Thick, glacial sand and gravel deposits provide most ground-water supplies in Kalamazoo County. These deposits range in thickness from 50 to about 600 feet in areas that overlie buried bedrock valleys. Most domestic wells completed at depths of less than 75 feet in the sands and gravels yield adequate water supplies. Most industry, public supply, and irrigation wells completed at depths of 100 to 200 feet yield 1,000 gallons per minute or more. The outwash plains include the most productive of the glacial aquifers in the county. The Coldwater Shale of Mississippian age, which underlies the glacial deposits in most of the county, usually yields only small amounts of largely mineralized water.
Ground-water levels in Kalamazoo County reflect short- and long-term changes in precipitation and local pumpage. Ground-water levels increase in the spring and decline in the fall.
Ground-water recharge rates, for different geologic settings, were estimated from ground-water runoff to the streams. Recharge rates ranged from 10.86 to 5.87 inches per year. A countywide-average ground-water recharge rate is estimated to be 9.32 inches per year.
Chemical quality of precipitation and dry fallout at two locations in Kalamazoo County were similar to that of other areas in the State. Total deposition of dissolved sulfate is 30.7 pounds per acre per year, of total nitrogen is 13.2 pounds per acre per year, and of total phosphorus is 0.3 pounds per acre per year. Rainfall and snow data indicated that the pH of precipitation is inversely proportional to its specific conductance.
Water of streams and rivers of Kalamazoo County is predominately of the calcium bicarbonate type, although dissolved sulfate concentrations are slightly larger in streams in the southeastern and northwestern parts of the county. The water in most streams is hard to very hard. Concentrations of dissolved chloride in streams draining urban-industrial areas are slightly larger than at other locations. Concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in streams are directly proportional to streamflow. Except for elevated concentrations of iron, none of the trace elements in streams exceeded maximum contaminant levels for drinking water established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Pesticides were detected in some streams.
Ground water in the surficial aquifers is of the calcium bicarbonate type, although sodium, sulfate, and chloride ions predominate at some locations. Specific conductance and hardness and concentrations of total dissolved-solids slightly exceed statewide averages. Concentrations of dissolved sodium and dissolved chloride in 6 wells were greater than most natural ground waters in the State, indicating possible contamination from road salts. Water samples from 6 of the 46 wells sampled contained concentrations of total nitrate as nitrogen greater than 10.0 milligrams per liter. Elevated concentrations of total nitrate as nitrogen in water from wells in rural-agricultural areas probably are related to fertilizer applications. Results of partial chemical analyses by the Michigan Department of Public Health indicates specific conductance, and concentrations of hardness, dissolved fluoride, and total iron are fairly uniform throughout the county. Concentrations of dissolved sodium, dissolved chloride, and total nitrate as nitrogen differed among townships. Pesticides were detected in water from only one well. Water from five wells contained volatile organics.
A map of susceptibility of ground water to contamination in Kalamazoo County was developed using a system created by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Seven geohydrologic factors that affect and control ground-water movement are mapped and composited onto a countywide map. All seven factors have some effect on countywide susceptibility, but the most important factors are depth to water and composition of the materials above the aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri904028","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey Division, and Kalamazoo County","usgsCitation":"Rheaume, S.J., 1990, Geohydrology and water quality of Kalamazoo County, Michigan, 1986-88: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4028, Document: x, 102 p.; 3 Plates: 39.20 x 33.65 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904028.","productDescription":"Document: x, 102 p.; 3 Plates: 39.20 x 33.65 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58182,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4028/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58183,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4028/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58184,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4028/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58185,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4028/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121811,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4028/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Kalamazoo County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.5421,42.4195],[-85.5328,42.4194],[-85.4172,42.4199],[-85.3091,42.4185],[-85.2979,42.4188],[-85.2969,42.3361],[-85.297,42.3298],[-85.2967,42.2721],[-85.296,42.2448],[-85.295,42.159],[-85.2928,42.0717],[-85.4102,42.0714],[-85.5301,42.0714],[-85.6427,42.0704],[-85.7638,42.0698],[-85.7654,42.157],[-85.7663,42.4196],[-85.5421,42.4195]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Kalamazoo\",\"state\":\"MI\"}}]}\n","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8bbd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rheaume, S. 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Test-hole USW UZ-7 was drilled and cored to a total depth of 62.94 m. The drilling was done using air as a drilling fluid to minimize disturbance to the water content of cores, drill-bit cuttings, and borehole wall-rock. Beginning at the land surface, the unsaturated-zone rock that was penetrated consisted of alluvium; welded and partially to nonwelded ash-flow tuff; bedded and reworked ash-fall tuff; nonwelded ash-flow tuff; and welded ash-flow tuff. Values of gravimetric water content and water potential of alluvium were intermediate between the extreme values in welded and nonwelded units of tuff. Gravimetric water content was largest in bedded and nonwelded ash-fall tuffs and was smallest in welded ash-flow tuff. Values of water potential were more negative in densely welded ash-flow tuffs and were less negative in bedded and nonwelded ash-fall tuffs. Bulk density was largest in densely welded ash-flow tuffs and smallest in nonwelded and bedded ash-fall tuffs. Grain density was uniform but was slightly larger in nonwelded and bedded ash-fall tuffs than in welded ash-flow tuffs. Porosity trends were opposite to bulk-density trends. Tritium content in alluvium was smallest near the alluvium-bedrock contact, markedly increased in the middle of the deposit, and decreased in the near-surface zone of the deposit. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Sections [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr88465","usgsCitation":"Kume, J., and Hammermeister, D., 1990, Geohydrologic data from test hole USW UZ-7, Yucca Mountain area, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-465, v, 37 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88465.","productDescription":"v, 37 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154075,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0465/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49199,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0465/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8cf0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kume, Jack","contributorId":100843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kume","given":"Jack","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammermeister, D.P.","contributorId":27066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammermeister","given":"D.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54488,"text":"wdrFL893B - 1990 - Water resources data, Florida, water year 1989: Volume 3B: Southwest Florida ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T16:22:44.596434","indexId":"wdrFL893B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"FL-89-3B","title":"Water resources data, Florida, water year 1989: Volume 3B: Southwest Florida ground water","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1989 water year in Florida consist of continuous or daily discharge for 295 streams, periodic discharge for 36 streams, miscellaneous discharge for 75 streams, continuous or daily stage for 154 streams, continuous daily tide stage for 12 sites, periodic stage for 13 streams, peak discharge for 57 streams, and peak stage for 30 streams; continuous or daily elevations for 73 lakes, periodic elevations for 72 lakes; continuous ground-water levels for 514 wells, periodic ground-water levels for 798 wells and miscellaneous water-level measurements for 2687 wells; quality-of-water data for 149 surface-water sites and 827 wells.
The data for southwest Florida include records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, water quality of lakes and reservoirs, and water levels and water quality of ground-water wells. Volume 3B contains records for continuous ground-water elevations for 200 wells; periodic ground-water elevations at 126 wells; miscellaneous ground-water elevations at 47 wells; and water quality at 167 ground-water sites.
These data represent the national Water Data System records collected by the U. S. Geological Survey and cooperating local, state, and federal agencies in Florida.
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Southern Central Valley Basins and the Great Basin from Walker River to Truckee River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-01T01:01:51","indexId":"wdrCA893","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CA-89-3","title":"Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1989. Volume 3. Southern Central Valley Basins and the Great Basin from Walker River to Truckee River","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1989 water year for California consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents in lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality in wells. Volume 3 contains discharge records for 182 gaging stations; stage and water contents for 47 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 37 stations; and 3 crest-stage partial-record stations. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in California.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA","doi":"10.3133/wdrCA893","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Anderson, S., Hunter, T., and Mullen, J., 1990, Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1989. Volume 3. Southern Central Valley Basins and the Great Basin from Walker River to Truckee River (Legacy Report): U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CA-89-3, xii, 434 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCA893.","productDescription":"xii, 434 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wdr_ca_89_3.jpg"},{"id":260068,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1989/ca-89/WDR-1989-vol3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.83333333333333,34.833333333333336 ], [ -122.83333333333333,38.583333333333336 ], [ -118,38.583333333333336 ], [ -118,34.833333333333336 ], [ -122.83333333333333,34.833333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Legacy Report","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc39b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, S.W.","contributorId":25628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunter, T.C.","contributorId":81172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunter","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mullen, J.R.","contributorId":92683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullen","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":19969,"text":"ofr90596 - 1990 - Public-supply water use in Florida, 1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:37","indexId":"ofr90596","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-596","title":"Public-supply water use in Florida, 1987","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr90596","usgsCitation":"Marella, R., 1990, Public-supply water use in Florida, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-596, viii, 39 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90596.","productDescription":"viii, 39 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152289,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0596/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49494,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0596/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687d73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marella, R. L.","contributorId":34164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marella","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":31070,"text":"wsp2370E - 1990 - Estimates of evapotranspiration in alkaline scrub and meadow communities of Owens Valley, California, using the Bowen-ratio, eddy-correlation, and penman-combination methods","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13410,"text":"ofr8892 - 1988 - Estimates of evapotranspiration in alkaline scrub and meadow communities of Owens Valley, California, using the Bowen-ratio, eddy-correlation, and Penman-combination methods","indexId":"ofr8892","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Estimates of evapotranspiration in alkaline scrub and meadow communities of Owens Valley, California, using the Bowen-ratio, eddy-correlation, and Penman-combination methods"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":31070,"text":"wsp2370E - 1990 - Estimates of evapotranspiration in alkaline scrub and meadow communities of Owens Valley, California, using the Bowen-ratio, eddy-correlation, and penman-combination methods","indexId":"wsp2370E","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"Estimates of evapotranspiration in alkaline scrub and meadow communities of Owens Valley, California, using the Bowen-ratio, eddy-correlation, and penman-combination methods"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:08","indexId":"wsp2370E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2370","chapter":"E","title":"Estimates of evapotranspiration in alkaline scrub and meadow communities of Owens Valley, California, using the Bowen-ratio, eddy-correlation, and penman-combination methods","docAbstract":"In Owens Valley, evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the largest components of outflow in the hydrologic budget and the least understood. ET estimates for December 1983 through October 1985 were made for seven representative locations selected on the basis of geohydrology and the characteristics of phreatophytic alkaline scrub and meadow communities. The Bowen-ratio, eddy-correlation, and Penman-combination methods were used to estimate ET. The results of the analyses appear satisfactory when compared with other estimates of ET. Results by the eddy-correlation method are for a direct and a residual latent-heat flux that is based on sensible-heat flux and energy-budget measurements. Penman-combination potential-ET estimates were determined to be unusable because they overestimated actual ET. Modification of the psychrometer constant of this method to account for differences between heat-diffusion resistance and vapor-diffusion resistance permitted actual ET to be estimated. \r\n\r\nThe methods described in this report may be used for studies in similar semiarid and arid rangeland areas in the Western United States. Meteorological data for three field sites are included in the appendix of this report. Simple linear regression analysis indicates that ET estimates are correlated to air temperature, vapor-density deficit, and net radiation. Estimates of annual ET range from 301 millimeters at a low-density scrub site to 1,137 millimeters at a high-density meadow site. The monthly percentage of annual ET was determined to be similar for all sites studied.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2370E","usgsCitation":"Duell, L.F., 1990, Estimates of evapotranspiration in alkaline scrub and meadow communities of Owens Valley, California, using the Bowen-ratio, eddy-correlation, and penman-combination methods: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2370, 39 p. Supercedes Open-file report 88-92, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2370E.","productDescription":"39 p. Supercedes Open-file report 88-92","numberOfPages":"39","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160546,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2370e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59629,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2370e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcae8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duell, Lowell F. W. Jr.","contributorId":81124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duell","given":"Lowell","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"F. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19726,"text":"ofr90187 - 1990 - A finite-element model for simulation of two-dimensional steady-state ground-water flow in confined aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-15T10:06:06","indexId":"ofr90187","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-187","title":"A finite-element model for simulation of two-dimensional steady-state ground-water flow in confined aquifers","docAbstract":"A computer program based on the Galerkin finite-element method was developed to simulate two-dimensional steady-state ground-water flow in either isotropic or anisotropic confined aquifers. The program may also be used for unconfined aquifers of constant saturated thickness. Constant head, constant flux, and head-dependent flux boundary conditions can be specified in order to approximate a variety of natural conditions, such as a river or lake boundary, and pumping well. The computer program was developed for the preliminary simulation of ground-water flow in the Edwards-Trinity Regional aquifer system as part of the Regional Aquifer-Systems Analysis Program. Results of the program compare well to analytical solutions and simulations .from published finite-difference models. A concise discussion of the Galerkin method is presented along with a description of the program. Provided in the Supplemental Data section are a listing of the computer program, definitions of selected program variables, and several examples of data input and output used in verifying the accuracy of the program.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/ofr90187","usgsCitation":"Kuniansky, E., 1990, A finite-element model for simulation of two-dimensional steady-state ground-water flow in confined aquifers: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-187, iv, 77 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90187.","productDescription":"iv, 77 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":49200,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0187/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":154123,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0187/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aeba3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuniansky, E. L.","contributorId":82342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuniansky","given":"E. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19751,"text":"ofr90168 - 1990 - Water-quality data (October 1988 through September 1989) and statistical summaries (March 1985 through September 1989) for the Clark Fork and selected tributaries from Galen to Missoula, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:53","indexId":"ofr90168","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-168","title":"Water-quality data (October 1988 through September 1989) and statistical summaries (March 1985 through September 1989) for the Clark Fork and selected tributaries from Galen to Missoula, Montana","docAbstract":"Water quality sampling was conducted at eight sites on the Clark Fork and selected tributaries from Galen to Missoula, from October 1988 through September 1989. This report presents tabulations and statistical summaries of the water quality data. Included are tabulations of streamflow, onsite water quality, and concentrations of trace elements and suspended sediment for periodic samples. Also included are tables and hydrographs of daily mean values for streamflow, suspended-sediment concentration, and suspended-sediment discharge at three mainstem stations and one tributary. Statistical summaries are presented for periodic water quality data collected from March 1985 through September 1989. Selected data are illustrated by graphs showing median concentrations of trace elements in water, relation of trace-element concentrations to suspended-sediment concentrations, and median concentrations of trace elements in suspended sediment. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Books and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr90168","usgsCitation":"Lambing, J., 1990, Water-quality data (October 1988 through September 1989) and statistical summaries (March 1985 through September 1989) for the Clark Fork and selected tributaries from Galen to Missoula, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-168, iv, 68 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90168.","productDescription":"iv, 68 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0168/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49223,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0168/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e5a08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lambing, J. H.","contributorId":100860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambing","given":"J. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68168,"text":"ha719 - 1990 - Geohydrology and water quality of Cenozoic and Mesozoic units in southeast Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-28T12:09:26","indexId":"ha719","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"719","title":"Geohydrology and water quality of Cenozoic and Mesozoic units in southeast Missouri","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey is conducting a regional water-resources investigation of the Gulf Coast Regional Aquifer System, which includes the Mississippi embayment aquifer system in the southeast lowlands of Missouri (Grubb, 1986). The regional study will describe and evaluate the significant aquifer systems of Tertiary and younger age in parts of 10 States (Grubb, 1984). Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic geologic units in southeast Missouri have been described and mapped to define the aquifers of the area (Mesko, in press). This report describes aquifers in unconsolidated sediments of Cenozoic and Mesozoic age of southeast Missouri and presents geohydrologic and water-quality information collected during the study.
The southeast lowlands of Missouri is underlain by a multiaquifer ground-water system consisting of unconsolidated and consolidated sediment (table 1, sheet 2). Unconsolidated aquifers, from youngest to oldest, are the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, Claiborne and Wilcox aquifers (Cenozoic age), and the McNairy aquifer (Mesozoic age). Numerous geologic formations that primarily consist of sand and clay comprise these units. Consolidated aquifers underlying the region are the Ozark and St. Francois aquifers (Paleozoic age). These aquifers in Paleozoic rocks occur at greater depth and produce saline quality water (except near the margin of the embayment), and are not discussed in detail in this report.
The four States-Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina-that comprise Segment 6 of this Atlas are located adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean or the Gulf of Mexico, or both. These States are drained by numerous rivers and streams, the largest being the Tombigbee, Alabama, Chattahoochee, Suwannee, St. Johns, Altamaha, and Savannah Rivers. These large rivers and their tributaries supply water to cities such as Columbia, S.C., Atlanta, Ga., and Birmingham, Ala. However, the majority of the population, particularly in the Coastal Plain which comprises more than one-half of the four-State area, depends on ground water as a source of water supply. The aquifers that contain the water are mostly composed of consolidated to unconsolidated sedimentary rocks, but also include hard, crystalline rocks in parts of three of the States. This chapter describes the geology and hydrology of each of the principal aquifers throughout the four-State area.
Precipitation is the source of all the water in the four States of Segment 6. Average annual precipitation (1951-80) ranges from about 48 inches per year over a large part of central South Carolina and Georgia to about 80 inches per year in mountainous areas of northeastern Georgia and western South Carolina. (fig. 1) In general, precipitation is greatest in the mountains (because of their orographic effect) and near the coast, where water vapor, which has been evaporated primarily from the ocean and the gulf, is picked up by prevailing winds and subsequently condenses and falls as precipitation when reaching the shoreline.
Much of the precipitation either flows directly into rivers and stream as overland runoff or indirectly as baseflow discharging from aquifers where the water has been stored for a short time. Accordingly, the areal distribution of average annual runoff from 1951 to 1980 (fig. 2) directly reflects that of average annual precipitation during the same period: runoff is greater in mountainous areas and near the coast. Average annual runoff in the four-State area ranges from about 8 inches per year in parts of north-central Florida to about 50 inches per year in the mountains of northeastern Georgia.
Comparison of the precipitation and runoff maps shows precipitation is greater than runoff everywhere in the four-State area. Much of the precipitation that falls on the area is returned to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration-evaporation from surface-water bodies, such as lakes and marshes, and transpiration from plants. However, a substantial part of the precipitation is available for aquifer recharge throughout the area.
","largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha730G","isbn":"0607767561","usgsCitation":"Miller, J.A., 1990, Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 6, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 730, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha730G.","productDescription":"28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11484,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/ha730/ch_g/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":190005,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/730g/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":115254,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/730g/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"63.99 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae1cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, James A.","contributorId":49772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19244,"text":"ofr90398 - 1990 - Water-quality trends and basin activities and characteristics for the Albemarle-Pamlico estuarine system, North Carolina and Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-16T09:56:08","indexId":"ofr90398","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-398","title":"Water-quality trends and basin activities and characteristics for the Albemarle-Pamlico estuarine system, North Carolina and Virginia","docAbstract":"The Albemarle-Pamlico estuarine system has a total basin area of nearly 31,000 square miles and includes the Neuse, Tar, Pamlico, Roanoke, Chowan, and Alligator Rivers, and the Albemarle, Pamlico, Currituck, Croatan, and Roanoke Sounds. Albemarle Sound receives the greatest freshwater inflow of all the sounds in the estuarine system. Inflow to this sound averages about 13,500 cubic feet per second. Inflow to Pamlico Sound from the Pamlico River averages around 5,400 cubic feet per second, and average inflow into the Neuse River estuary is about 6,100 cubic feet per second. Approximately one-half of the inflow into the system is from ground-water discharge.\r\n\r\nThe Neuse River basin has had the greatest increases in wastewater discharges (650 percent since the 1950's) and had the greatesttotal wastewater discharges of any of the basins in the study area, averaging about 200 million gallons per day in 1988. Wastewater discharges into the Neuse and Tar Rivers were nearly equal to the 7-day, 10-year low flows for these rivers.\r\n\r\nLand-use data compiled in 1973 for the lower parts of the Neuse River basin and lower part of the Tar-Pamlico River basin indicate that 25 percent of the area was evergreen forest, 25 percent was forested wetlands, 20 percent was cropland and pasture, 12 percent was mixed forest, 10 percent was nonforested wetland, and 4 percent was urban. The amount of nonforested wetland in the part of the study area along the Outer Banks declined 6.5 percent from 1973 to 1983.\r\n\r\nThe numbers of farms and acreage in agricultural use in the study area have declined since the 1920's. A decrease of more than 60 percentin the number of farms was shown between the early 1950's and 1982. Fertilizer sales increased through the 1970's, but declined in the 1980's. Manufacturing employment has increased in the last 30 years, while agricultural employment has decreased.\r\n\r\nData from seven stations of the U.S. Geological Survey National Stream Quality Accounting Network were used to evaluate water quality for the major streams flowing into the Albemarle-Pamlico estuarine system. Water-quality data for 296 stations in the estuarine system were examined for the period 1945-88.\r\n\r\nThe statistical test used for trend analysis was the Seasonal Kendall test (Hirsch and others, 1982). This nonparametric procedure is useful for analyses of water-quality properties that show non-normally distributed frequency distributions. The Seasonal Kendall trend analyses of water-quality data indicate that change has occurred in the water quality of the Albemarle-Pamlico estuarine system from 1945 to 1988. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations increased at a mean rate of 0.1 milligram per liter per year throughout the estuarine system, except in the Chowan River where decreases of approximately 0.06 milligram per liter per year occurred. In general, pH increased in streams throughout the area at a mean rate of 0.04 pH unit per year, except in the Pamlico River where pH decreased by 0.03 pH unit per year. A general increase in pH and dissolved-oxygen concentrations (if daytime measurements) might be indicative of more productive estuary conditions for algal growth. Suspended-solids concentrations decreased throughout the area at a mean rate of 1.1 milligrams per liter per year, probably as a result of a general decrease in suspended inorganic material. Increasing trends of salinity concentrations, as much as 0.1 part per thousand per year, were detected in Albemarle Sound. \r\n\r\nTotal ammonia plus organic nitrogen concentrations decreased (-0.03 milligram per liter per year) in streams throughout most of the area but increased (0.02 milligram per liter per year) in the Pamlico River. However, ammonia nitrogen concentrations decreased (-0.0035 milligram per liter per year) in the Pamlico River; therefore, increases in organic nitrogen probably caused the observed increase in combined ammonia plus organic nitrogen concentrations. This probably results from increas","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr90398","usgsCitation":"Harned, D., and Davenport, M., 1990, Water-quality trends and basin activities and characteristics for the Albemarle-Pamlico estuarine system, North Carolina and Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-398, xii, 164 p. (some folded) :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90398.","productDescription":"xii, 164 p. 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e53a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harned, D.A.","contributorId":20331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harned","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davenport, M.S.","contributorId":23553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davenport","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":68577,"text":"ha715 - 1990 - Reconnaissance study of the thickness of the unsaturated zone in the western conterminous United States","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":12617,"text":"ofr86402W - 1986 - Reconnaissance study of the thickness of the unsaturated zone in the western conterminous United States","indexId":"ofr86402W","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"chapter":"W","title":"Reconnaissance study of the thickness of the unsaturated zone in the western conterminous United States"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":68577,"text":"ha715 - 1990 - Reconnaissance study of the thickness of the unsaturated zone in the western conterminous United States","indexId":"ha715","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"title":"Reconnaissance study of the thickness of the unsaturated zone in the western conterminous United States"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-28T12:04:10","indexId":"ha715","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"715","title":"Reconnaissance study of the thickness of the unsaturated zone in the western conterminous United States","docAbstract":"In 1984, the U.S. Geological Survey began a study of the geologic and hydrologic characteristics of the unsaturated zone in the western conterminous United States. The study area extends from the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains westward and includes all or parts of the 12 westernmost conterminous States. The goal of the study is to characterize unsaturated flow systems to aid in identifying environments in the western United States that may merit further study for isolation of hazardous waste, including high- and low-level radioactive waste and other toxic waste.
The major physiographic areas discussed in this report (see index map below thickness map) are: (1) Rocky Mountain System consisting of the Southern, Middle, and Northern Rocky Mountains, and the Wyoming Basin; (2) Intermontane Plateaus consisting of the Basin and Range province, and the Colorado and Columbia Plateaus; and (3) Pacific Mountain System (Fenneman, 1946). Two of these areas, the Colorado and Columbia plateaus, exhibit a variety of geohydrologic conditions, and therefore are further subdivided in the discussions that follow.
Outstanding features peculiar to the mountainous area of the Rocky Mountain and the Pacific Mountain Systems are the high rugged mountains and steep relief. These mountains receive greater precipitation than do the lower parts of the otherwise dry western United States. Generally moisture-laden air masses move eastward across the continent, and the mountains force them to higher, cooler altitudes. As the air cools, moisture condenses and precipitates. As a result, the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Mountain Systems have annual precipitation in excess of 30 in.
The Wyoming Basin of the Rocky Mountain System and the Basin and Range province, Colorado Plateaus, and Columbia Plateaus of the Intermontane Plateaus generally have lower altitudes and less relief than do the mountainous areas. The climate throughout most of these provinces generally is semiarid to arid. Annual precipitation is generally less than 16 in. throughout most of the area, and is less than 4 in. in some parts. The mean annual free-water-surface evaporation ranges from 20 to 100in. A large part of the study area is subject to a water deficit because potential evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation. As a consequence of the large water deficit, ground-water recharge generally is small, surface runoff is small, perennial streams and lakes are few, and the depth to ground water commonly is large. The generalized thickness of the unsaturated zone (the depth to ground water), in the western conterminous United States is presented on the map.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri894116","usgsCitation":"Rodriguez-del-Rio, F., and Gómez-Gómez, F., 1990, Potentiometric surface of the alluvial aquifer and hydrologic conditions in the Santa Isabel-Juana Diaz area, Puerto Rico, March to April, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4116, 1 Plate: 37.58 x 24.58 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894116.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 37.58 x 24.58 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171178,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4116/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":366587,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4116/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.53182983398438,\n 17.936275364481013\n ],\n [\n -66.33647918701172,\n 17.936275364481013\n ],\n [\n -66.33647918701172,\n 18.06427071623734\n ],\n [\n -66.53182983398438,\n 18.06427071623734\n ],\n [\n -66.53182983398438,\n 17.936275364481013\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682ee1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodriguez-del-Rio, Felix","contributorId":81958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez-del-Rio","given":"Felix","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gómez-Gómez, Fernando","contributorId":31366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gómez-Gómez","given":"Fernando","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}