{"pageNumber":"182","pageRowStart":"4525","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10951,"records":[{"id":70034100,"text":"70034100 - 2011 - 8 March 2010 Elazığ-Kovancilar (Turkey) Earthquake: observations on ground motions and building damage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-31T10:49:13","indexId":"70034100","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"8 March 2010 Elazığ-Kovancilar (Turkey) Earthquake: observations on ground motions and building damage","docAbstract":"<p><span>An earthquake of&nbsp;</span><i>M<sub>W</sub></i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>= 6.1 occurred in the Elazığ region of eastern Turkey on 8 March 2010 at 02:32:34 UTC. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) reported the epicenter of the earthquake as 38.873°N-39.981°E with a focal depth of 12 km. Forty-two people lost their lives and 137 were injured during the event. The earthquake was reported to be on the left-lateral strike-slip east Anatolian fault (EAF), which is one of the two major active fault systems in Turkey. Teams from the Earthquake Engineering Research Center of the Middle East Technical University (EERC-METU) visited the earthquake area in the aftermath of the mainshock. Their reconnaissance observations were combined with interpretations of recorded ground motions for completeness. This article summarizes observations on building and ground damage in the area and provides a discussion of the recorded motions. No significant observations in terms of geotechnical engineering were made.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.82.1.42","issn":"08950695","usgsCitation":"Akkar, S., Aldemir, A., Askan, A., Bakir, S., Canbay, E., Demirel, I., Erberik, M., Gulerce, Z., Gulkan, P., Kalkan, E., Prakash, S., Sandikkaya, M., Sevilgen, V., Ugurhan, B., and Yenier, E., 2011, 8 March 2010 Elazığ-Kovancilar (Turkey) Earthquake: observations on ground motions and building damage: Seismological Research Letters, v. 82, no. 1, p. 42-58, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.82.1.42.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"42","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"17","ipdsId":"IP-022787","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487169,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11511/40896","text":"External Repository"},{"id":244767,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216869,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.82.1.42"}],"country":"Turkey","volume":"82","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e26de4b0c8380cd45b8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Akkar, Sinan","contributorId":39175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Akkar","given":"Sinan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aldemir, A.","contributorId":87002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aldemir","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Askan, A.","contributorId":70623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Askan","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bakir, S.","contributorId":82158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakir","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Canbay, E.","contributorId":35568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Canbay","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Demirel, I.O.","contributorId":62435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demirel","given":"I.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Erberik, M.A.","contributorId":59653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erberik","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Gulerce, Z.","contributorId":13837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gulerce","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Gulkan, Polat","contributorId":78532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gulkan","given":"Polat","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Kalkan, Erol 0000-0002-9138-9407 ekalkan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9138-9407","contributorId":1218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkan","given":"Erol","email":"ekalkan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":444079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Prakash, S.","contributorId":68992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prakash","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Sandikkaya, M.A.","contributorId":29669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandikkaya","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Sevilgen, V.","contributorId":79714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sevilgen","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Ugurhan, B.","contributorId":56882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ugurhan","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Yenier, E.","contributorId":64063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yenier","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}}
,{"id":70034249,"text":"70034249 - 2011 - Early Mesozoic paleogeography and tectonic evolution of the western United States: Insights from detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology, Blue Mountains Province, northeastern Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:46","indexId":"70034249","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Early Mesozoic paleogeography and tectonic evolution of the western United States: Insights from detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology, Blue Mountains Province, northeastern Oregon","docAbstract":"This study assesses early Mesozoic provenance linkages and paleogeographic-tectonic models for the western United States based on new petrographic and detrital zircon data from Triassic and Jurassic sandstones of the \"Izee\" and Olds Ferry terranes of the Blue Mountains Province, northeastern Oregon. Triassic sediments were likely derived from the Baker terrane offshore accretionary subduction complex and are dominated by Late Archean (ca. 2.7-2.5 Ga), Late Paleoproterozoic (ca. 2.2-1.6 Ga), and Paleozoic (ca. 380-255 Ma) detrital zircon grains. These detrital ages suggest that portions of the Baker terrane have a genetic affinity with other Cordilleran accretionary subduction complexes of the western United States, including those in the Northern Sierra and Eastern Klamath terranes. The abundance of Precambrian grains in detritus derived from an offshore complex highlights the importance of sediment reworking. Jurassic sediments are dominated by Mesozoic detrital ages (ca. 230-160 Ma), contain significant amounts of Paleozoic (ca. 290, 380-350, 480-415 Ma), Neoproterozoic (ca. 675-575 Ma), and Mesoproterozoic grains (ca. 1.4-1.0 Ga), and have lesser quantities of Late Paleoproterozoic grains (ca. 2.1-1.7 Ga). Detrital zircon ages in Jurassic sediments closely resemble well-documented age distributions in transcontinental sands of Ouachita-Appalachian provenance that were transported across the southwestern United States and modified by input from cratonal, miogeoclinal, and Cordilleran-arc sources during Triassic and Jurassic time. Jurassic sediments likely were derived from the Cordilleran arc and an orogenic highland in Nevada that yielded recycled sand from uplifted Triassic backarc basin deposits. Our data suggest that numerous Jurassic Cordilleran basins formed close to the Cordilleran margin and support a model for moderate post-Jurassic translation (~400 km) of the Blue Mountains Province. ?? 2011 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/B30260.1","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"LaMaskin, T.A., Vervoort, J., Dorsey, R., and Wright, J., 2011, Early Mesozoic paleogeography and tectonic evolution of the western United States: Insights from detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology, Blue Mountains Province, northeastern Oregon: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 123, no. 9-10, p. 1939-1965, https://doi.org/10.1130/B30260.1.","startPage":"1939","endPage":"1965","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216638,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B30260.1"},{"id":244520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"9-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-04-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0478e4b0c8380cd509e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LaMaskin, Todd A.","contributorId":105558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaMaskin","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vervoort, J.D.","contributorId":98126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vervoort","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dorsey, R.J.","contributorId":45115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorsey","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wright, J.E.","contributorId":52575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":444895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70034254,"text":"70034254 - 2011 - Factors affecting stream nutrient loads: A synthesis of regional SPARROW model results for the continental United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-18T13:39:52","indexId":"70034254","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors affecting stream nutrient loads: A synthesis of regional SPARROW model results for the continental United States","docAbstract":"<p><span>We compared the results of 12 recently calibrated regional SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes) models covering most of the continental United States to evaluate the consistency and regional differences in factors affecting stream nutrient loads. The models – 6 for total nitrogen and 6 for total phosphorus – all provide similar levels of prediction accuracy, but those for major river basins in the eastern half of the country were somewhat more accurate. The models simulate long‐term mean annual stream nutrient loads as a function of a wide range of known sources and climatic (precipitation, temperature), landscape (e.g., soils, geology), and aquatic factors affecting nutrient fate and transport. The results confirm the dominant effects of urban and agricultural sources on stream nutrient loads nationally and regionally, but reveal considerable spatial variability in the specific types of sources that control water quality. These include regional differences in the relative importance of different types of urban (municipal and industrial point&nbsp;</span><i>vs.</i><span>&nbsp;diffuse urban runoff) and agriculture (crop cultivation&nbsp;</span><i>vs.</i><span>&nbsp;animal waste) sources, as well as the effects of atmospheric deposition, mining, and background (e.g., soil phosphorus) sources on stream nutrients. Overall, we found that the SPARROW model results provide a consistent set of information for identifying the major sources and environmental factors affecting nutrient fate and transport in United States watersheds at regional and subregional scales.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00577.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Preston, S.D., Alexander, R.B., Schwarz, G., and Crawford, C.G., 2011, Factors affecting stream nutrient loads: A synthesis of regional SPARROW model results for the continental United States: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 47, no. 5, p. 891-915, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00577.x.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"891","endPage":"915","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-017231","costCenters":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475304,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00577.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":244585,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216699,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00577.x"}],"volume":"47","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-08-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e95e4b0c8380cd5351d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Preston, Stephen D. 0000-0003-1515-6692 spreston@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1515-6692","contributorId":1463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Preston","given":"Stephen","email":"spreston@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":444919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alexander, Richard B. 0000-0001-9166-0626 ralex@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9166-0626","contributorId":541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"Richard","email":"ralex@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":444920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwarz, Gregory E. 0000-0002-9239-4566 gschwarz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-4566","contributorId":543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarz","given":"Gregory E.","email":"gschwarz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5067,"text":"Northeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":444918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crawford, Charles G. 0000-0003-1653-7841 cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1653-7841","contributorId":1064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"Charles","email":"cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":444917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70044301,"text":"70044301 - 2011 - Notes on the geology and meteorology of sites infected with white-nose syndrome before July 2010 in Southeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-22T15:07:22","indexId":"70044301","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2805,"text":"NSS News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Notes on the geology and meteorology of sites infected with white-nose syndrome before July 2010 in Southeastern United States","docAbstract":"Since 2006, numerous bat colonies in North America have experienced unusually high incidences of mortality. In these colonies, bats are infected by a white fungus named Geomyces destructans, which has been observed on bat muzzles, noses, ears, and (or) wings. Although it is not exactly certain how and why these bats are dying, this condition has been named white-nose syndrome (WNS). WNS appears to have spread from an initial infection site at a cave in New York, and was first identified south of Pennsylvania during January 2009. By the end of June 2010, 41 infected sites had identified in the states of West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, and Tennessee. Most of these sites are natural caves in limestone of either Cambrian-Ordovician age or Silurian-Devonian age. Published air temperature values in these WNS-infected caves range from -3.3 to 15.6 &deg;C, and humidity measurements range from 68 to 100 %.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"NSS News","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Speleological Society","usgsCitation":"Swezey, C.S., and Garrity, C.P., 2011, Notes on the geology and meteorology of sites infected with white-nose syndrome before July 2010 in Southeastern United States: NSS News, v. 2011, no. 17, p. 16-25.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"16","endPage":"25","numberOfPages":"10","ipdsId":"IP-026229","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271380,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":271379,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://microbiology.usgs.gov/documents/Swezey_Garrity_2011.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana;Kentucky;Maryl;North Carolina;Ohio;Pennsylvania;Virginia;West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.43,34.98 ], [ -87.43,40.20 ], [ -75.37,40.20 ], [ -75.37,34.98 ], [ -87.43,34.98 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"2011","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51765bebe4b0f989f99e010b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swezey, Christopher S. 0000-0003-4019-9264 cswezey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4019-9264","contributorId":601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swezey","given":"Christopher","email":"cswezey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":475266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garrity, Christopher P. 0000-0002-5565-1818 cgarrity@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5565-1818","contributorId":644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrity","given":"Christopher","email":"cgarrity@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70044351,"text":"70044351 - 2011 - Paleogene calcareous nannofossils of Southern Maryland, South Dover Bridge Core, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-30T15:46:54","indexId":"70044351","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2395,"text":"Journal of Nannoplankton Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleogene calcareous nannofossils of Southern Maryland, South Dover Bridge Core, USA","docAbstract":"No abstract available","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Nannoplankton Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"International Nannoplankton Association","usgsCitation":"Self-Trail, J.M., 2011, Paleogene calcareous nannofossils of Southern Maryland, South Dover Bridge Core, USA: Journal of Nannoplankton Research, v. 32, no. 1, p. 1-28.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"28","numberOfPages":"29","ipdsId":"IP-022265","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271684,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryl","volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5180e7eae4b0df838b924d88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Self-Trail, Jean M. jstrail@usgs.gov","contributorId":2205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Self-Trail","given":"Jean","email":"jstrail@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":596,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey National Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":475349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70044482,"text":"70044482 - 2011 - U.S. Geological Survey:   A synopsis of Three-dimensional Modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-04T11:47:27","indexId":"70044482","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"U.S. Geological Survey:   A synopsis of Three-dimensional Modeling","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is a multidisciplinary agency that provides assessments of natural resources (geological, hydrological, biological), the disturbances that affect those resources, and the disturbances that affect the built environment, natural landscapes, and human society. Until now, USGS map products have been generated and distributed primarily as 2-D maps, occasionally providing cross sections or overlays, but rarely allowing the ability to characterize and understand 3-D systems, how they change over time (4-D), and how they interact. And yet, technological advances in monitoring natural resources and the environment, the ever-increasing diversity of information needed for holistic assessments, and the intrinsic 3-D/4-D nature of the information obtained increases our need to generate, verify, analyze, interpret, confirm, store, and distribute its scientific information and products using 3-D/4-D visualization, analysis, modeling tools, and information frameworks. Today, USGS scientists use 3-D/4-D tools to (1) visualize and interpret geological information, (2) verify the data, and (3) verify their interpretations and models. 3-D/4-D visualization can be a powerful quality control tool in the analysis of large, multidimensional data sets. USGS scientists use 3-D/4-D technology for 3-D surface (i.e., 2.5-D) visualization as well as for 3-D volumetric analyses. Examples of geological mapping in 3-D include characterization of the subsurface for resource assessments, such as aquifer characterization in the central United States, and for input into process models, such as seismic hazards in the western United States.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chapter 13 in <i>Synopsis of Current Three-dimensional Geological Mapping  and Modeling in Geological Survey Organizations</i>","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Illinois State Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Jacobsen, L.J., Glynn, P.D., Phelps, G.A., Orndorff, R.C., Bawden, G.W., and Grauch, V.J., 2011, U.S. Geological Survey:   A synopsis of Three-dimensional Modeling, chap. <i>of</i> Chapter 13 in <i>Synopsis of Current Three-dimensional Geological Mapping  and Modeling in Geological Survey Organizations</i>, p. 69-79.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"79","ipdsId":"IP-024495","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":273203,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":273202,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/nrp/proj.bib/Publications/2011/jacobsen_glynn_etal_2011.pdf"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.8,24.5 ], [ -124.8,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,24.5 ], [ -124.8,24.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51af0c72e4b08a3322c2c372","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jacobsen, Linda J.","contributorId":9159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobsen","given":"Linda","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glynn, Pierre D. 0000-0001-8804-7003 pglynn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8804-7003","contributorId":2141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glynn","given":"Pierre","email":"pglynn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Phelps, Geoff A.","contributorId":59328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelps","given":"Geoff","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Orndorff, Randall C. 0000-0002-8956-5803 rorndorf@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8956-5803","contributorId":2739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orndorff","given":"Randall","email":"rorndorf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bawden, Gerald W. gbawden@usgs.gov","contributorId":1071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bawden","given":"Gerald","email":"gbawden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Grauch, V. J. S. 0000-0002-0761-3489","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0761-3489","contributorId":34125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70034273,"text":"70034273 - 2011 - Native Americans, regional drought and tree Island evolution in the Florida Everglades","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-17T11:22:00","indexId":"70034273","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1905,"text":"Holocene","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Native Americans, regional drought and tree Island evolution in the Florida Everglades","docAbstract":"This study uses palynologic data to determine the effects of regional climate variability and human activity on the formation and development of tree islands during the last ~4000 years. Although prolonged periods of aridity have been invoked as one mechanism for their formation, Native American land use has also been hypothesized as a driver of tree island development. Using pollen assemblages from head and near tail sediments collected on two tree islands and documented archeological data, the relative roles of Native Americans, climate variability, and recent water-management practices in forming and structuring Everglades tree islands are examined. The timing of changes recorded in the pollen record indicates that tree islands developed from sawgrass marshes ~3800 cal. yr BP, prior to human occupation. Major tree island expansion, recorded near tail sediments, occurred ~1000 years after initial tree island formation. Comparison of the timing of pollen assemblages with other proxy records indicates that tree island expansion is related to regional and global aridity correlated with southward migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Local fire associated with droughts may also have influenced tree island expansion. This work suggests that Native American occupation did not significantly influence tree island formation and that the most important factors governing tree island expansion are extreme hydrologic events due to droughts and intense twentieth century water management.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Holocene","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SAGE Publications","publisherLocation":"Thousand Oaks, CA","doi":"10.1177/0959683611400204","issn":"09596836","usgsCitation":"Bernhardt, C., 2011, Native Americans, regional drought and tree Island evolution in the Florida Everglades: Holocene, v. 21, no. 6, p. 967-978, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683611400204.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"967","endPage":"978","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":146,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Eastern Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":216522,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683611400204"},{"id":244399,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Everglades","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 81.0,25.0 ], [ 81.0,27.0 ], [ 80.0,27.0 ], [ 80.0,25.0 ], [ 81.0,25.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"21","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-04-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a62a2e4b0c8380cd72024","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bernhardt, C. 0000-0003-0082-4731","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0082-4731","contributorId":104307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernhardt","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70034284,"text":"70034284 - 2011 - The remarkable occurrence of large rainfall-induced debris flows at two different locations on July 12, 2008, Southern Sierra Nevada, CA, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-26T15:01:50.692922","indexId":"70034284","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2604,"text":"Landslides","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The remarkable occurrence of large rainfall-induced debris flows at two different locations on July 12, 2008, Southern Sierra Nevada, CA, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>On July 12, 2008, two convective cells about 155&nbsp;km apart produced a brief period of intense rainfall triggering large debris flows in the southern Sierra Nevada. The northernmost cell was centered over Oak Creek Canyon, an east-flowing drainage, and its tributaries near Independence, CA, USA. About 5:00 </span><span class=\"u-small-caps\">P.M.</span><span>, debris flows passed down the South Fork and North Fork of Oak Creek to merge into a large single feature whose passage affected the historic Mt. Whitney Fish hatchery and blocked California State Highway 395. At about the same time, the southernmost cell was largely centered over Erskine Creek, a main tributary of the west-flowing Kern River. Debris flows issued from several branches to coalesce into a large debris flow that passed along Erskine Creek, through the town of Lake Isabella, CA, USA and into the Kern River. It was observed reaching Lake Isabella about 6:30 </span><span class=\"u-small-caps\">P.M</span><span>. Both debris flows caused significant disruption and damage to local communities.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/s10346-010-0245-5","issn":"1612510X","usgsCitation":"DeGraff, J., Wagner, D., Gallegos, A., DeRose, M., Shannon, C., and Ellsworth, T., 2011, The remarkable occurrence of large rainfall-induced debris flows at two different locations on July 12, 2008, Southern Sierra Nevada, CA, USA: Landslides, v. 8, no. 3, p. 343-353, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-010-0245-5.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"353","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216670,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-010-0245-5"}],"country":"United 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M.","contributorId":37173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeRose","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shannon, C.","contributorId":19404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shannon","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ellsworth, T.","contributorId":84188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70034361,"text":"70034361 - 2011 - Loss of volatile hydrocarbons from an LNAPL oil source","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-14T15:31:19","indexId":"70034361","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Loss of volatile hydrocarbons from an LNAPL oil source","docAbstract":"The light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) oil pool in an aquifer that resulted from a pipeline spill near Bemidji, Minnesota, was analyzed for volatile hydrocarbons (VHCs) to determine if the composition of the oil remains constant over time. Oil samples were obtained from wells at five locations in the oil pool in an anaerobic part of the glacial outwash aquifer. Samples covering a 21-year period were analyzed for 25 VHCs. Compared to the composition of oil from the pipeline source, VHCs identified in oil from wells sampled in 2008 were 13 to 64% depleted. The magnitude of loss for the VHCs analyzed was toluene ≫ o-xylene, benzene, C<sub>6</sub> and C<sub>10–12</sub>n-alkanes > C<sub>7</sub>–C<sub>9</sub>n-alkanes > m-xylene, cyclohexane, and 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene > 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene and ethylbenzene. Other VHCs including p-xylene, 1,3,5- and 1,2,3-trimethylbenzenes, the tetramethylbenzenes, methyl- and ethyl-cyclohexane, and naphthalene were not depleted during the time of the study. Water–oil and air–water batch equilibration simulations indicate that volatilization and biodegradation is most important for the C<sub>6</sub>–C<sub>9</sub>n-alkanes and cyclohexanes; dissolution and biodegradation is important for most of the other hydrocarbons. Depletion of the hydrocarbons in the oil pool is controlled by: the lack of oxygen and nutrients, differing rates of recharge, and the spatial distribution of oil in the aquifer. The mass loss of these VHCs in the 5 wells is between 1.6 and 7.4% in 29 years or an average annual loss of 0.06–0.26%/year. The present study shows that the composition of LNAPL changes over time and that these changes are spatially variable. This highlights the importance of characterizing the temporal and spatial variabilities of the source term in solute-transport models.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2011.06.006","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Baedecker, M.J., Eganhouse, R., Bekins, B.A., and Delin, G.N., 2011, Loss of volatile hydrocarbons from an LNAPL oil source: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 126, no. 3-4, p. 140-152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2011.06.006.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"140","endPage":"152","costCenters":[{"id":146,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Eastern Region","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244785,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Bemidji","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.0373,47.3762 ], [ -95.0373,47.6177 ], [ -94.6844,47.6177 ], [ -94.6844,47.3762 ], [ -95.0373,47.3762 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"126","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a49dee4b0c8380cd68956","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baedecker, Mary Jo 0000-0002-4865-1043 mjbaedec@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4865-1043","contributorId":197793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baedecker","given":"Mary","email":"mjbaedec@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Jo","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eganhouse, Robert P. eganhous@usgs.gov","contributorId":2031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eganhouse","given":"Robert P.","email":"eganhous@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bekins, Barbara A. 0000-0002-1411-6018 babekins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1411-6018","contributorId":1348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"Barbara","email":"babekins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Delin, Geoffrey N. 0000-0001-7991-6158 delin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7991-6158","contributorId":2610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"Geoffrey","email":"delin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":5063,"text":"Central Water Science Field Team","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70044504,"text":"70044504 - 2011 - On the Hydrologic Adjustment of Climate-Model Projections: The Potential Pitfall of Potential Evapotranspiration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-02T09:09:34","indexId":"70044504","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1421,"text":"Earth Interactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the Hydrologic Adjustment of Climate-Model Projections: The Potential Pitfall of Potential Evapotranspiration","docAbstract":"Hydrologic models often are applied to adjust projections of hydroclimatic change that come from climate models. Such adjustment includes climate-bias correction, spatial refinement (\"downscaling\"), and consideration of the roles of hydrologic processes that were neglected in the climate model. Described herein is a quantitative analysis of the effects of hydrologic adjustment on the projections of runoff change associated with projected twenty-first-century climate change. In a case study including three climate models and 10 river basins in the contiguous United States, the authors find that relative (i.e., fractional or percentage) runoff change computed with hydrologic adjustment more often than not was less positive (or, equivalently, more negative) than what was projected by the climate models. The dominant contributor to this decrease in runoff was a ubiquitous change in runoff (median -11%) caused by the hydrologic model’s apparent amplification of the climate-model-implied growth in potential evapotranspiration. Analysis suggests that the hydrologic model, on the basis of the empirical, temperature-based modified Jensen–Haise formula, calculates a change in potential evapotranspiration that is typically 3 times the change implied by the climate models, which explicitly track surface energy budgets. In comparison with the amplification of potential evapotranspiration, central tendencies of other contributions from hydrologic adjustment (spatial refinement, climate-bias adjustment, and process refinement) were relatively small. The authors’ findings highlight the need for caution when projecting changes in potential evapotranspiration for use in hydrologic models or drought indices to evaluate climate-change impacts on water.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth Interactions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA","doi":"10.1175/2010EI363.1","usgsCitation":"Milly, P., and Dunne, K.A., 2011, On the Hydrologic Adjustment of Climate-Model Projections: The Potential Pitfall of Potential Evapotranspiration: Earth Interactions, v. 15, no. 1, p. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010EI363.1.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"14","numberOfPages":"15","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-019747","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475164,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/2010ei363.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":270445,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270444,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010EI363.1"}],"volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"515bfdf6e4b075500ee5ca7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milly, Paul C.D. 0000-0003-4389-3139 cmilly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4389-3139","contributorId":2119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"Paul C.D.","email":"cmilly@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":475759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunne, Krista A. kadunne@usgs.gov","contributorId":3936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunne","given":"Krista","email":"kadunne@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70042392,"text":"70042392 - 2011 - Biological and geochemical controls on diel dissolved inorganic carbon cycling in a low-order agricultural stream: Implications for reach scales and beyond","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-13T06:34:57","indexId":"70042392","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biological and geochemical controls on diel dissolved inorganic carbon cycling in a low-order agricultural stream: Implications for reach scales and beyond","docAbstract":"<p>Movement of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) through the hydrologic cycle is an important component of global carbon budgets, but there is considerable uncertainty about the controls of DIC transmission from landscapes to streams, and through river networks to the oceans. In this study, diel measurements of DIC, d13C-DIC, dissolved oxygen (O2), d18O-O2, alkalinity, pH, and other parameters were used to assess the relative magnitudes of biological and geochemical controls on DIC cycling and flux in a nutrient-rich, net autotrophic stream. Rates of photosynthesis (P), respiration (R), groundwater discharge, air–water exchange of CO2, and carbonate precipitation/dissolution were quantified through a time-stepping chemical/isotope (12C and 13C, 16O and 18O) mass balance model. Groundwater was the major source of DIC to the stream. Primary production and carbonate precipitation were equally important sinks for DIC removed from the water column. The stream was always super-saturated with respect to carbonate minerals, but carbonate precipitation occurred mainly during the day when P increased pH. We estimated more than half (possibly 90%) of the carbonate precipitated during the day was retained in the reach under steady baseflow conditions. The amount of DIC removed from the overlying water through carbonate precipitation was similar to the amount of DIC generated from R. Air–water exchange of CO2 was always from the stream to the atmosphere, but was the smallest component of the DIC budget. Overall, the in-stream DIC reactions reduced the amount of CO2 evasion and the downstream flux of groundwater-derived DIC by about half relative to a hypothetical scenario with groundwater discharge only. Other streams with similar characteristics are widely distributed in the major river basins of North America. Data from USGS water quality monitoring networks from the 1960s to the 1990s indicated that 40% of 652 stream monitoring stations in the contiguous USA were at or above the equilibrium saturation state for calcite, and 77% of all stations exhibited apparent increases in saturation state from the 1960/70s to the 1980/90s. Diel processes including partially irreversible carbonate precipitation may affect net carbon fluxes from many such watersheds.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.12.012","usgsCitation":"Tobias, C., and Bohlke, J., 2011, Biological and geochemical controls on diel dissolved inorganic carbon cycling in a low-order agricultural stream: Implications for reach scales and beyond: Chemical Geology, v. 283, no. 1-2, p. 18-30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.12.012.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"18","endPage":"30","ipdsId":"IP-022716","costCenters":[{"id":146,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Eastern Region","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265319,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -126.21093749999999,\n              49.49667452747045\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.98046874999999,\n              46.07323062540835\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.68359374999999,\n              42.032974332441405\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.33203125,\n              39.232253141714885\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.87109375,\n              36.1733569352216\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.53125,\n              33.43144133557529\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.3671875,\n              32.69486597787505\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.4453125,\n              31.50362930577303\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.875,\n              31.653381399664\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.97656249999999,\n              25.005972656239187\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.625,\n              27.68352808378776\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.98828125,\n              29.38217507514529\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.59374999999999,\n              28.613459424004414\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.24218749999999,\n              29.84064389983441\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.90234375,\n              28.613459424004414\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.68359375,\n              24.046463999666567\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.1015625,\n              25.48295117535531\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.92578124999999,\n              30.751277776257812\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.46484375,\n              34.59704151614417\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.70703125,\n              37.020098201368114\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.30078125,\n              38.8225909761771\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.48828125,\n              40.84706035607122\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.5,\n              43.83452678223682\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.5,\n              47.27922900257082\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.78515625,\n              47.27922900257082\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.76171875,\n              45.82879925192134\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.73828125,\n              42.16340342422401\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.85937499999999,\n              45.089035564831036\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.19921875,\n              46.92025531537451\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.8671875,\n              49.38237278700955\n            ],\n            [\n              -126.21093749999999,\n              49.49667452747045\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"283","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50ebfc72e4b07f1501afcfc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tobias, Craig","contributorId":90612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tobias","given":"Craig","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":191103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"J.K.","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70034365,"text":"70034365 - 2011 - Understory response to varying fire frequencies after 20 years of prescribed burning in an upland oak forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-21T20:16:08.618579","indexId":"70034365","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3086,"text":"Plant Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Understory response to varying fire frequencies after 20 years of prescribed burning in an upland oak forest","docAbstract":"<p><span>Ecosystems in the eastern United States that were shaped by fire over thousands of years of anthropogenic burning recently have been subjected to fire suppression resulting in significant changes in vegetation composition and structure and encroachment by invasive species. Renewed interest in use of fire to manage such ecosystems will require knowledge of effects of fire regime on vegetation. We studied the effects of one aspect of the fire regime, fire frequency, on biomass, cover and diversity of understory vegetation in upland oak forests prescribe-burned for 20&nbsp;years at different frequencies ranging from zero to five fires per decade. Overstory canopy closure ranged from 88 to 96% and was not affected by fire frequency indicating high tolerance of large trees for even the most frequent burning. Understory species richness and cover was dominated by woody reproduction followed in descending order by forbs, C3 graminoids, C4 grasses, and legumes. Woody plant understory cover did not change with fire frequency and increased 30% from one to three years after a burn. Both forbs and C3 graminoids showed a linear increase in species richness and cover as fire frequency increased. In contrast, C4 grasses and legumes did not show a response to fire frequency. The reduction of litter by fire may have encouraged regeneration of herbaceous plants and helped explain the positive response of forbs and C3 graminoids to increasing fire frequency. Our results showed that herbaceous biomass, cover, and diversity can be managed with long-term prescribed fire under the closed canopy of upland oak forests.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/s11258-011-9926-y","issn":"13850237","usgsCitation":"Burton, J., Hallgren, S., Fuhlendorf, S., and Leslie, D., 2011, Understory response to varying fire frequencies after 20 years of prescribed burning in an upland oak forest: Plant Ecology, v. 212, no. 9, p. 1513-1525, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-011-9926-y.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1513","endPage":"1525","ipdsId":"IP-028642","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244851,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216949,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-011-9926-y"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklamoha","otherGeospatial":"Okmulgee Game Management 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 \"}}]}","volume":"212","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbc62e4b08c986b328bcd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burton, J.A.","contributorId":41205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hallgren, S.W.","contributorId":97742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hallgren","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fuhlendorf, S.D.","contributorId":69353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuhlendorf","given":"S.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leslie, David M. Jr.","contributorId":52514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leslie","given":"David M.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70044842,"text":"70044842 - 2011 - Mountain-block recharge, present and past, in the eastern Espanola Basin, New Mexico, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-29T12:58:21","indexId":"70044842","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Mountain-block recharge, present and past, in the eastern Española Basin, New Mexico, USA","title":"Mountain-block recharge, present and past, in the eastern Espanola Basin, New Mexico, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>Noble gas recharge temperatures (NGTs) and radiocarbon ages were determined for 43 groundwater samples collected in the eastern Española Basin, New Mexico (USA), to identify mountain-block recharge in waters &lt;10 thousand years (ka) old and to evaluate possible changes in mountain-block recharge over the past ∼35&nbsp;ka. For Holocene samples from the southeastern area, NGTs are dominantly 2–4° cooler than the measured water-table temperature near the mountain front. Computed minimum mountain-block recharge fractions are dominantly 0.2–0.5, consistent with previous large mountain-block recharge estimates. NGTs do not display the distinct low during the last glacial maximum observed in other paleorecharge studies; samples recharged 15–25&nbsp;ka ago are on average only 1.3° cooler than Holocene samples. Instead, samples with the coldest NGTs were recharged 25–35&nbsp;ka ago. A proposed explanation is that higher precipitation rates during the last glacial maximum resulted in a lower mean recharge elevation for the basin, essentially buffering the effect of the lower mean annual air temperature and producing NGTs similar to the Holocene. In the period preceding the last glacial maximum, precipitation rates more like today’s resulted in Holocene-like mountain-block recharge fractions, producing a mean NGT ∼5° cooler than the Holocene, as expected.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10040-010-0696-8","usgsCitation":"Manning, A.H., 2011, Mountain-block recharge, present and past, in the eastern Espanola Basin, New Mexico, USA: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 19, no. 2, p. 379-397, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-010-0696-8.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"379","endPage":"397","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-021349","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":351867,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Española","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106.124496,35.658970 ], [ -106.124496,36.021891 ], [ -105.884857,36.021891 ], [ -105.884857,35.658970 ], [ -106.124496,35.658970 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-02-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5163e6e9e4b0b7010f820176","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manning, Andrew H. 0000-0002-6404-1237 amanning@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6404-1237","contributorId":1305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"Andrew","email":"amanning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70034382,"text":"70034382 - 2011 - Controls on large landslide distribution and implications for the geomorphic evolution of the southern interior Columbia River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-22T12:00:12.727323","indexId":"70034382","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Controls on large landslide distribution and implications for the geomorphic evolution of the southern interior Columbia River basin","docAbstract":"<p><span>Large landslides (&gt;0.1 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>) are important agents of geomorphic change. While most common in rugged mountain ranges, large landslides can also be widespread in relatively low-relief (several 100 m) terrain, where their distribution has been relatively little studied. A fuller understanding of the role of large landslides in landscape evolution requires addressing this gap, since the distribution of large landslides may affect broad regions through interactions with channel processes, and since the dominant controls on landslide distribution might be expected to vary with tectonic setting. We documented &gt;400 landslides between 0.1 and ∼40 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;across ∼140,000 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;of eastern Oregon, in the semiarid, southern interior Columbia River basin. The mapped landslides cluster in a NW-SE–trending band that is 50–100 km wide. Landslides predominantly occur where even modest local relief (∼100 m) exists near key contacts between weak sedimentary or volcaniclastic rock and coherent cap rock. Fault density exerts no control on landslide distribution, while ∼10% of mapped landslides cluster within 3–10 km of mapped fold axes. Landslide occurrence is curtailed to the NE by thick packages of coherent basalt and to the SW by limited local relief. Our results suggest that future mass movements will localize in areas stratigraphically preconditioned for landsliding by a geologic history of fluviolacustrine and volcaniclastic sedimentation and episodic capping by coherent lava flows. In such areas, episodic landsliding may persist for hundreds of thousands of years or more, producing valley wall slopes of ∼7°–13° and impacting local channels with an evolving array of mass movement styles.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America.","doi":"10.1130/B30061.1","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Safran, E., Anderson, S., Mills-Novoa, M., House, P., and Ely, L., 2011, Controls on large landslide distribution and implications for the geomorphic evolution of the southern interior Columbia River basin: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 123, no. 9-10, p. 1851-1862, https://doi.org/10.1130/B30061.1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1851","endPage":"1862","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244625,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Southern interior Columbia River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -115.00488281250001,\n              41.983994270935625\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.15869140624999,\n              42.52069952914966\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.52099609375,\n              43.40504748787035\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.44384765625,\n              44.69989765840318\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.08056640625,\n              45.583289756006316\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.75048828124999,\n              44.88701247981298\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.92626953124999,\n              43.929549935614595\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.728515625,\n              41.983994270935625\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.00488281250001,\n              41.983994270935625\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"123","issue":"9-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbd0e4b0c8380cd4df9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Safran, E.B.","contributorId":76970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Safran","given":"E.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, S.W.","contributorId":25628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mills-Novoa, M.","contributorId":33143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills-Novoa","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"House, P.K.","contributorId":25755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"House","given":"P.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ely, L.","contributorId":105944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70034408,"text":"70034408 - 2011 - Superficial simplicity of the 2010 El Mayorg-Cucapah earthquake of Baja California in Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-21T16:29:24.219488","indexId":"70034408","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2845,"text":"Nature Geoscience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Superficial simplicity of the 2010 El Mayorg-Cucapah earthquake of Baja California in Mexico","docAbstract":"<p><span>The geometry of faults is usually thought to be more complicated at the surface than at depth and to control the initiation, propagation and arrest of seismic ruptures</span><sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d18013e479\" title=\"Bouchon, M., Campillo, M. &amp; Cotton, F. Stress field associated with the rupture of the 1992 Landers, California, earthquake and its implications concerning the fault strength at the onset of the earthquake. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 21091–21097 (1998).\" href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo1213#ref-CR1\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 1\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo1213#ref-CR1\">1</a>,<a id=\"ref-link-section-d18013e482\" title=\"Harris, R., Archuleta, R. &amp; Day, S. Fault steps and the dynamic rupture process: 2-D numerical simulations of a spontaneously propagating shear fracture. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 893–896 (1991).\" href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo1213#ref-CR2\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 2\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo1213#ref-CR2\">2</a>,<a id=\"ref-link-section-d18013e485\" title=\"King, G. C. &amp; Nabelek, J. The role of fault bends in faults in the initiation and termination of earthquake rupture. Science 283, 984–987 (1985).\" href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo1213#ref-CR3\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 3\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo1213#ref-CR3\">3</a>,<a id=\"ref-link-section-d18013e488\" title=\"Wesnousky, S. G. Predicting the endpoints of earthquake ruptures. Nature 444, 358–360 (2006).\" href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo1213#ref-CR4\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 4\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo1213#ref-CR4\">4</a>,<a id=\"ref-link-section-d18013e491\" title=\"Wesnousky, S. G. Displacement and geometrical characteristics of earthquake surface ruptures: Issues and implications for seismic-hazard analysis and the process of earthquake rupture. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 98, 1609–1632 (2008).\" href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo1213#ref-CR5\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 5\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo1213#ref-CR5\">5</a>,<a id=\"ref-link-section-d18013e494\" title=\"Radiguet, M., Cotton, F., Manighetti, I., Campillo, M. &amp; Douglas, J. Dependency of near-field ground motions on the structural maturity of the ruptured faults. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 99, 2572–2581 (2009).\" href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo1213#ref-CR6\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 6\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo1213#ref-CR6\">6</a></sup><span>. The fault system that runs from southern California into Mexico is a simple strike-slip boundary: the west side of California and Mexico moves northwards with respect to the east. However, the&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><sub>w</sub><span>&nbsp;7.2 2010 El Mayor–Cucapah earthquake on this fault system produced a pattern of seismic waves that indicates a far more complex source than slip on a planar strike-slip fault</span><sup><a id=\"ref-link-section-d18013e502\" title=\"\n                    http://www.globalcmt.org/CMTsearch.html\n                    \n                  .\" href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo1213#ref-CR7\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"reference anchor\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-test=\"citation-ref\" aria-label=\"Reference 7\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo1213#ref-CR7\">7</a></sup><span>. Here we use geodetic, remote-sensing and seismological data to reconstruct the fault geometry and history of slip during this earthquake. We find that the earthquake produced a straight 120-km-long fault trace that cut through the Cucapah mountain range and across the Colorado River delta. However, at depth, the fault is made up of two different segments connected by a small extensional fault. Both segments strike N130° E, but dip in opposite directions. The earthquake was initiated on the connecting extensional fault and 15 s later ruptured the two main segments with dominantly strike-slip motion. We show that complexities in the fault geometry at depth explain well the complex pattern of radiated seismic waves. We conclude that the location and detailed characteristics of the earthquake could not have been anticipated on the basis of observations of surface geology alone.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Nature","doi":"10.1038/ngeo1213","issn":"17520894","usgsCitation":"Wei, S., Fielding, E., Leprince, S., Sladen, A., Avouac, J., Helmberger, D., Hauksson, E., Chu, R., Simons, M., Hudnut, K., Herring, T., and Briggs, R., 2011, Superficial simplicity of the 2010 El Mayorg-Cucapah earthquake of Baja California in Mexico: Nature Geoscience, v. 4, no. 9, p. 615-618, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1213.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"615","endPage":"618","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487959,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1213","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":244530,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216647,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1213"}],"country":"United States, Mexico","state":"California, Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -115.71899414062499,\n              32.20350534542368\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.14794921875,\n              32.20350534542368\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.14794921875,\n              33.54139466898275\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.71899414062499,\n              33.54139466898275\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.71899414062499,\n              32.20350534542368\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9f56e4b08c986b31e4e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wei, S.","contributorId":85416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wei","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fielding, E.","contributorId":51057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fielding","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leprince, S.","contributorId":70212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leprince","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sladen, A.","contributorId":9496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sladen","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Avouac, J.-P.","contributorId":91691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avouac","given":"J.-P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Helmberger, D.","contributorId":34282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helmberger","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hauksson, E.","contributorId":10932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hauksson","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Chu, R.","contributorId":71416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chu","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Simons, M.","contributorId":14610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simons","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hudnut, K.","contributorId":92439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnut","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Herring, T.","contributorId":83288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herring","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Briggs, R.","contributorId":42061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":70034417,"text":"70034417 - 2011 - Coral skeletal carbon isotopes (δ<sup>13</sup>C and Δ<sup>14</sup>C) record the delivery of terrestrial carbon to the coastal waters of Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-21T15:05:57.965298","indexId":"70034417","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1338,"text":"Coral Reefs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coral skeletal carbon isotopes (δ<sup>13</sup>C and Δ<sup>14</sup>C) record the delivery of terrestrial carbon to the coastal waters of Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"<p><span>Tropical small mountainous rivers deliver a poorly quantified, but potentially significant, amount of carbon to the world’s oceans. However, few historical records of land–ocean carbon transfer exist for any region on Earth. Corals have the potential to provide such records, because they draw on dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) for calcification. In temperate systems, the stable- (δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C) and radiocarbon (Δ</span><sup>14</sup><span>C) isotopes of coastal DIC are influenced by the δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C and Δ</span><sup>14</sup><span>C of the DIC transported from adjacent rivers. A similar pattern should exist in tropical coastal DIC and hence coral skeletons. Here, δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C and Δ</span><sup>14</sup><span>C measurements were made in a 56-year-old&nbsp;</span><i>Montastraea faveolata</i><span>&nbsp;coral growing ~1&nbsp;km from the mouth of the Rio Fajardo in eastern Puerto Rico. Additionally, the δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C and Δ</span><sup>14</sup><span>C values of the DIC of the Rio Fajardo and its adjacent coastal waters were measured during two wet and dry seasons. Three major findings were observed: (1) synchronous depletions of both δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C and Δ</span><sup>14</sup><span>C in the coral skeleton are annually coherent with the timing of peak river discharge, (2) riverine DIC was always more depleted in δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C and Δ</span><sup>14</sup><span>C than seawater DIC, and (3) the correlation of δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C and Δ</span><sup>14</sup><span>C was the same in both coral skeleton and the DIC of the river and coastal waters. These results indicate that coral skeletal δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C and Δ</span><sup>14</sup><span>C are recording the delivery of riverine DIC to the coastal ocean. Thus, coral records could be used to develop proxies of historical land–ocean carbon flux for many tropical regions. Such information could be invaluable for understanding the role of tropical land–ocean carbon flux in the context of land-use change and global climate change.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00338-011-0758-y","issn":"07224028","usgsCitation":"Moyer, R., and Grottoli, A., 2011, Coral skeletal carbon isotopes (δ<sup>13</sup>C and Δ<sup>14</sup>C) record the delivery of terrestrial carbon to the coastal waters of Puerto Rico: Coral Reefs, v. 30, no. 3, p. 791-802, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-011-0758-y.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"791","endPage":"802","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":244661,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216773,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-011-0758-y"}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -67.412109375,\n              17.790535393588975\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.412109375,\n              18.656654486540006\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.5224609375,\n              18.656654486540006\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.5224609375,\n              17.790535393588975\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.412109375,\n              17.790535393588975\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-04-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc0be4b0c8380cd4e0ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moyer, R.P.","contributorId":95839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moyer","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grottoli, A.G.","contributorId":38811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grottoli","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70034438,"text":"70034438 - 2011 - Surface-water nutrient conditions and sources in the United States Pacific Northwest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-19T15:51:00","indexId":"70034438","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface-water nutrient conditions and sources in the United States Pacific Northwest","docAbstract":"The SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW) model was used to perform an assessment of surface-water nutrient conditions and to identify important nutrient sources in watersheds of the Pacific Northwest region of the United States (U.S.) for the year 2002. Our models included variables representing nutrient sources as well as landscape characteristics that affect nutrient delivery to streams. Annual nutrient yields were higher in watersheds on the wetter, west side of the Cascade Range compared to watersheds on the drier, east side. High nutrient enrichment (relative to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's recommended nutrient criteria) was estimated in watersheds throughout the region. Forest land was generally the largest source of total nitrogen stream load and geologic material was generally the largest source of total phosphorus stream load generated within the 12,039 modeled watersheds. These results reflected the prevalence of these two natural sources and the low input from other nutrient sources across the region. However, the combined input from agriculture, point sources, and developed land, rather than natural nutrient sources, was responsible for most of the nutrient load discharged from many of the largest watersheds. Our results provided an understanding of the regional patterns in surface-water nutrient conditions and should be useful to environmental managers in future water-quality planning efforts.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00580.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Wise, D., and Johnson, H., 2011, Surface-water nutrient conditions and sources in the United States Pacific Northwest: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 47, no. 5, p. 1110-1135, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00580.x.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"1110","endPage":"1135","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475401,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00580.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":244532,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216649,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00580.x"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.7857,41.99 ], [ -124.7857,49.0024 ], [ -111.04,49.0024 ], [ -111.04,41.99 ], [ -124.7857,41.99 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"47","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-08-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba16ee4b08c986b31f0a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wise, D.R.","contributorId":44762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wise","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, H.M. 0000-0002-7571-4994","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7571-4994","contributorId":75339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"H.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":445780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70034516,"text":"70034516 - 2011 - Diffuse Pacific-North American plate boundary: 1000 km of dextral shear inferred from modeling geodetic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-20T12:10:44.717204","indexId":"70034516","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diffuse Pacific-North American plate boundary: 1000 km of dextral shear inferred from modeling geodetic data","docAbstract":"<p><span>Geodetic measurements tell us that the eastern part of the Basin and Range Province expands in an east-west direction relative to stable North America, whereas the western part of the province moves to the northwest. We develop three-dimensional finite element representations of the western United States lithosphere in an effort to understand the global positioning system (GPS) signal. The models are constrained by known bounding-block velocities and topography, and Basin and Range Province deformation is represented by simple plastic (thermal creep) rheology. We show that active Basin and Range spreading by gravity collapse is expected to have a strong southward component that does not match the GPS signal. We can reconcile the gravitational component of displacement with observed velocity vectors if the Pacific plate applies northwest-directed shear stress to the Basin and Range via the Sierra Nevada block. This effect reaches at least 1000 km east of the San Andreas fault in our models.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/G32176.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Parsons, T., and Thatcher, W., 2011, Diffuse Pacific-North American plate boundary: 1000 km of dextral shear inferred from modeling geodetic data: Geology, v. 39, no. 10, p. 943-946, https://doi.org/10.1130/G32176.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"943","endPage":"946","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.46533203125,\n              38.92522904714054\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.35595703124999,\n              38.92522904714054\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.35595703124999,\n              40.896905775860006\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.46533203125,\n              40.896905775860006\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.46533203125,\n              38.92522904714054\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a010de4b0c8380cd4fa8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thatcher, W.","contributorId":32669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70034533,"text":"70034533 - 2011 - Waves and tides responsible for the intermittent closure of the entrance of a small, sheltered tidal wetland at San Francisco, CA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-16T21:04:01.705421","indexId":"70034533","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Waves and tides responsible for the intermittent closure of the entrance of a small, sheltered tidal wetland at San Francisco, CA","docAbstract":"<p><span>Crissy Field Marsh (CFM;&nbsp;</span><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/prsf/planyourvisit/crissy-field-marsh-and-beach.htm\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"http://www.nps.gov/prsf/planyourvisit/crissy-field-marsh-and-beach.htm\">http://www.nps.gov/prsf/planyourvisit/crissy-field-marsh-and-beach.htm</a><span>) is a small, restored tidal wetland located in the entrance to San Francisco Bay just east of the Golden Gate. The marsh is small but otherwise fairly typical of many such restored wetlands worldwide. The marsh is hydraulically connected to the bay and the adjacent Pacific Ocean by a narrow sandy channel. The channel often migrates and sometimes closes completely, which effectively blocks the tidal connection to the ocean and disrupts the hydraulics and ecology of the marsh. Field measurements of waves and tides have been examined in order to evaluate the conditions responsible for the intermittent closure of the marsh entrance. The most important factor found to bring about the entrance channel closure is the occurrence of large ocean waves. However, there were also a few closure events during times with relatively small offshore waves. Examination of the deep-water directional wave spectra during these times indicates the presence of a small secondary peak corresponding to long period swell from the southern hemisphere, indicating that CFM and San Francisco Bay in general may be more susceptible to long period ocean swell emanating from the south or southwest than the more common ocean waves coming from the northwest. The tidal records during closure events show no strong relationship between closures and tides, other than that closures tend to occur during multi-day periods with successively increasing high tides. It can be inferred from these findings that the most important process to the intermittent closure of the entrance to CFM is littoral sediment transport driven by the influence of ocean swell waves breaking along the CFM shoreline at oblique angles. During periods of large, oblique waves the littoral transport of sand likely overwhelms the scour potential of the tidal flow in the entrance channel.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2011.07.004","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Hanes, D., Ward, K., and Erikson, L.H., 2011, Waves and tides responsible for the intermittent closure of the entrance of a small, sheltered tidal wetland at San Francisco, CA: Continental Shelf Research, v. 31, no. 16, p. 1682-1687, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2011.07.004.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1682","endPage":"1687","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243439,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.6953125,\n              37.48793540168987\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.18170166015625,\n              37.48793540168987\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.18170166015625,\n              37.920367835943516\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.6953125,\n              37.920367835943516\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.6953125,\n              37.48793540168987\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcfa4e4b08c986b32ea0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanes, D.M.","contributorId":22479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanes","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ward, K.","contributorId":95715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Erikson, L. H.","contributorId":21366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erikson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70034547,"text":"70034547 - 2011 - Soils and late-Quaternary landscape evolution in the Cottonwood River basin, east-central Kansas: Implications for archaeological research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-19T12:06:53.39197","indexId":"70034547","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1749,"text":"Geoarchaeology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soils and late-Quaternary landscape evolution in the Cottonwood River basin, east-central Kansas: Implications for archaeological research","docAbstract":"<p><span>Temporal and spatial patterns of landscape evolution strongly influence the temporal and spatial patterns of the archaeological record in drainage systems. In this geoarchaeological investigation we took a basin‐wide approach in assessing the soil stratigraphy, lithostratigraphy, and geochronology of alluvial deposits and associated buried soils in the Cottonwood River basin of east‐central Kansas. Patterns of landscape evolution emerge when stratigraphic sequences and radiocarbon chronologies are compared by stream size and landform type. In the valleys of high‐order streams (≥4th order) the Younger Dryas Chronozone (ca. 11,000–10,000&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup><span>C yr B.P.) was characterized by slow aggradation accompanied by pedogenesis, resulting in the development of organic‐rich cumulic soils. Between ca. 10,000 and 4900&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup><span>C yr B.P., aggradation punctuated by soil formation was the dominant process in those valleys. Alluvial fans formed on the margins of high‐order stream valleys during the early and middle Holocene (ca. 9000–5000&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup><span>C yr B.P.) and continued to develop slowly until ca. 3000–2000&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup><span>C yr B.P. The late‐Holocene record of high‐order streams is characterized by episodes of entrenchment, rapid aggradation, and slow aggradation punctuated by soil development. By contrast, the early and middle Holocene (ca. 10,000–5000&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup><span>C yr B.P.) was a period of net erosion in the valleys of low‐order streams. However, during the late Holocene small valleys became zones of net sediment storage. Consideration of the effects of these patterns of landscape evolution on the archaeological record is crucial for accurately interpreting that record and searching for buried archaeological deposits dating to specific cultural periods.&nbsp;</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/gea.20367","issn":"08836353","usgsCitation":"Beeton, J., and Mandel, R., 2011, Soils and late-Quaternary landscape evolution in the Cottonwood River basin, east-central Kansas: Implications for archaeological research: Geoarchaeology, v. 26, no. 5, p. 693-723, https://doi.org/10.1002/gea.20367.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"693","endPage":"723","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243658,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215831,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gea.20367"}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","volume":"26","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-07-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b922de4b08c986b319d50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beeton, J.M.","contributorId":93297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeton","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mandel, R.D.","contributorId":58000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mandel","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70034565,"text":"70034565 - 2011 - Emergence of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in the North American Great Lakes region is associated with low viral genetic diversity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-09T22:03:52","indexId":"70034565","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Emergence of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in the North American Great Lakes region is associated with low viral genetic diversity","docAbstract":"Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is a fish rhabdovirus that causes disease in a broad range of marine and freshwater hosts. The known geographic range includes the Northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and recently it has invaded the Great Lakes region of North Ame­rica. The goal of this work was to characterize genetic diversity of Great Lakes VHSV isolates at the early stage of this viral emergence by comparing a partial glycoprotein (G) gene sequence (669 nt) of 108 isolates collected from 2003 to 2009 from 31 species and at 37 sites. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all isolates fell into sub-lineage IVb within the major VHSV genetic group IV. Among these 108 isolates, genetic diversity was low, with a maximum of 1.05% within the 669 nt region. There were 11 unique sequences, designated vcG001 to vcG011. Two dominant sequence types, vcG001 and vcG002, accounted for 90% (97 of 108) of the isolates. The vcG001 isolates were most widespread. We saw no apparent association of sequence type with host or year of isolation, but we did note a spatial pattern, in which vcG002 isolates were more prevalent in the easternmost sub-regions, including inland New York state and the St. Lawrence Seaway. Different sequence types were found among isolates from single disease outbreaks, and mixtures of types were evident within 2 isolates from ­individual fish. Overall, the genetic diversity of VHSV in the Great Lakes region was found to be extremely low, consistent with an introduction of a new virus into a geographic region with ­previously naïve host populations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/dao02362","issn":"01775103","usgsCitation":"Thompson, T., Batts, W., Faisal, M., Bowser, P., Casey, J., Phillips, K., Garver, K., Winton, J., and Kurath, G., 2011, Emergence of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in the North American Great Lakes region is associated with low viral genetic diversity: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 96, no. 1, p. 29-43, https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02362.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"43","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475061,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02362","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":215655,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao02362"},{"id":243474,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08ebe4b0c8380cd51d0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, T.M.","contributorId":32008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Batts, W.N. 0000-0002-6469-9004","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6469-9004","contributorId":51043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batts","given":"W.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Faisal, M.","contributorId":19116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faisal","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bowser, P.","contributorId":27824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowser","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Casey, J.W.","contributorId":11987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Phillips, K.","contributorId":104300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Garver, K.A.","contributorId":42766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garver","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Winton, J.","contributorId":55627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kurath, Gael 0000-0003-3294-560X gkurath@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3294-560X","contributorId":100522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurath","given":"Gael","email":"gkurath@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":446427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70035060,"text":"70035060 - 2011 - Diurnal trends in methylmercury concentration in a wetland adjacent to Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-11T10:49:18","indexId":"70035060","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diurnal trends in methylmercury concentration in a wetland adjacent to Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA","docAbstract":"<div id=\"aep-abstract-id19\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id20\"><p id=\"sp0045\">A 24-h field experiment was conducted during July 2008 at a wetland on the eastern shore of Great Salt Lake (GSL) to assess the diurnal cycling of methylmercury (MeHg). Dissolved (&lt;&nbsp;0.45&nbsp;μm) MeHg showed a strong diurnal variation with consistently decreasing concentrations during daylight periods and increasing concentrations during non-daylight periods. The proportion of MeHg relative to total Hg in the water column consistently decreased with increasing sunlight duration, indicative of photodegradation. During the field experiment, measured MeHg photodegradation rates ranged from 0.02 to 0.06&nbsp;ng&nbsp;L<sup>−&nbsp;1</sup>&nbsp;h<sup>−&nbsp;1</sup>. Convective overturn of the water column driven by nighttime cooling of the water surface was hypothesized as the likely mechanism to replace the MeHg in the water column lost via photodegradation processes. A hydrodynamic model of the wetland successfully simulated convective overturn of the water column during the field experiment. Study results indicate that daytime monitoring of selected wetlands surrounding GSL may significantly underestimate the MeHg content in the water column. Wetland managers should consider practices that maximize the photodegradation of MeHg during daylight periods.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.02.005","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Naftz, D.L., Cederberg, J., Krabbenhoft, D., Beisner, K.R., Whitehead, J., and Gardberg, J., 2011, Diurnal trends in methylmercury concentration in a wetland adjacent to Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA: Chemical Geology, v. 283, no. 1-2, p. 78-86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.02.005.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"78","endPage":"86","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":381,"text":"Mercury Research Laboratory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243347,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Salt Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -113.236083984375,\n              40.622291783092706\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.86279296875,\n              40.622291783092706\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.86279296875,\n              41.763117447005875\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.236083984375,\n              41.763117447005875\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.236083984375,\n              40.622291783092706\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"283","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0342e4b0c8380cd503bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naftz, D. L.","contributorId":40624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cederberg, J.R.","contributorId":16239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cederberg","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, D. P. 0000-0003-1964-5020","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":90765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"D. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beisner, K. R. 0000-0002-2077-6899","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2077-6899","contributorId":30052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beisner","given":"K.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":449084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Whitehead, J.","contributorId":54409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitehead","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gardberg, J.","contributorId":42052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardberg","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70034589,"text":"70034589 - 2011 - MercNet: A national monitoring network to assess responses to changing mercury emissions in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-11T11:07:19","indexId":"70034589","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1479,"text":"Ecotoxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"MercNet: A national monitoring network to assess responses to changing mercury emissions in the United States","docAbstract":"<p>A partnership of federal and state agencies, tribes, industry, and scientists from academic research and environmental organizations is establishing a national, policy-relevant mercury monitoring network, called MercNet, to address key questions concerning changes in anthropogenic mercury emissions and deposition, associated linkages to ecosystem effects, and recovery from mercury contamination. This network would quantify mercury in the atmosphere, land, water, and biota in terrestrial, freshwater, and coastal ecosystems to provide a national scientific capability for evaluating the benefits and effectiveness of emission controls. Program development began with two workshops, convened to establish network goals, to select key indicators for monitoring, to propose a geographic network of monitoring sites, and to design a monitoring plan. MercNet relies strongly on multi-institutional partnerships to secure the capabilities and comprehensive data that are needed to develop, calibrate, and refine predictive mercury models and to guide effective management. Ongoing collaborative efforts include the: (1) development of regional multi-media databases on mercury in the Laurentian Great Lakes, northeastern United States, and eastern Canada; (2) syntheses and reporting of these data for the scientific and policy communities; and (3) evaluation of potential monitoring sites. The MercNet approach could be applied to the development of other monitoring programs, such as emerging efforts to monitor and assess global mercury emission controls.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1007/s10646-011-0756-4","issn":"09639292","usgsCitation":"Schmeltz, D., Evers, D., Driscoll, C.T., Artz, R., Cohen, M., Gay, D., Haeuber, R., Krabbenhoft, D., Mason, R., Morris, K., and Wiener, J., 2011, MercNet: A national monitoring network to assess responses to changing mercury emissions in the United States: Ecotoxicology, v. 20, no. 7, p. 1713-1725, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-011-0756-4.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1713","endPage":"1725","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243846,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-09-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a53c1e4b0c8380cd6ccc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmeltz, D.","contributorId":14662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmeltz","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evers, D.C.","contributorId":36501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evers","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Driscoll, C. T.","contributorId":47530,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Driscoll","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Artz, R.","contributorId":16242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Artz","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cohen, M.","contributorId":92886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohen","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gay, D.","contributorId":10635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gay","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Haeuber, R.","contributorId":52528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeuber","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, D. P. 0000-0003-1964-5020","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":90765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"D. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Mason, R.","contributorId":11439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Morris, K.","contributorId":38805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Wiener, J.G.","contributorId":44107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiener","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70034598,"text":"70034598 - 2011 - A short note on ground-motion recordings from the M 7.9 Wenchuan, China, earthquake and ground-motion prediction equations in the Central and Eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:40","indexId":"70034598","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A short note on ground-motion recordings from the M 7.9 Wenchuan, China, earthquake and ground-motion prediction equations in the Central and Eastern United States","docAbstract":"The 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (M 7.9) occurred along the western edge of the eastern China SCR and was well recorded by modern strong-motion instruments: 93 strong-motion stations within 1.4 to 300 km rupture distance recorded the main event. Preliminary comparisons show some similarities between ground-motion attenuation in the Wenchuan region and the central and eastern United States, suggesting that ground motions from the Wenchuan earthquake could be used as a database providing constraints for developing GMPEs for large earthquakes in the central and eastern United States.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Seismological Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.82.5.731","issn":"08950695","usgsCitation":"Wang, Z., and Lu, M., 2011, A short note on ground-motion recordings from the M 7.9 Wenchuan, China, earthquake and ground-motion prediction equations in the Central and Eastern United States: Seismological Research Letters, v. 82, no. 5, p. 731-734, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.82.5.731.","startPage":"731","endPage":"734","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243510,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215689,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.82.5.731"}],"volume":"82","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-09-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e588e4b0c8380cd46dd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Z.","contributorId":67976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lu, M.","contributorId":19800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":446569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70192687,"text":"70192687 - 2011 - Wilcox group (Paleocene to Eocene) coals of the Sabine Uplift area, Texas and Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-22T16:20:39.315301","indexId":"70192687","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5382,"text":"AAPG Studies in Geology","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"chapter":"5","title":"Wilcox group (Paleocene to Eocene) coals of the Sabine Uplift area, Texas and Louisiana","docAbstract":"<p>The Wilcox Group (Paleocene to Eocene) of the Sabine uplift, a structural arch in northeastern Texas and northwestern Louisiana (Figure 1), has lignite zones that approach subbituminous rank (see Chapter 4, this publication). These coals are among the highest quality resources known within the Gulf Coastal Plain because of their low ash yield and sulfur content. The surface expression of the Sabine uplift is defined by the contact between coal-bearing rocks of the Wilcox Group and overlying fluvial rocks of the Carrizo Sand, which is the basal unit of the Claiborne Group (Figures 2, 3). The Sabine uplift study area includes parts of Harrison, Marion, Nacogdoches, Panola, Rusk, Sabine, San Augustine, and Shelby Counties in Texas and Bossier, Caddo, De Soto, Natchitoches, Red River, and Sabine Parishes in Louisiana (Figure 1). Adjacent counties and parishes that include the subsurface Wilcox Group extend the regional Sabine uplift area. The Wilcox in the subsurface is underlain by the Midway Group (Figure 3), a mudstone-dominated marine sequence of Paleocene age. Quaternary alluvium and terrace deposits overlying the Wilcox Group at the surface are limited to areas of modern drainage.</p><p>The total thickness of the Wilcox Group within the Sabine uplift area ranges from approximately 400 ft on outcrop to 2500 ft in subsurface (Kaiser, 1990). In a few places, the contact between the overlying Carrizo Sand and Wilcox Group is erosional, but in other places, the contact is gradational.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geologic assessment of coal in the Gulf of Mexico coastal plain","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","usgsCitation":"Hook, R.W., Warwick, P.D., and SanFilipo, J., 2011, Wilcox group (Paleocene to Eocene) coals of the Sabine Uplift area, Texas and Louisiana, chap. 5 <i>of</i> Geologic assessment of coal in the Gulf of Mexico coastal plain: AAPG Studies in Geology, v. 62, p. 95-108.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"108","ipdsId":"IP-020031","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350906,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350905,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/1259/chapter/107079193/wilcox-group-paleocene-to-eocene-coals-of-the"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Sabine Uplift area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -99.140625,\n              30.826780904779774\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.7138671875,\n              30.826780904779774\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.7138671875,\n              33.687781758439364\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.140625,\n              33.687781758439364\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.140625,\n              30.826780904779774\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"62","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a743589e4b0a9a2e9e25ccf","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726418,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karlsen, Alexander K.","contributorId":44089,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karlsen","given":"Alexander K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726419,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Merrill, Matthew D. 0000-0003-3766-847X mmerrill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3766-847X","contributorId":2584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merrill","given":"Matthew D.","email":"mmerrill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726420,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Valentine, Brett J. 0000-0002-8678-2431 bvalentine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8678-2431","contributorId":3846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"Brett","email":"bvalentine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726421,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Hook, Robert W.","contributorId":26006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hook","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":716718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":716717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"SanFilipo, John R. 0000-0002-8739-5628 jsan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8739-5628","contributorId":2385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"SanFilipo","given":"John R.","email":"jsan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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