Based on samples collected from May 1978 to May 1980 and analyzed for major anions, nitrogen, trace elements, phytoplankton, and bacteria, the water in Gaines Creek and the Gaines Creek arm of Eufaula Lake was similar with respect to suitability for municipal use. Water from Gaines Creek had a pH range of 5.7 to 7.6 and a maximum specific conductance of 97 microsiemens per centimeter at 25° Celsius, whereas water from the Gaines Creek arm of Eufaula Lake had a pH range of 6.0 to 9.2 and a maximum specific conductance of 260 microsiemens per centimeter at 25° Celsius. Dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, and specific conductance values for the lake varied with depth. With the exceptions of cadmium, iron, lead, and manganese, trace-element determinations of samples were within recommended national primary and secondary drinking-water standards. When compared to the National Academy of Sciences water-quality criteria, phytoplankton and bacteria counts exceeded recommendations; however, water from either Gaines Creek or Eufaula Lake could be treated similarly and used as a municipal water supply.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri864169","usgsCitation":"Kurklin, J., 1990, Water quality in Gaines Creek and Gaines Creek Arm, Eufaula Lake, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4169, iv, 97 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864169.","productDescription":"iv, 97 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":57020,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4169/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158958,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4169/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":392341,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36594.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Gaines Creek and Gaines Creek Arm, Eufaula Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.644,\n 34.7960\n ],\n [\n -96.967,\n 34.7960 \n ],\n [\n -96.967,\n 35.067\n ],\n [\n -96.644,\n 35.067\n ],\n [\n -96.644,\n 34.7960\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697c44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kurklin, J. K.","contributorId":59032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurklin","given":"J. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28823,"text":"wri904043 - 1990 - Hydrogeology and ground-water-quality conditions at the Emporia- Lyon County Landfill, eastern Kansas, 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:52","indexId":"wri904043","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4043","title":"Hydrogeology and ground-water-quality conditions at the Emporia- Lyon County Landfill, eastern Kansas, 1988","docAbstract":"Hydrogeology and water-quality conditions at the Emporia-Lyon County Landfill, eastern Kansas, were investigated from April 1988 through April 1989. Potentiometric-surface maps indicated groundwater movement from the northeast and northwest towards the landfill and then south through the landfill to the Cottonwood River. The maps indicate that during periods of low groundwater levels, groundwater flows northward in the north-west part of the landfill, which may have been induced by water withdrawal from wells north of the landfill or by water ponded in waste lagoons south and west of the landfill. Chemical analysis of water samples from monitoring wells upgradient and downgradient of the landfill indicate calcium bicarbonate to be the dominant water type. No inorganic or organic chemical concentrations exceeded Kansas or Federal primary drinking-water standards. Kansas secondary drinking-water standards were equaled or exceeded, however, in water from some or all wells for total hardness, dissolved solids, iron, and manganese. Water from one upgradient well contained larger concentrations of dissolved oxygen and nitrate, and smaller concentrations of bicarbonate, alkalinity, ammonia, arsenic, iron, and manganese as compared to all other monitoring wells. Results of this investigation indicate that groundwater quality downgradient of well MW-2 has increased concentrations of some inorganic and organic compounds. Due to the industrial nature of the area and the changing directions of groundwater flow, it is not clear what the source of these compounds might be. Long-term monitoring, additional wells, and access to nearby waste lagoons and waste-lagoon monitoring wells would help define the sources of increased inorganic and organic compounds. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri904043","usgsCitation":"Myers, N.C., and Bigsby, P., 1990, Hydrogeology and ground-water-quality conditions at the Emporia- Lyon County Landfill, eastern Kansas, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4043, vi, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904043.","productDescription":"vi, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124303,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4043/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57683,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4043/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625690","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Myers, N. C.","contributorId":13622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bigsby, P. R.","contributorId":54631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bigsby","given":"P. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38439,"text":"pp1404F - 1990 - Conceptualization and analysis of ground-water flow system in the Coastal Plain of Virginia and adjacent parts of Maryland and North Carolina","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":48962,"text":"ofr86425W - 1986 - Conceptualization and analysis of ground-water flow system in the coastal plain of Virginia and adjacent parts of Maryland and North Carolina","indexId":"ofr86425W","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"chapter":"W","title":"Conceptualization and analysis of ground-water flow system in the coastal plain of Virginia and adjacent parts of Maryland and North Carolina"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38439,"text":"pp1404F - 1990 - Conceptualization and analysis of ground-water flow system in the Coastal Plain of Virginia and adjacent parts of Maryland and North Carolina","indexId":"pp1404F","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"Conceptualization and analysis of ground-water flow system in the Coastal Plain of Virginia and adjacent parts of Maryland and North Carolina"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-17T19:31:36.542752","indexId":"pp1404F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1404","chapter":"F","title":"Conceptualization and analysis of ground-water flow system in the Coastal Plain of Virginia and adjacent parts of Maryland and North Carolina","docAbstract":"The ground-water flow system in the Coastal Plain of Virginia and adjacent parts of Maryland and North Carolina consists of a water table aquifer and an underlying sequence of confined aquifers and intervening confining units composed of unconsolidated sand and clay. A digital flow model was developed to enhance knowledge of the behavior of the ground-water flow system in response to its development. Ten pumping periods covering 90 yr of withdrawal simulated the history of ground-water development. Simulated potentiometric-surface maps for 1980 show lowered water levels and the development of coalescing cones of depression around the cities of Franklin, Suffolk, and Williamsburg and the town of West Point, all in Virginia. The largest simulated decline in water level, about 210 ft was near Franklin. Water budgets indicate that over the period of simulation (1891-1980): (1) pumpage from the model area increased by about 105 Mgal/d; (2) lateral boundary outflow increased by about 5 Mgal/d; (3) ground-water flow to streams and coastal water decreased by about 107.5 Mgal/d; (4) lateral boundary inflow increased by about 0.7 Mgal/d, and (5) water released from aquifer storage increased by about 1.6 Mgal/d. Simulated rates of recharge into the confined aquifer system at the end of the final pumping period (1980) varied up to 3.8 in/yr. and simulated rates of discharge out of the confined system varied up to 2.2 in/yr. Results of simulations show an increase of about 110 Mgal/d into the confined system from the unconfined system over the period of simulation. This increase in flow into the confined system affected local discharge of ground water to streams and regional discharge to coastal water. Lowering the storage coefficient of the aquifer had a minimal effect simulated water levels, whereas increasing the storage coefficient had a much more significant effect.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Regional aquifer-system analysis--northern Atlantic Coastal Plain","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1404F","usgsCitation":"Harsh, J.F., and Laczniak, R.J., 1990, Conceptualization and analysis of ground-water flow system in the Coastal Plain of Virginia and adjacent parts of Maryland and North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1404, 100 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1404F.","productDescription":"100 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":484736,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4846.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124480,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1404_f.jpg"},{"id":3448,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/pp1404-F/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, North Carolina, Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.696044921875,\n 38.19502155795575\n ],\n [\n -75.069580078125,\n 37.71859032558816\n ],\n [\n -75.289306640625,\n 37.125286284966805\n ],\n [\n -75.047607421875,\n 36.53612263184686\n ],\n [\n -74.90478515625,\n 35.96911507577482\n ],\n [\n -79.25537109375,\n 35.97800618085566\n ],\n [\n -79.365234375,\n 38.41055825094609\n ],\n [\n -79.03564453124999,\n 38.65119833229951\n ],\n [\n -78.837890625,\n 38.89103282648846\n ],\n [\n -78.3544921875,\n 39.26628442213066\n ],\n [\n -78.3544921875,\n 39.487084981687495\n ],\n [\n -78.3544921875,\n 39.757879992021756\n ],\n [\n -77.783203125,\n 39.50404070558415\n ],\n [\n -77.58544921874999,\n 39.317300373271024\n ],\n [\n -77.398681640625,\n 39.25352462727606\n ],\n [\n -77.398681640625,\n 39.21097520599528\n ],\n [\n -77.431640625,\n 39.14710270770074\n ],\n [\n -77.32177734375,\n 39.095962936305476\n ],\n [\n -77.1240234375,\n 39.027718840211605\n ],\n [\n -76.904296875,\n 38.685509760012\n ],\n [\n -75.91552734375,\n 38.272688535980976\n ],\n [\n -74.696044921875,\n 38.19502155795575\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b14e4b07f02db6a4809","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harsh, John F.","contributorId":81905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harsh","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laczniak, Randell J.","contributorId":90687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laczniak","given":"Randell","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28379,"text":"wri904165 - 1990 - Simulation of ground-water flow in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan and overlying aquifers near the Mississippi River, Fridley, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T13:10:18","indexId":"wri904165","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4165","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan and overlying aquifers near the Mississippi River, Fridley, Minnesota","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional, ground-water-flow model was developed to gain an improved understanding of the ground-water-flow system and its response to withdrawals near the Minneapolis Water Works in Fridley, Minnesota. Eight hydrogeologic units are represented in the ground-water-flow model. Aquifers represented are the unconfined-drift, confined-drift, St. Peter, and Prairie du Chien-Jordan. Confining units represented are the upper drift, basal-drift, Decorah-Platteville-Glenwood, and basal St. Peter confining units. The ground-water-flow model was calibrated for steady-state conditions fbr a period before substantial ground-water development (1885-1930) and for a period of significant pumping stress (winter conditions, 1970-79). The principle of superposition was used in the steady-state simulation for 1970- 79. Transient conditions were simulated for an aquifer test conducted at the Minneapolis Water Works site and for seasonal variations in ground-water withdrawals resulting in seasonal fluctuations of hydraulic heads of as much as about 45 ft. Sensitivity analysis indicated that hydraulic heads in the confined-drift and St. Peter aquifers and Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer were most affected by varying the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the upper drift confining unit and recharge to the confined-drift and St. Peter aquifers.
\nSpatially variable leakage to the confined-drift and St. Peter aquifers in the steady-state simulation for 1885-1930 ranged from 1.0 to 2.3 inches per year. Leakage to the confined-drift and St. Peter aquifers in the steady-state simulation for 1970-79 increased 0 to 3.0 inches per year above the initial steady-state results. This increase represents additional leakage caused by the lowering of hydraulic heads due to ground-water withdrawals. Simulated leakage to the confined-drift and St. Peter aquifers for the transient simulation for 1987 varied both seasonally (0.4 to 2.1 inches per stress period) and spatially (2.6 to 5.7 inches per year).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri904165","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minneapolis Water Works","usgsCitation":"Lindgren, R.J., 1990, Simulation of ground-water flow in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan and overlying aquifers near the Mississippi River, Fridley, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4165, xi, 152 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904165.","productDescription":"xi, 152 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57181,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4165/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4165/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Fridley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.566667,\n 45.25\n ],\n [\n -93.566667,\n 44.875\n ],\n [\n -92.916667,\n 44.875\n ],\n [\n -92.916667,\n 45.25\n ],\n [\n -93.566667,\n 45.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2974","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindgren, R. J.","contributorId":70808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindgren","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27692,"text":"wri904048 - 1990 - PRECONDITIONED CONJUGATE-GRADIENT 2 (PCG2), a computer program for solving ground-water flow equations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:40","indexId":"wri904048","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4048","title":"PRECONDITIONED CONJUGATE-GRADIENT 2 (PCG2), a computer program for solving ground-water flow equations","docAbstract":"This report documents PCG2 : a numerical code to be used with the U.S. Geological Survey modular three-dimensional, finite-difference, ground-water flow model . PCG2 uses the preconditioned conjugate-gradient method to solve the equations produced by the model for hydraulic head. Linear or nonlinear flow conditions may be simulated. PCG2 includes two reconditioning options : modified incomplete Cholesky preconditioning, which is efficient on scalar computers; and polynomial preconditioning, which requires less computer storage and, with modifications that depend on the computer used, is most efficient on vector computers . Convergence of the solver is determined using both head-change and residual criteria. Nonlinear problems are solved using Picard iterations. This documentation provides a description of the preconditioned conjugate gradient method and the two preconditioners, detailed instructions for linking PCG2 to the modular model, sample data inputs, a brief description of PCG2, and a FORTRAN listing.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri904048","usgsCitation":"Hill, M.C., 1990, PRECONDITIONED CONJUGATE-GRADIENT 2 (PCG2), a computer program for solving ground-water flow equations: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4048, iii, 43 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904048.","productDescription":"iii, 43 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2226,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri904048/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126811,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_90_4048.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689e20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":198547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28026,"text":"wri904010 - 1990 - Potential for ground-water development in central Volusia County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:39","indexId":"wri904010","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4010","title":"Potential for ground-water development in central Volusia County, Florida","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri904010","usgsCitation":"Kimrey, J.O., 1990, Potential for ground-water development in central Volusia County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4010, iii, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904010.","productDescription":"iii, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4010/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56862,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4010/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db68381c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimrey, J. O.","contributorId":67533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimrey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":41544,"text":"ofr89239 - 1990 - Base-flow investigation on the Sacramento River, September 25, 1985, near Sunspot, Otero County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:32","indexId":"ofr89239","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-239","title":"Base-flow investigation on the Sacramento River, September 25, 1985, near Sunspot, Otero County, New Mexico","docAbstract":"On September 25, 1985, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a base-flow investigation to better define the surface-water resources of the Sacramento River drainage basin in Otero County , south-central New Mexico. The investigation included all flow in the Sacramento River from the initial point of flow to the point of zero flow 20.1 river miles downstream. A total of 12 discharge measurements, 3 observations of zero flow and 2 observations of initial flow were obtained during this investigation. Discharge measurements and observations showed a general increase in discharge from river mile 22.4 to a discharge of 6.69 cu ft/sec at river mile 8.4. Discharge then decreased from river mile 8.4 to zero flow at river mile 3.3. Specific conductance and water temperature also were taken concurrently with the discharge measurements. Specific conductance of water generally decreased in a downstream direction from 600 microsiemens/cm at 25 C at river mile 21.9 to 330 microsiemens/cm at 25C at river mile 4.6. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr89239","usgsCitation":"Nagel, C.D., 1990, Base-flow investigation on the Sacramento River, September 25, 1985, near Sunspot, Otero County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-239, 1 map :photocopy ;sheet 56 x 83 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89239.","productDescription":"1 map :photocopy ;sheet 56 x 83 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173204,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":79276,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0239/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648864","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nagel, Clint D.","contributorId":91560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagel","given":"Clint","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":225198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26808,"text":"wri894031 - 1990 - Hydrogeology, water quality, and ground-water development alternatives in the lower Wood River ground-water reservoir, Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:33","indexId":"wri894031","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4031","title":"Hydrogeology, water quality, and ground-water development alternatives in the lower Wood River ground-water reservoir, Rhode Island","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Services Section, Western Distribution Branch,","doi":"10.3133/wri894031","usgsCitation":"Dickerman, D., Trench, E.C., and Russell, J., 1990, Hydrogeology, water quality, and ground-water development alternatives in the lower Wood River ground-water reservoir, Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4031, viii, 109 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894031.","productDescription":"viii, 109 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121930,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4031/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55696,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4031/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae004","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dickerman, D.C.","contributorId":48601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickerman","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trench, E. C.","contributorId":33346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trench","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Russell, J.P.","contributorId":63435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":17263,"text":"ofr90138 - 1990 - Influence of redox potential on selenium distribution in ground water, Mendota, western San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:21","indexId":"ofr90138","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-138","title":"Influence of redox potential on selenium distribution in ground water, Mendota, western San Joaquin Valley, California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr90138","usgsCitation":"Dubrovsky, N., Neil, J.M., Fujii, R., Oremland, R., and Hollibaugh, J., 1990, Influence of redox potential on selenium distribution in ground water, Mendota, western San Joaquin Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-138, iv, 24 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90138.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0138/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46408,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0138/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dbed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dubrovsky, N. M.","contributorId":48199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubrovsky","given":"N. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neil, J. M.","contributorId":27464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fujii, Roger rfujii@usgs.gov","contributorId":553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fujii","given":"Roger","email":"rfujii@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":175655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oremland, R.S.","contributorId":97512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hollibaugh, J.T.","contributorId":22886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollibaugh","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":20229,"text":"ofr89615 - 1990 - Hydrogeologic and water-quality data from well clusters near the wastewater-treatment plant, U.S. Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-16T09:02:00","indexId":"ofr89615","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-615","title":"Hydrogeologic and water-quality data from well clusters near the wastewater-treatment plant, U.S. Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, North Carolina","docAbstract":"Hydrogeologic and ground-water quality data were collected near the wastewater-treatment plant and associated polishing lagoons at the Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, North Carolina, in 1988. Between March and May 1988, two observation wells were installed upgradient and six wells were installed downgradient of the polishing lagoons and sampled for organic and inorganic U.S. Environmental Protection Agency priority pollutants. Placement of the well screens allowed sampling from both the upper and lower parts of the surficial aquifer. Natural gamma-ray geophysical logs were run in the four deepest wells. Lithologic logs were prepared from split-spoon samples collected during the drilling operations. Laboratory hydraulic conductivity tests were conducted on samples of fine-grained material recovered from the two confining units that separate the surficial aquifer and the drinking-water supply aquifer; values ranged from 0.011 to 0.014 foot per day (4x10-6 to 5x10-6 centimeters per second). Static water levels were recorded on April 25, 1988.\r\n\r\nRelatively low concentrations of purgeable organic compounds (up to 2.2 micrograms per liter for dichlorodifluoromethane), acid and base/neutral extractable compounds (up to 58 micrograms per liter for bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate), or pesticides (up to 0.03 micrograms per liter for diazinon and methyl parathion) were detected in water samples collected from all of the wells. Trace metals were detected in concentrations above minimum detectable limits in all of the wells and were found to be higher in water samples collected from the downgradient wells (up to 320 micrograms per liter for zinc) than in water samples from the upgradient wells.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr89615","usgsCitation":"Murray, L.C., and Daniel, C.C., 1990, Hydrogeologic and water-quality data from well clusters near the wastewater-treatment plant, U.S. Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-615, iv, 56 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89615.","productDescription":"iv, 56 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":152456,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0615/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49772,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0615/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"U.S. Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.3599853515625,\n 34.229970811273084\n ],\n [\n -78.3599853515625,\n 35.84008157153468\n ],\n [\n -75.20690917968749,\n 35.84008157153468\n ],\n [\n -75.20690917968749,\n 34.229970811273084\n ],\n [\n -78.3599853515625,\n 34.229970811273084\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628c4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, L. C. Jr.","contributorId":25183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Daniel, C. C. III","contributorId":71953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniel","given":"C.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28633,"text":"wri894183 - 1990 - A conceptual weather-type classification procedure for the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-11T14:59:55","indexId":"wri894183","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4183","title":"A conceptual weather-type classification procedure for the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, area","docAbstract":"A simple method of weather-type classification, based on a conceptual model of pressure systems that pass through the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, area, has been developed. The only inputs required for the procedure are daily mean wind direction and cloud cover, which are used to index the relative position of pressure systems and fronts to Philadelphia.
Daily mean wind-direction and cloud-cover data recorded at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from January 1954 through August 1988 were used to categorize daily weather conditions. The conceptual weather types reflect changes in daily air and dew-point temperatures, and changes in monthly mean temperature and monthly and annual precipitation. The weather-type classification produced by using the conceptual model was similar to a classification produced by using a multivariate statistical classification procedure. Even though the conceptual weather types are derived from a small amount of data, they appear to account for the variability of daily weather patterns sufficiently to describe distinct weather conditions for use in environmental analyses of weather-sensitive processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri894183","usgsCitation":"McCabe, G., 1990, A conceptual weather-type classification procedure for the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, area: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4183, iv, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894183.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","city":"Philadelphia","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b26e4b07f02db6afbda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCabe, Gregory J. 0000-0002-9258-2997 gmccabe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2997","contributorId":1453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"Gregory J.","email":"gmccabe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":200146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27899,"text":"wri904086 - 1990 - Use of ground-penetrating radar for water-table mapping, Brewster and Harwich, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:35","indexId":"wri904086","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4086","title":"Use of ground-penetrating radar for water-table mapping, Brewster and Harwich, Massachusetts","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor], 1992","doi":"10.3133/wri904086","usgsCitation":"Johnson, D., 1990, Use of ground-penetrating radar for water-table mapping, Brewster and Harwich, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4086, v, 27 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904086.","productDescription":"v, 27 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158640,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4086/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56717,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4086/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56718,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4086/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604544","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, D.G.","contributorId":40245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28997,"text":"wri904034 - 1990 - Estimation of the relative permeability distribution in fractured granitic rocks by means of vertical flow measurements in the Siblingen borehole, Switzerland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri904034","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4034","title":"Estimation of the relative permeability distribution in fractured granitic rocks by means of vertical flow measurements in the Siblingen borehole, Switzerland","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Sections [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri904034","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., Hess, A., and Morin, R.H., 1990, Estimation of the relative permeability distribution in fractured granitic rocks by means of vertical flow measurements in the Siblingen borehole, Switzerland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4034, v, 26 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904034.","productDescription":"v, 26 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121502,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4034/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57864,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4034/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb1b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hess, A.E.","contributorId":71979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morin, R. H.","contributorId":31794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26817,"text":"wri894052 - 1990 - Characterization and simulation of rainfall-runoff relations for headwater basins in western King and Snohomish Counties, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:32","indexId":"wri894052","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4052","title":"Characterization and simulation of rainfall-runoff relations for headwater basins in western King and Snohomish Counties, Washington","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri894052","usgsCitation":"Dinicola, R., 1990, Characterization and simulation of rainfall-runoff relations for headwater basins in western King and Snohomish Counties, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4052, v, 52 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894052.","productDescription":"v, 52 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119072,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4052/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55700,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4052/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4ecf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dinicola, Richard S. 0000-0003-4222-294X dinicola@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4222-294X","contributorId":352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinicola","given":"Richard S.","email":"dinicola@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":20150,"text":"ofr90118 - 1990 - Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon: Volume 1 — Monthly and annual streamflow, and flow-duration values","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-30T21:39:19.439713","indexId":"ofr90118","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-118","title":"Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon: Volume 1 — Monthly and annual streamflow, and flow-duration values","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr90118","usgsCitation":"Moffatt, R.L., Wellman, R.E., and Gordon, J.M., 1990, Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon: Volume 1 — Monthly and annual streamflow, and flow-duration values: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-118, Report: iii, 413 p.; 1 Plate: 36.72 × 29.74 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90118.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 413 p.; 1 Plate: 36.72 × 29.74 inches","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393709,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dce4b07f02db5e18d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moffatt, R. L.","contributorId":79889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moffatt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wellman, R. E.","contributorId":34532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wellman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gordon, J. M.","contributorId":55464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":3976,"text":"cir1049 - 1990 - Applicability of ambient toxicity testing to national or regional water-quality assessment","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18807,"text":"ofr8955 - 1989 - Applicability of ambient toxicity testing to national or regional water-quality assessment","indexId":"ofr8955","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Applicability of ambient toxicity testing to national or regional water-quality assessment"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":3976,"text":"cir1049 - 1990 - Applicability of ambient toxicity testing to national or regional water-quality assessment","indexId":"cir1049","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"title":"Applicability of ambient toxicity testing to national or regional water-quality assessment"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:28","indexId":"cir1049","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1049","title":"Applicability of ambient toxicity testing to national or regional water-quality assessment","docAbstract":"Comprehensive assessment of the quality of natural waters requires a multifaceted approach. Descriptions of existing conditions may be achieved by various kinds of chemical and hydrologic analyses, whereas information about the effects of such conditions on living organisms depends on biological monitoring. Toxicity testing is one type of biological monitoring that can be used to identify possible effects of toxic contaminants. \r\n\r\nBased on experimentation designed to monitor responses of organisms to environmental stresses, toxicity testing may have diverse purposes in water-quality assessments. These purposes may include identification of areas that warrant further study because of poor water quality or unusual ecological features, verification of other types of monitoring, or assessment of contaminant effects on aquatic communities. Toxicity-test results are most effective when used as a complement to chemical analyses, \r\n\r\nhydrologic measurements, and other biological monitoring. However, all toxicity-testing procedures have certain limitations that must be considered in developing the methodology and applications of toxicity testing in any large-scale water-quality-assessment program. A wide variety of toxicity-test methods have been developed to fulfill the needs of diverse applications. The methods differ primarily in the selections made relative to four characteristics: (1) test species, (2) endpoint (acute or chronic), (3) test-enclosure type, and (4) test substance (toxicant) that functions as the environmental stress. Toxicity-test approaches vary in their capacity to meet the needs of large-scale assessments of existing water quality. Ambient testing, whereby the test organism is exposed to naturally occurring substances that contain toxicant mixtures in an organic or inorganic matrix, is more likely to meet these needs than are procedures that call for exposure of the test organisms to known concentrations of a single toxicant. However, meaningful interpretation of ambient test results depends on the existence of accompanying chemical analysis of the ambient media. The ambient test substance may be water or sediments. \r\n\r\nSediment tests have had limited application, but they are useful because most toxicants tend to accumulate in sediments and many test species either inhabit the sediments or are in frequent contact with them. Biochemical testing methods, which have been developing rapidly in recent years, are likely to be among the most useful procedures for large-scale water-quality assessments. They are relatively rapid and simple, and more. importantly, they focus on biochemical changes that are the initial responses of virtually all organisms to environmental stimuli. \r\n\r\nMost species are sensitive to relatively few toxicants, and their sensitivities vary as conditions change. Therefore, each test method has particular uses and limitations, and no single test has universal applicability. One of the most informative approaches to toxicity testing is to combine biochemical tests with other test methods in a 'battery of tests' that is diversified enough to characterize different types of toxicants and different trophic levels. However, such an approach can be costly, and if not carefully designed, it may not yield enough additional information to warrant the additional cost. \r\n\r\nThe application of toxicity tests to large-scale water-quality assessments is hampered by a number of difficulties. Toxicity tests often are not sensitive enough to enable detection of most contaminant problems in the natural environment. Furthermore, because sensitivities among different species and test conditions can be highly variable, conclusions about the toxicant problems of an ecosystem are strongly dependent on the test procedure used. In addition, the experimental systems used in toxicity tests cannot replicate the complexity or variability of natural conditions, and positive test results cannot identify the source or nature of","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/cir1049","usgsCitation":"Elder, J.F., 1990, Applicability of ambient toxicity testing to national or regional water-quality assessment: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1049, iv, 49 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1049.","productDescription":"iv, 49 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120769,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1990/1049/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31061,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1990/1049/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ac0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elder, John F.","contributorId":23919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elder","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":147937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26711,"text":"wri904122 - 1990 - Hydrology and land use in Grand Traverse County, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-16T10:33:48","indexId":"wri904122","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4122","title":"Hydrology and land use in Grand Traverse County, Michigan","docAbstract":"Glacial deposits are the sole source of ground-water supplies in Grand Traverse County. These deposits range in thickness from 100 to 900 feet and consist of till, outwash, and materials of lacustrine and eolian origin. In some areas, the deposits fill buried valleys that are 500 feet deep. Sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic age, which underlie the glacial deposits, are mostly shale and are not used for water supply.
Of the glacial deposits, outwash and lacustrine sand are the most productive aquifers. Most domestic wells obtain water from sand and gravel at depths ranging from 50 to 150 feet and yield at least 20 gallons per minute. Irrigation, municipal, and industrial wells capable of yielding 250 gallons per minute or more are generally greater than 150 feet deep. At places in the county where moranial deposits contain large amounts of interbedded silt and clay, wells are generally deeper and yields are much lower.
Areal variations in the chemical and physical characteristics of ground and surface water are related to land use and chemical inputs to the hydrologic system. Information on fertilizer application, septic-tank discharges, animal wastes, and precipitation indicate that 40 percent of nitrogen input is from precipitation, 6 percent from septic tanks, 14 percent from animal wastes, and 40 percent from fertilizers.
Streams and lakes generally have a calcium bicarbonate-type water. The dissolved-solids concentration of streams ranged from 116 to 380 milligrams per liter, and that of lakes, from 47 to 170 milligrams per liter. Water of streams is hard to very hard; water of lakes ranges from soft to hard. The maximum total nitrogen concentration found in streams was 4.4 milligrams per liter. Water of lakes have low nitrogen concentrations; the median nitrate concentration is less than 0.01 milligrams per liter. Pesticides (Parathion and Simazine) were detected in low concentrations at six stream sites; 2,4-D was detected in low concentrations in water of two lakes. Relationships between land use and the yield of dissolved and suspended substances could not be established for most stream basins.
Calcium and bicarbonate are the principal dissolved substances in ground water. Dissolved-solids concentrations ranged from 70 to 700 milligrams per liter; the countywide mean concentration is 230 milligrams per liter. The mean nitrate concentration is 1.3 milligrams per liter; about 1.6 percent of the county's ground water has nitrate concentrations that exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's maximum drinking water level of 10 milligrams per liter. An effect of fertilizer applications on ground-water quality is evident in some parts of the county.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri904122","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Grand Traverse County and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey Division","usgsCitation":"Cummings, T., Gillespie, J., and Grannemann, N., 1990, Hydrology and land use in Grand Traverse County, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4122, Document: viii, 99 p.; 3 Plates: 26.93 x 38.31 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904122.","productDescription":"Document: viii, 99 p.; 3 Plates: 26.93 x 38.31 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123237,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4122/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55581,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4122/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55582,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4122/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55583,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4122/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55584,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4122/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Grand Traverse County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.3317,44.8158],[-85.3363,44.512],[-85.4567,44.5116],[-85.5804,44.5116],[-85.6956,44.5124],[-85.8205,44.5117],[-85.8184,44.5988],[-85.816,44.7744],[-85.6938,44.7738],[-85.6385,44.7729],[-85.6321,44.7679],[-85.6245,44.7665],[-85.6136,44.7641],[-85.6071,44.7663],[-85.5994,44.7658],[-85.5942,44.7676],[-85.5948,44.7713],[-85.5948,44.7736],[-85.5881,44.7941],[-85.5794,44.8159],[-85.5774,44.8191],[-85.5748,44.8209],[-85.5716,44.8227],[-85.5644,44.8322],[-85.5577,44.8477],[-85.5518,44.8591],[-85.5485,44.8627],[-85.5362,44.8717],[-85.5335,44.8781],[-85.5321,44.8845],[-85.5333,44.8886],[-85.5314,44.8909],[-85.5268,44.8931],[-85.5274,44.8986],[-85.5306,44.8991],[-85.5351,44.8991],[-85.5428,44.8992],[-85.5493,44.8988],[-85.5512,44.8974],[-85.5513,44.8956],[-85.5533,44.8924],[-85.5565,44.8888],[-85.5591,44.8883],[-85.5661,44.8929],[-85.5648,44.8984],[-85.5596,44.8993],[-85.5589,44.9011],[-85.5537,44.9061],[-85.5393,44.9197],[-85.5308,44.9292],[-85.53,44.9452],[-85.526,44.9497],[-85.5199,44.9707],[-85.5173,44.9743],[-85.5108,44.9765],[-85.5004,44.9801],[-85.4952,44.986],[-85.4874,44.9901],[-85.4803,44.9909],[-85.4745,44.99],[-85.4719,44.9881],[-85.4688,44.9794],[-85.4653,44.9593],[-85.4672,44.9584],[-85.4814,44.9608],[-85.4859,44.959],[-85.4879,44.9567],[-85.4873,44.9554],[-85.4867,44.949],[-85.4861,44.9439],[-85.4875,44.9398],[-85.4875,44.9389],[-85.4895,44.9339],[-85.4922,44.9285],[-85.4928,44.9262],[-85.4916,44.9207],[-85.4898,44.9166],[-85.4885,44.9143],[-85.4918,44.912],[-85.4925,44.9075],[-85.4906,44.902],[-85.49,44.8979],[-85.4934,44.8901],[-85.4941,44.8869],[-85.4929,44.8828],[-85.4935,44.8796],[-85.4988,44.8737],[-85.495,44.866],[-85.4977,44.8591],[-85.4984,44.8578],[-85.5082,44.8464],[-85.5296,44.8384],[-85.5569,44.8135],[-85.559,44.8062],[-85.5598,44.7925],[-85.5592,44.7866],[-85.5606,44.782],[-85.5697,44.7711],[-85.5698,44.7693],[-85.5737,44.7648],[-85.5744,44.762],[-85.5738,44.7575],[-85.5649,44.7528],[-85.5559,44.7514],[-85.5341,44.7476],[-85.5283,44.7498],[-85.5217,44.7584],[-85.5068,44.7688],[-85.5067,44.7716],[-85.5053,44.7812],[-85.5097,44.7857],[-85.5077,44.7907],[-85.5071,44.793],[-85.5024,44.8017],[-85.4966,44.8057],[-85.492,44.8084],[-85.4875,44.8102],[-85.4856,44.8107],[-85.4817,44.8138],[-85.4719,44.817],[-85.4615,44.8265],[-85.4587,44.8387],[-85.4528,44.8478],[-85.4501,44.8551],[-85.4443,44.8596],[-85.3831,44.8591],[-85.3787,44.8518],[-85.3763,44.844],[-85.3706,44.8353],[-85.3624,44.8284],[-85.3572,44.827],[-85.3489,44.8265],[-85.3387,44.8227],[-85.3317,44.8158]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Grand Traverse\",\"state\":\"MI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8f70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cummings, T. R.","contributorId":104082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cummings","given":"T. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gillespie, J.L.","contributorId":67927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillespie","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grannemann, N.G.","contributorId":11221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grannemann","given":"N.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29266,"text":"wri854229 - 1990 - Ground-water-flow systems in the Powder River structural basin, Wyoming and Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:35","indexId":"wri854229","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4229","title":"Ground-water-flow systems in the Powder River structural basin, Wyoming and Montana","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri854229","usgsCitation":"Rankl, J., and Lowry, M., 1990, Ground-water-flow systems in the Powder River structural basin, Wyoming and Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4229, v, 39 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854229.","productDescription":"v, 39 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120144,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4229/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58118,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4229/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58119,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4229/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a1d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rankl, J.G.","contributorId":107733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rankl","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowry, M.E.","contributorId":55807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowry","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28448,"text":"wri904150 - 1990 - Simulation of ground-water flow in the St Peter aquifer in an area contaminated by coal-tar derivatives, St Louis Park, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-13T19:48:03.37146","indexId":"wri904150","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4150","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in the St Peter aquifer in an area contaminated by coal-tar derivatives, St Louis Park, Minnesota","docAbstract":"A model constructed to simulate ground-water flow in part of the Prairie du Chien-Jordan and St. Peter aquifers, St. Louis Park, Minnesota, was used to test hypotheses about the movement of ground water contaminated with coal-tar derivatives and to simulate alternatives for reducing the downgradient movement of contamination in the St. Peter aquifer. The model, constructed for a previous study, was applied to simulate the effects of current ground-water withdrawals on the potentiometric surface of the St. Peter aquifer. Multiaquifer wells served as conduits for vertical exchange of water from the St. Peter aquifer to the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer. Model simulations predict that the multiaquifer wells have the potential to limit downgradient migration of contaminants in the St. Peter aquifer caused by cones of depression created around the multiaquifer wells. Differences in vertical leakage to the St. Peter aquifer may exist in areas of bedrock valleys. Model simulations indicate that these differences are not likely to affect significantly the general patterns of ground-water flow.
\nModel simulations also indicated that drawdown caused by pumping two wells, each pumping at 75 gallons per minute and located about 1 mile southeast of the source of contamination, would be effective in controlling movement and volume of contaminated ground water in the immediate area of the source of contamination. Some contamination may already have moved beyond the influence of these wells, however, because of a complex set of hydraulic conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri904150","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Lorenz, D., and Stark, J., 1990, Simulation of ground-water flow in the St Peter aquifer in an area contaminated by coal-tar derivatives, St Louis Park, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4150, v, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904150.","productDescription":"v, 37 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57251,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4150/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159660,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4150/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":408281,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47405.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"St. Louis Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.4988021850586,\n 44.87436239539944\n ],\n [\n -93.4988021850586,\n 45.000009785501575\n ],\n [\n -93.25504302978516,\n 45.000009785501575\n ],\n [\n -93.25504302978516,\n 44.87436239539944\n ],\n [\n -93.4988021850586,\n 44.87436239539944\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f26b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorenz, D. L.","contributorId":10776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenz","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stark, J. R.","contributorId":100406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28934,"text":"wri874156 - 1990 - Appraisal of the water resources of the Skunk Creek Aquifer in Minnehaha County, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:48","indexId":"wri874156","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4156","title":"Appraisal of the water resources of the Skunk Creek Aquifer in Minnehaha County, South Dakota","docAbstract":"The Skunk Creek aquifer, a major glacial outwash deposit in the Skunk Creek drainage basin, consists of a 30-sq-mi shallow stream connected sand and gravel aquifer in southeastern South Dakota. The aquifer thickness ranges from 1 to 74 ft. Average annual fluctuation of the water table is 2.5 ft. The water has an average dissolved-solids content of 620 mg/L and is very hard , averaging 403 mg/L calcium carbonate hardness. A numerical model was developed and calibrated under steady-state and transient conditions. The model contained 484 active nodes each representing 0.0625 sq mi. Hydraulic conductivities of the aquifer used in the model range from 10 to 400 ft/d, and average specific yield is 20%. Recharge from infiltration of precipitation was estimated to be 6 inches/yr or 24% of average annual precipitation. Maximum evapotranspiration rate was 32 inches/yr and the evapotranspiration extinction depth for the model was 5 ft. The steady-state hydrologic budget was about 11 ,000 acre-ft/yr. Recharge by precipitation was about 9,500 acre-ft and recharge from streams was about 1,100 acre-ft. Discharge by evapotranspiration was about 5,000 acre-ft and discharge to streams was about 5,700 acre-ft. A hypothetical simulation to determine maximum withdrawal under steady-state conditions resulted in a groundwater withdrawal of about 15,700 acre-ft/yr from 19 hypothetical wells pumping at a rate of 500 gal/min and 13 existing wells pumping at a combined average rate of 24 gal/min. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Books and Open-File Reports, [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri874156","usgsCitation":"Ohland, G., 1990, Appraisal of the water resources of the Skunk Creek Aquifer in Minnehaha County, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4156, v, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874156.","productDescription":"v, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124063,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4156/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57807,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4156/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a3eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ohland, G.L.","contributorId":45749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohland","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30242,"text":"wri904149 - 1990 - Quality of ground water in Clark County, Washington, 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:55","indexId":"wri904149","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4149","title":"Quality of ground water in Clark County, Washington, 1988","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri904149","usgsCitation":"Turney, G.L., 1990, Quality of ground water in Clark County, Washington, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4149, v, 97 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904149.","productDescription":"v, 97 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4149/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59019,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4149/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db654bc8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turney, G. L.","contributorId":95070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turney","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18114,"text":"ofr8970 - 1990 - Ground-water levels in water year 1987 and estimated ground-water pumpage in water years 1986-87, Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:16","indexId":"ofr8970","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-70","title":"Ground-water levels in water year 1987 and estimated ground-water pumpage in water years 1986-87, Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada","docAbstract":"Groundwater levels were measured at 58 wells during water year 1987 and a summary of estimated pumpage is given for water years 1986 and 1987 in Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada. The data were collected to provide a record of groundwater changes over the long-term and pumpage estimates that can be incorporated into an existing groundwater model. The estimated total pumpage in water year 1986 was 10,200 acre-ft and in water year 1987 was 13,400 acre-ft. Groundwater levels exhibited seasonal fluctuations but remained relatively stable over the reporting period throughout most of the valley. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr8970","usgsCitation":"Berger, D., 1990, Ground-water levels in water year 1987 and estimated ground-water pumpage in water years 1986-87, Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-70, iv, 9 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8970.","productDescription":"iv, 9 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149314,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0070/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47469,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0070/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":47470,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0070/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6674c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berger, D.L.","contributorId":106904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":67981,"text":"ha709 - 1990 - Hydrologic framework of Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-30T08:35:54","indexId":"ha709","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"709","title":"Hydrologic framework of Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"Long Island, N.Y., is underlain by a mass of unconsolidated geologic deposits of clay, silt, sand, and gravel that overlie southward-sloping consolidated bedrock. These deposits are thinnest in northern Queens County (northwestern Long Island), where bedrock crops out, and increase to a maximum thickness of 2,000 ft in southeastern Long Island. This sequence of unconsolidated deposits consists of several distinct geologic units ranging in age from late Cretaceous through Pleistocene, with some recent deposits near shores and streams. These units are differentiated by age, depositional environment, and lithology in table 1.
Investigations of ground-water availability and flow patterns may require information on the internal geometry of the hydrologic system that geologic correlations and interpretation alone cannot provide; hydrologic interpretations in which deposits are differentiated on the basis of water-transmitting properties are generally needed also. This set of maps and vertical sections depicts the hydrogeologic framework of the unconsolidated deposits that form Long Island's ground-water system. These deposits can be classified into eight major hydrogeologic units (table 1). The hydrogeologic interpretations presented herein are not everywhere consistent with strict geologic interpretation owing to facies changes and local variations in the water-transmitting properties within geologic units.
These maps depict the upper-surface altitude of seven of the eight hydrogeologic units, which, in ascending order, are: consolidated bedrock, Lloyd aquifer, Raritan confining unit, Magothy aquifer, Monmouth greensand, Jameco aquifer, and Gardiners Clay. The upper glacial aquifer—the uppermost unit—is at land surface over most of Long Island and is, therefore, not included. The nine north-south hydrogeologic sections shown below depict the entire sequence of unconsolidated deposits and, together with the maps, provide a detailed three-dimensional interpretation of Long Island's hydrogeologic framework.
The structure-contour map that shows the upper-surface altitude of the Cretaceous deposits is included to illustrate the erosional unconformity between the Cretaceous and overlying Pleistocene deposits. Pleistocene erosion played a major role in determining the shape and extent of the Lloyd aquifer, the Raritan confining unit, and the Magothy aquifer, and thus partly determined their hydrogeologic relation with subsequent (post-Cretaceous) deposits.