{"pageNumber":"182","pageRowStart":"4525","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10462,"records":[{"id":70136307,"text":"70136307 - 2012 - A circumpolar monitoring framework for polar bears","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T21:26:48","indexId":"70136307","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3671,"text":"Ursus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A circumpolar monitoring framework for polar bears","docAbstract":"<p>Polar bears (<i>Ursus maritimus</i>) occupy remote regions that are characterized by harsh weather and limited access. Polar bear populations can only persist where temporal and spatial availability of sea ice provides adequate access to their marine mammal prey. Observed declines in sea ice availability will continue as long as greenhouse gas concentrations rise. At the same time, human intrusion and pollution levels in the Arctic are expected to increase. A circumpolar understanding of the cumulative impacts of current and future stressors is lacking, long-term trends are known from only a few subpopulations, and there is no globally coordinated effort to monitor effects of stressors. Here, we describe a framework for an integrated circumpolar monitoring plan to detect ongoing patterns, predict future trends, and identify the most vulnerable polar bear subpopulations. We recommend strategies for monitoring subpopulation abundance and trends, reproduction, survival, ecosystem change, human-caused mortality, human&ndash;bear conflict, prey availability, health, stature, distribution, behavioral change, and the effects that monitoring itself may have on polar bears. We assign monitoring intensity for each subpopulation through adaptive assessment of the quality of existing baseline data and research accessibility. A global perspective is achieved by recommending high intensity monitoring for at least one subpopulation in each of four major polar bear ecoregions. Collection of data on harvest, where it occurs, and remote sensing of habitat, should occur with the same intensity for all subpopulations. We outline how local traditional knowledge may most effectively be combined with the best scientific methods to provide comparable and complementary lines of evidence. We also outline how previously collected intensive monitoring data may be sub-sampled to guide future sampling frequencies and develop indirect estimates or indices of subpopulation status. Adoption of this framework will inform management and policy responses to changing worldwide polar bear status and trends.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research and Management","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-11-00026.1","usgsCitation":"Vongraven, D., Aars, J., Amstrup, S.C., Atkinson, S.N., Belikov, S., Born, E.W., DeBruyn, T., Derocher, A.E., Durner, G.M., Gill, M.J., Lunn, N., Obbard, M.E., Omelak, J., Ovsyanikov, N., Peacock, E.L., Richardson, E., Sahanatien, V., Stirling, I., and Wiig, Ø., 2012, A circumpolar monitoring framework for polar bears: Ursus, v. 23, no. 2, p. 1-66, https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-11-00026.1.","productDescription":"66 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"66","numberOfPages":"66","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-032810","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296921,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b16e4b08de9379b3233","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vongraven, Dag","contributorId":131092,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vongraven","given":"Dag","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7238,"text":"Norwegian Polar Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aars, Jon","contributorId":91338,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aars","given":"Jon","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7238,"text":"Norwegian Polar Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Atkinson, Stephen N.","contributorId":12365,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Atkinson","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Belikov, Stanislav","contributorId":19513,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Belikov","given":"Stanislav","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Born, Erik W.","contributorId":8379,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Born","given":"Erik","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"DeBruyn, T.D.","contributorId":73382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeBruyn","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Derocher, Andrew E.","contributorId":96189,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Derocher","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":12980,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Durner, George M. 0000-0002-3370-1191 gdurner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3370-1191","contributorId":3576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durner","given":"George","email":"gdurner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Gill, Michael J.","contributorId":131121,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gill","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Lunn, Nicholas J.","contributorId":78421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lunn","given":"Nicholas J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Obbard, Martyn E.","contributorId":108002,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Obbard","given":"Martyn","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":6780,"text":"Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Omelak, Jack","contributorId":131122,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Omelak","given":"Jack","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Ovsyanikov, Nikita","contributorId":131123,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ovsyanikov","given":"Nikita","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Peacock, Elizabeth L. 0000-0001-7279-0329 lpeacock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7279-0329","contributorId":3361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peacock","given":"Elizabeth","email":"lpeacock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":537332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Richardson, E.E.","contributorId":61099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Sahanatien, Vicki","contributorId":131124,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sahanatien","given":"Vicki","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Stirling, Ian","contributorId":72079,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stirling","given":"Ian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6962,"text":"Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Wiig, Øystein","contributorId":13469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiig","given":"Øystein","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19}]}}
,{"id":70118269,"text":"70118269 - 2012 - Spatiotemporal analysis of black spruce forest soils and implications for the fate of C","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-31T16:41:18","indexId":"70118269","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T10:43:57","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatiotemporal analysis of black spruce forest soils and implications for the fate of C","docAbstract":"<p><span>Post-fire storage of carbon (C) in organic-soil horizons was measured in one Canadian and three Alaskan chronosequences in black spruce forests, together spanning stand ages of nearly 200 yrs. We used a simple mass balance model to derive estimates of inputs, losses, and accumulation rates of C on timescales of years to centuries. The model performed well for the surface and total organic soil layers and presented questions for resolving the dynamics of deeper organic soils. C accumulation in all study areas is on the order of 20–40 gC/m</span><sup>2</sup><sub>/</sub><span>yr for stand ages up to ∼200 yrs. Much larger fluxes, both positive and negative, are detected using incremental changes in soil C stocks and by other studies using eddy covariance methods for CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>. This difference suggests that over the course of stand replacement, about 80% of all net primary production (NPP) is returned to the atmosphere within a fire cycle, while about 20% of NPP enters the organic soil layers and becomes available for stabilization or loss via decomposition, leaching, or combustion. Shifts toward more frequent and more severe burning and degradation of deep organic horizons would likely result in an acceleration of the carbon cycle, with greater CO</span><sub>2</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>emissions from these systems overall.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Richmond, VA","doi":"10.1029/2011JG001826","usgsCitation":"Harden, J.W., Manies, K.L., O'Donnell, J., Johnson, K., Frolking, S., and Fan, Z., 2012, Spatiotemporal analysis of black spruce forest soils and implications for the fate of C: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 117, no. 1, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001826.","productDescription":"9 p.","numberOfPages":"9","ipdsId":"IP-027455","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":500994,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://scholars.unh.edu/earthsci_facpub/276","text":"External Repository"},{"id":291126,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291125,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001826"}],"volume":"117","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-02-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f556e4b0bc0bec0a15b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harden, Jennifer W. 0000-0002-6570-8259 jharden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":1971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"Jennifer","email":"jharden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":496663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manies, Kristen L. 0000-0003-4941-9657 kmanies@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4941-9657","contributorId":2136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manies","given":"Kristen","email":"kmanies@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":496664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O'Donnell, Jonathan","contributorId":17924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Donnell","given":"Jonathan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Kristofer","contributorId":98237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Kristofer","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Frolking, Steve","contributorId":7638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frolking","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fan, Zhaosheng","contributorId":83410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fan","given":"Zhaosheng","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70038199,"text":"70038199 - 2012 - Root zone water quality model (RZWQM2): Model use, calibration and validation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-05T18:56:01.036463","indexId":"70038199","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T10:16:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3619,"text":"Transactions of the ASABE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Root zone water quality model (RZWQM2): Model use, calibration and validation","docAbstract":"The Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM2) has been used widely for simulating agricultural management effects on crop production and soil and water quality. Although it is a one-dimensional model, it has many desirable features for the modeling community. This article outlines the principles of calibrating the model component by component with one or more datasets and validating the model with independent datasets. Users should consult the RZWQM2 user manual distributed along with the model and a more detailed protocol on how to calibrate RZWQM2 provided in a book chapter. Two case studies (or examples) are included in this article. One is from an irrigated maize study in Colorado to illustrate the use of field and laboratory measured soil hydraulic properties on simulated soil water and crop production. It also demonstrates the interaction between soil and plant parameters in simulated plant responses to water stresses. The other is from a maize-soybean rotation study in Iowa to show a manual calibration of the model for crop yield, soil water, and N leaching in tile-drained soils. Although the commonly used trial-and-error calibration method works well for experienced users, as shown in the second example, an automated calibration procedure is more objective, as shown in the first example. Furthermore, the incorporation of the Parameter Estimation Software (PEST) into RZWQM2 made the calibration of the model more efficient than a grid (ordered) search of model parameters. In addition, PEST provides sensitivity and uncertainty analyses that should help users in selecting the right parameters to calibrate.","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers","doi":"10.13031/2013.42252","usgsCitation":"Ma, L., Ahuja, L., Nolan, B.T., Malone, R., Trout, T., and Qi, Z., 2012, Root zone water quality model (RZWQM2): Model use, calibration and validation: Transactions of the ASABE, v. 55, no. 4, p. 1425-1446, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.42252.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1425","endPage":"1446","ipdsId":"IP-037029","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381890,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5200c969e4b009d47a4c23de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ma, Liwang","contributorId":6751,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ma","given":"Liwang","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":463644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ahuja, Lajpat","contributorId":100275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahuja","given":"Lajpat","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nolan, B. T.","contributorId":21565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolan","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":463645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Malone, Robert","contributorId":28888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malone","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Trout, Thomas","contributorId":95785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trout","given":"Thomas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Qi, Z.","contributorId":99870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qi","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70003924,"text":"70003924 - 2012 - Migrating birds’ use of stopover habitat in the southwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-21T10:34:26","indexId":"70003924","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Migrating birds’ use of stopover habitat in the southwestern United States","docAbstract":"In the arid Southwest, migratory birds are known to use riparian stopover habitats; we know less about how migrants use other habitat types during migratory stopover. Using radar data and satellite land-cover data, we determined the habitats with which birds are associated during migration stopover. Bird densities differed significantly by habitat type at all sites in at least one season. In parts of Arizona and New Mexico upland forest supported high densities of migrants, especially in fall. Developed habitat, in areas with little upland forest, also supported high densities of migrants. Scrub/shrub and grassland habitats supported low to intermediate densities, but because these habitat types dominate the Southwestern landscape, they may provide stopover habitat for larger numbers of migratory birds than previously recognized. These results are complicated by continuing challenges related to target identity (i.e., distinguishing among birds, arthropods and bats). Our results suggest that it is too simplistic to (1) consider the arid West as a largely inhospitable landscape in which there are only relatively small oases of habitat that provide the resources needed by all migrants, (2) think of western riparian and upland forests as supporting the majority of migrants in all cases, and (3) consider a particular habitat unimportant for stopover solely on the basis of low densities of migrants.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Condor","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","publisherLocation":"Waco, TX","doi":"10.1525/cond.2012.120020","usgsCitation":"Ruth, J.M., Diehl, R., and Felix, R., 2012, Migrating birds’ use of stopover habitat in the southwestern United States: The Condor, v. 114, no. 4, p. 698-710, https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2012.120020.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"698","endPage":"710","ipdsId":"IP-029588","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269847,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269846,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cond.2012.120020"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -126.9,25.84 ], [ -126.9,49.0 ], [ -93.51,49.0 ], [ -93.51,25.84 ], [ -126.9,25.84 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"114","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"514c2be8e4b0cf4196fef31a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruth, Janet M. 0000-0003-1576-5957 janet_ruth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1576-5957","contributorId":1408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruth","given":"Janet","email":"janet_ruth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":349531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Diehl, R.H.","contributorId":28683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diehl","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Felix, R.K. Jr.","contributorId":39669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Felix","given":"R.K.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70032317,"text":"70032317 - 2012 - A new method of calculating electrical conductivity with applications to natural waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-17T13:17:58.66328","indexId":"70032317","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new method of calculating electrical conductivity with applications to natural waters","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id16\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id17\"><p id=\"sp005\">A new method is presented for calculating the electrical conductivity of natural waters that is accurate over a large range of effective ionic strength (0.0004–0.7&nbsp;mol&nbsp;kg<sup>−1</sup>), temperature (0–95&nbsp;°C), pH (1–10), and conductivity (30–70,000&nbsp;μS&nbsp;cm<sup>−1</sup>). The method incorporates a reliable set of equations to calculate the ionic molal conductivities of cations and anions (H<sup>+</sup>, Li<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, <span>NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></span>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Sr<sup>2+</sup>, Ba<sup>2+</sup>, F<sup>−</sup>, Cl<sup>−</sup>, Br<sup>−</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\"></span>,<span> HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup></span><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\"></span>,<span> CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup></span>,<span> NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup></span><span id=\"MathJax-Element-5-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\"></span>, and OH<sup>−</sup>), environmentally important trace metals (Al<sup>3+</sup>, Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, and Zn<sup>2+</sup>), and ion pairs (HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>,<span> NaSO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup></span><span id=\"MathJax-Element-7-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\"></span>,<span> NaCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup></span>, and<span>&nbsp;</span><span id=\"MathJax-Element-9-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\"></span>). These equations are based on new electrical conductivity measurements for electrolytes found in a wide range of natural waters. In addition, the method is coupled to a geochemical speciation model that is used to calculate the speciated concentrations required for accurate conductivity calculations. The method was thoroughly tested by calculating the conductivities of 1593 natural water samples and the mean difference between the calculated and measured conductivities was −0.7&nbsp;±&nbsp;5%. Many of the samples tested were selected to determine the limits of the method and include acid mine waters, geothermal waters, seawater, dilute mountain waters, and river water impacted by municipal waste water. Transport numbers were calculated and H<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>,<span> NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></span><span id=\"MathJax-Element-10-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\"></span>, K<sup>+</sup>, Cl<sup>−</sup>,<span> SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup></span><span id=\"MathJax-Element-11-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\"></span>,<span> HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup></span><span id=\"MathJax-Element-12-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\"></span>,<span> CP<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup></span><span id=\"MathJax-Element-13-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\"></span>, F<sup>−</sup>, Al<sup>3+</sup>, Fe<sup>2+</sup>,<span> NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup></span><span id=\"MathJax-Element-14-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\"></span>, and<span>&nbsp;</span><span id=\"MathJax-Element-15-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\"></span>substantially contributed (&gt;10%) to the conductivity of at least one of the samples. Conductivity imbalance in conjunction with charge imbalance can be used to identify whether a cation or an anion measurement is likely in error, thereby providing an additional quality assurance/quality control constraint on water analyses.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2011.10.031","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"McCleskey, R.B., Nordstrom, D.K., Ryan, J.N., and Ball, J.W., 2012, A new method of calculating electrical conductivity with applications to natural waters: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 77, p. 369-382, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.10.031.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"369","endPage":"382","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242514,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4a9e4b0c8380cd46802","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCleskey, R. Blaine 0000-0002-2521-8052 rbmccles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2521-8052","contributorId":147399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCleskey","given":"R.","email":"rbmccles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":523089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":523087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryan, J. N.","contributorId":118347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":523086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ball, J. W.","contributorId":119400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":523088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70032295,"text":"70032295 - 2012 - Quantifying anthropogenically driven morphologic changes on a barrier island: Fire Island National Seashore, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T11:03:20","indexId":"70032295","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying anthropogenically driven morphologic changes on a barrier island: Fire Island National Seashore, New York","docAbstract":"<p>Beach scraping, beach replenishment, and the presence of moderate development have altered the morphology of the dune–beach system at Fire Island National Seashore, located on a barrier island on the south coast of Long Island, New York. Seventeen communities are interspersed with sections of natural, nonmodified land within the park boundary. Beach width, dune elevation change, volume change, and shoreline change were calculated from light detection and ranging (LIDAR), real-time kinematic global positioning system (RTK GPS), and beach profile data sets at two ∼4&nbsp;km long study sites. Each site contains both modified (developed, replenished, and/or scraped) and nonmodified (natural) areas. The analysis spans 9&nbsp;years, from 1998 to 2007, which encompasses both scraping and replenishment events at Fire Island. The objectives of this study were to quantify and compare morphological changes in modified and nonmodified zones, and to identify erosional areas within the study sites.</p><p>Areas of increased volume and shoreline accretion were observed at both sites and at the western site are consistent with sand replenishment activities. The results indicate that from 1998 to 2007 locations backed by development and that employed beach scraping and/or replenishment as erosion control measures experienced more loss of volume, width, and dune elevation as compared with adjacent nonmodified areas. A detailed analysis of one specific modification, beach scraping, shows distinct morphological differences in scraped areas relative to nonscraped areas of the beach. In general, scraped areas where there is development on the dunes showed decreases in all measured parameters and are more likely to experience overwash during storm events. Furthermore, the rapid mobilization of material from the anthropogenic (scraped) dune results in increased beach accretion downcoast.</p><p class=\"last\">National park lands are immediately adjacent to developed areas on Fire Island, and even relatively small human-induced modifications can affect park resources and beach–dune response to storms. This study is the first to conduct a systematic analysis on how anthropogenic modifications affect resources at Fire Island National Seashore and provides essential information for effective management and preservation of coastal resources within the park.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Education and Research Foundation","doi":"10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-10-00012.1","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Kratzmann, M.G., and Hapke, C.J., 2012, Quantifying anthropogenically driven morphologic changes on a barrier island: Fire Island National Seashore, New York: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 28, no. 1, p. 76-88, https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-10-00012.1.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"76","endPage":"88","numberOfPages":"13","ipdsId":"IP-018448","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242710,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214949,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-10-00012.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Fire Island National Seashore","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.32550048828125,\n              40.608739823836984\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.89566040039062,\n              40.608739823836984\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.89566040039062,\n              40.724364221722716\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.32550048828125,\n              40.724364221722716\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.32550048828125,\n              40.608739823836984\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a91c2e4b0c8380cd8043d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kratzmann, Meredith G. 0000-0002-2513-2144 mkratzmann@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2513-2144","contributorId":194453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kratzmann","given":"Meredith","email":"mkratzmann@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hapke, Cheryl J. 0000-0002-2753-4075 chapke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2753-4075","contributorId":2981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hapke","given":"Cheryl","email":"chapke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6676,"text":"USGS (retired)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":435489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70032318,"text":"70032318 - 2012 - Experimental determination of soil heat storage for the simulation of heat transport in a coastal wetland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-03T13:01:40.584017","indexId":"70032318","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental determination of soil heat storage for the simulation of heat transport in a coastal wetland","docAbstract":"<p id=\"sp010\">Two physical experiments were developed to better define the thermal interaction of wetland water and the underlying soil layer. This information is important to numerical models of flow and heat transport that have been developed to support biological studies in the South Florida coastal wetland areas. The experimental apparatus consists of two 1.32&nbsp;m diameter by 0.99&nbsp;m tall, trailer-mounted, well-insulated tanks filled with soil and water. A peat–sand–soil mixture was used to represent the wetland soil, and artificial plants were used as a surrogate for emergent wetland vegetation based on size and density observed in the field. The tanks are instrumented with thermocouples to measure vertical and horizontal temperature variations and were placed in an outdoor environment subject to solar radiation, wind, and other factors affecting the heat transfer. Instruments also measure solar radiation, relative humidity, and wind speed.</p><p id=\"sp015\">Tests indicate that heat transfer through the sides and bottoms of the tanks is negligible, so the experiments represent vertical heat transfer effects only. The temperature fluctuations measured in the vertical profile through the soil and water are used to calibrate a one-dimensional heat-transport model. The model was used to calculate the thermal conductivity of the soil. Additionally, the model was used to calculate the total heat stored in the soil. This information was then used in a lumped parameter model to calculate an effective depth of soil which provides the appropriate heat storage to be combined with the heat storage in the water column. An effective depth, in the model, of 5.1&nbsp;cm of wetland soil represents the heat storage needed to match the data taken in the tank containing 55.9&nbsp;cm of peat/sand/soil mix. The artificial low-density laboratory sawgrass reduced the solar energy absorbed by the 35.6&nbsp;cm of water and 55.9&nbsp;cm of soil at midday by less than 5%. The maximum heat transfer into the underlying peat–sand–soil mix lags behind maximum solar radiation by approximately 2&nbsp;h. A slightly longer temperature lag was observed between the maximum solar radiation and maximum water temperature both with and without soil.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.12.036","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Swain, M., Swain, M., Lohmann, M., and Swain, E., 2012, Experimental determination of soil heat storage for the simulation of heat transport in a coastal wetland: Journal of Hydrology, v. 422-423, p. 53-62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.12.036.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"62","costCenters":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242515,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"422-423","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0dc5e4b0c8380cd531b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swain, Michael","contributorId":79716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swain, Matthew","contributorId":68126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Matthew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lohmann, Melinda 0000-0003-1472-159X mlohmann@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1472-159X","contributorId":2971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lohmann","given":"Melinda","email":"mlohmann@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":435583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swain, Eric 0000-0001-7168-708X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-708X","contributorId":23347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Eric","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70032373,"text":"70032373 - 2012 - A plant distribution shift: temperature, drought or past disturbance?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-11T11:29:40","indexId":"70032373","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A plant distribution shift: temperature, drought or past disturbance?","docAbstract":"Simple models of plant response to warming climates predict vegetation moving to cooler and/or wetter locations: in mountainous regions shifting upslope. However, species-specific responses to climate change are likely to be much more complex. We re-examined a recently reported vegetation shift in the Santa Rosa Mountains, California, to better understand the mechanisms behind the reported shift of a plant distribution upslope. We focused on five elevational zones near the center of the gradient that captured many of the reported shifts and which are dominated by fire-prone chaparral. Using growth rings, we determined that a major assumption of the previous work was wrong: past fire histories differed among elevations. To examine the potential effect that this difference might have on the reported upward shift, we focused on one species, <i>Ceanothus greggii</i>: a shrub that only recruits post-fire from a soil stored seedbank. For five elevations used in the prior study, we calculated time series of past per-capita mortality rates by counting growth rings on live and dead individuals. We tested three alternative hypotheses explaining the past patterns of mortality: 1) mortality increased over time consistent with climate warming, 2) mortality was correlated with drought indices, and 3) mortality peaked 40–50 years post fire at each site, consistent with self-thinning. We found that the sites were different ages since the last fire, and that the reported increase in the mean elevation of <i>C. greggii</i> was due to higher recent mortality at the lower elevations, which were younger sites. The time-series pattern of mortality was best explained by the self-thinning hypothesis and poorly explained by gradual warming or drought. At least for this species, the reported distribution shift appears to be an artifact of disturbance history and is not evidence of a climate warming effect.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"PLoS ONE","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0031173","issn":"19326203","usgsCitation":"Schwilk, D.W., and Keeley, J.E., 2012, A plant distribution shift: temperature, drought or past disturbance?: PLoS ONE, v. 7, no. 2, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031173.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474788,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031173","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":214061,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031173"},{"id":241748,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Rosa Mountains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.355844,33.356894 ], [ -116.355844,33.505883 ], [ -116.099726,33.505883 ], [ -116.099726,33.356894 ], [ -116.355844,33.356894 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"7","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-02-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4dce4b0c8380cd469a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwilk, Dylan W.","contributorId":103883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwilk","given":"Dylan","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":435836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70032378,"text":"70032378 - 2012 - Relationships between yolk androgens and nest density, laying date, and laying order in Western Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia hypugaea)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:20","indexId":"70032378","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationships between yolk androgens and nest density, laying date, and laying order in Western Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia hypugaea)","docAbstract":"Increases in yolk androgens within and among avian clutches have been correlated with decreased incubation time, increased aggression within a nest, increased begging behaviour, decreased immune response, and decreased life span. Although the mechanisms that lead to variability in yolk androgens within and between clutches are not completely known, yolk androgens can be a function of both social and environmental conditions. We were interested in if and how nesting density, laying date, and laying order influenced yolk androgens in Western Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia hypugaea (Bonaparte, 1825)) in which nest density varies considerably. In 2006 and 2007, we used radioimmunoassay to quantify the concentrations of testosterone, 5a-dihydrotestosterone, and androstenedione in the egg yolks from one early and one latelaid egg in 47 nests of Burrowing Owls located in the Morley Nelson Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area in southern Idaho. Nesting density had no detectable effect on yolk androgens. Yolk androgens varied temporally and peaked in the middle of the laying season while being low before and after this time period. Within nests, late-laid eggs had higher testosterone and dihydrotestosterone than early-laid eggs; adrostendione exhibited a similar pattern in one but not both years of our study. It is possible that the seasonal pattern in yolk androgens that we observed is related to aspects of mate quality for females or declining chances of fledging success for later nesting females, whereas rises in egg androgens between early and late eggs within clutches could reflect a mechanism to assist nestlings from late-laid eggs that hatch one to several days after their siblings to better compete for resources within the nest or promote survival in the presence of larger siblings.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/Z11-125","issn":"00084301","usgsCitation":"Welty, J., Belthoff, J., Egbert, J., and Schwabl, H., 2012, Relationships between yolk androgens and nest density, laying date, and laying order in Western Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia hypugaea): Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 90, no. 2, p. 182-192, https://doi.org/10.1139/Z11-125.","startPage":"182","endPage":"192","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241305,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213656,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/Z11-125"}],"volume":"90","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa65de4b0c8380cd84dfe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Welty, J.L.","contributorId":21357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welty","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belthoff, J.R.","contributorId":44360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belthoff","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Egbert, J.","contributorId":31993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Egbert","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schwabl, H.","contributorId":45811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwabl","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70142796,"text":"70142796 - 2012 - Great lakes prey fish populations: a cross-basin overview of status and trends based on bottom trawl surveys, 1978-2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-23T14:41:05","indexId":"70142796","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Great lakes prey fish populations: a cross-basin overview of status and trends based on bottom trawl surveys, 1978-2012","docAbstract":"<p><span>The assessment of prey fish stocks in the Great Lakes have been conducted annually with bottom trawls since the 1970s by the Great Lakes Science Center, sometimes assisted by partner agencies. These stock assessments provide data on the status and trends of prey fish that are consumed by important commercial and recreational fishes. Although all these annual surveys are conducted using bottom trawls, they differ among the lakes in the proportion of the lake covered, seasonal timing, bottom trawl gear used, and the manner in which the trawl is towed (across or along bottom contours). Because each assessment is unique in one or more important aspects, direct comparison of prey fish catches among lakes is not straightforward. However, all of the assessments produce indices of abundance or biomass that can be standardized to facilitate comparisons of status and trends across all the Great Lakes. In this report, population indices were standardized to the highest value for a time series within each lake for the following principal prey species: cisco (</span><i>Coregonus artedi</i><span>), bloater (</span><i>C. hoyi</i><span>), rainbow smelt (</span><i>Osmerus mordax</i><span>), and alewife (</span><i>Alosa pseudoharengus</i><span>). Indices were also provided for round goby (</span><i>Neogobius melanostomus</i><span>), an invasive fish that has proliferated throughout the basin over the past 18 years. These standardized indices represent the best available long-term indices of relative abundance for these fishes across all of the Great Lakes. In this report, standardized indices are presented in graphical form along with synopses to provide a short, informal cross-basin summary of the status and trends of principal prey fishes. In keeping with this intent, tables, references, and a detailed discussion were omitted.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey - Great Lakes Science Center","usgsCitation":"Gorman, O.T., 2012, Great lakes prey fish populations: a cross-basin overview of status and trends based on bottom trawl surveys, 1978-2012, 9 p.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-044799","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312030,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312029,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.glsc.usgs.gov/products/reports/624961862"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      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,{"id":70032540,"text":"70032540 - 2012 - A multi-source satellite data approach for modelling Lake Turkana water level: Calibration and validation using satellite altimetry data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-30T21:58:43.196979","indexId":"70032540","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1928,"text":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A multi-source satellite data approach for modelling Lake Turkana water level: Calibration and validation using satellite altimetry data","docAbstract":"<p><span>Lake Turkana is one of the largest desert lakes in the world and is characterized by high degrees of inter- and intra-annual fluctuations. The hydrology and water balance of this lake have not been well understood due to its remote location and unavailability of reliable ground truth datasets. Managing surface water resources is a great challenge in areas where in-situ data are either limited or unavailable. In this study, multi-source satellite-driven data such as satellite-based rainfall estimates, modelled runoff, evapotranspiration, and a digital elevation dataset were used to model Lake Turkana water levels from 1998 to 2009. Due to the unavailability of reliable lake level data, an approach is presented to calibrate and validate the water balance model of Lake Turkana using a composite lake level product of TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1, and ENVISAT satellite altimetry data. Model validation results showed that the satellite-driven water balance model can satisfactorily capture the patterns and seasonal variations of the Lake Turkana water level fluctuations with a Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.90 and a Nash-Sutcliffe Coefficient of Efficiency (NSCE) of 0.80 during the validation period (2004–2009). Model error estimates were within 10% of the natural variability of the lake. Our analysis indicated that fluctuations in Lake Turkana water levels are mainly driven by lake inflows and over-the-lake evaporation. Over-the-lake rainfall contributes only up to 30% of lake evaporative demand. During the modelling time period, Lake Turkana showed seasonal variations of 1–2 m. The lake level fluctuated in the range up to 4 m between the years 1998–2009. This study demonstrated the usefulness of satellite altimetry data to calibrate and validate the satellite-driven hydrological model for Lake Turkana without using any in-situ data. Furthermore, for Lake Turkana, we identified and outlined opportunities and challenges of using a calibrated satellite-driven water balance model for (i) quantitative assessment of the impact of basin developmental activities on lake levels and for (ii) forecasting lake level changes and their impact on fisheries. From this study, we suggest that globally available satellite altimetry data provide a unique opportunity for calibration and validation of hydrologic models in ungauged basins.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","publisherLocation":"Munich, Germany","doi":"10.5194/hess-16-1-2012","issn":"10275606","usgsCitation":"Velpuri, N., Senay, G., and Asante, K., 2012, A multi-source satellite data approach for modelling Lake Turkana water level: Calibration and validation using satellite altimetry data: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, v. 16, no. 1, p. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1-2012.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"18","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474744,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1-2012","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":241758,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214070,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1-2012"}],"country":"Kenya","otherGeospatial":"Lake Turkana","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              35.79345703125,\n              2.4162756547063857\n            ],\n            [\n              36.8701171875,\n              2.4162756547063857\n            ],\n            [\n              36.8701171875,\n              4.718777551249855\n            ],\n            [\n              35.79345703125,\n              4.718777551249855\n            ],\n            [\n              35.79345703125,\n              2.4162756547063857\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-01-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e48be4b0c8380cd466ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Velpuri, N.M. 0000-0002-6370-1926","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6370-1926","contributorId":66495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Velpuri","given":"N.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Senay, Gabriel B. 0000-0002-8810-8539 senay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":152206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"Gabriel B.","email":"senay@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":436729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Asante, K.O. 0000-0001-5408-1852","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5408-1852","contributorId":17051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asante","given":"K.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70032602,"text":"70032602 - 2012 - Hierarchy in factors affecting fish biodiversity in floodplain lakes of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-30T18:35:45.60633","indexId":"70032602","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hierarchy in factors affecting fish biodiversity in floodplain lakes of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley","docAbstract":"<p><span>River-floodplain ecosystems offer some of the most diverse and dynamic environments in the world. Accordingly, floodplain habitats harbor diverse fish assemblages. Fish biodiversity in floodplain lakes may be influenced by multiple variables operating on disparate scales, and these variables may exhibit a hierarchical organization depending on whether one variable governs another. In this study, we examined the interaction between primary variables descriptive of floodplain lake large-scale features, suites of secondary variables descriptive of water quality and primary productivity, and a set of tertiary variables descriptive of fish biodiversity across a range of floodplain lakes in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley of Mississippi and Arkansas (USA). Lakes varied considerably in their representation of primary, secondary, and tertiary variables. Multivariate direct gradient analyses indicated that lake maximum depth and the percentage of agricultural land surrounding a lake were the most important factors controlling variation in suites of secondary and tertiary variables, followed to a lesser extent by lake surface area. Fish biodiversity was generally greatest in large, deep lakes with lower proportions of watershed agricultural land. Our results may help foster a holistic approach to floodplain lake management and suggest the framework for a feedback model wherein primary variables can be manipulated for conservation and restoration purposes and secondary and tertiary variables can be used to monitor the success of such efforts.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/s10641-011-9923-y","issn":"03781909","usgsCitation":"Dembkowski, D., and Miranda, L., 2012, Hierarchy in factors affecting fish biodiversity in floodplain lakes of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 93, no. 3, p. 357-368, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-011-9923-y.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"357","endPage":"368","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241656,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213978,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641-011-9923-y"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley region of Mississippi and Arkansas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.285400390625,\n              32.690243035492266\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.845947265625,\n              32.759562025650126\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.7855224609375,\n              33.902336404480685\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.2801513671875,\n              34.67839374011646\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.84069824218749,\n              35.44724605551148\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.5877685546875,\n              35.51881428123057\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.3568115234375,\n              33.911454454267606\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.285400390625,\n              32.690243035492266\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-09-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a30a7e4b0c8380cd5d822","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dembkowski, D.J.","contributorId":31995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dembkowski","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miranda, L.E.","contributorId":58406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miranda","given":"L.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70032604,"text":"70032604 - 2012 - Ocean-atmosphere dynamics during Hurricane Ida and Nor'Ida: An application of the coupled ocean-atmosphere-wave-sediment transport (COAWST) modeling system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-05T22:24:26","indexId":"70032604","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2925,"text":"Ocean Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ocean-atmosphere dynamics during Hurricane Ida and Nor'Ida: An application of the coupled ocean-atmosphere-wave-sediment transport (COAWST) modeling system","docAbstract":"<div id=\"aep-abstract-id30\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id31\"><p id=\"sp010\"><span>The coupled ocean–atmosphere–wave–sediment transport (COAWST) modeling system was used to investigate atmosphere–ocean–wave interactions in November 2009 during Hurricane Ida and its subsequent evolution to Nor’Ida, which was one of the most costly storm systems of the past two decades. One interesting aspect of this event is that it included two unique atmospheric extreme conditions, a hurricane and a nor’easter storm, which developed in regions with different oceanographic characteristics. Our modeled results were compared with several data sources, including GOES satellite infrared data, JASON-1 and JASON-2 altimeter data, CODAR measurements, and wave and tidal information from the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) and the National Tidal Database. By performing a series of numerical runs, we were able to isolate the effect of the interaction terms between the atmosphere (modeled with Weather Research and Forecasting, the WRF model), the ocean (modeled with Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS)), and the wave propagation and generation model (modeled with Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN)). Special attention was given to the role of the ocean surface roughness. Three different ocean roughness closure models were analyzed: </span>DGHQ (which is based on wave age), TY2001 (which is based on wave steepness), and OOST (which considers both the effects of wave age and steepness). Including the ocean roughness in the atmospheric module improved the wind intensity estimation and therefore also the wind waves, surface currents, and storm surge amplitude. For example, during the passage of Hurricane Ida through the Gulf of Mexico, the wind speeds were reduced due to wave-induced ocean roughness, resulting in better agreement with the measured winds. During Nor’Ida, including the wave-induced surface roughness changed the form and dimension of the main low pressure cell, affecting the intensity and direction of the winds. The combined wave age- and wave steepness-based parameterization (OOST) provided the best results for wind and wave growth prediction. However, the best agreement between the measured (CODAR) and computed surface currents and storm surge values was obtained with the wave steepness-based roughness parameterization (TY2001), although the differences obtained with respect to DGHQ were not significant. The influence of sea surface temperature (SST) fields on the atmospheric boundary layer dynamics was examined; in particular, we evaluated how the SST affects wind wave generation, surface currents and storm surges. The integrated hydrograph and integrated wave height, parameters that are highly correlated with the storm damage potential, were found to be highly sensitive to the ocean surface roughness parameterization.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2011.12.008","issn":"14635003","usgsCitation":"Olabarrieta, M., Warner, J., Armstrong, B., Zambon, J.B., and He, R., 2012, Ocean-atmosphere dynamics during Hurricane Ida and Nor'Ida: An application of the coupled ocean-atmosphere-wave-sediment transport (COAWST) modeling system: Ocean Modelling, v. 43-44, p. 112-137, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2011.12.008.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"112","endPage":"137","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":474640,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/5124","text":"External Repository"},{"id":241690,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43-44","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6c99e4b0c8380cd74ced","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olabarrieta, Maitane 0000-0002-7619-7992 molabarrieta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7619-7992","contributorId":81631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olabarrieta","given":"Maitane","email":"molabarrieta@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":437025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warner, John C. 0000-0002-3734-8903 jcwarner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3734-8903","contributorId":2681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"John C.","email":"jcwarner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":437024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Armstrong, Brandy N. barmstrong@usgs.gov","contributorId":5897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"Brandy N.","email":"barmstrong@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":437023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zambon, Joseph B.","contributorId":8222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zambon","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"He, Ruoying","contributorId":58965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"He","given":"Ruoying","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70032605,"text":"70032605 - 2012 - Migration of Sakhalin taimen (Parahucho perryi): Evidence of freshwater resident life history types","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-07T17:08:12.472415","indexId":"70032605","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Migration of Sakhalin taimen (Parahucho perryi): Evidence of freshwater resident life history types","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sakhalin taimen (</span><i>Parahucho perryi</i><span>) range from the Russian Far East mainland along the Sea of Japan coast, and Sakhalin, Kuril, and Hokkaido Islands and are considered to primarily be an anadromous species. We used otolith strontium-to-calcium ratios (Sr/Ca) to determine the chronology of migration between freshwater and saltwater and identify migratory contingents of taimen collected from the Koppi River, Russia. In addition, we examined taimen from the Sarufutsu River, Japan and Tumnin River, Russia that were captured in marine waters. Transects of otolith Sr/Ca for the Sarufutsu River fish were consistent with patterns observed in anadromous salmonids. Two fish from the Tumnin River appeared to be recent migrants to saltwater and one fish was characterized by an otolith Sr/Ca transect consistent with marine migration. Using these transects as benchmarks, all Koppi River taimen were classified as freshwater residents. These findings suggest more work is needed to assess life history variability among locations and the role of freshwater productivity in controlling migratory behavior in taimen.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/s10641-011-9908-x","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, C.E., Rand, P., Fukushima, M., and Zolotukhin, S., 2012, Migration of Sakhalin taimen (Parahucho perryi): Evidence of freshwater resident life history types: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 93, no. 2, p. 223-232, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-011-9908-x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"232","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241727,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan, Russia","otherGeospatial":"Tumnin River, Koppi River, Sarufutsu River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              138.69140625,\n              46.31658418182218\n            ],\n            [\n              143.173828125,\n              46.31658418182218\n            ],\n            [\n              143.173828125,\n              54.213861000644926\n            ],\n            [\n              138.69140625,\n              54.213861000644926\n            ],\n            [\n              138.69140625,\n              46.31658418182218\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"93","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-08-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5702e4b0c8380cd6d9b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, Christian E. 0000-0002-3646-0688 czimmerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3646-0688","contributorId":410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Christian","email":"czimmerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":437030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rand, P.S.","contributorId":17561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rand","given":"P.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fukushima, M.","contributorId":28082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fukushima","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zolotukhin, S.F.","contributorId":50737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zolotukhin","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70032692,"text":"70032692 - 2012 - Patterns of natural mortality in stream-living brown trout (Salmo trutta)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-24T16:37:00.160037","indexId":"70032692","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of natural mortality in stream-living brown trout (Salmo trutta)","docAbstract":"<p>1. We tested the hypothesis that lifetime mortality patterns and their corresponding rates and causal factors differ among populations of stream‐living salmonids. To this end, we examined the lifetime mortality patterns of several successive cohorts of two stream‐living brown trout (<i>Salmo trutta</i>) populations in Spain and Denmark.</p><p>2. In the southern population, we observed a consistent two‐phase pattern, in which mortality was negligible during the first half of the lifetime and severe during the rest of the lifetime. In contrast, the northern population demonstrated a three‐phase pattern with an earlier phase varying from negligible to severe, followed by a second stage of weak mortality, and lastly by a third life stage of severe mortality.</p><p>3. Despite substantial differences in the mortality patterns between the two populations, the combined effect of recruitment (as a proxy of the density‐dependent processes occurring during the lifetime) and mean body mass (as a proxy of growth experienced by individuals in a given cohort) explained<span>&nbsp;</span><i>c.</i><span>&nbsp;</span>89% of the total lifetime mortality rates across cohorts and populations.</p><p>4. A comparison with other published data on populations of stream‐living brown trout within its native range highlighted lifetime mortality patterns of one, two, three and four phases, but also suggested that common patterns may occur in populations that experience similar individual growth and population density.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Blackwater","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2427.2011.02726.x","issn":"00465070","usgsCitation":"Lobon-Cervia, J., Budy, P., and Mortensen, E., 2012, Patterns of natural mortality in stream-living brown trout (Salmo trutta): Freshwater Biology, v. 57, no. 3, p. 575-588, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2011.02726.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"575","endPage":"588","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241490,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213829,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2011.02726.x"}],"volume":"57","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-12-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75e2e4b0c8380cd77dd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lobon-Cervia, J.","contributorId":18185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lobon-Cervia","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Budy, P.","contributorId":68091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budy","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mortensen, E.","contributorId":96906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mortensen","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70032693,"text":"70032693 - 2012 - Field experiment provides ground truth for surface nuclear magnetic resonance measurement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-29T14:31:18","indexId":"70032693","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field experiment provides ground truth for surface nuclear magnetic resonance measurement","docAbstract":"<p><span>The need for sustainable management of fresh water resources is one of the great challenges of the 21st century. Since most of the planet's liquid fresh water exists as groundwater, it is essential to develop non-invasive geophysical techniques to characterize groundwater aquifers. A field experiment was conducted in the High Plains Aquifer, central United States, to explore the mechanisms governing the non-invasive Surface NMR (SNMR) technology. We acquired both SNMR data and logging NMR data at a field site, along with lithology information from drill cuttings. This allowed us to directly compare the NMR relaxation parameter measured during logging,</span><i>T</i><sub>2</sub><span>, to the relaxation parameter<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>T</i><sub>2</sub><span>* measured using the SNMR method. The latter can be affected by inhomogeneity in the magnetic field, thus obscuring the link between the NMR relaxation parameter and the hydraulic conductivity of the geologic material. When the logging<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>T</i><sub>2</sub><span>data were transformed to pseudo-</span><i>T</i><sub>2</sub><span>* data, by accounting for inhomogeneity in the magnetic field and instrument dead time, we found good agreement with<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>T</i><sub>2</sub><span>* obtained from the SNMR measurement. These results, combined with the additional information about lithology at the site, allowed us to delineate the physical mechanisms governing the SNMR measurement. Such understanding is a critical step in developing SNMR as a reliable geophysical method for the assessment of groundwater resources.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2011GL050167","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Knight, R., Grunewald, E., Irons, T., Dlubac, K., Song, Y., Bachman, H., Grau, B., Walsh, D., Abraham, J., and Cannia, J., 2012, Field experiment provides ground truth for surface nuclear magnetic resonance measurement: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 39, no. 3, p. 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050167.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"1","endPage":"7","ipdsId":"IP-030935","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213830,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050167"}],"volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-02-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0fb7e4b0c8380cd539bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knight, R.","contributorId":22717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grunewald, E.","contributorId":62820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grunewald","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Irons, T.","contributorId":95698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dlubac, K.","contributorId":70607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dlubac","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Song, Y.","contributorId":92443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Song","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bachman, H.N.","contributorId":106324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bachman","given":"H.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Grau, B.","contributorId":70197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grau","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Walsh, D.","contributorId":7920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Abraham, J.D.","contributorId":20686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abraham","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Cannia, J.","contributorId":21358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannia","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70032222,"text":"70032222 - 2012 - One hundred years of volcano monitoring in Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:25","indexId":"70032222","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"One hundred years of volcano monitoring in Hawaii","docAbstract":"In 2012 the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO), the oldest of five volcano observatories in the United States, is commemorating the 100th anniversary of its founding. HVO's location, on the rim of Klauea volcano (Figure 1)one of the most active volcanoes on Earthhas provided an unprecedented opportunity over the past century to study processes associated with active volcanism and develop methods for hazards assessment and mitigation. The scientifically and societally important results that have come from 100 years of HVO's existence are the realization of one man's vision of the best way to protect humanity from natural disasters. That vision was a response to an unusually destructive decade that began the twentieth century, a decade that saw almost 200,000 people killed by the effects of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2012EO030001","issn":"00963941","usgsCitation":"Kauahikaua, J., and Poland, M., 2012, One hundred years of volcano monitoring in Hawaii: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 93, no. 3, p. 29-30, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012EO030001.","startPage":"29","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214759,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012EO030001"},{"id":242509,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-01-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6e26e4b0c8380cd754e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kauahikaua, J. 0000-0003-3777-503X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":26087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poland, Michael 0000-0001-5240-6123","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":49920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":435111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70044174,"text":"70044174 - 2012 - Magnetostratigraphy susceptibility for the Guadalupian Series GSSPs (Middle Permian) in Guadalupe Mountains National Park and adjacent areas in West Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-22T10:44:52","indexId":"70044174","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1791,"text":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magnetostratigraphy susceptibility for the Guadalupian Series GSSPs (Middle Permian) in Guadalupe Mountains National Park and adjacent areas in West Texas","docAbstract":"Here we establish a magnetostratigraphy susceptibility zonation for the three Middle Permian Global boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs) that have recently been defined, located in Guadalupe Mountains National Park, West Texas, USA. These GSSPs, all within the Middle Permian Guadalupian Series, define (1) the base of the Roadian Stage (base of the Guadalupian Series), (2) the base of the Wordian Stage and (3) the base of the Capitanian Stage. Data from two additional stratigraphic successions in the region, equivalent in age to the Kungurian–Roadian and Wordian–Capitanian boundary intervals, are also reported. Based on low-field, mass specific magnetic susceptibility (χ) measurements of 706 closely spaced samples from these stratigraphic sections and time-series analysis of one of these sections, we (1) define the magnetostratigraphy susceptibility zonation for the three Guadalupian Series Global boundary Stratotype Sections and Points; (2) demonstrate that χ datasets provide a proxy for climate cyclicity; (3) give quantitative estimates of the time it took for some of these sediments to accumulate; (4) give the rates at which sediments were accumulated; (5) allow more precise correlation to equivalent sections in the region; (6) identify anomalous stratigraphic horizons; and (7) give estimates for timing and duration of geological events within sections.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Geological Society","publisherLocation":"London, UK","doi":"10.1144/SP373.1","usgsCitation":"Wardlaw, B.R., Ellwood, B.B., Lambert, L.L., Tomkin, J.H., Bell, G.L., and Nestell, G.P., 2012, Magnetostratigraphy susceptibility for the Guadalupian Series GSSPs (Middle Permian) in Guadalupe Mountains National Park and adjacent areas in West Texas: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 373, p. 21-21, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP373.1.","startPage":"21","endPage":"21","numberOfPages":"1","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-034315","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271339,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":271338,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1144/SP373.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","volume":"373","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-08-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51765beae4b0f989f99e00fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wardlaw, Bruce R. bwardlaw@usgs.gov","contributorId":266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wardlaw","given":"Bruce","email":"bwardlaw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":474985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellwood, Brooks B.","contributorId":44814,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ellwood","given":"Brooks","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":5115,"text":"Louisiana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":474988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lambert, Lance L.","contributorId":9550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambert","given":"Lance","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tomkin, Jonathan H.","contributorId":85860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomkin","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bell, Gordon L.","contributorId":69639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nestell, Galina P.","contributorId":22651,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nestell","given":"Galina","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":12734,"text":"University of Texas at Arlington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":474987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70045211,"text":"70045211 - 2012 - Results of the first North American comparison of absolute gravimeters, NACAG-2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-07T11:54:22","indexId":"70045211","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2303,"text":"Journal of Geodesy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Results of the first North American comparison of absolute gravimeters, NACAG-2010","docAbstract":"The first North American Comparison of absolute gravimeters (NACAG-2010) was hosted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration at its newly renovated Table Mountain Geophysical Observatory (TMGO) north of Boulder, Colorado, in October 2010. NACAG-2010 and the renovation of TMGO are part of NGS’s GRAV-D project (Gravity for the Redefinition of the American Vertical Datum). Nine absolute gravimeters from three countries participated in the comparison. Before the comparison, the gravimeter operators agreed to a protocol describing the strategy to measure, calculate, and present the results. Nine sites were used to measure the free-fall acceleration of g. Each gravimeter measured the value of g at a subset of three of the sites, for a total set of 27 g-values for the comparison. The absolute gravimeters agree with one another with a standard deviation of 1.6 µGal (1 Gal = 1 cm s-2). The minimum and maximum offsets are -2.8 and 2.7 µGal. This is an excellent agreement and can be attributed to multiple factors, including gravimeters that were in good working order, good operators, a quiet observatory, and a short duration time for the experiment. These results can be used to standardize gravity surveys internationally.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geodesy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00190-011-0539-y","usgsCitation":"Schmerge, D., Francis, O., Henton, J., Ingles, D., Jones, D., Kennedy, J.R., Krauterbluth, K., Liard, J., Newell, D., Sands, R., Schiel, J., Silliker, J., and van Westrum, D., 2012, Results of the first North American comparison of absolute gravimeters, NACAG-2010: Journal of Geodesy, v. 86, no. 8, p. 591-596, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-011-0539-y.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"591","endPage":"596","numberOfPages":"6","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-034910","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271961,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":271960,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00190-011-0539-y"}],"volume":"86","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-01-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"518a2279e4b061e1bd5334a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmerge, David","contributorId":78228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmerge","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Francis, Olvier","contributorId":93367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Francis","given":"Olvier","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Henton, J.","contributorId":85072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henton","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ingles, D.","contributorId":64140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingles","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jones, D.","contributorId":16578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kennedy, Jeffrey R. 0000-0002-3365-6589 jkennedy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3365-6589","contributorId":2172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jkennedy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":477027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Krauterbluth, K.","contributorId":67791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauterbluth","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Liard, J.","contributorId":14676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liard","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Newell, D.","contributorId":14281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newell","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Sands, R.","contributorId":62909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sands","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Schiel, J.","contributorId":74276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiel","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Silliker, J.","contributorId":105625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silliker","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"van Westrum, D.","contributorId":77030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Westrum","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}}
,{"id":70032256,"text":"70032256 - 2012 - A newly discovered impact crater in Titan's Senkyo: Cassini VIMS observations and comparison with other impact features","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-23T12:39:09.266781","indexId":"70032256","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3083,"text":"Planetary and Space Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A newly discovered impact crater in Titan's Senkyo: Cassini VIMS observations and comparison with other impact features","docAbstract":"<p><span>Senkyo is an equatorial plain on Titan filled with dunes and surrounded by hummocky plateaus. During the Titan targeted flyby T61 on August 25, 2009, the&nbsp;</span><i>Cassini</i><span>&nbsp;Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) onboard the&nbsp;</span><i>Cassini</i><span>&nbsp;spacecraft observed a circular feature, centered at 5.4° N and 341°W, that superimposes the dune fields and a bright plateau. This circular feature, which has been named Paxsi by the International Astronomical Union, is 120±10</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>km in diameter (measured from the outer edge of the crater rim) and exhibits a central bright area that can be interpreted as the central peak or pit of an impact crater. Although there are only a handful of certain impact craters on Titan, there are two other craters that are of similar size to this newly discovered feature and that have been studied by VIMS: Sinlap (</span>Le Mouélic et al., 2008<span>) and Selk (</span>Soderblom et al., 2010<span>). Sinlap is associated with a large downwind, fan-like feature that may have been formed from an impact plume that rapidly expanded and deposited icy particles onto the surface. Although much of the surrounding region is covered with dunes, the plume region is devoid of dunes. The formation process of Selk also appears to have removed (or covered up) dunes from parts of the adjacent dune-filled terrain. The circular feature on Senkyo is quite different: there is no evidence of an ejecta blanket and the crater itself appears to be infilled with dune material. The rim of the crater appears to be eroded by fluvial processes; at one point the rim is breached. The rim is unusually narrow, which may be due to mass wasting on its inside and subsequent infill by dunes. Based on these observations, we interpret this newly discovered feature to be a more eroded crater than both Sinlap and Selk. Paxsi may have formed during a period when Titan was warmer and more ductile than it is currently.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.pss.2011.05.004","issn":"00320633","usgsCitation":"Buratti, B.J., Sotin, C., Lawrence, K., Brown, R.H., Le Mouelic, S., Soderblom, J., Barnes, J., Clark, R.N., Baines, K.H., and Nicholson, P.D., 2012, A newly discovered impact crater in Titan's Senkyo: Cassini VIMS observations and comparison with other impact features: Planetary and Space Science, v. 60, no. 1, p. 18-25, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2011.05.004.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"18","endPage":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242511,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4bbe4b0c8380cd468ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buratti, B. J.","contributorId":69280,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buratti","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sotin, Christophe","contributorId":53924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sotin","given":"Christophe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lawrence, K.","contributorId":24185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, R. H.","contributorId":19931,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Le Mouélic, Stéphane","contributorId":92786,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Le Mouélic","given":"Stéphane","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Soderblom, J.M.","contributorId":31097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Barnes, J.","contributorId":36237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Clark, Roger N. 0000-0002-7021-1220 rclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-1220","contributorId":515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Roger","email":"rclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":435269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Baines, K. H.","contributorId":37868,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baines","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Nicholson, P. D.","contributorId":54330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nicholson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70193345,"text":"70193345 - 2012 - Nest defense- Grassland bird responses to snakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-15T11:44:31","indexId":"70193345","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3489,"text":"Studies in Avian Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nest defense- Grassland bird responses to snakes","docAbstract":"<p>Predation is the primary source of nest mortality for most passerines; thus, behaviors to reduce the impacts of predation are frequently quantified to study learning, adaptation, and coevolution among predator and prey species. Video surveillance of nests has made it possible to examine real-time parental nest defense. During 1999-2009, we used video camera systems to monitor 518 nests of grassland birds. We reviewed video of 48 visits by snakes to 34 nests; 37 of these visits resulted in predation of active nests. When adult birds encountered snakes at the nest (n = 33 visits), 76% of the encounters resulted in a form of nest defense (nonaggressive or aggressive); in 47% of the encounters, birds physically struck snakes. When defending nests, most birds pecked at the snakes; Eastern Meadowlarks (Sturnella magna) and Bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) pecked most frequently in anyone encounter. Also, two Eastern Meadowlarks ran around snakes, frequently with wings spread, and three Bobolinks struck at snakes from the air. Nest defense rarely appeared to alter snake behavior; the contents of seven nests defended aggressively and two nests defended nonaggressively were partially depredated, whereas the contents of six nests defended each way were consumed completely. One fledgling was produced at each of three nests that had been aggressively defended. During aggressive defense, one snake appeared to be driven away and one was wounded. Our findings should be a useful starting point for further research. For example, future researchers may be able to determine whether the behavioral variation we observed in nest defense reflects species differences, anatomic or phylogenetic constraints, or individual differences related to a bird's prior experience. There appears to be much potential for studying nest defense behavior using video recording of both real and simulated encounters.&nbsp;</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Video surveillance of nesting birds: Studies in Avian Biology Vol. 43","language":"English","publisher":"University of California Press","usgsCitation":"Ellison, K.S., and Ribic, C., 2012, Nest defense- Grassland bird responses to snakes: Studies in Avian Biology, v. 43, p. 149-159.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"159","ipdsId":"IP-018976","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348879,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6105a0e4b06e28e9c25577","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellison, Kevin S.","contributorId":35655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellison","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ribic, Christine 0000-0003-2583-1778 caribic@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2583-1778","contributorId":147952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ribic","given":"Christine","email":"caribic@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5068,"text":"Midwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70193290,"text":"70193290 - 2012 - Listening to the 2011 magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki, Japan, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-31T15:50:47","indexId":"70193290","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Listening to the 2011 magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki, Japan, earthquake","docAbstract":"<p><span>The magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki, Japan, earthquake on 11 March 2011 is the largest earthquake to date in Japan’s modern history and is ranked as the fourth largest earthquake in the world since 1900. This earthquake occurred within the northeast Japan subduction zone (Figure 1</span><span>), where the Pacific plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk plate at rate of ∼8–9 cm/yr (DeMets et al. 2010</span><span>). This type of extremely large earthquake within a subduction zone is generally termed a “megathrust” earthquake. Strong shaking from this magnitude 9 earthquake engulfed the entire Japanese Islands, reaching a maximum acceleration ∼3 times that of gravity (3 g). Two days prior to the main event, a foreshock sequence occurred, including one earthquake of magnitude 7.2. Following the main event, numerous aftershocks occurred around the main slip region; the largest of these was magnitude 7.9. The entire foreshocks-mainshock-aftershocks sequence was well recorded by thousands of sensitive seismometers and geodetic instruments across Japan, resulting in the best-recorded megathrust earthquake in history. This devastating earthquake resulted in significant damage and high death tolls caused primarily by the associated large tsunami. This tsunami reached heights of more than 30 m, and inundation propagated inland more than 5 km from the Pacific coast, which also caused a nuclear crisis that is still affecting people’s lives in certain regions of Japan.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.83.2.287","usgsCitation":"Peng, Z., Aiken, C., Kilb, D., Shelly, D.R., and Enescu, B., 2012, Listening to the 2011 magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki, Japan, earthquake: Seismological Research Letters, v. 83, no. 2, p. 287-293, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.83.2.287.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"293","ipdsId":"IP-035386","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":347927,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              140,\n              35.5\n            ],\n            [\n              143,\n              35.5\n            ],\n            [\n              143,\n              40\n            ],\n            [\n              140,\n              40\n            ],\n            [\n              140,\n              35.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"83","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-03-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59f98bc0e4b0531197afa063","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peng, Zhigang","contributorId":69432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peng","given":"Zhigang","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aiken, Chastity","contributorId":106770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"Chastity","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kilb, Debi","contributorId":90892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilb","given":"Debi","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shelly, David R. dshelly@usgs.gov","contributorId":2978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelly","given":"David","email":"dshelly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Enescu, Bogdan","contributorId":199289,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Enescu","given":"Bogdan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70193289,"text":"70193289 - 2012 - Bird productivity and nest predation in agricultural grasslands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-15T14:02:42","indexId":"70193289","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3489,"text":"Studies in Avian Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bird productivity and nest predation in agricultural grasslands","docAbstract":"<p>Effective conservation strategies for grassland birds in agricultural landscapes require understanding how nesting success varies among different grassland habitats. A key component to this is identifying nest predators and how these predators vary by habitat. We quantified nesting activity of obligate grassland birds in three habitats [remnant prairie, cool-season grass Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) fields, and pastures) in southwest Wisconsin, 2002-2004. We determined nest predators using video cameras and examined predator activity using track stations. Bobolink (<i>Dolichonyx oryzivorus</i>) and Henslow's Sparrow (<i>Ammodramus henslowii</i>) nested primarily in CRP fields, and Grasshopper Sparrow (A. savannarum) in remnant prairies. Eastern Meadowlark (<i>Sturnella magna</i>) nested evenly across all three habitats. Daily nest survival rate for Eastern Meadowlark varied by nesting stage alone. Daily nest survival rate for Grasshopper Sparrow varied by nest vegetation and distance to the nearest woody edge; nest survival was higher near woody edges. In CRP fields, most predators were grassland-associated, primarily thirteen-lined ground squirrels (<i>Ictidomys tridecemlineatus</i>). In pastures, one-third of the nest predators were grassland-associated (primarily thirteen-lined ground squirrels) and 56% were associated with woody habitats (primarily raccoons, Procyon lotor). Raccoon activity was greatest around pastures and lowest around prairies; regardless of habitat, raccoon activity along woody edges was twice that along non-woody edges. Thirteen-lined ground squirrel activity was greater along prairie edges than pastures and was greater along nonwoody edges compared to woody edges. In CRP fields, raccoon activity was greater along edges compared to the interiors; for ground squirrels these relationships were reversed. Using video camera technology to identify nest predators was indispensable in furthering our understanding of the grassland system. The challenge is to use that knowledge to develop management actions for both birds and predators.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Video surveillance of nesting birds, Studies in Avian Biology Vol. 43","usgsCitation":"Ribic, C., Guzy, M.J., Anderson, T.J., Sample, D.W., and Nack, J.L., 2012, Bird productivity and nest predation in agricultural grasslands: Studies in Avian Biology, v. 43, p. 119-134.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"134","ipdsId":"IP-015091","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348901,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6105a0e4b06e28e9c25579","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ribic, Christine 0000-0003-2583-1778 caribic@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2583-1778","contributorId":147952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ribic","given":"Christine","email":"caribic@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5068,"text":"Midwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guzy, Michael J.","contributorId":34689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guzy","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Travis J.","contributorId":200417,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"Travis","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sample, David W.","contributorId":19484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sample","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nack, Jamie L.","contributorId":42418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nack","given":"Jamie","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70193251,"text":"70193251 - 2012 - Using rocks to reveal the inner workings of magma chambers below volcanoes in Alaska’s National Parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-30T10:17:34","indexId":"70193251","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":691,"text":"Alaska Park Science","printIssn":"1545- 496","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using rocks to reveal the inner workings of magma chambers below volcanoes in Alaska’s National Parks","docAbstract":"<p>Alaska is one of the most vigorously volcanic regions on the planet, and Alaska’s national parks are home to many of the state’s most active volcanoes. These pose both local and more distant hazards in the form of lava and pyroclastic flows, lahars (mudflows), ash clouds, and ash fall. Alaska’s volcanoes lie along the arc of the Aleutian-Alaskan subduction zone, caused as the oceanic Pacific plate moves northward and dips below the North American plate. These volcanoes form as water-rich fluid from the down-going Pacific plate is released, lowering the melting temperature of rock in the overlying mantle and enabling it to partially melt. The melted rock (magma) migrates upward, collecting at the base of the approximately 25 mile (40 km) thick crust, occasionally ascending into the shallow crust, and sometimes erupting at the earth’s surface.</p><p>During volcanic unrest, scientists use geophysical signals to remotely visualize volcanic processes, such as movement of magma in the upper crust. In addition, erupted volcanic rocks, which are quenched samples of magmas, can tell us about subsurface magma characteris-tics, history, and the processes that drive eruptions. The chemical compositions of and the minerals present in the erupted magmas can reveal conditions under which these magmas were stored in crustal “chambers”. Studies of the products of recent eruptions of Novarupta (1912), Aniakchak (1931), Trident (1953-74), and Redoubt (2009) volcanoes reveal the depths and temperatures of magma storage, and tell of complex interactions between magmas of different compositions. One goal of volcanology is to determine the processes that drive or trigger eruptions. Information recorded in the rocks tells us about these processes. Here, we demonstrate how geologists gain these insights through case studies from four recent eruptions of volcanoes in Alaska national parks.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Coombs, M.L., and Bacon, C.R., 2012, Using rocks to reveal the inner workings of magma chambers below volcanoes in Alaska’s National Parks: Alaska Park Science, v. 11, no. 1, p. 26-33.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"26","endPage":"33","ipdsId":"IP-033839","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":347939,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":347938,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nps.gov/articles/aps-v11-i1-c5.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -158.75244140625,\n              56.45034902929676\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.72119140625,\n              56.45034902929676\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.72119140625,\n              61.64816245852389\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.75244140625,\n              61.64816245852389\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.75244140625,\n              56.45034902929676\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59f98bc1e4b0531197afa06e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bacon, Charles R. 0000-0002-2165-5618 cbacon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":2909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"Charles","email":"cbacon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70193081,"text":"70193081 - 2012 - Impact of wildfire and slope aspect on soil temperature in a mountainous environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-06T13:57:36","indexId":"70193081","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3674,"text":"Vadose Zone Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impact of wildfire and slope aspect on soil temperature in a mountainous environment","docAbstract":"<p>Soil temperature changes after landscape disturbance impact hydrology, ecology, and geomorphology. This study used field measurements to examine wildfire and aspect effects on soil temperatures. Combustion of the litter and duff layers on north-facing slopes removed pre-fire aspect-driven soil temperature controls.</p><p>Wildfire is one of the most significant disturbances in mountainous landscapes and can affect soil temperature, which can in turn impact ecologic and geomorphologic processes. This study measured the temperature in near-surface soil (i.e., top 30 cm) during the first summer after a wildfire. In mountainous environments, aspect can also affect soil temperature, so north- vs. south-facing aspects were compared using a fully factorial experimental design to explore the effects of both wildfire and aspect on soil temperature. The data showed major wildfire impacts on soil temperatures on north-facing aspects (unburned ∼4–5°C cooler, on average) but little impact on south-facing aspects. Differences in soil temperatures between north-facing and south-facing unburned aspects (north ∼5°C cooler, on average) were also observed. The data led to the conclusion that, for this field site during the summer period, the forest canopy and litter and duff layers on north-facing slopes (when unburned) substantially decreased mean soil temperatures and temperature variability. The sparse trees on south-facing slopes caused little to no difference in soil temperatures following wildfire in south-facing soils for unburned compared with burned conditions. The results indicate that wildfire can reduce or even remove aspect impacts on soil temperature by combusting the forest canopy and litter and duff layers, which then homogenizes soil temperatures across the landscape.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2136/vzj2012.0017","usgsCitation":"Ebel, B.A., 2012, Impact of wildfire and slope aspect on soil temperature in a mountainous environment: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 11, no. 3, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2012.0017.","ipdsId":"IP-091909","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348285,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a07f145e4b09af898c8cdb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ebel, Brian A. 0000-0002-5413-3963 bebel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5413-3963","contributorId":2557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebel","given":"Brian","email":"bebel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":717895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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