest metals concentrations. There were differences in concentrations of cadmium, lead, and selenium in sediments between the sampling periods, but no consistent trend as to which sampling period had higher values. In September, PAHs and PCBs in sediments were highest in the Central Bay, but pesticides in sediments were highest in the northern estuary and Extreme South Bay.
\nNOAA’s Median Effects Ranges (ERM) for sediments were used as a guide for evaluation of sediment contaminant concentrations. Nickel was the only trace contaminant in sediment above the ERM guidelines, and it was high at all RMP stations. These high levels are probably due to natural, geologic sources.
\nAlthough sediment contaminant concentrations were below ERMs, sediment toxicity tests (10 day amphipod mortality, and 48 hour bivalve larval development in elutriates) indicated toxicity at all stations tested. Sediment factors that could have caused the toxicity were not investigated.
\nBivalve Bioaccumulation. Mussels, oysters, and freshwater clams were transplanted to the RMP stations to evaluate bioaccumulation of trace substances. Trace metals were bioaccumulated at nearly all RMP stations. However, arsenic, lead, and mercury did not appear to bioaccumulate. There was generally more bioaccumulation during the dry season than during the wet season. In September, PAHs, PCBs, and pesticides accumulated in all samples. Bioaccumulation of PAHs and pesticides was generally highest at the river confluence stations, and the Napa River. PCBs accumulated most at Redwood Creek.
\nThere were substantial differences in the degree of bioaccumulation among the species. Oysters appeared to accumulate higher concentrations of trace metals than the other species, especially copper, which may be a natural phenomenon.
\nThere are no established tissue contaminant standards for trace metal and organic contaminants. Therefore, comparisons to Median International Standards (MIS) for human consumption, or U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) action levels for trace organics are used to evaluate the bioaccumulation results. Concentrations of selenium were higher than MIS guidelines at all stations during the wet season. Other trace metal concentrations were higher than MIS guidelines at various stations during one or the other sampling period. However, none of the bivalves contained concentrations above the USFDA or National Academy of Sciences (NAS) guidelines for trace organic contaminants.
\nThe transplanted bivalves survived well at all stations except in the Napa River where less than 35% survived during both sampling seasons. Measures of bivalve condition (dry weight, shell volume) indicated that bivalves deployed in the Central Bay grew significantly, but those at most other stations actually lost weight. Whether these differences were due to natural causes such as salinity or food supply, or to contamination, was not determined.
\nPilot Studies. Two pilot monitoring studies were conducted in 1993. A pilot study of Estuary hydrography and phytoplankton was conducted by scientists from the U.S. Summary Geological Survey in Menlo Park and U.C. Davis. Water column profiles at up to 37 stations were monitored along a transect of the Estuary run monthly between the South Bay and the Delta.
\nThe primary objective of this study was to define physical (salinity, temperature, suspended particulate matter, and light penetration), chemical (dissolved oxygen) and biological (chlorophyll a) characteristics of Estuary water that may influence other chemical and biological reactions. A second objective was to investigate planktonic indicators of ecosystem structure and function.
\nThe data collected in 1993 showed the extent and duration of the spring phytoplankton bloom in the South Bay, other localized blooms in the northern estuary, the stratification and mixing associated with the entrapment zone in the northern estuary, and mixing in the Estuary resulting from the high rainfall in 1993. Knowledge of the duration and extent of these natural features of the Estuary provide context for interpretation of the RMP contaminant data collected only 3 times per year.
\nAnother pilot study of suspended sediment transport processes was conducted by the USGS in Sacramento. This study used continuous recording sensors at Point San Pablo and the Bay Bridge to measure the amount of suspended sediment in the water at mid-depth and near the bottom, as well as tide height.
\nThe objectives of this study were to estimate which factors determine suspended solids concentrations in the Central Bay and to collect time series of suspended solids that are appropriate for continuous monitoring of suspended solids and for calibration and validation of numerical models.
\nThe investigators determined that spring tides accounted for most of the variation in suspended solids concentrations at the stations monitored, not runoff from the Sacramento or San Joaquin Rivers, or semidiurnal and diurnal tides.
\nComparisons were also made between measurements made by the continuous recordings and the RMP samples collected during the regular monitoring cruises. The different ways of measuring TSS were generally comparable, however only 3 measurements per year as made by the RMP could not provide the information of TSS variation actually occurring in the Estuary.
\nThis information is important because as shown by the RMP data, total contaminant concentrations in Estuary water is largely dependent on the TSS in the water. This implies that the RMP measurements alone cannot determine accurately the range of contaminant concentrations without better characterizing the dynamics of TSS.
\nThe RMP Pilot Studies are important to the developing RMP because they will help put RMP measurements into the perspective of Estuary processes and mechanisms at other time scales. The studies can relate those processes to the RMP measurements and will facilitate revision of sampling design and interpretation.
\nSummaries of other monitoring activities pertinent to regional monitoring are also included in the Report: a description of the Regional Board’s Bay Protection Studies, the Sacramento Coordinated Monitoring Program, and a wetlands monitoring plan are included.
","language":"English","publisher":"San Francisco Estuary Institute","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","collaboration":"A Cooperative Program Managed and Administered by the San Francisco Estuary Institute","usgsCitation":"Thompson, B., Lacy, J., Hardin, D., Grovhaug, T., Taberski, K., Jassby, A.D., Cloern, J.E., Caffrey, J., Cole, B., and Schoellhamer, D., 1993, 1993 Annual Report: San Francisco estuary regional monitoring program for trace substances, 226 p.","productDescription":"226 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"226","numberOfPages":"226","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1993-03-01","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":325419,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325418,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.sfei.org/sites/default/files/biblio_files/1993_RMP_Annual_Report.pdf","text":"1993 Annual Report: San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances","size":"2.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"1993 Annual Report: San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Francisco","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.04962158203124,\n 38.22739287920163\n ],\n [\n -121.39617919921874,\n 38.302869955150044\n ],\n [\n -121.322021484375,\n 37.76854362092148\n ],\n [\n -121.92901611328125,\n 37.155938651244625\n ],\n [\n -122.48931884765626,\n 37.16469418870222\n ],\n [\n -123.04962158203124,\n 38.22739287920163\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"578dfdace4b0f1bea0e0f80c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, B.","contributorId":13810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lacy, Jessica","contributorId":71277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacy","given":"Jessica","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hardin, Dane","contributorId":92898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardin","given":"Dane","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grovhaug, Tom","contributorId":172974,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grovhaug","given":"Tom","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Taberski, K.","contributorId":80075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taberski","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jassby, Alan D.","contributorId":66403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jassby","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Caffrey, J.","contributorId":147320,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caffrey","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Cole, B.","contributorId":36744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":54798,"text":"wdrNJ921 - 1993 - Water Resources Data, New Jersey, Water Year 1992, Volume 1. Surface-Water Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-17T01:01:41","indexId":"wdrNJ921","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T14:38:20","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NJ-92-1","title":"Water Resources Data, New Jersey, Water Year 1992, Volume 1. Surface-Water Data","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1992 water year for New Jersey consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground water. This volume of the report contains discharge records for 99 gaging stations; tide summaries for 2 stations; stage and contents for 37 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 95 surface-water sites. Also included are data for 65 crest-stage partial-record stations, 13 tidal crest-stage gages, and 94 low-flow partial-record stations. Locations of these sites are shown on Figures 11 and 12. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program. Miscellaneous data were collected at 42 measuring sites and 9 water-quality sampling sites. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in New Jersey.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"West Trenton, NJ","doi":"10.3133/wdrNJ921","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy and with other agencies.","usgsCitation":"Bauersfeld, W., Moshinsky, E., and Gurney, C., 1993, Water Resources Data, New Jersey, Water Year 1992, Volume 1. Surface-Water Data: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NJ-92-1, xx, 507 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNJ921.","productDescription":"xx, 507 p.","numberOfPages":"530","costCenters":[{"id":469,"text":"New Jersey Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":260414,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1992/nj-92-1/report.pdf"},{"id":260415,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1992/nj-92-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.58333333333333,38.916666666666664 ], [ -75.58333333333333,41.35055555555556 ], [ -73.88416666666667,41.35055555555556 ], [ -73.88416666666667,38.916666666666664 ], [ -75.58333333333333,38.916666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc676e4b08c986b32bf90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bauersfeld, W.R.","contributorId":72451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauersfeld","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moshinsky, E.W.","contributorId":104972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moshinsky","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gurney, C.E.","contributorId":90374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gurney","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25584,"text":"wri934047 - 1993 - Hydrogeology, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:29","indexId":"wri934047","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4047","title":"Hydrogeology, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio","docAbstract":"Ground water is the primary source of water in the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base area. The aquifer consists of glacial sands and gravels that fill a buried bedrock-valley system. Consolidated rocks in the area consist of poorly permeable Ordovician shale of the Richmondian stage, in the upland areas, the Brassfield Limestone of Silurian age. The valleys are filled with glacial sediments of Wisconsinan age consisting of clay-rich tills and coarse-grained outwash deposits. Estimates of hydraulic conductivity of the shales based on results of displacement/recovery tests range from 0.0016 to 12 feet per day; estimates for the glacial sediments range from less than 1 foot per day to more than 1,000 feet per day.\r\n\r\nGround water flow from the uplands towards the valleys and the major rivers in the region, the Great Miami and the Mad Rivers. Hydraulic-head data indicate that ground water flows between the bedrock and unconsolidated deposits. Data from a gain/loss study of the Mad River System and hydrographs from nearby wells reveal that the reach of the river next to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base is a ground-water discharge area.\r\n\r\nA steady-state, three-dimensional ground-water-flow model was developed to simulate ground-water flow in the region. The model contains three layers and encompasses about 100 square miles centered on Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Ground water enters the modeled area primarily by river leakage and underflow at the model boundary. Ground water exits the modeled area primarily by flow through the valleys at the model boundaries and through production wells. A model sensitivity analysis involving systematic changes in values of hydrologic parameters in the model indicates that the model is most sensitive to decreases in riverbed conductance and vertical conductance between the upper two layers. The analysis also indicates that the contribution of water to the buried-valley aquifer from the bedrock that forms the valley walls is about 2 to 4 percent of the total ground-water flow in the study area.\r\n\r\nGround waters in the vicinity of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base can be classified into two compositional groups on the basis of their chemical composition: calcium magnesium bicarbonate-type and sodium chloride-type waters. Calcium magnesium bicarbonate-type waters are found in the glacial deposits and the Brassfield Limestone, whereas the sodium chloride waters are exclusively associated with the shales. Equilibrium speciation calculations indicate that ground water of the glacial drift aquifer is in equilibrium with calcite, dolomite, and chalcedony, but is undersaturated with respect to gypsum and fluorite. Waters from the shales are slightly supersaturated with respect to calcite, dolomite, and siderite but are undersaturated with respect to chalcedony. Simple-mass balance calculations treating boron as a conservative species indicate that little (< 5 percent) or no recharge from the shales to the glacial drift aquifer takes place.\r\n\r\nData on the stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen indicate a meteoric origin for all ground water beneath Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, but the data were inconclusive with respect to identification of distinct isotopic differences between water collected from the glacial drift and bedrock aquifers. Tritium concentrations used to distinguish waters having a pre-and post-1953 recharge component indicate that most water entered the glacial drift aquifer after 1953. This finding indicates that recharge from shallow to deep parts (greater than 150 feet) of the aquifer takes place over time intervals of a few years or decades. However, the fact that some deep parts of the glacial aquifer did not contain measurable tritium indicates that ground-water flow from recharge zones to these parts of the aquifer takes decades or longer.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934047","usgsCitation":"Dumouchelle, D., Schalk, C.W., Rowe, G., and De Roche, J., 1993, Hydrogeology, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4047, viii, 152 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934047.","productDescription":"viii, 152 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124919,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4047/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54318,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4047/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db614a47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dumouchelle, D.H.","contributorId":83144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumouchelle","given":"D.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schalk, C. W.","contributorId":64286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schalk","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rowe, G.L.","contributorId":23978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"G.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"De Roche, J.T.","contributorId":66691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Roche","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":27049,"text":"wri924115 - 1993 - Geohydrology and water quality of the Calumet aquifer, in the vicinity of the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal, northwestern Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-16T11:07:59","indexId":"wri924115","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4115","title":"Geohydrology and water quality of the Calumet aquifer, in the vicinity of the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal, northwestern Indiana","docAbstract":"The water-table configuration of the Calumet aquifer in the vicinity of the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal in Lake County, northwestern Indiana, reflects the complexity of the shallow ground-water-flow system. Large depressions in the water table in sewered areas interrupt broad ground-water divides between rivers. The aquifer/stream interactions along the Grand Calumet River/ Indiana Harbor Canal are directly related to Lake Michigan water levels because of a direct connection of the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal to the lake. Fluctuations in lake levels and evapotranspiration result in reversals in ground-water flow near the river and canal that last from several hours to several months.
\nMost of the water from the Calumet aquifer discharges into sewers, the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal, Lake Michigan, and Silurian carbonate bedrock. Model simulations of ground-water flow for the study area indicate that the Calumet aquifer discharges about 15 ft3/s (cubic feet per second) of ground water to sewers, about 10 ft3/s to the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal, and about 4 ft3/s to Lake Michigan along a 25-mile section of shoreline. Estimates of groundwater flow from the Calumet aquifer to the bedrock range from 0 to 10 ft3/s. Results of analyses of water samples collected from wells in five land-use types steel industry, petrochemical industry, commercial and light industry, residential, and parks were compared. The highest median concentrations of inorganic ions and the most detections of organic compounds generally occurred in water samples from wells on the steel and petrochemical land-use areas. Water samples collected from wells on the commercial and light industrial land-use areas generally had lower median chemical concentrations than the samples from the steel and petrochemical land-use areas and greater median concentrations than the samples from the residential and park land-use areas. Seven of 52 acid-extractable and base/neutralextractable organic compounds and 17 of 36 volatile organic compounds analyzed were detected in a total of 35 wells. Only 4 of the 88 organic analytes phenols, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, benzene, and toluene were detected in more than 5 of the 35 wells.
\nA comparison of primarily inorganic-constituent data from the five land-use groups to inorganic-constituent data from sites known to be contaminated shows that constituent concentrations in ground waters from wells in the land-use areas generally are lower than those in ground water from contaminated areas. Abstract 1 Likewise, a comparison of inorganic-constituent data from the land-use groups to inorganic-constituent data from areas relatively unaffected by human presence shows that constituent concentrations in ground water from wells in the land-use areas generally are greater than those in ground water from the unaffected areas. Some documented but unaccounted for chemical loads in the Grand Calumet River are from ground water. Ground water probably contributes more than 10 percent of the total chemical load of ammonia, chromium, and cyanide to the Grand Calumet River. In comparison, about 1 to 3 percent of the total streamflow in the Grand Calumet River is from ground water. Of the four major groundwater sinks in the aquifer, the east branch of the Grand Calumet River and the Indiana Harbor Canal generally receive the greatest chemical loads from ground water, whereas Lake Michigan generally receives the smallest loads.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri924115","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Environmental Management","usgsCitation":"Fenelon, J., and Watson, L.R., 1993, Geohydrology and water quality of the Calumet aquifer, in the vicinity of the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal, northwestern Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4115, vii, 151 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924115.","productDescription":"vii, 151 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"151","numberOfPages":"158","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55926,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4115/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123751,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4115/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"rand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.18406677246094,\n 41.66367910784373\n ],\n [\n -87.39761352539062,\n 41.668808555620586\n ],\n [\n -87.39692687988281,\n 41.76106872528616\n ],\n [\n -87.60086059570312,\n 41.764141783336456\n ],\n [\n -87.60223388671875,\n 41.545589036668105\n ],\n [\n -87.16896057128906,\n 41.544561218705965\n ],\n [\n -87.16621398925781,\n 41.66419207101119\n ],\n [\n -87.18406677246094,\n 41.66367910784373\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8b5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fenelon, J.M.","contributorId":100430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fenelon","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watson, Lee R.","contributorId":83545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":17607,"text":"ofr93457 - 1993 - Reconnaissance data for selected herbicides, two atrazine metabolities, and nitrate in surface water of the Midwestern United States, 1989-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T14:27:59","indexId":"ofr93457","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-457","title":"Reconnaissance data for selected herbicides, two atrazine metabolities, and nitrate in surface water of the Midwestern United States, 1989-90","docAbstract":"Water-quality data were collected from 147 rivers and streams during 1989-90 to assess selected preemergent herbicides, two atrazine metabolites, and nitrate in 10 Midwestern States. This report includes a description of the sampling design, data collection techniques, laboratory and analytical methods, and a compilation of constituent concentrations and quality-assurance data. All water samples were collected by depth-integrating techniques at three to five locations across the wetted perimeter of each stream. Sites were sampled three times in l989--before application of herbi- cides, during the first major runoff after appli- cation of herbicides, and in the fall during a low-flow period when ground water contributed to most of the streamflow. About 50 sites were selected by a stratified random procedure and resampled for both pre- and post-application herbicide concen- trations in 1990 to verify the 1989 results. Laboratory analyses consisted of both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with confirmation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The data are useful in studying herbicide transport, in comparison of the spatial distribution of the post-application concentrations of 11 herbicides and 2 atrazine metabolites (deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine) in streams and rivers at a regional scale. It is also useful in examination of annual persistence of herbicides and two metabolites in surface water, and in the assessment of atrazine metabolites as indicators of surface- and ground- water interaction. The reconnaissance data are contained in this report and are also available on computer diskette from the U.S. Geological Survey in Lawrence, Kansas.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr93457","usgsCitation":"Scribner, E., Thurman, E., Goolsby, D.A., Meyer, M.T., Mills, M.S., and Pomes, M., 1993, Reconnaissance data for selected herbicides, two atrazine metabolities, and nitrate in surface water of the Midwestern United States, 1989-90: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-457, vi, 77 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93457.","productDescription":"vi, 77 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":150789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0457/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46800,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0457/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.71093749999999,\n 37.16031654673677\n ],\n [\n -82.265625,\n 37.16031654673677\n ],\n [\n -82.265625,\n 48.922499263758255\n ],\n [\n -103.71093749999999,\n 48.922499263758255\n ],\n [\n -103.71093749999999,\n 37.16031654673677\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db644457","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scribner, E.A.","contributorId":50925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scribner","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mills, M. S.","contributorId":96279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pomes, M.L.","contributorId":84393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pomes","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":29037,"text":"wri934005 - 1993 - Geohydrology and quality of shallow ground water at and near the Old Laurel County and G.C. Singleton landfills, Laurel County, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-11T21:32:43.975878","indexId":"wri934005","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4005","title":"Geohydrology and quality of shallow ground water at and near the Old Laurel County and G.C. Singleton landfills, Laurel County, Kentucky","docAbstract":"Between 1969 and 1983, solid and hazardous waste was deposited at the Old Laurel County and G.C. Singleton Landfills that were developed on a bench created by strip mining for coal. Water-level data from eight monitoring wells indicate that the general direction of groundwater flow in the shallow aquifer is toward Slate Lick, which is at a lower altitude than the landfills. Analyses of water samples from these wells indicate that the water quality near the landfills is similar to that expected in coal strip-mined areas. The pH of groundwater ranged from 4.6 to 6.2 and indicates acidic conditions. Elevated values of specific conductance in groundwater near the landfills may indicate the effects of landfill leachate or acid-mine drainage. The groundwater samples also contained high concentrations of dissolved constituents commonly associated with acid-mine drainage such as aluminum, iron, manganese, sulfate, and zinc. A relatively high concentration of fluoride, 4.5 mg/L, in water from one well may be related to landfill leachate. Except for 3,4-dichloro-benzoic acid, organic constituents were not detected in the groundwater samples. However, because of the widespread use of chemicals containing 3,4-dichloro-benzoic acid, the source of this constituent in the shallow aquifer system near the landfills cannot be determined.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934005","usgsCitation":"Parnell, J.M., 1993, Geohydrology and quality of shallow ground water at and near the Old Laurel County and G.C. Singleton landfills, Laurel County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4005, v, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934005.","productDescription":"v, 41 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394222,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47743.htm"},{"id":57904,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4005/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122666,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4005/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","county":"Laurel County","otherGeospatial":"Old Laurel County and G.C. Singleton landfills","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.05,\n 37.1728\n ],\n [\n -84.0722,\n 37.1728\n ],\n [\n -84.0722,\n 37.1917\n ],\n [\n -84.05,\n 37.1917\n ],\n [\n -84.05,\n 37.1728\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parnell, J. M.","contributorId":13656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parnell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29181,"text":"wri934051 - 1993 - Hydrology of two tidal marshes in North Carolina where open-marsh water management modifications have been implemented","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-13T19:36:46.962678","indexId":"wri934051","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4051","title":"Hydrology of two tidal marshes in North Carolina where open-marsh water management modifications have been implemented","docAbstract":"In 1988 and 1989, open-marsh water management modifications were implemented at tidal marshes near West Onslow Beach and Hobucken, North Carolina, as part of a pilot program to evaluate the effectiveness of ditching techniques as a mosquito-control method in open marshes. In 1984, before implementation of the modifications, a study was initiated to allow definition of the effects of those modifications on the hydrology of the marshes. Water levels in canals near the West Onslow Beach study marsh are controlled by periodic, gravitational tides. Daily maximum tides exceeded the elevation of the upper marsh surface 30% of the time before and 18% of the time after open-marsh water management. Daily maximum tides at this marsh exceeded the upper marsh surface 34% of the time before and 24% of the time after open-marsh water management. Variation in tidal conditions resulted in varying numbers and duration of floods at the study marshes. Duration analyses indicated relations between tide levels and marsh surface-water levels were unchanged after modifications. Groundwater movement through the marshes varies seasonally and is primarily vertical. Withdrawals are by evapotranspiration and recharge is by infiltration. During nongrowing months saturated conditions prevail. Groundwater flow to the marsh interior from the surrounding tidal canals was not detected during these declines. Changes in the natural variation in withdrawals from and recharge to groundwater were not indicated by the data collected during this study. Water levels in canals adjacent to the Hobucken study marsh are primarily controlled by wind-driven tides.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934051","usgsCitation":"Pope, B., 1993, Hydrology of two tidal marshes in North Carolina where open-marsh water management modifications have been implemented: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4051, v, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934051.","productDescription":"v, 41 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124776,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4051/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58050,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4051/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":466141,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47776.htm","text":"Hobucken marsh","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466142,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47777.htm","text":"Onslow Beach marsh","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","city":"Hobucken","otherGeospatial":"West Onslow Beach","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.54615625888958,\n 35.2444\n ],\n [\n -76.54615625888958,\n 35.233\n ],\n [\n -76.52548712233958,\n 35.233\n ],\n [\n -76.52548712233958,\n 35.2444\n ],\n [\n -76.54615625888958,\n 35.2444\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.5333,\n 34.4542\n ],\n [\n -77.5333,\n 34.4417\n ],\n [\n -77.5167,\n 34.4417\n ],\n [\n -77.5167,\n 34.4542\n ],\n [\n -77.5333,\n 34.4542\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a38e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pope, B.F.","contributorId":10062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28362,"text":"wri914136 - 1993 - Hydrology and water quality of the Forest County Potawatomi Indian Reservation, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-26T13:58:58","indexId":"wri914136","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4136","title":"Hydrology and water quality of the Forest County Potawatomi Indian Reservation, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"This report presents data from a study by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Forest County Potawatomi Community of Wisconsin, to document the hydrology and water quality of the Potawatomi Indian Reservation in southern Forest County. Data were collected from October 1981 through September 1987.
\nGlacial sand and gravel forms the primary aquifer on the reservation. This aquifer is unconfined, and its saturated thickness ranges from approximately 200 feet to zero feet in areas where the bedrock crops out. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the glacial deposits is estimated to range from 0.4 to 48 feet per day.
\nThree watersheds encompass the Reservation: The Wolf, the North Branch Oconto, and the Peshtigo. Estimates of base-flow discharge that will occur on the average once every 2 years for a 7- day period for Reservation streams range from 7.5 ft3/s (cubic feet per second) for North Branch Oconto at Wabeno to 32 ft3/s for the Rat River near Wabeno.
\nGround water in the study area is a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type and is suitable for most uses. The ground water sampled during the study was slightly alkaline and moderately hard to very hard; median hardness was 135 mg/L (milligrams per liter) as calcium carbonate. Alkalinity of ground water ranged from 79 to 318 mg/L; median alkalinity was 123 mg/L as calcium carbonate.
\nWith the exception of nitrate in water from one well sampled, constituent concentrations were less than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL's) for drinking water. Nitrate plus nitrite concentration was 15 mg/L as N, or 50 percent greater than the MCL, in one well located one-half mile northeast of Lake Lucerne.
\nSecondary Maximum Contaminant Levels (SMCL's) for iron were exceeded in water from two wells. In one of these two well waters, the manganese concentration equaled the SMCL.
\nStreams on the Reservation also contain a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type water. The stream waters are slightly alkaline and are considered soft to moderately hard; median hardness in stream samples was 56 mg/L as calcium carbonate. The alkalinity in stream samples ranged from 46 to 59 mg/L as calcium carbonate; the median value was 51 mg/L. Stream water is intermediate between hard, alkaline ground water and soft, acidic precipitation and surface runoff. Low but detectable concentrations of chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, mercury, and zinc were detected in most bottom-material samples.
\nWater quality of three lakes on the Reservation is variable and depends on the degree of connection with the ground-water system. In general, Bug Lake and Devils Lake are in poor hydraulic connection with the ground-water system, and their waters contain low concentrations of dissolved solids and alkalinity and low pH. King Lake is in good hydraulic connection with the ground-water system, and its waters contain higher concentrations of dissolved solids and alkalinity and higher pH than Bug and Devils Lakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914136","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Forest County Potawatomi Community of Wisconsin","usgsCitation":"Lidwin, R., and Krohelski, J.T., 1993, Hydrology and water quality of the Forest County Potawatomi Indian Reservation, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4136, Report: v, 24 p.; 4 Plates: 25.06 x 21.81 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914136.","productDescription":"Report: v, 24 p.; 4 Plates: 25.06 x 21.81 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"29","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57167,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4136/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57168,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4136/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57169,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4136/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57165,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4136/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57166,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4136/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":120153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4136/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Forest County","otherGeospatial":"Potowatomi Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-88.6833,46.0144],[-88.6844,45.9823],[-88.6746,45.9823],[-88.6757,45.8958],[-88.6761,45.8093],[-88.6758,45.7247],[-88.5519,45.723],[-88.4665,45.7224],[-88.4254,45.7225],[-88.4255,45.6356],[-88.4262,45.5492],[-88.4263,45.5071],[-88.4258,45.4925],[-88.4261,45.4774],[-88.4257,45.4633],[-88.4259,45.4505],[-88.4261,45.4358],[-88.4263,45.4212],[-88.4272,45.4066],[-88.4283,45.3769],[-88.5542,45.3778],[-88.6418,45.3784],[-88.6587,45.3785],[-88.6781,45.3787],[-88.7196,45.3784],[-88.754,45.3782],[-88.802,45.3775],[-88.9259,45.3799],[-88.9265,45.3909],[-88.9251,45.4014],[-88.9233,45.4659],[-89.0467,45.4668],[-89.0468,45.5518],[-89.0475,45.6391],[-89.0469,45.7265],[-89.047,45.8097],[-89.0477,45.8953],[-89.0478,45.9822],[-88.9332,45.9822],[-88.9329,46.0746],[-88.8507,46.0409],[-88.8473,46.0368],[-88.8431,46.0336],[-88.8426,46.0333],[-88.8371,46.0312],[-88.8325,46.0294],[-88.828,46.0294],[-88.8248,46.0294],[-88.8207,46.0289],[-88.819,46.0284],[-88.8169,46.0278],[-88.8143,46.026],[-88.8123,46.0247],[-88.8103,46.0238],[-88.8083,46.0238],[-88.8077,46.0238],[-88.8051,46.0238],[-88.8031,46.0252],[-88.803,46.0275],[-88.8024,46.0302],[-88.8017,46.032],[-88.7991,46.0338],[-88.7974,46.0344],[-88.7968,46.0346],[-88.7948,46.0341],[-88.7928,46.0332],[-88.7914,46.0318],[-88.7895,46.0324],[-88.7873,46.0334],[-88.786,46.0336],[-88.7843,46.0329],[-88.7828,46.0311],[-88.7828,46.0292],[-88.7841,46.0274],[-88.7847,46.026],[-88.7866,46.0232],[-88.7865,46.0209],[-88.7856,46.0196],[-88.7848,46.0186],[-88.7824,46.0178],[-88.7798,46.0178],[-88.7777,46.0179],[-88.7758,46.0181],[-88.7753,46.0197],[-88.7747,46.0203],[-88.7734,46.0216],[-88.7715,46.024],[-88.7691,46.0239],[-88.7669,46.0226],[-88.7662,46.0208],[-88.7637,46.02],[-88.7632,46.02],[-88.7615,46.02],[-88.7565,46.0212],[-88.754,46.0226],[-88.7507,46.0248],[-88.7458,46.0267],[-88.7408,46.028],[-88.7363,46.028],[-88.7334,46.0277],[-88.7317,46.0273],[-88.7284,46.0256],[-88.7251,46.0239],[-88.7232,46.0219],[-88.7221,46.0209],[-88.7216,46.0202],[-88.7241,46.0183],[-88.7254,46.0165],[-88.7253,46.0146],[-88.724,46.0133],[-88.7214,46.0133],[-88.7168,46.0139],[-88.7144,46.015],[-88.7129,46.0157],[-88.7084,46.0167],[-88.7023,46.0177],[-88.6977,46.0177],[-88.6953,46.0173],[-88.6913,46.0166],[-88.6846,46.0149],[-88.6833,46.0144]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Forest\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db604cb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lidwin, R.A.","contributorId":33349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidwin","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krohelski, J. T.","contributorId":59046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohelski","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":199668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":4917,"text":"twri06A3 - 1993 - A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems, Part 1: Model Description and User's Manual","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21165,"text":"ofr90194 - 1992 - A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems; Part 1, Model description and user's manual","indexId":"ofr90194","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems; Part 1, Model description and user's manual"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4917,"text":"twri06A3 - 1993 - A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems, Part 1: Model Description and User's Manual","indexId":"twri06A3","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems, Part 1: Model Description and User's Manual"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:43","indexId":"twri06A3","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"06-A3","title":"A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems, Part 1: Model Description and User's Manual","docAbstract":"A MODular, Finite-Element digital-computer program (MODFE) was developed to simulate steady or unsteady-state, two-dimensional or axisymmetric ground-water flow. Geometric- and hydrologic-aquifer characteristics in two spatial dimensions are represented by triangular finite elements and linear basis functions; one-dimensional finite elements and linear basis functions represent time. Finite-element matrix equations are solved by the direct symmetric-Doolittle method or the iterative modified, incomplete-Cholesky, conjugate-gradient method. Physical processes that can be represented by the model include (1) confined flow, unconfined flow (using the Dupuit approximation), or a combination of both; (2) leakage through either rigid or elastic confining beds; (3) specified recharge or discharge at points, along lines, and over areas; (4) flow across specified-flow, specified-head, or bead-dependent boundaries; (5) decrease of aquifer thickness to zero under extreme water-table decline and increase of aquifer thickness from zero as the water table rises; and (6) head-dependent fluxes from springs, drainage wells, leakage across riverbeds or confining beds combined with aquifer dewatering, and evapotranspiration.\r\nThe report describes procedures for applying MODFE to ground-water-flow problems, simulation capabilities, and data preparation. Guidelines for designing the finite-element mesh and for node numbering and determining band widths are given. Tables are given that reference simulation capabilities to specific versions of MODFE. Examples of data input and model output for different versions of MODFE are provided.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/twri06A3","usgsCitation":"Torak, L., 1993, A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems, Part 1: Model Description and User's Manual: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 06-A3, USGS-TWRI book 6, chap. A3. 136 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri06A3.","productDescription":"USGS-TWRI book 6, chap. A3. 136 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139604,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":686,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri6a3/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adeb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torak, L.J.","contributorId":87533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torak","given":"L.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26554,"text":"wri934161 - 1993 - Geology and ground-water resources in the Zebulon area, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-25T14:35:56","indexId":"wri934161","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4161","title":"Geology and ground-water resources in the Zebulon area, Georgia","docAbstract":"The current (1991) surface-water source of drinking-water supply for the city of Zebulon, Pike County, Georgia, no longer provides an adequate water supply and periodically does not meet water-quality standards. The hydrogeology of crystalline rocks in the Zebulon area was evaluated to assess the potential of ground-water resources as a supplemental or alternative source of water to present surface-water supplies. As part of the ground-water resource evaluation, well location and construction data were compiled, a geologic map was constructed, and ground water was sampled and analyzed. Three mappable geologic units delineated during this study provide a basic understanding of hydrogeologic settings in the Zebulon area. Rock types include a variety of aluminosilicate schists, granitic rocks, amphibolites/honblende gneisses, and gondites. Several geologic features that may enhance ground-water availability were identified in the study area. These features include contacts between contrasting rock types, where a high degree of differential weathering has occurred, and well-developed structural features, such as foliation and jointing are present. High-yielding wells (greater than 25 gallons per minute) and low-yielding wells (less than one gallon per minute) were located in all three geologic units in a variety of topographic settings. Well yields range from less than one gallon per minute to 250 gallons per minute. The variable total depths and wide ranges of casing depths of the high-yielding wells are indicative of variations in depths to water-bearing zones and regolith thicknesses, respectively. The depth of water-bearing zones is highly variable, even on a local scale. Analyses of ground-water samples indicate that the distribution of iron concentration is as variable as well yield in the study area and does not seem to be related to a particular rock type. Iron concentrations in ground-water samples ranged from 0.02 to 5.3 milligrams per liter. Both iron concentration and well yield vary substantially over a relatively small area. Implementation and Verification of a One-Dimensional, Unsteady-Flow Model for Spring Brook near Warrenville, Illinois By Mary J. Turner, Anthony P. Pulokas, and Audrey L. Ishii Abstract A one-dimensional, unsteady-flow model, Full EQuations (FEQ) model, based on de Saint-Venant equations for dynamic flow in open channels, was calibrated and verified for a 0.75-mile reach of Spring Brook, a tributary to the West Branch Du Page River, near Warrenville in northeastern Illinois. The model was used to simulate streamflow in a small urban stream reach with two short culverts, one with overbank flow around the culvert during high flows. Streamflow data were collected on the reach during three high-flow periods. Data from one period were used to calibrate the model, and data from the other two periods were used to verify the model. Stages and discharges over the periods were simulated, and the results were compared graphically with stage and discharge data collected at 10 sites in the study reach. Errors in simulated stage and discharge were small except when debris, not represented in the model, clogged the culvert. The effects of changes in physical and computational model parameters also were studied. The model was insensit'lve to replacement of measured cross sections with interpolated cross sections, especially if the measured thalweg elevation was preserved. Variation of the roughness, slope, and length of the culvert over-bank section, as well as the chosen representative measured cross section, caused only slight changes in the simulated peak stage and discharge. Changes in the modeled culvert area caused large differences in the simulated highflows in the vicinity of the culvert, whereas simulated low flows were unaffected. At all flows, the misrepresentation of the culvert area caused the simulated water-surface elevations to deviate from the measured elevations, especially on the falling","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934161","usgsCitation":"Chapman, M.J., Milby, B., and Peck, M., 1993, Geology and ground-water resources in the Zebulon area, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4161, v, 27 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934161.","productDescription":"v, 27 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118840,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_93_4161.jpg"},{"id":1962,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri93-4161/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":55420,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4161/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55421,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4161/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55422,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4161/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Zebulon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -86,32 ], [ -86,34 ], [ -83,34 ], [ -83,32 ], [ -86,32 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685b87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapman, M. J.","contributorId":65499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milby, B.J.","contributorId":21982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milby","given":"B.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peck, M.F.","contributorId":93049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":38338,"text":"pp1542 - 1993 - Allostratigraphy of the U.S. middle Atlantic continental margin; characteristics, distribution, and depositional history of principal unconformity-bounded upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic sedimentary units","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:45","indexId":"pp1542","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1542","title":"Allostratigraphy of the U.S. middle Atlantic continental margin; characteristics, distribution, and depositional history of principal unconformity-bounded upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic sedimentary units","docAbstract":"Publication of Volumes 93 and 95 ('The New Jersey Transect') of the Deep Sea Drilling Project's Initial Reports completed a major phase of geological and geophysical research along the middle segment of the U. S. Atlantic continental margin. Relying heavily on data from these and related published records, we have integrated outcrop, borehole, and seismic-reflection data from this large area (500,000 km^2 ) to define the regional allostratigraphic framework for Upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks. The framework consists of 12 alloformations, which record the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic depositional history of the contiguous Baltimore Canyon trough (including its onshore margin) and Hatteras basin (northern part). We propose stratotype sections for each alloformation and present a regional allostratigraphic reference section, which crosses these basins from the inner edge of the coastal plain to the inner edge of the abyssal plain. Selected supplementary reference sections on the coastal plain allow observation of the alloformations and their bounding unconformities in outcrop. \r\n\r\nOur analyses show that sediment supply and its initial dispersal on the middle segment of the U. S. Atlantic margin have been governed, in large part, by hinterland tectonism and subsequently have been modified by paleoclimate, sea-level changes, and oceanic current systems. Notable events in the Late Cretaceous to Holocene sedimentary evolution of this margin include (1) development of continental-rise depocenters in the northern part of the Hatteras basin during the Late Cretaceous; (2) the appear ance of a dual shelf-edge system, a marked decline in siliciclastic sediment accumulation rates, and widespread acceleration of carbonate production during high sea levels of the Paleogene; (3) rapid deposition and progradation of thick terrigenous delta complexes and development of abyssal depocenters during the middle Miocene to Quaternary interval; and (4) deep incision of the shelf edge by submarine canyons, especially during the Pleistocene. \r\n\r\nMassive downslope gravity flows have dominated both the depositional and erosional history of the middle segment of the U. S. Atlantic Continental Slope and Rise during most of the last 84 million years. The importance of periodic widespread erosion is recorded by well-documented unconformities, many of which can be traced from coastal-plain outcrops to coreholes on the continental slope and lower continental rise. These unconformities form the boundaries of the 12 allostratigraphic units we formally propose herein. Seven of the unconformities correlate with supercycle boundaries (sequence boundaries) that characterize the Exxon sequence-stratigraphy model.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1542","usgsCitation":"Poag, C.W., and Ward, L.W., 1993, Allostratigraphy of the U.S. middle Atlantic continental margin; characteristics, distribution, and depositional history of principal unconformity-bounded upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic sedimentary units: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1542, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1542.","productDescription":"81 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124830,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1542/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64687,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1542/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687898","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poag, C. Wylie 0000-0002-6240-4065 wpoag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6240-4065","contributorId":2565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"C.","email":"wpoag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wylie","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ward, Lauck W.","contributorId":44145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"Lauck","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}