{"pageNumber":"1824","pageRowStart":"45575","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68935,"records":[{"id":3976,"text":"cir1049 - 1990 - Applicability of ambient toxicity testing to national or regional water-quality assessment","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18807,"text":"ofr8955 - 1989 - Applicability of ambient toxicity testing to national or regional water-quality assessment","indexId":"ofr8955","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Applicability of ambient toxicity testing to national or regional water-quality assessment"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":3976,"text":"cir1049 - 1990 - Applicability of ambient toxicity testing to national or regional water-quality assessment","indexId":"cir1049","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"title":"Applicability of ambient toxicity testing to national or regional water-quality assessment"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:28","indexId":"cir1049","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1049","title":"Applicability of ambient toxicity testing to national or regional water-quality assessment","docAbstract":"Comprehensive assessment of the quality of natural waters requires a multifaceted approach. Descriptions of existing conditions may be achieved by various kinds of chemical and hydrologic analyses, whereas information about the effects of such conditions on living organisms depends on biological monitoring. Toxicity testing is one type of biological monitoring that can be used to identify possible effects of toxic contaminants. \r\n\r\nBased on experimentation designed to monitor responses of organisms to environmental stresses, toxicity testing may have diverse purposes in water-quality assessments. These purposes may include identification of areas that warrant further study because of poor water quality or unusual ecological features, verification of other types of monitoring, or assessment of contaminant effects on aquatic communities. Toxicity-test results are most effective when used as a complement to chemical analyses, \r\n\r\nhydrologic measurements, and other biological monitoring. However, all toxicity-testing procedures have certain limitations that must be considered in developing the methodology and applications of toxicity testing in any large-scale water-quality-assessment program. A wide variety of toxicity-test methods have been developed to fulfill the needs of diverse applications. The methods differ primarily in the selections made relative to four characteristics: (1) test species, (2) endpoint (acute or chronic), (3) test-enclosure type, and (4) test substance (toxicant) that functions as the environmental stress. Toxicity-test approaches vary in their capacity to meet the needs of large-scale assessments of existing water quality. Ambient testing, whereby the test organism is exposed to naturally occurring substances that contain toxicant mixtures in an organic or inorganic matrix, is more likely to meet these needs than are procedures that call for exposure of the test organisms to known concentrations of a single toxicant. However, meaningful interpretation of ambient test results depends on the existence of accompanying chemical analysis of the ambient media. The ambient test substance may be water or sediments. \r\n\r\nSediment tests have had limited application, but they are useful because most toxicants tend to accumulate in sediments and many test species either inhabit the sediments or are in frequent contact with them. Biochemical testing methods, which have been developing rapidly in recent years, are likely to be among the most useful procedures for large-scale water-quality assessments. They are relatively rapid and simple, and more. importantly, they focus on biochemical changes that are the initial responses of virtually all organisms to environmental stimuli. \r\n\r\nMost species are sensitive to relatively few toxicants, and their sensitivities vary as conditions change. Therefore, each test method has particular uses and limitations, and no single test has universal applicability. One of the most informative approaches to toxicity testing is to combine biochemical tests with other test methods in a 'battery of tests' that is diversified enough to characterize different types of toxicants and different trophic levels. However, such an approach can be costly, and if not carefully designed, it may not yield enough additional information to warrant the additional cost. \r\n\r\nThe application of toxicity tests to large-scale water-quality assessments is hampered by a number of difficulties. Toxicity tests often are not sensitive enough to enable detection of most contaminant problems in the natural environment. Furthermore, because sensitivities among different species and test conditions can be highly variable, conclusions about the toxicant problems of an ecosystem are strongly dependent on the test procedure used. In addition, the experimental systems used in toxicity tests cannot replicate the complexity or variability of natural conditions, and positive test results cannot identify the source or nature of","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/cir1049","usgsCitation":"Elder, J.F., 1990, Applicability of ambient toxicity testing to national or regional water-quality assessment: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1049, iv, 49 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1049.","productDescription":"iv, 49 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120769,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1990/1049/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31061,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1990/1049/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ac0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elder, John F.","contributorId":23919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elder","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":147937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":4692,"text":"twri03A19 - 1990 - Levels at streamflow gaging stations","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":14439,"text":"ofr88710 - 1988 - Levels at streamflow gaging stations","indexId":"ofr88710","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Levels at streamflow gaging stations"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4692,"text":"twri03A19 - 1990 - Levels at streamflow gaging stations","indexId":"twri03A19","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"title":"Levels at streamflow gaging stations"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:31","indexId":"twri03A19","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"03-A19","title":"Levels at streamflow gaging stations","docAbstract":"This manual establishes the surveying procedures for (1) setting gages at a streamflow gaging station to datum and (2) checking the gages periodically for errors caused by vertical movement of the structures that support them. Surveying terms and concepts are explained, and procedures for testing, adjusting, and operating the instruments are described in detail. Notekeeping, adjusting level circuits, checking gages, summarizing results, locating the nearest National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 bench mark, and relating the gage datum to the national datum are also described.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;For Sale by the Books and Open-File reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/twri03A19","issn":"0565-596X","usgsCitation":"Kennedy, E., 1990, Levels at streamflow gaging stations: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 03-A19, ix, 27, [4] p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri03A19.","productDescription":"ix, 27, [4] p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":252,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri3-A19/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a556a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kennedy, E.J.","contributorId":87529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3162,"text":"wsp2368A - 1990 - Description of the physical environment and coal-mining history of west-central Indiana, with emphasis on six small watersheds","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":12010,"text":"ofr87212 - 1987 - Description of the physical environment and coal-mining history of west-central Indiana, with emphasis on six small watersheds","indexId":"ofr87212","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Description of the physical environment and coal-mining history of west-central Indiana, with emphasis on six small watersheds"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":3162,"text":"wsp2368A - 1990 - Description of the physical environment and coal-mining history of west-central Indiana, with emphasis on six small watersheds","indexId":"wsp2368A","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Description of the physical environment and coal-mining history of west-central Indiana, with emphasis on six small watersheds"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-18T21:27:22.046793","indexId":"wsp2368A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2368","chapter":"A","title":"Description of the physical environment and coal-mining history of west-central Indiana, with emphasis on six small watersheds","docAbstract":"<p>This report describes the physical and human environment and coal-mining history of west-central Indiana, with emphasis on six small watersheds selected for study of the hydrologic effects of surface coal mining. The report summarizes information on the geology, geomorphology, soils, climate, hydrology, water use, land use, population, and coal-mining history of Clay, Owen, Sullivan, and Vigo Counties in Indiana. Site-specific information is given on the morphology, geology, soils, land use, coal-mining history, and hydrologic instrumentation of the six watersheds, which are each less than 3 square miles in area.</p>\n<p>West-central Indiana is underlain by coal-bearing Pennsylvanian rocks. Nearly all of the area has been glaciated at least once and is characterized by wide flood plains and broad, flat uplands. Most of the soils have formed in loess or in loess overlying Illinoian till. The Wabash, White, and Eel Rivers are the major drainages in west-central Indiana. Average annual precipitation is about 39.5 inches per year, and average annual runoff is about 13 inches per year. The most productive aquifers are confined or unconfined outwash aquifers located along the major rivers. Bedrock aquifers are regionally insignificant but are the sole source of ground water for areas that lack outwash, alluvium, or sand and gravel lenses in till.</p>\n<p>Indiana has more than 17 billion short tons of recoverable coal reserves; about 11 percent can be mined by surface methods. Almost half of Indiana's surface reserves are in Clay, Owen, Sullivan, and Vigo Counties. More than 50,000 acres in west-central Indiana were disturbed by surface coal mining from 1941 through 1980.</p>\n<p>Big Slough and Hooker Creek are streams that drain unmined, agricultural watersheds. Row-crop corn and soybeans are the principal crops. Soils are moderately well-drained silt loams, and the watersheds have well-developed dendritic drainage systems.</p>\n<p>The unnamed tributary to Honey Creek and the unnamed tributary to Sulphur Creek are streams that drain mined and reclaimed watersheds. Ridges of mine spoil have been graded to a gently rolling topography. Soils are well drained and consist of 6 to 12 inches of silt-loam topsoil that was stockpiled and then replaced over shale and sandstone fragments of the graded mine spoil. Grasses and legumes form the vegetative cover in each watershed.</p>\n<p>Pond Creek and the unnamed tributary to Big Branch are streams that drain mined and unreclaimed watersheds. Approximately one-half of the Pond Creek watershed is unmined, agricultural land. Soils are very well-drained shaly silty loams that have formed or' steeply sloping spoil banks. Both watersheds contain numerous impoundments of water and have enclosed areas that do not contribute surface runoff to streamflow. The ridges of mine spoil are covered with pine trees, but much of the soil surface is devoid of vegetation.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physical environment and geohydrologic effects of surface coal mining in west-central Indiana","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2368A","usgsCitation":"Martin, J.D., Crawford, C.G., Duwelius, R.F., and Renn, D.E., 1990, Description of the physical environment and coal-mining history of west-central Indiana, with emphasis on six small watersheds: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2368, vii, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2368A.","productDescription":"vii, 38 p.","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":139164,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2368a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30119,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2368a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":394474,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25298.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Clay County, Owen County, Sullivan County, Vigo County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.617,\n              38.9\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.633,\n              38.9\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.633,\n              39.606\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.617,\n              39.606\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.617,\n              38.9\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db6690ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Jeffrey D. 0000-0003-1994-5285 jdmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1994-5285","contributorId":1066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jdmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":146354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crawford, Charles G. 0000-0003-1653-7841 cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1653-7841","contributorId":1064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"Charles","email":"cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":146353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duwelius, Richard F.","contributorId":31378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duwelius","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Renn, Danny E.","contributorId":14808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renn","given":"Danny","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":3163,"text":"wsp2368B - 1990 - Effects of surface coal mining and reclamation on the geohydrology of six small watersheds in West-Central Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-21T09:29:24","indexId":"wsp2368B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2368","chapter":"B","title":"Effects of surface coal mining and reclamation on the geohydrology of six small watersheds in West-Central Indiana","docAbstract":"<p>Six small watersheds in west-central Indiana were selected for study of the hydrologic effects of surface coal mining and reclamation. The watersheds include mined and reclaimed, mined and unreclaimed, and unmined agricultural land uses and are each less than 3 square miles in area. Surface-water, ground-water, and meteorologic data for the 1981 and 1982 water years were used to describe and compare hydrologic systems of the six watersheds and to identify hydrologic effects of mining and reclamation.</p>\n<p>Discharge at the unreclaimed watersheds was continuous during the study period, whereas discharge at the other watersheds was intermittent and more variable. Peak discharges were greater at the agricultural watersheds than at the unreclaimed watersheds, primarily because of large final-cut lakes in the unreclaimed watersheds. Annual runoff was greatest at the unreclaimed watersheds, intermediate at the agricultural watersheds, and least at the reclaimed watersheds.</p>\n<p>Hydrologic effects of mining were identified by comparing the hydrologic systems at mined and unreclaimed watersheds with those at unmined agricultural watersheds. These comparisons indicate that surface coal mining without reclamation can increase base flow, annual runoff, and ground-water recharge to the bedrock; reduce peak flow rates and variation in flow; lower the water table in upland areas; change the relation between surface- and ground-water divides; and create numerous, local flow systems in the shallow ground water. Hydrologic effects of reclamation were identified by comparing the hydrologic systems at mined and reclaimed watersheds with those at mined and unreclaimed watersheds. Reclamation can decrease base flow, annual runoff, and recharge to the bedrock; increase peak flow rates, variation in flow, and the response to thunderstorms; reestablish the premining relation between surface- and ground-water divides; and create fewer local flow systems in the shallow ground water.</p>\n<p>Hydrologic effects of mining and reclamation were identified by comparing the hydrologic systems at mined and reclaimed watersheds with those at unmined agricultural watersheds. The presence or absence of a large final-cut lake in the reclaimed watershed greatly influences the hydrologic systems and the effects of mining and reclamation. Surface coal mining and reclamation can decrease base flow, annual runoff, and peak flow rates; increase the variability of flow and recharge to the bedrock; reestablish the premining relation between surface- and ground-water divides; and lower the water table in upland areas.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2368B","usgsCitation":"Martin, J.D., Duwelius, R.F., and Crawford, C.G., 1990, Effects of surface coal mining and reclamation on the geohydrology of six small watersheds in West-Central Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2368, viii, 71 p. ;2 v. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2368B.","productDescription":"viii, 71 p. ;2 v. :ill. ;28 cm.","startPage":"B1","endPage":"B71","numberOfPages":"81","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science 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,{"id":4675,"text":"twri03B4 - 1990 - Regression modeling of ground-water flow","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13162,"text":"ofr85180 - 1985 - Regression modeling of ground-water flow","indexId":"ofr85180","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Regression modeling of ground-water flow"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4675,"text":"twri03B4 - 1990 - Regression modeling of ground-water flow","indexId":"twri03B4","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"title":"Regression modeling of ground-water flow"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:31","indexId":"twri03B4","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"03-B4","title":"Regression modeling of ground-water flow","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;For sale by Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/twri03B4","issn":"0565-596X","usgsCitation":"Cooley, R.L., and Naff, R.L., 1990, Regression modeling of ground-water flow (1990): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 03-B4, ix, 232 p. :ill. ;27 cm. +1 computer disk (5 1/4 in.), https://doi.org/10.3133/twri03B4.","productDescription":"ix, 232 p. :ill. ;27 cm. +1 computer disk (5 1/4 in.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri3-b4/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":139138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"1990","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634d95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooley, Richard L.","contributorId":8831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Naff, Richard L.","contributorId":79867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naff","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":4694,"text":"twri02E2 - 1990 - Borehole geophysics applied to ground-water investigations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:31","indexId":"twri02E2","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"02-E2","title":"Borehole geophysics applied to ground-water investigations","docAbstract":"The purpose of this manual is to provide hydrologists, geologists, and others who have the necessary background in hydrogeology with the basic information needed to apply the most useful borehole-geophysical-logging techniques to the solution of problems in ground-water hydrology. Geophysical logs can provide information on the construction of wells and on the character of the rocks and fluids penetrated by those wells, as well as on changes in the character of these factors over time. The response of well logs is caused by petrophysical factors, by the quality, temperature, and pressure of interstitial fluids, and by ground-water flow. Qualitative\r\nand quantitative analysis of analog records and computer analysis of digitized logs are used to derive geohydrologic information. This information can then be extrapolated vertically within a well and laterally to other wells using logs.\r\nThe physical principles by which the mechanical and electronic components of a logging system measure properties of rocks, fluids, and wells, as well as the principles of measurement, must be understood if geophysical logs are to be interpreted correctly. Plating a logging operation involves selecting the equipment and the logs most likely to provide the needed information. Information on well construction and geohydrology is needed to guide this selection. Quality control of logs is an important responsibility of both the equipment operator and the log analyst and requires both calibration and well-site standardization of equipment.  Logging techniques that are widely used in ground-water hydrology or that have significant potential for application to this field include spontaneous potential, resistance, resistivity, gamma, gamma spectrometry, gamma-gamma, neutron, acoustic velocity, acoustic televiewer, caliper, and fluid temperature, conductivity, and flow. The following topics are discussed for each of these techniques: principles and instrumentation, calibration and standardization, volume of investigation, extraneous effects, and interpretation and applications.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/twri02E2","issn":"0565-596X","usgsCitation":"Keys, W., 1990, Borehole geophysics applied to ground-water investigations: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 02-E2, xvi, 150 p. :ill. ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri02E2.","productDescription":"xvi, 150 p. :ill. ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139095,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":286,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri2-e2/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dce4b07f02db5e1c53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keys, W.S.","contributorId":75126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keys","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":19215,"text":"ofr90155 - 1990 - Principal results of a ground-water study of Honey Lake valley, California and Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:26","indexId":"ofr90155","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-155","title":"Principal results of a ground-water study of Honey Lake valley, California and Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Dept. of the Interior,","doi":"10.3133/ofr90155","usgsCitation":"Handman, E., 1990, Principal results of a ground-water study of Honey Lake valley, California and Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-155, 2 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90155.","productDescription":"2 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150778,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0155/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48674,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0155/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db667237","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Handman, E. H.","contributorId":63407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handman","given":"E.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":64599,"text":"i1420(NI15) - 1990 - Quaternary geologic map of the Vicksburg 4° x 6° quadrangle, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-05T19:37:27.47638","indexId":"i1420(NI15)","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1420(NI-15)","subseriesTitle":"Quaternary Geologic Atlas of the United States","title":"Quaternary geologic map of the Vicksburg 4° x 6° quadrangle, United States","docAbstract":"This map is part of the Quaternary Geologic Atlas of the United States (I-1420). It was first published as a printed edition in 1990. The geologic data have now been captured digitally and are presented here along with images of the printed map sheet and component parts as PDF files. The Quaternary Geologic Map of the Vicksburg 4° x 6° Quadrangle was mapped as part of the Quaternary Geologic Atlas of the United States. The atlas was begun as an effort to depict the areal distribution of surficial geologic deposits and other materials that accumulated or formed during the past 2+ million years, the period that includes all activities of the human species. These materials are at the surface of the Earth. They make up the ground on which we walk, the dirt in which we dig foundations, and the soil in which we grow crops. Most of our human activity is related in one way or another to these surface materials that are referred to collectively by many geologists as regolith, the mantle of fragmental and generally unconsolidated material that overlies the bedrock foundation of the continent. The maps were compiled at 1:1,000,000 scale. In recent years, surficial deposits and materials have become the focus of much interest by scientists, environmentalists, governmental agencies, and the general public. They are the foundations of ecosystems, the materials that support plant growth and animal habitat, and the materials through which travels much of the water required for our agriculture, our industry, and our general well being. They also are materials that easily can become contaminated by pesticides, fertilizers, and toxic wastes. In this context, the value of the surficial geologic map is evident.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/i1420(NI15)","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arkansas Geological Commission, Mississippi Geological Survey, Oklahoma Geological Survey, Louisiana Geological Survey, Texas Bureau of Economic Geology, and Tennessee Division of Geology","usgsCitation":"Gilliland, W.A., Luza, K.V., Pope, D.E., Wermund, E., Miller, R.A., Bush, W.V., Jensen, K.N., Fishman, W.D., Fullerton, D.S., Weide, D.L., and Bush, C.A., 1990, Quaternary geologic map of the Vicksburg 4° x 6° quadrangle, United States (Digital Edition November 2012): U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1420(NI-15), Report: 9 p.; 1 Map: 46.49 × 29.90 inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/i1420(NI15).","productDescription":"Report: 9 p.; 1 Map: 46.49 × 29.90 inches; Downloads Directory","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":187432,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/i_1420(NI_15).jpg"},{"id":106731,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9207.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"9207"},{"id":263464,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-1420/ni-15/downloads/I-1420_ni-15_map.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":263463,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-1420/ni-15/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":263465,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-1420/ni-15/downloads/textonly.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":263466,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-1420/ni-15/downloads/"}],"scale":"1000000","country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Vicksburg 4° x 6° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -96.0,32.0 ], [ -96.0,36.0 ], [ -90.0,36.0 ], [ -90.0,32.0 ], [ -96.0,32.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Digital Edition November 2012","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a1fb","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Holbrook, Christopher M. 0000-0001-8203-6856 cholbrook@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8203-6856","contributorId":139681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holbrook","given":"Christopher","email":"cholbrook@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":749576,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1}],"editors":[{"text":"Richmond, Gerald Martin","contributorId":89908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"Martin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749575,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Gilliland, W. A.","contributorId":18854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilliland","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luza, K. V.","contributorId":14856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luza","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pope, D. E.","contributorId":63102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wermund, E. G.","contributorId":80986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wermund","given":"E. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Miller, R. A.","contributorId":95090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bush, W. V.","contributorId":40233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jensen, K. N.","contributorId":84241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jensen","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Fishman, W. D.","contributorId":106250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fishman","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Fullerton, David S. fullerton@usgs.gov","contributorId":448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fullerton","given":"David","email":"fullerton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":271667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Weide, David L.","contributorId":48537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weide","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Bush, Charles A.","contributorId":97876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70171515,"text":"70171515 - 1990 - Laboratory simulation of the effects of overburden stress on the specific storage of shallow artesian aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-02T08:58:22","indexId":"70171515","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T05:30:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Laboratory simulation of the effects of overburden stress on the specific storage of shallow artesian aquifers","docAbstract":"<p><span>A laboratory experiment to measure the specific storage of an aquifer material was conducted. A known dead load, simulating an overburden load, was applied to a sample of completely saturated aquifer material contained inside a cylinder. After the dead load was applied, water was withdrawn from the sample, causing the hydrostatic pressure to decrease and the effective stress to increase. The resulting compression of the sample and the amount of water withdrawn were measured after equilibrium was reached. The procedure was repeated by increasing the dead load and the hydrostatic pressure followed by withdrawing water to determine new values of effective stress and compaction. The simulated dead loads are typical of those experienced by shallow artesian aquifers. The void ratio and the effective stress of the aquifer sample, as simulated by different dead loads, determine the pore volume compressibility which, in turn, determines the values of specific storage. An analytical algorithm was used to independently determine the stress dependent profile of specific storage. These values are found to be in close agreement with laboratory results. Implications for shallow artesian aquifers, with relatively small overburden stress, are also addressed.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tropical Hydrology and Caribbean Water Resources, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology","conferenceDate":"July 23-27, 1990","conferenceLocation":"San Juan, Puerto Rico","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","issn":"0731-9789","usgsCitation":"Sepulveda, N., and Zack, A.L., 1990, Laboratory simulation of the effects of overburden stress on the specific storage of shallow artesian aquifers, <i>in</i> Tropical Hydrology and Caribbean Water Resources, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology, San Juan, Puerto Rico, July 23-27, 1990, p. 349-356.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"349","endPage":"356","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":322075,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"575158b6e4b053f0edd03c65","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Krishna, J.H.","contributorId":169959,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krishna","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631613,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quinones-Aponte, Vicente","contributorId":48552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones-Aponte","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631614,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gomez-Gomez, Fernando","contributorId":169637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gomez-Gomez","given":"Fernando","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631615,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morris, G.L.","contributorId":169960,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morris","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631616,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Sepulveda, Nicasio 0000-0002-6333-1865 nsepul@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6333-1865","contributorId":1454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"Nicasio","email":"nsepul@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5051,"text":"FLWSC-Orlando","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":631558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zack, A. L.","contributorId":104911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zack","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70171493,"text":"70171493 - 1990 - Basin analysis, paleoenvironment reconstruction and tectonic structures: Application of geologic interpretations to regional ground-water assessment in large sedimentary basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T15:29:53","indexId":"70171493","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T05:15:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Basin analysis, paleoenvironment reconstruction and tectonic structures: Application of geologic interpretations to regional ground-water assessment in large sedimentary basins","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Australia Water-Resources Council Conference Series no. 20.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"International Conference on Ground Water in Large Sedimentary Basins","conferenceDate":"9-13 July 1990","conferenceLocation":"Perth, Western Australia","language":"English","publisher":"Australian Water Resources Concil","publisherLocation":"Canberra, Australia","issn":"0725-4695","usgsCitation":"Renken, R.A., Barker, R.A., and Gomez-Gomez, F., 1990, Basin analysis, paleoenvironment reconstruction and tectonic structures: Application of geologic interpretations to regional ground-water assessment in large sedimentary basins, <i>in</i> Australia Water-Resources Council Conference Series no. 20., Perth, Western Australia, 9-13 July 1990, p. 80-89.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"80","endPage":"89","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":322043,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57500733e4b0ee97d51bb3c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Renken, Robert A. rarenken@usgs.gov","contributorId":269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renken","given":"Robert","email":"rarenken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":631303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barker, Rene A.","contributorId":82669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"Rene","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gomez-Gomez, Fernando","contributorId":169637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gomez-Gomez","given":"Fernando","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70176685,"text":"70176685 - 1990 - Apparent dispersion in transient groundwater flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:27:15","indexId":"70176685","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Apparent dispersion in transient groundwater flow","docAbstract":"<p><span>This paper investigates the effects of large-scale temporal velocity fluctuations, particularly changes in the direction of flow, on solute spreading in a two-dimensional aquifer. Relations for apparent longitudinal and transverse dispersivity are developed through an analytical solution for dispersion in a fluctuating, quasi-steady uniform flow field, in which storativity is zero. For transient flow, spatial moments are evaluated from numerical solutions. Ignored or unknown transients in the direction of flow primarily act to increase the apparent transverse dispersivity because the longitudinal dispersivity is acting in a direction that is not the assumed flow direction. This increase is a function of the angle between the transient flow vector and the assumed steady state flow direction and the ratio of transverse to longitudinal dispersivity. The maximum effect on transverse dispersivity occurs if storativity is assumed to be zero, such that the flow field responds instantly to boundary condition changes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR026i010p02339","usgsCitation":"Goode, D., and Konikow, L.F., 1990, Apparent dispersion in transient groundwater flow: Water Resources Research, v. 26, no. 10, p. 2339-2351, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR026i010p02339.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2339","endPage":"2351","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329006,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57febaa0e4b0824b2d1564db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goode, Daniel J. 0000-0002-8527-2456 djgoode@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-2456","contributorId":2433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goode","given":"Daniel J.","email":"djgoode@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":649703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70164481,"text":"70164481 - 1990 - Predicting the vertical structure of tidal current and salinity in San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:27:46","indexId":"70164481","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting the vertical structure of tidal current and salinity in San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>A two-dimensional laterally averaged numerical estuarine model is developed to study the vertical variations of tidal hydrodynamic properties in the central/north part of San Francisco Bay, California. Tidal stage data, current meter measurements, and conductivity, temperature, and depth profiling data in San Francisco Bay are used for comparison with model predictions. An extensive review of the literature is conducted to assess the success and failure of previous similar investigations and to establish a strategy for development of the present model. A &sigma; plane transformation is used in the vertical dimension to alleviate problems associated with fixed grid model applications in the bay, where the tidal range can be as much as 20&ndash;25% of the total water depth. Model predictions of tidal stage and velocity compare favorably with the available field data, and prototype salinity stratification is qualitatively reproduced. Conclusions from this study as well as future model applications and research needs are discussed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR026i005p01027","usgsCitation":"Ford, M., Wang, J., and Cheng, R.T., 1990, Predicting the vertical structure of tidal current and salinity in San Francisco Bay, California: Water Resources Research, v. 26, no. 5, p. 1027-1045, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR026i005p01027.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1027","endPage":"1045","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316648,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.618408203125,\n              37.396346133189255\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.618408203125,\n              38.156156969924915\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.651611328125,\n              38.156156969924915\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.651611328125,\n              37.396346133189255\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.618408203125,\n              37.396346133189255\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b9ca89e4b08d617f63a858","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ford, Michael","contributorId":156347,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ford","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, Jia","contributorId":156348,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Jia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cheng, Ralph T.","contributorId":69134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70156375,"text":"70156375 - 1990 - Remarkable invasion of San Francisco Bay (California, USA), by the Asian clam Potamocorbula amurensis. I. Introduction and dispersal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-13T14:53:52","indexId":"70156375","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remarkable invasion of San Francisco Bay (California, USA), by the Asian clam Potamocorbula amurensis. I. Introduction and dispersal","docAbstract":"<p>The euryhaline bivalve mollusc Potamocorbula amurensis (family Corbulidae), a native of China, Japan, and Korea, has recently appeared and become very abundant in San Francisco Bay. This clam appears to have been introduced as veliger larvae in the seawater ballast of cargo vessels. It was first collected in northern San Francisco Bay in late 1986. P, amurensis then spread throughout the estuary within 2 yr and reached densities at some sites exceeding 10 000 m<sup>-2</sup> It lives primarily in the subtidal on all substrates (mud, sand, peat, and clay) and is found in the full range of bay salinities (&lt; 1 to 33%). Its explosive increase in abundance and spread may result in major alterations of the San Francisco Bay estuary ecosystem. These could include changes in (1) trophic dynamics (through competition with other suspension-feeding and deposit-feeding infauna; changes in benthic community energy flow; availability of a new and abundant prey item for birds, fish, and crabs; and reduction - as a result of its filter feeding - of phytoplankton standmg stock) and (2) benthic dynamics (through inhibition and/or enhancement of infauna due to substrate destabilization; alteration of suspended sediment load of near-bottom water; and change of sediment surface redox balance). The early detection of the appearance and spread of P. amurensis in San Francisco Bay makes this one of the best documented invasions of any estuary in the world.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","usgsCitation":"Carlton, J.T., Thompson, J.K., Schemel, L.E., and Nichols, F.H., 1990, Remarkable invasion of San Francisco Bay (California, USA), by the Asian clam Potamocorbula amurensis. I. Introduction and dispersal: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 66, p. 81-94.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"94","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1987-03-01","temporalEnd":"1988-11-30","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307030,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307027,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v66/"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.56234741210938,\n              38.10322464859825\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.57470703125,\n              38.029703972192\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.62551879882812,\n              37.993998198369574\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.72027587890624,\n              37.993998198369574\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.02239990234375,\n              38.048091067457236\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.15286254882812,\n              38.01455819225335\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.21328735351562,\n              38.037275688165614\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.37396240234375,\n              37.94311450175187\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.30392456054688,\n              37.9192844858339\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.28332519531249,\n              37.82931081282506\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.310791015625,\n              37.79784832917947\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.20504760742186,\n              37.765286825037926\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.14187622070311,\n              37.6718643732763\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.99905395507812,\n              37.508636471899976\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.02926635742188,\n              37.40725549559876\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.11029052734374,\n              37.421435292172944\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.25585937500001,\n              37.55002139332707\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.40554809570311,\n              37.607704112428415\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.54974365234374,\n              37.896530447543\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.52090454101564,\n              38.13023573104302\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.40554809570311,\n              38.17883049854014\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.15011596679688,\n              38.06863588670429\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.04711914062499,\n              38.16263584058641\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.95236206054688,\n              38.13239618602296\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.96884155273436,\n              38.09782123329514\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.65710449218749,\n              38.11403028044574\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.56234741210938,\n              38.10322464859825\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"66","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d6fa37e4b0518e3546bc59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlton, James T.","contributorId":146773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carlton","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, Janet K. 0000-0002-1528-8452 jthompso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1528-8452","contributorId":1009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Janet","email":"jthompso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":568934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schemel, Laurence E. lschemel@usgs.gov","contributorId":4085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schemel","given":"Laurence","email":"lschemel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":568935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nichols, Frederic H.","contributorId":25548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Frederic","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70207659,"text":"70207659 - 1990 - Coastal mapping programs at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Wetlands Research Center","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-02T16:37:59","indexId":"70207659","displayToPublicDate":"1990-12-31T16:33:09","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1021,"text":"Biological Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coastal mapping programs at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Wetlands Research Center","docAbstract":"<p>Over the past 10 years, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's (FWS) National Wetlands Research Center (center; formerly the National Coastal Ecosystems Team) has been continuously involved in the production of maps for use by coastal decision makers. The types of maps produced by the center have been national, regional, or local in scope depending on user needs. Map scales have ranged from 1:24,000 to 1:250,000. Themes depicted have included biological resources, including wetlands and seagrasses; upland habitat or land use; water resources such as water quality, bathymetry, and salinity; cultural features such as ownership, archaeological sites, and dredge-spoil disposal areas; and soils and landforms. We present overviews on the various mapping programs of the center. We highlight efforts such as the ecological inventories of the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts; the ecological characterization atlases of the Gulf of Mexico; and the large scale (1:24,000) habitat maps of various coastal regions of the United States. Center methods and techniques are discussed, including the collaborative efforts between the center and FWS's National Wetlands Inventory for updating wetland maps and adding upland and seagrass bed delineations to inventory maps. We also make recommendations for future coastal ecosystem mapping programs that use conventional and automated mapping methodologies, such as geographic information systems and image processing.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Johnston, J.B., and Handley, L.R., 1990, Coastal mapping programs at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Wetlands Research Center: Biological Report, v. 90, no. 18, p. 105-109.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"109","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370953,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, James B.","contributorId":78039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Handley, Lawrence R. handleyl@usgs.gov","contributorId":3459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handley","given":"Lawrence","email":"handleyl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70207275,"text":"70207275 - 1990 - Geochemical Modeling of the Madison Aquifer in Parts of Montana, Wyoming, and South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-15T15:01:51","indexId":"70207275","displayToPublicDate":"1990-12-31T14:54:53","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3721,"text":"Water Resources Management","onlineIssn":"1573-1650","printIssn":"0920-4741","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical Modeling of the Madison Aquifer in Parts of Montana, Wyoming, and South Dakota","docAbstract":"<p><span>Stable isotope data for dissolved carbonate, sulfate, and sulfide are combined with water composition data to construct geochemical reaction models along eight flow paths in the Madison aquifer in parts of Wyoming, Montana, and South Dakota. The sulfur isotope data are treated as an isotope dilution problem, whereas the carbon isotope data are treated as Rayleigh distillations. All reaction models reproduce the observed chemical and carbon and sulfur isotopic composition of the final waters and are partially validated by predicting the observed carbon and sulfur isotopic compositions of dolomite and anhydrite from the Madison Limestone. The geochemical reaction models indicate that the dominant groundwater reaction in the Madison aquifer is dedolomitization (calcite precipitation and dolomite dissolution driven by anhydrite dissolution). Sulfate reduction, [Ca</span><sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;+ Mg</span><sup>2+</sup><span>]/Na</span><sup>+</sup><span>&nbsp;cation exchange, and halite dissolution are locally important, particularly in central Montana. The groundwater system is treated as closed to CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;gas from external sources such as the soil zone or cross‐formational leakage but open to CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;from oxidation of organic matter coupled with sulfate reduction and other redox processes occurring within the aquifer. The computed mineral mass transfers and modeled sulfur isotopic composition of Madison anhydrites are mapped throughout the study area. Carbon 14 groundwater ages, adjusted for the modeled carbon mass transfer, range from modern to about 23,000 years B.P. and indicate flow velocities of 7–87 ft/yr (2.1–26.5 m/yr). Most horizontal hydraulic conductivities calculated from Darcy's Law using the average&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup><span>C flow velocities are within a factor of 5 of those based on digital simulation. The calculated mineral mass transfer and adjusted&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup><span>C groundwater ages permit determination of apparent rates of reaction in the aquifer. The apparent rate of organic matter oxidation is typically 0.12 μmol/L/yr. Sulfate and, to a lesser extent, ferric iron are the predominant electron acceptors. The (kinetic) biochemical fractionation of&nbsp;</span><sup>34</sup><span>S between sulfate and hydrogen sulfide is approximately −44‰ at 25°C, with a temperature variation of −0.4‰ per °C. The rates of precipitation of calcite and dissolution of dolomite and anhydrite typically are 0.59, 0.24, and 0.95 μmol/L/yr, respectively. This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. Published in 1990 by the American Geophysical Union.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR026i009p01981","issn":"00431397","usgsCitation":"Plummer, L., Busby, J., Lee, R.W., and Hanshaw, B., 1990, Geochemical Modeling of the Madison Aquifer in Parts of Montana, Wyoming, and South Dakota: Water Resources Management, v. 26, no. 9, p. 1981-2014, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR026i009p01981.","productDescription":"34 p. 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W.","contributorId":86757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hanshaw, B.B.","contributorId":25928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanshaw","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":25169,"text":"25169 - 1990 - Conterminous U.S. AVHRR: biweekly composites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-15T12:52:21","indexId":"25169","displayToPublicDate":"1990-12-31T12:51:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Conterminous U.S. AVHRR: biweekly composites","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"EROS Data Center","publisherLocation":"Sioux Falls, SD","doi":"10.3133/25169","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1990, Conterminous U.S. AVHRR: biweekly composites, computer laser optical disks, https://doi.org/10.3133/25169.","productDescription":"computer laser optical disks","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290134,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c64d79e4b0001bd5147749","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70189559,"text":"70189559 - 1990 - Effectiveness of the addition of alkaline materials at surface coal mines in preventing or abating acid mine drainage--Part 1. Geochemical considerations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-17T11:37:52","indexId":"70189559","displayToPublicDate":"1990-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Effectiveness of the addition of alkaline materials at surface coal mines in preventing or abating acid mine drainage--Part 1. Geochemical considerations","docAbstract":"<p>The addition of alkaline materials to supplement deficient \"neutralization potential\" (NP) of mine spoil, and thus to prevent or abate acid mine drainage, has riot been successful at most surface coal mines in Pennsylvania. A basic problem may have been improper accounting for acid‐production potential and thus inadequate addition rates of calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub> ), calcium oxide (CaO) , or calcium hydroxide [ Ca (OH)<sub>2</sub> ] at many mines. The commonly used acid‐base accounting method is based on the following overall reaction: </p><p>FeS<sub>2</sub> + 2 CaCO<sub>3</sub>&nbsp;+&nbsp;3.75 O<sub>2</sub> + 1.5 H<sub>2</sub>O --&gt; Fe(OH)<sub>3</sub> + 2 SO<sub>4</sub><sup>-2</sup> + 2 Ca<sup>+2</sup> +2 CO<sub>2</sub>(g),</p><p>where the acidity from 1 mole of pyrite (FeS2) is neutralized by 2 moles of CaCO<sub>3</sub> . This method presumes that gaseous carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) will exsolve, and therefore may underestimate by up to a factor of 2 the quantity of CaCO<sub>3</sub> required to neutralize the \"maximum potential acidity\" (MPA) in the mine spoil. This paper reviews some geochemical reactions involving FeS<sub>2</sub> and various alkaline additives that support the argument that the acid‐base accounting method for computing MPA from overburden analyses should be revised. Considering the stoichiometry of the following overall reaction:</p><p><span>FeS</span><sub>2</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>+ 4&nbsp;CaCO</span><sub>3&nbsp;</sub>+ 3.75 O<sub>2</sub> + 3.5 H<sub>2</sub>O --&gt; Fe(OH)<sub>3</sub> + 2 SO<sub>4</sub><sup>-1</sup> + 4 Ca<sup>+2</sup> + 4 HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>,</p><p>4 moles of CaCO<sub>3</sub> are required to neutralize the maximum potential acidity produced by the oxidation of 1 mole of FeS<sub>2</sub> . Therefore, the multiplication factor for computing MPA from the overburden sulfur concentration, in weight percent, should be increased from 31.25 to 62.5. </p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 1990 Mining and Reclamation Conference and Exhibition","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"1990 Mining and Reclamation Conference and Exhibition","conferenceDate":"April 23-26, 1990","conferenceLocation":"Charleston, WV","language":"English","publisher":"West Virginia University Publication Services","publisherLocation":"Morgantown, WV","usgsCitation":"Cravotta, C.A., Brady, K., Smith, M.W., and Beam, R.L., 1990, Effectiveness of the addition of alkaline materials at surface coal mines in preventing or abating acid mine drainage--Part 1. Geochemical considerations, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the 1990 Mining and Reclamation Conference and Exhibition, Charleston, WV, April 23-26, 1990, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343941,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":343940,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wvmdtaskforce.com/past-symposium-papers/1990-symposium-papers/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"596dcca9e4b0d1f9f06275ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cravotta, Charles A. III, 0000-0003-3116-4684 cravotta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3116-4684","contributorId":2193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"Charles","suffix":"III,","email":"cravotta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":705173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brady, Keith","contributorId":92764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"Keith","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Michael W.","contributorId":194713,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beam, Richard L.","contributorId":194714,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beam","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70189557,"text":"70189557 - 1990 - Effectiveness of the addition of alkaline materials at surface coal mines in preventing or abating acid mine drainage--Part 2. Mine site case studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-17T11:06:33","indexId":"70189557","displayToPublicDate":"1990-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Effectiveness of the addition of alkaline materials at surface coal mines in preventing or abating acid mine drainage--Part 2. Mine site case studies","docAbstract":"<p>The effectiveness of preventing or ameliorating acid mine drainage (AMD) through the application of alkaline additives is evaluated for eight surface coal mines in Pennsylvania. Many of the mine sites had overburden characteristics that made prediction of post‐mining water quality uncertain. Alkaline materials were applied at rates ranging from 42 to greater than 1,000 tons as calcium carbonate per acre. In addition, two sites that were mined and reclaimed without alkaline additives are included for comparative purposes. </p><p>Overburden sulfur concentration and \"neutralization potential\" (NP) data for multiple strata at each mine site were used to compute the cumulative, mass‐weighted \"maximum potential acidity\" (MPA) and \"net neutralization potential\" (NNP = NP ‐ MPA) by using three different calculation methods. Post‐reclamation water‐quality data were used to compute the net alkalinity (= alkalinity ‐ acidity). The most conservative determination of NNP, whereby MPA is calculated by multiplying the total sulfur concentration, in weight percent, by 62.5 instead of 31.25, yielded the best agreement with net alkalinity (patching signs on NNP and net alkalinity). The error in prediction using each method was that the reclaimed overburden was computed to be alkaline overall (NNP &gt; 0), but the post‐reclamation water was acid (net alkalinity &lt; 0). </p><p>In general, alkaline addition rates were probably insufficient to neutralize, or too late to prevent, acid production in the mine spoil. At six of the seven mine sites that had overburden with insufficient NP relative to MPA (NNP &lt; 0), the addition of alkaline materials failed to create alkaline mine drainage; AMD was formed or persisted. A control site which also had insufficient alkaline material, but did not incorporate alkaline additives, generated severe AMD. Two sites that had substantial, natural alkaline overburden produced alkaline drainage. Although the addition rates appear to be inadequate, other factors, such as unequal distribution and exposure of the acid‐forming or neutralizing materials and hydrogeological variability, complicate the evaluation of relative effectiveness of using different alkaline materials and placement of the acid‐ or alkaline‐producing materials.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 1990 Mining and Reclamation Conference and Exhibition","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"1990 Mining and Reclamation Conference and Exhibition","conferenceDate":"April 23-26, 1990","conferenceLocation":"Charleston, WV","language":"English","publisher":"West Virginia University Publication Services","publisherLocation":"Morgantown, WV","usgsCitation":"Brady, K., Smith, M.W., Beam, R.L., and Cravotta, C.A., 1990, Effectiveness of the addition of alkaline materials at surface coal mines in preventing or abating acid mine drainage--Part 2. Mine site case studies, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the 1990 Mining and Reclamation Conference and Exhibition, Charleston, WV, April 23-26, 1990, 27 p.","productDescription":"27 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343934,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":343933,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wvmdtaskforce.com/past-symposium-papers/1990-symposium-papers/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.52978515625,\n              41.9921602333763\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.518798828125,\n              39.715638134796336\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.926025390625,\n              39.715638134796336\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.904296875,\n              42.01665183556825\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.771728515625,\n              41.9921602333763\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.771728515625,\n              42.309815415686664\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.52978515625,\n              41.9921602333763\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"596dcca9e4b0d1f9f06275b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brady, Keith","contributorId":92764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"Keith","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Michael W.","contributorId":194713,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beam, Richard L.","contributorId":194714,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beam","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cravotta, Charles A. III, 0000-0003-3116-4684 cravotta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3116-4684","contributorId":2193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"Charles","suffix":"III,","email":"cravotta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":705170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70189558,"text":"70189558 - 1990 - Reevaluation of large-scale dispersivities for a waste chloride plume: Effects of transient flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-17T11:16:17","indexId":"70189558","displayToPublicDate":"1990-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Reevaluation of large-scale dispersivities for a waste chloride plume: Effects of transient flow","docAbstract":"<p>This paper investigates the effects of transient groundwater flow on dispersion of a waste chloride plume in the basaltic aquifer beneath the Idaho (USA) National Engineering Laboratory. In an early application of numerical modeling techniques to the two-dimensional simulation of field-scale plumes, previous investigators identified longitudinal and transverse dispersivities using an independently calibrated steady-state flow model and matching contours of observed and simulated concentrations. The unusual result of calibrated transverse dispersivity (140 m) being significantly larger than longitudinal dispersivity (90 m) has been attributed to spatial heterogeneity, the fractured nature of the aquifer, and to the use of a two-dimensional model. New calibrations of the solute-transport model are performed on point concentration observations using a flow model incorporating transient recharge conditions that cause significant fluctuations in velocity. Under transient flow conditions, lowest calibration errors are achieved with significantly larger dispersivities than previously hypothesized, and with the longitudinal component larger than the transverse component. Unfortunately, the sensitivity of the model calibration error to dispersivity is low. Incorporating transient flow in this two-dimensional porous-media model does not significantly improve our understanding of the processes controlling chloride transport at this site.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"ModelCARE 90: Calibration and Reliability in Groundwater Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"ModelCARE 90: Calibration and Reliability in Groundwater Modelling","conferenceDate":"September 1990","conferenceLocation":"The Hague, Netherlands","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Hydrological Sciences","usgsCitation":"Goode, D., and Konikow, L.F., 1990, Reevaluation of large-scale dispersivities for a waste chloride plume: Effects of transient flow, <i>in</i> ModelCARE 90: Calibration and Reliability in Groundwater Modelling, The Hague, Netherlands, September 1990, p. 417-426.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"417","endPage":"426","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343936,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"596dcca9e4b0d1f9f06275af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goode, Daniel J. 0000-0002-8527-2456 djgoode@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-2456","contributorId":2433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goode","given":"Daniel J.","email":"djgoode@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":705171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70196419,"text":"70196419 - 1990 - Groundwater processes in the submarine environment: Chapter 12","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-06T09:44:03","indexId":"70196419","displayToPublicDate":"1990-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Groundwater processes in the submarine environment: Chapter 12","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Groundwater Geomorphology: The Role of Subsurface Water in Earth-Surface Processes and Landforms","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America ","doi":"10.1130/SPE252-p267","usgsCitation":"Robb, J.M., 1990, Groundwater processes in the submarine environment: Chapter 12, chap. <i>of</i> Groundwater Geomorphology: The Role of Subsurface Water in Earth-Surface Processes and Landforms, p. 267-281, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE252-p267.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"267","endPage":"281","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353202,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -74.02587890625,\n              39.14710270770074\n            ],\n            [\n              -67,\n              39.14710270770074\n            ],\n            [\n              -67,\n              41.52502957323801\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.02587890625,\n              41.52502957323801\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.02587890625,\n              39.14710270770074\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2dc1e4b0da30c1bfd846","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robb, James M.","contributorId":73272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robb","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":732854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70124310,"text":"70124310 - 1990 - Reference manual for generation and analysis of Habitat Time Series: version II","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-11T11:57:50","indexId":"70124310","displayToPublicDate":"1990-12-01T11:44:33","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"Biological Report 90(16)","title":"Reference manual for generation and analysis of Habitat Time Series: version II","docAbstract":"<p>The selection of an instream flow requirement for water resource management often requires the review of how the physical habitat changes through time. This review is referred to as 'Time Series Analysis.\"</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The Tune Series Library (fSLIB) is a group of programs to enter, transform, analyze, and display time series data for use in stream habitat assessment. A time series may be defined as a sequence of data recorded or calculated over time. Examples might be historical monthly flow, predicted monthly weighted usable area, daily electrical power generation, annual irrigation diversion, and so forth. The time series can be analyzed, both descriptively and analytically, to understand the importance of the variation in the events over time. This is especially useful in the development of instream flow needs based on habitat availability.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The TSLIB group of programs assumes that you have an adequate study plan to guide you in your analysis. You need to already have knowledge about such things as time period and time step, species and life stages to consider, and appropriate comparisons or statistics to be produced and displayed or tabulated. Knowing your destination, you must first evaluate whether TSLIB can get you there. Remember, <i>data are not answers</i>.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>This publication is a reference manual to TSLIB and is intended to be a guide to the process of using the various programs in TSLIB.  This manual is essentially limited to the hands-on use of the various programs.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>a TSLIB use interface program (called RTSM) has been developed to provide an integrated working environment where the use has a brief on-line description of each TSLIB program with the capability to run the TSLIB program while in the user interface.  For information on the RTSM program, refer to Appendix F.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Before applying the computer models described herein, it is recommended that the user enroll in the short course \"Problem Solving with the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM).\"  This course is offered by the Aquatic Systems Branch of the National Ecology Research Center.  For more information about the TSLIB software, refer to the Memorandum of Understanding.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Chapter 1 provides a brief introduction to the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology and TSLIB.  Other chapters in this manual provide information on the different aspects of using the models.  The information contained in the other chapters includes (2) acquisition, entry, manipulation, and listing of streamflow data; (3) entry, manipulation, and listing of the habitat-versus-streamflow function; (4) transferring streamflow data; (5) water resources systems analysis; (6) generation and analysis of daily streamflow and habitat values; (7) generation of the time series of monthly habitats; (8) manipulation, analysis, and display of month time series data; and (9) generation, analysis, and display of annual time series data.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Each section includes documentation for the programs therein with at least one page of information for each program, including a program description, instructions for running the program, and sample output.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The Appendixes contain the following: (A) sample file formats; (B) descriptions of default filenames; (C) alphabetical summary of batch-procedure files; (D) installing and running TSLIB on a microcomputer; (E) running TSLIB on a CDC Cyber computer; (F) using the TSLIB user interface program (RTSM); and (G) running WATSTORE on the USGS Amdahl mainframe computer.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The number for this version of TSLIB--Version II-- is somewhat arbitrary, as the TSLIB programs were collected into a library some time ago; but operators tended to use and manage them as individual programs.  Therefore, we will consider the group of programs from the past that were only on the CDC Cyber computer as Version 0; the programs from the past that were on both the Cyber and the IBM-compatible microcomputer as Version I; and the programs contained in this reference manual as Version II.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Instream Flow Information Paper 27","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Milhous, R.T., Bartholow, J.M., Updike, M.A., and Moos, A.R., 1990, Reference manual for generation and analysis of Habitat Time Series: version II, 249 p.","productDescription":"249 p.","numberOfPages":"249","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":293706,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5412b9b8e4b0239f1986bae2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milhous, Robert T.","contributorId":28646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milhous","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bartholow, John M.","contributorId":77598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholow","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Updike, Marlys A.","contributorId":32834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Updike","given":"Marlys","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moos, Alan R.","contributorId":10350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moos","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70124296,"text":"70124296 - 1990 - Chemical weathering in the Loch Vale Watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:35:40","indexId":"70124296","displayToPublicDate":"1990-12-01T11:05:37","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical weathering in the Loch Vale Watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p><span>Mineralogic, hydrologic, and geochemical data were used to determine the source of solutes to surface waters draining the Loch Vale Watershed (LVWS), an alpine-subalpine drainage located in the Front Range of Colorado. The flux of dissolved solids from LVWS is primarily controlled by interactions between snowmelt and materials derived from the local bedrock; the biomass has only a minor effect on solute budgets except for ammonium. LVWS is underlain by Precambrian granite and gneiss, the major minerals include quartz, microcline, plagioclase, biotite, and sillimanite. Small amounts of calcite were found along hydrothermally altered zones in the bedrock. Mass balance calculations indicate that the weathering of calcite contributes nearly 40% of the cations derived within the basin. The importance of calcite weathering in LVWS is a result of its chemical reactivity and the high rate of physical erosion in this alpine environment. The average cationic denudation rate in the drainage (390 eq/ha/yr) is similar to long-term rates in forested Adirondack watersheds (500–600 eq/ha/yr), but much lower than the average for the North American Continent (3800 eq/ha/yr). Surface waters in LVWS are susceptible to acidification should acid deposition from the atmosphere increase.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR026i012p02971","usgsCitation":"Mast, M.A., Drever, J.I., and Baron, J., 1990, Chemical weathering in the Loch Vale Watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado: Water Resources Research, v. 26, no. 12, p. 2971-2978, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR026i012p02971.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2971","endPage":"2978","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":293678,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.913714,40.158067 ], [ -105.913714,40.553787 ], [ -105.493583,40.553787 ], [ -105.493583,40.158067 ], [ -105.913714,40.158067 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"26","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5412b99ee4b0239f1986ba15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mast, M. Alisa 0000-0001-6253-8162 mamast@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6253-8162","contributorId":827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mast","given":"M.","email":"mamast@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Alisa","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":500669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drever, James I.","contributorId":68661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drever","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":500670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70124295,"text":"70124295 - 1990 - Negotiation techniques to resolve western water disputes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-11T11:04:26","indexId":"70124295","displayToPublicDate":"1990-12-01T11:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Negotiation techniques to resolve western water disputes","docAbstract":"There is a growing literature on the resolution of natural resources conflicts.  Much of it is practical, focusing on guidelines for hands-on negotiation.  This literature can be a guide in water conflicts.  This is especially true for negotiations over new environmental values such as instream flow.  The concepts of competitive, cooperative, and integrative styles of conflict resolution are applied to three cases of water resource bargaining.  Lessons for the effective use of these ideas include: break a large number of parties into small working groups, approach value differences in small steps, be cautious in the presence of an attentive public, keeps decisions at the local level, and understand the opponent's interests.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Herndon, VA","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1990.tb01431.x","usgsCitation":"Lamb, B., and Taylor, J.G., 1990, Negotiation techniques to resolve western water disputes: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 26, no. 6, p. 967-975, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1990.tb01431.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"967","endPage":"975","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":293676,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293675,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1990.tb01431.x"}],"volume":"26","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5412b9b3e4b0239f1986bab8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamb, Berton L.","contributorId":24009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"Berton L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Jonathan G.","contributorId":37378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70185519,"text":"70185519 - 1990 - The chemistry of iron, aluminum, and dissolved organic material in three acidic, metal-enriched, mountain streams, as controlled by watershed and in-stream processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:28:32","indexId":"70185519","displayToPublicDate":"1990-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The chemistry of iron, aluminum, and dissolved organic material in three acidic, metal-enriched, mountain streams, as controlled by watershed and in-stream processes","docAbstract":"<p><span>Several studies were conducted in three acidic, metal-enriched, mountain streams, and the results are discussed together in this paper to provide a synthesis of watershed and in-stream processes controlling Fe, Al, and DOC (dissolved organic carbon) concentrations. One of the streams, the Snake River, is naturally acidic; the other two, Peru Creek and St. Kevin Gulch, receive acid mine drainage. Analysis of stream water chemistry data for the acidic headwaters of the Snake River shows that some trace metal solutes (Al, Mn, Zn) are correlated with major ions, indicating that watershed processes control their concentrations. Once in the stream, biogeochemical processes can control transport if they occur over time scales comparable to those for hydrologic transport. Examples of the following in-stream reactions are presented: (1) photoreduction and dissolution of hydrous iron oxides in response to an experimental decrease in stream&nbsp;</span><i>p</i><span>H, (2) precipitation of Al at three stream confluences, and (3) sorption of dissolved organic material by hydrous iron and aluminum oxides in a stream confluence. The extent of these reactions is evaluated using conservative tracers and a transport model that includes storage in the substream zone.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR026i012p03087","usgsCitation":"McKnight, D.M., and Bencala, K.E., 1990, The chemistry of iron, aluminum, and dissolved organic material in three acidic, metal-enriched, mountain streams, as controlled by watershed and in-stream processes: Water Resources Research, v. 26, no. 12, p. 3087-3100, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR026i012p03087.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"3087","endPage":"3100","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338156,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d4df07e4b05ec79911d1b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70178182,"text":"70178182 - 1990 - Comparative toxicity of inorganic contaminants released by placer mining to early life stages of salmonids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-04T14:12:48","indexId":"70178182","displayToPublicDate":"1990-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1480,"text":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative toxicity of inorganic contaminants released by placer mining to early life stages of salmonids","docAbstract":"<p><span>The acute toxicities of four trace inorganics associated with placer mining were determined, individually and in environmentally relevant mixtures, to early life stages of Arctic grayling (</span><i>Thymallus arcticus</i><span>) from Alaska and Montana, coho salmon (</span><i>Oncorhynchus kitsutch</i><span>) from Alaska and Washington, and rainbow trout (</span><i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i><span>) from Montana. The descending rank order of toxicity to all species and life stages was copper &gt; zinc &gt; lead &gt; arsenic. For each of the three species, sensitivity to the inorganics was greater in juveniles than in alvenins or in swim-up fry. Arctic grayling from Alaska were more sensitive than the other species tested, including Arctic grayling from Montana. For Arctic grayling, sensitivity to all four inorganics was significantly greater in swim-up fry from Alaska than in alevins from Montana, and sensitivity to arsenic and copper was significantly greater in juveniles from Alaska than in juveniles from Montana. In tests with environmentally relevant mixtures (based on ratios of concentrations measured in streams with placer mining) of these four inorganics, copper was identified as the major toxic component because it accounted for ⩾97% of the summed toxic units of the mixture, and an equitoxic mixture of these inorganics showed less-than-additive toxicity. Total and total recoverable copper concentrations reported in five Alaskan streams with active placer mines were higher than the acutely toxic concentrations, either individually or in mixtures, that the authors found to be acutely toxic to Arctic grayling and coho salmon from Alaska. However, caution should be used when comparing our results obtained in “clear” water to field situations, because speciation and toxicity of these inorganics may be altered in the presence of sediments suspended by placer mining activities.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0147-6513(90)90010-3","usgsCitation":"Buhl, K.J., and Hamilton, S., 1990, Comparative toxicity of inorganic contaminants released by placer mining to early life stages of salmonids: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 20, no. 3, p. 325-342, https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-6513(90)90010-3.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"325","endPage":"342","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330772,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"581d9e2ee4b0dee4cc90cbff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buhl, Kevin J. 0000-0002-9963-2352 kevin_buhl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9963-2352","contributorId":1396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buhl","given":"Kevin","email":"kevin_buhl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hamilton, Steven J.","contributorId":174108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Steven J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}