In May 1980, the University of Minnesota began a project to evaluate the feasibility of storing heated (150 degrees Celsius (°C) water in the deep (180 to 240 meters (m)) Franconia-Ironton-Galesville aquifer and later recovering it for space heating. The Aquifer Thermal-Energy Storage (ATES) system was a doublet-well design in which the injection and withdrawal wells were spaced approximately 250 m apart. High-temperature water from the university's steam-generation facilities supplied heat for injection. Water was pumped from one of the wells through a heat exchanger, where heat was added or removed. Water then was injected back into the aquifer through the other well. The experimental plan for testing the ATES system consisted of a series of short-term hot-water injection, storage, and withdrawal cycles. Each cycle was 24 days long, and each injection, storage, and withdrawal step of the cycle was 8 days.
\nThe Franconia-Ironton-Galesville aquifer is a consolidated sandstone, approximately 60 m thick, the top of which is approximately 180 m below the land surface. It is confined above by the St. Lawrence Formation a dolomitic sandstone 8 m thick and below by the Eau Claire Formation a shale 30 m thick. Initial hydraulic testing with inflatable packers indicated that the aquifer has four hydraulic zones with distinctly different values of relative horizontal hydraulic conductivity. The thickness of each zone was determined by correlating data from geophysical logs, core samples, and the inflatable-packer tests.
\nA comprehensive network for data collection, storage, and analysis was designed to monitor temperature and pressure changes during the ATES test cycles. A total of 22 pressure transducers and 56 thermocouples monitored pressures and temperatures in the aquifer and in the upper and lower confining units.
\nTemperature and pressure measurements were collected in observation well nests at distances of approximately 7 and 14 m from the production wells. All pressure and temperature data were transmitted through buried cables to a central data logger, where the measurements were viewed independently or stored on computer magnetic tape for later analysis. Interactive computer programs were available to display data stored on magnetic tapes as individual measurements or as plots of pressure and temperature versus time.
\nAnalyses of step-drawdown and constant-discharge aquifer tests indicate that the Franconia-Ironton-Galesville aquifer is anisotropic in the horizontal plane. Major and minor transmissivities are 101.5 and 44.6 m2/d (square meters per day), respectively, for the Ironton and Galesville Sandstones and 40.0 and 24.0 m2/d, respectively, for the upper part of the Franconia Formation. The average transmissivity of the entire Franconia-Ironton-Galesville aquifer is about 98 m2/d. Effective porosity ranges from 0.25 to 0.31, and the average storage coefficient is 4.5x10-5.
\nTwo computer models were constructed to simulate the movement of ground water and heat. The first was a nonisothermal, isotropic, single-phase, radial, ground-water flow and thermal-energy-transport model that was constructed to examine the sensitivity of model results to various hydraulic and thermal properties. The model also was used to study the potential for buoyancy flow within the aquifer and the effect of various cyclic injection and withdrawal schemes on the relative thermal efficiency of the aquifer. The second model was a threedimensional ground-water flow and thermal-energy-transport model that was constructed to incorporate the anisotropy of the aquifer.
\nIn the first model, the sensitivity analysis assumed 8 days of injection of 150°C water at 18.9 liters per second (L/s), 8 days of storage, and 8 days of withdrawal of hot water at 18.9 L/s. The analysis indicates that, for practical ranges of hydraulic and thermal properties, the ratio of horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivity is the least important property and thermal dispersivity is the most important property used to compute temperature and aquifer thermal efficiency.
\nBuoyancy flow was examined for several values of hydraulic conductivity and ratios of horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivities. For the assumed base values of hydraulic and thermal properties, buoyancy flow was negligible. The greatest simulated buoyancy flow resulted from simulations in which horizontal hydraulic conductivity was increased to ten times the base value and in which the vertical hydraulic conductivity was set equal to the horizontal hydraulic conductivity.
\nThe effects of various injection and withdrawal rates and durations on computed values of aquifer relative-thermal efficiency and final well-bore temperature were studied for five 1-year hypothetical test cycles of injection and withdrawal. The least efficient scheme was 8 months injection of 150°C water at 18.9 L/s and 4 months of withdrawal of hot water at 18.9 L/s. The most efficient scheme was obtained with 6 months of injection of 150°C water at 18.9 L/s and 6 months of withdrawal of hot water at 37.8 L/s. The hypothetical simulations indicate that the calibrated model of the doublet-well system would be a valuable tool for use by the university in selecting a highly efficient system operation.
\nIn the second model, analytical solutions of anisotropic hydraulic flow around the doublet-well system were obtained to provide fluid-flux boundary conditions around the heat-injection well in three dimensions. This information simplified simulation of the doublet-well system because only the heat injection well needed to be simulated.
\nThis second model was calibrated with data from an 8-day ambienttemperature injection test at 18.9 L/s. Boundary-flux conditions were examined for nonisothermal conditions by simulating 8 days of injection of 150°C water at 18.9 L/s.
\nResults of simulations using both models indicate that the fluxboundary conditions are adequate for simulations of short-term heatinjection testing.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp1530A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University of Minnesota and the Minnesota Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.T., and Delin, G., 1993, Field observations, preliminary model analysis, and aquifer thermal efficiency: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1530, v, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1530A.","productDescription":"v, 55 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121592,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1530a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64727,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1530a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f57a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, R. T.","contributorId":15209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25584,"text":"wri934047 - 1993 - Hydrogeology, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:29","indexId":"wri934047","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4047","title":"Hydrogeology, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio","docAbstract":"Ground water is the primary source of water in the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base area. The aquifer consists of glacial sands and gravels that fill a buried bedrock-valley system. Consolidated rocks in the area consist of poorly permeable Ordovician shale of the Richmondian stage, in the upland areas, the Brassfield Limestone of Silurian age. The valleys are filled with glacial sediments of Wisconsinan age consisting of clay-rich tills and coarse-grained outwash deposits. Estimates of hydraulic conductivity of the shales based on results of displacement/recovery tests range from 0.0016 to 12 feet per day; estimates for the glacial sediments range from less than 1 foot per day to more than 1,000 feet per day.\r\n\r\nGround water flow from the uplands towards the valleys and the major rivers in the region, the Great Miami and the Mad Rivers. Hydraulic-head data indicate that ground water flows between the bedrock and unconsolidated deposits. Data from a gain/loss study of the Mad River System and hydrographs from nearby wells reveal that the reach of the river next to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base is a ground-water discharge area.\r\n\r\nA steady-state, three-dimensional ground-water-flow model was developed to simulate ground-water flow in the region. The model contains three layers and encompasses about 100 square miles centered on Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Ground water enters the modeled area primarily by river leakage and underflow at the model boundary. Ground water exits the modeled area primarily by flow through the valleys at the model boundaries and through production wells. A model sensitivity analysis involving systematic changes in values of hydrologic parameters in the model indicates that the model is most sensitive to decreases in riverbed conductance and vertical conductance between the upper two layers. The analysis also indicates that the contribution of water to the buried-valley aquifer from the bedrock that forms the valley walls is about 2 to 4 percent of the total ground-water flow in the study area.\r\n\r\nGround waters in the vicinity of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base can be classified into two compositional groups on the basis of their chemical composition: calcium magnesium bicarbonate-type and sodium chloride-type waters. Calcium magnesium bicarbonate-type waters are found in the glacial deposits and the Brassfield Limestone, whereas the sodium chloride waters are exclusively associated with the shales. Equilibrium speciation calculations indicate that ground water of the glacial drift aquifer is in equilibrium with calcite, dolomite, and chalcedony, but is undersaturated with respect to gypsum and fluorite. Waters from the shales are slightly supersaturated with respect to calcite, dolomite, and siderite but are undersaturated with respect to chalcedony. Simple-mass balance calculations treating boron as a conservative species indicate that little (< 5 percent) or no recharge from the shales to the glacial drift aquifer takes place.\r\n\r\nData on the stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen indicate a meteoric origin for all ground water beneath Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, but the data were inconclusive with respect to identification of distinct isotopic differences between water collected from the glacial drift and bedrock aquifers. Tritium concentrations used to distinguish waters having a pre-and post-1953 recharge component indicate that most water entered the glacial drift aquifer after 1953. This finding indicates that recharge from shallow to deep parts (greater than 150 feet) of the aquifer takes place over time intervals of a few years or decades. However, the fact that some deep parts of the glacial aquifer did not contain measurable tritium indicates that ground-water flow from recharge zones to these parts of the aquifer takes decades or longer.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934047","usgsCitation":"Dumouchelle, D., Schalk, C.W., Rowe, G., and De Roche, J., 1993, Hydrogeology, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4047, viii, 152 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934047.","productDescription":"viii, 152 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124919,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4047/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54318,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4047/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db614a47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dumouchelle, D.H.","contributorId":83144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumouchelle","given":"D.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schalk, C. W.","contributorId":64286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schalk","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rowe, G.L.","contributorId":23978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"G.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"De Roche, J.T.","contributorId":66691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Roche","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":27796,"text":"wri914076 - 1993 - Hydrology, water quality, trophic status, and aquatic plants of Fowler Lake, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-26T14:41:49","indexId":"wri914076","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4076","title":"Hydrology, water quality, trophic status, and aquatic plants of Fowler Lake, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Fowler Lake Management District, completed a hydrologic and water-quality study of Fowler Lake in southeastern Wisconsin during calendar year 1984. Data on temperature, pH, specific conductance, and concentrations of dissolved oxygen, total phosphorus, dissolved orthophosphate phosphorus, and various nitrogen species were collected from January through November 1984. The water-quality data indicate that Fowler Lake can be classified as a mildly fertile lake with excellent water clarity as indicated by Secchi depth readings generally greater than 12 feet. Although phosphorus concentrations are generally less than 0.01 milligram per liter, the lake does produce dense stands of macrophytes during the open-water period. The lake is thermally stratified during the summer months, resulting in oxygen depletion in the deepest parts of the lake.
\nThe average hydraulic residence time for Fowler Lake during 1984 was 6.9 days, which is substantially less than the 305 days for upstream Okauchee Lake or the 145 days for downstream Lac La Belle. Precipitation during 1984 was about 27 percent higher than normal and streamflows in the area were about 55 percent higher than normal. The Oconomowoc River contributed 98 percent of the inflow and 88 percent of the phosphorus load to Fowler Lake.
\nThe low annual phosphorus input (28 pounds per square mile) to the lake from the Oconomowoc River shows the benefit of upstream lakes on the Oconomowoc River. Fourteen percent of the phosphorus input load to Fowler Lake is deposited in the lake sediments and the rest is transported through the lake by surface-water flow to downstream Lac La Belle. Dense growths of macrophytes in the lake change in composition seasonally; chara sp. (muskgrass) and Myriophyllum sp. (milfoil) are abundant in June and Najas marina and Vallesneria Americana (wild celery) are abundant in August.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914076","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Fowler Lake Management District","usgsCitation":"Hughes, P., 1993, Hydrology, water quality, trophic status, and aquatic plants of Fowler Lake, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4076, v, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914076.","productDescription":"v, 44 p.","numberOfPages":"47","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120157,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4076/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56633,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4076/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Waukesha County","city":"Oconomowoc","otherGeospatial":"Fowler Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.50156784057617,\n 43.10023083967166\n ],\n [\n -88.50156784057617,\n 43.138322400420535\n ],\n [\n -88.44148635864256,\n 43.138322400420535\n ],\n [\n -88.44148635864256,\n 43.10023083967166\n ],\n [\n -88.50156784057617,\n 43.10023083967166\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc6df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hughes, P.E.","contributorId":104083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54425,"text":"wdrCA924 - 1993 - Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1992. Volume 4. Northern Central Valley Basins and the Great Basin from Honey Lake Basin to Oregon State Line","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-01T01:01:51","indexId":"wdrCA924","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CA-92-4","title":"Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1992. Volume 4. Northern Central Valley Basins and the Great Basin from Honey Lake Basin to Oregon State Line","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1992 water year for California consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents in lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality in wells. Volume 4 contains discharge records for 190 gaging stations; stage and contents for 44 lakes and reservoirs; precipitation data for 3 stations; and water quality for 10 stations. Also included are two low-flow partialrecord stations. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in California.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA","doi":"10.3133/wdrCA924","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources and with other agencies.","usgsCitation":"Anderson, S., Mullen, J., Friebel, M., and Markham, K., 1993, Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1992. Volume 4. Northern Central Valley Basins and the Great Basin from Honey Lake Basin to Oregon State Line (Legacy Report): U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CA-92-4, xviii, 439 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCA924.","productDescription":"xviii, 439 p.","numberOfPages":"468","costCenters":[{"id":631,"text":"Water Resources Division-California District","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":174276,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wdr_CA_92_4.jpg"},{"id":260101,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1992/ca-92/WDR-1992-vol4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin;Honey Lake Basin;Northern Central Valley Basins","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123,38 ], [ -123,42 ], [ -120,42 ], [ -120,38 ], [ -123,38 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Legacy Report","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fc1ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, S.W.","contributorId":25628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mullen, J.R.","contributorId":92683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullen","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Friebel, M.F.","contributorId":23207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friebel","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Markham, K.L.","contributorId":14041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markham","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":54423,"text":"wdrCA922 - 1993 - Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1992. Volume 2. Pacific Slope Basins from Arroyo Grande to Oregon State Line except Central Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-01T01:01:51","indexId":"wdrCA922","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CA-92-2","title":"Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1992. Volume 2. Pacific Slope Basins from Arroyo Grande to Oregon State Line except Central Valley","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1992 water year for California consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents in lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality in wells. Volume 2 contains discharge records for 124 streamflow-gaging stations, 1 low-flow partial-record streamflow station, and 6 miscellaneous measurement stations; stage and contents records for 9 lakes and reservoirs; precipitation records for 3 stations; and water-quality records for 32 stream flow-gaging stations and 1 water-quality partial-record station. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and with other agencies.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA","doi":"10.3133/wdrCA922","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Markham, K., Palmer, J.R., Friebel, M., and Trujillo, L., 1993, Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1992. Volume 2. Pacific Slope Basins from Arroyo Grande to Oregon State Line except Central Valley (Legacy Report): U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CA-92-2, v, 434 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCA922.","productDescription":"v, 434 p.","costCenters":[{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":174274,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wdr_CA_92_2.jpg"},{"id":260105,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1992/ca-92/WDR-1992-vol2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.4,35 ], [ -124.4,42 ], [ -119.83333333333333,42 ], [ -119.83333333333333,35 ], [ -124.4,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Legacy Report","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fc1ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markham, K.L.","contributorId":14041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markham","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Palmer, J. R.","contributorId":83559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Friebel, M.F.","contributorId":23207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friebel","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Trujillo, L.F.","contributorId":71959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trujillo","given":"L.F.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":250317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":29884,"text":"wri934227 - 1993 - Geohydrology and simulation of flow and water levels in the aquifer system in the Mud Lake area of the eastern Snake River plain, eastern Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-15T10:07:59","indexId":"wri934227","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4227","title":"Geohydrology and simulation of flow and water levels in the aquifer system in the Mud Lake area of the eastern Snake River plain, eastern Idaho","docAbstract":"Water users rely on surface water and ground water to irrigate crops and to maintain lakes on wildlife refuges in the 2,200-square-mile Mud Lake study area. Ground-water development between the late 1970's and 1989 increased withdrawals from about 240,000 acre-feet in 1983 to about 370,000 acre-feet in 1990. Concurrent with ground-water development, change from subirrigation to sprinkler irrigation was predicted to reduce recharge by 95,000 acre-feet, according to an independent study. Of the 660,000 acre-feet total estimated recharge from precipitation and irrigation in the study area in 1980, half was in the area in which irrigation methods were changed. Water managers need the ability to evaluate the effects of water-use changes on the future supply of surface water and ground water.
Basalt and rhyolite predominate on the surface and in the subsurface of the study area. Total basalt thickness is less than 4,000 feet; total sediment thickness (clay, silt, sand, and gravel) is less than 1,000 feet. Basalt and sediment interbeds contribute to confined ground-water conditions and affect movement and supply of water in parts of the aquifer system.
Estimated losses from and gains to perennial streams and lakes in 1980 were each about 110,000 acre-feet. Water-table altitudes ranged from about 4,500 to 6,200 feet above sea level, and water-table gradients were 3 to 120 feet per mile. Underflow from basins tributary to the study area was estimated to be about 450,000 acre-feet in 1980; measured discharge from flowing wells was about 10,000 acre-feet.
A five-layer, three-dimensional, finite-difference, numerical ground-water flow model was calibrated by trial-and-error to assumed 1980 steady-state hydrologic conditions to obtain a better understanding of the geohydrology and provide a tool to evaluate water-use alternatives. Water-level gradients simulated by the model were similar to gradients measured in 1980. Simulated underflow across model boundaries for 1980 was 932,000 acre-feet. Simulated losses from and gains to most streams and lakes were within 2 percent of estimated values. Simulated discharge from flowing wells matched measurements for 1980. An attempt to calibrate the numerical model to transient hydrologic conditions in monthly increments from 1981 to 1990 was discontinued because available data did not justify changes that were indicated by model simulations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934227","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Water Resources and U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Spinazola, J.M., 1993, Geohydrology and simulation of flow and water levels in the aquifer system in the Mud Lake area of the eastern Snake River plain, eastern Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4227, v, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934227.","productDescription":"v, 78 p.","numberOfPages":"83","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124187,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4227/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58692,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4227/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.0,43.5 ], [ -113.0,44.5 ], [ -111.5,44.5 ], [ -111.5,43.5 ], [ -113.0,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spinazola, Joseph M.","contributorId":102044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spinazola","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18040,"text":"ofr92123 - 1993 - An interim report on flows in the lower Roanoke River, and water quality and hydrodynamics of Albermarle Sound, North Carolina, October 1989-April 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-16T11:24:14","indexId":"ofr92123","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-123","title":"An interim report on flows in the lower Roanoke River, and water quality and hydrodynamics of Albermarle Sound, North Carolina, October 1989-April 1991","docAbstract":"In 1990, a 3-year investigation was begun in North Carolina to: (1) develop a model for computing flows in the lower 67 mi of the Roanoke River; (2) characterize water-quality conditions in Albemarle Sound; and (3) describe the circulation regime of Albemarle Sound, particularly in relation to inflows. This report summarizes data and results obtained during the first year of the study. The water level in Albemarle Sound may affect flows in the Roanoke River as far as 60 mi upstream from the mouth of the river. The presence of higher water levels downstream relative to those upstream indicates that reverse flows likely occurred in the lower 20 mi of the Roanoke River in October and December 1990. A one-dimensional, unsteady flow model has been calibrated and validated for a 30-mi segment of the lower Roanoke River. Simulated and observed water levels typically differed by less than 0.5 ft, and simulated flows were generally within 10% of observed values. Near-surface and near-bottom specific conductances, near-surface water temperature, and near-surface, mid-depth, and near-bottom dissolved-oxygen concentrations were monitored at 10 locations in Albemarle Sound from October 1989 to April 1991. Observed salinities ranged from virtually 0 to more than 9 ppt, and maximum observed water temperatures were about 32C. Dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from supersaturated to hypoxic conditions. The daily range in dissolved-oxygen concentrations was typically larger during the summer months than during the rest of the year, and the lowest dissolved-oxygen values were observed during the summer.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr92123","usgsCitation":"Bales, J., Strickland, A., and Garrett, R.G., 1993, An interim report on flows in the lower Roanoke River, and water quality and hydrodynamics of Albermarle Sound, North Carolina, October 1989-April 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-123, vi, 133 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92123.","productDescription":"vi, 133 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":150169,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0123/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47284,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0123/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Albermarle Sound, Roanoke River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.0458984375,\n 34.79576153473033\n ],\n [\n -82.0458984375,\n 37.42252593456307\n ],\n [\n -75.1025390625,\n 37.42252593456307\n ],\n [\n -75.1025390625,\n 34.79576153473033\n ],\n [\n -82.0458984375,\n 34.79576153473033\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db684434","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bales, J. D.","contributorId":21569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bales","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Strickland, A.G.","contributorId":99959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strickland","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garrett, R. G.","contributorId":93929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrett","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":21398,"text":"ofr93121 - 1993 - Traveltime and dispersion data, including associated discharge and water-surface elevation data, Kanawha River West Virginia, 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:48","indexId":"ofr93121","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-121","title":"Traveltime and dispersion data, including associated discharge and water-surface elevation data, Kanawha River West Virginia, 1991","docAbstract":"This report presents results of a study by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Virginia Environmental Endowment, Marshall University Research Corporation, and the West Virginia Depart- ment of Environmental Protection, to evaluate traveltime of a soluble dye on the Kanawha River. The Kanawha River originates in south-central West Virginia and flows northwestward to the Ohio River. Knowledge of traveltime and dispersion of a soluble dye could help river managers mitigate effects of an accidental spill. Traveltime and dispersion data were collected from June 20 through July 4, 1991, when river discharges decreased from June 24 through July 3, 1991. Daily mean discharges decreased from 5,540 ft 3/s on June 24 to 2,790 ft3/s on July 2 at Kanawha Falls and from 5,680 ft3/s on June 24 to 3,000 ft3/s on July 2 at Charleston. Water-surface elevations in regulated pools indicated a loss of water storage during the period. A spill at Gauley Bridge under similar streamflow conditions of this study is estimated to take 15 days to move beyond Winfield Dam. Estimated time of passage (elapsed time at a particular location) at Marmet Dam and Winfield Dam is approximately 2.5 days and 5.5 days, respectively. The spill is estimated to spend 12 days in the Winfield pool.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center--Open-File Report Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93121","usgsCitation":"Wiley, J., 1993, Traveltime and dispersion data, including associated discharge and water-surface elevation data, Kanawha River West Virginia, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-121, iv, 31 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93121.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154192,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0121/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50967,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0121/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f08c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiley, J.B.","contributorId":76739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiley","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19483,"text":"ofr93494 - 1993 - Saltwater in shallow aquifers in east-central and northeastern Louisiana and southeastern Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:29","indexId":"ofr93494","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-494","title":"Saltwater in shallow aquifers in east-central and northeastern Louisiana and southeastern Arkansas","docAbstract":"The chemistry of water from irrigation and monitor wells in east-central Louisiana indicates the presence of saltwater in the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer and the uppermost part of the Jasper aquifer system. The salinity of this groundwater makes it unsuitable for use in irrigation of salt-sensitive crops. The geochemistry of bromide (Br) and chloride (Cl) ions and strontium (Sr) isotopes indicated that this saltwater could have originated from the mixing of freshwater with briny water originating from the Carrizo-Wilcox aquifer at altitudes from 5,800 to 6,800 feet below sea level. However, in the absence of data on the concentrations of Br and Cl ions and the values of (87)Sr/(86)Sr in water from the Catahoula, Cockfield, and Sparta aquifers within the study area, no conclusive statement can be made on the origin of saltwater in the alluvial aquifer and the uppermost part of the Jasper aquifer system. Analyses of water from irrigation wells in northeastern Louisiana and southeastern Arkansas indicated the presence of saltwater in the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer. Saltwater probably moves from southern Chicot County, Arkansas, into northeastern Louisiana by flowing to the southwest along a fluvial channel eroded into the Cockfield Formation. Saltwater in the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer in northeastern Louisiana and southeastern Arkansas can be hazardous to salt-sensitive crops, such as rice, when used for irrigation. The geochemistry of Br and Cl ions indicated that saltwater in the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer of southern Chicot County in southeastern Arkansas has two geochemically distinct sources. One source, which has Br/Cl ratios less than that of modern seawater, could be derived from saltwater present in aquifers of Tertiary age; this saltwater could enter the alluvial aquifer by upward flow from below as part of the natural regional groundwater flow pattern. The other source, which has Br/Cl ratios greater than that of modern sea- water, could be derived, in part, from briny water present in the Smackover Formation at altitudes from 5,500 to 6,500 feet below sea level. This briny water could enter the alluvial aquifer by upward migration along a fault that penetrates from near land surface into the Smackover Formation.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93494","usgsCitation":"Huff, G.F., and Bonck, J., 1993, Saltwater in shallow aquifers in east-central and northeastern Louisiana and southeastern Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-494, v, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93494.","productDescription":"v, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0494/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48953,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0494/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649eb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huff, G. F.","contributorId":11229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huff","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bonck, J.P.","contributorId":14443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonck","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29459,"text":"wri934106 - 1993 - Effectiveness of the streamflow-gaging network in Kentucky in providing regional streamflow information","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:02","indexId":"wri934106","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4106","title":"Effectiveness of the streamflow-gaging network in Kentucky in providing regional streamflow information","docAbstract":"This report describes the results of an analysis of the effectiveness of the strearnflow-gaging network in Kentucky in providing regional streamflow information. The data available for analysis included streamflow-gaging stations in Kentucky and selected stations in adjoining States. One phase of the analysis determined the increased effectiveness of the network if hypothetical new stations were added to it. The analysis was based on the principles of generalized least squares regression. The results indicated that new stations having small drainage areas (less than 100 square miles) produced the greatest reduction in average sampling-error variance from current conditions in the mean-flow analysis. Only stations with drainage areas ranging from 200 to 450 square miles produced a significant effect on the low-flow analysis. Data from new stations having small drainage areas (less than 100 square miles) and fairly steep slopes (25 feet per mile) would make the greatest improvement in peak-flow information.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nESIC, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934106","usgsCitation":"Ruhl, K., 1993, Effectiveness of the streamflow-gaging network in Kentucky in providing regional streamflow information: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4106, v, 28 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934106.","productDescription":"v, 28 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122677,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4106/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58304,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4106/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6252ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhl, K.J.","contributorId":35322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19116,"text":"ofr93439 - 1993 - Selected data on water quantity and quality at four sites on streams draining public lands, Colorado River basin, southeastern Nevada, October 1988 - September 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:25","indexId":"ofr93439","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-439","title":"Selected data on water quantity and quality at four sites on streams draining public lands, Colorado River basin, southeastern Nevada, October 1988 - September 1991","docAbstract":"The Nevada part of the Colorado River basin encompasses about 12,000 sq mi, of which 70 percent is public land. Water-quality monitoring stations existing before 1988 were at or near the mouths of tributaries flowing into Lake Mead on the Colorado River below multiple sources of dissolved solids. Thus, data were insufficient to assess what percentage of the overall dissolved-solids contribution to the Colorado River comes from public lands. To assess that contribution in southeastern Nevada, four streamflow and water-quality stations were established, one each on Pahranagat Wash, Muddy River, Meadow Valley Wash, and Las Vegas Wash. Streamflow data and specific-conductance data (an indirect, approximate measure of dissolved-solids concentration) were recorded half-hourly at Pahranagat Wash and Las Vegas Wash, and hourly at Muddy River and Meadow Valley Wash. In addition, water samples were collected during station visits and analyzed for instantaneous specific conductance and dissolved-solids concentration. Additional water samples were collected during selected periods of storm runoff. Data collected at the four sites from October 1988 through September 1991 are presented in tabular format in this report. These data provide information for characterizing the dissolved-solids contribution from public lands in southeastern Nevada to the Colorado River.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Services [distributer],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93439","usgsCitation":"Gortsema, G., 1993, Selected data on water quantity and quality at four sites on streams draining public lands, Colorado River basin, southeastern Nevada, October 1988 - September 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-439, iv, 31 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93439.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150697,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0439/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48579,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0439/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e5740","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gortsema, G.C.","contributorId":17631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gortsema","given":"G.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21346,"text":"ofr9363 - 1993 - Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon: Volume 2 – Annual low and high flow and instantaneous peak flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-23T21:36:50.11005","indexId":"ofr9363","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-63","title":"Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon: Volume 2 – Annual low and high flow and instantaneous peak flow","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9363","usgsCitation":"Wellman, R.E., Gordon, J.M., and Moffatt, R.L., 1993, Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon: Volume 2 – Annual low and high flow and instantaneous peak flow: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-63, Report: iii, 406 p.; 1 Plate: 37.44 × 30.68 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9363.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 406 p.; 1 Plate: 37.44 × 30.68 inches","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":405506,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12615.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":50909,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0063/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":50908,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0063/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155149,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0063/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-121.922236,45.649083],[-121.908267,45.654399],[-121.900858,45.662009],[-121.901855,45.670716],[-121.867167,45.693277],[-121.811304,45.706761],[-121.735104,45.694039],[-121.707358,45.694809],[-121.668362,45.705082],[-121.631167,45.704657],[-121.533106,45.726541],[-121.499153,45.720846],[-121.462849,45.701367],[-121.423592,45.69399],[-121.401739,45.692887],[-121.372574,45.703111],[-121.33777,45.704949],[-121.312198,45.699925],[-121.287323,45.687019],[-121.251183,45.67839],[-121.215779,45.671238],[-121.200367,45.649829],[-121.195233,45.629513],[-121.196556,45.616689],[-121.183841,45.606441],[-121.167852,45.606098],[-121.145534,45.607886],[-121.139483,45.611962],[-121.131953,45.609762],[-121.1222,45.616067],[-121.117052,45.618117],[-121.120064,45.623134],[-121.084933,45.647893],[-121.06437,45.652549],[-121.033582,45.650998],[-121.007449,45.653217],[-120.983478,45.648344],[-120.977978,45.649345],[-120.953077,45.656745],[-120.943977,45.656445],[-120.913476,45.640045],[-120.895575,45.642945],[-120.855674,45.671545],[-120.788872,45.686246],[-120.724171,45.706446],[-120.68937,45.715847],[-120.668869,45.730147],[-120.634968,45.745847],[-120.591166,45.746547],[-120.559465,45.738348],[-120.521964,45.709848],[-120.505863,45.700048],[-120.482362,45.694449],[-120.40396,45.699249],[-120.329057,45.71105],[-120.282156,45.72125],[-120.210754,45.725951],[-120.170453,45.761951],[-120.141352,45.773152],[-120.07015,45.785152],[-120.001148,45.811902],[-119.965744,45.824365],[-119.907461,45.828135],[-119.876144,45.834718],[-119.802655,45.84753],[-119.772927,45.845578],[-119.669877,45.856867],[-119.623393,45.905639],[-119.600549,45.919581],[-119.571584,45.925456],[-119.524632,45.908605],[-119.487829,45.906307],[-119.450256,45.917354],[-119.364396,45.921605],[-119.322509,45.933183],[-119.25715,45.939926],[-119.225745,45.932725],[-119.19553,45.92787],[-119.169496,45.927603],[-119.12612,45.932859],[-119.093221,45.942745],[-119.061462,45.958527],[-119.027056,45.969134],[-119.008558,45.97927],[-118.987129,45.999855],[-118.941242,46.000574],[-118.639332,46.000994],[-118.146028,46.000701],[-118.131019,46.00028],[-117.996911,46.000787],[-117.717852,45.999866],[-117.48013,45.99787],[-117.439943,45.998633],[-117.390738,45.998598],[-117.353928,45.996349],[-117.337668,45.998662],[-117.216731,45.998356],[-117.070047,45.99751],[-117.051304,45.996849],[-116.985882,45.996974],[-116.915989,45.995413],[-116.911409,45.988912],[-116.892935,45.974396],[-116.886843,45.958617],[-116.875706,45.945008],[-116.869655,45.923799],[-116.866544,45.916958],[-116.859795,45.907264],[-116.857254,45.904159],[-116.84355,45.892273],[-116.830003,45.886405],[-116.819182,45.880938],[-116.814142,45.877551],[-116.796051,45.858473],[-116.790151,45.849851],[-116.787792,45.844267],[-116.78752,45.840204],[-116.788923,45.836741],[-116.789066,45.833471],[-116.782676,45.825376],[-116.7634,45.81658],[-116.759787,45.816167],[-116.750978,45.818537],[-116.740486,45.82446],[-116.736268,45.826179],[-116.715527,45.826773],[-116.711822,45.826267],[-116.697192,45.820135],[-116.687007,45.806319],[-116.680139,45.79359],[-116.665344,45.781998],[-116.659629,45.780016],[-116.646342,45.779815],[-116.639641,45.781274],[-116.635814,45.783642],[-116.632032,45.784979],[-116.60504,45.781018],[-116.593004,45.778541],[-116.559444,45.755189],[-116.553548,45.753388],[-116.549085,45.752735],[-116.546643,45.750972],[-116.537173,45.737288],[-116.535698,45.734231],[-116.538014,45.714929],[-116.536395,45.69665],[-116.535396,45.691734],[-116.528272,45.681473],[-116.523961,45.677639],[-116.512326,45.670224],[-116.487894,45.649769],[-116.477452,45.631267],[-116.469813,45.620604],[-116.46517,45.617986],[-116.463504,45.615785],[-116.463635,45.602785],[-116.481943,45.577898],[-116.48297,45.577008],[-116.490279,45.574499],[-116.502756,45.566608],[-116.523638,45.54661],[-116.535482,45.525079],[-116.543837,45.514193],[-116.548676,45.510385],[-116.553473,45.499107],[-116.558804,45.481188],[-116.558803,45.480076],[-116.55498,45.472801],[-116.554829,45.46293],[-116.563985,45.460169],[-116.581382,45.448984],[-116.588195,45.44292],[-116.592416,45.427356],[-116.597447,45.41277],[-116.619057,45.39821],[-116.653252,45.351084],[-116.673793,45.321511],[-116.674648,45.314342],[-116.672594,45.298023],[-116.672163,45.288938],[-116.672733,45.283183],[-116.674493,45.276349],[-116.675587,45.274867],[-116.681013,45.27072],[-116.687027,45.267857],[-116.691388,45.263739],[-116.703607,45.239757],[-116.70975,45.217243],[-116.708546,45.207356],[-116.709536,45.203015],[-116.724205,45.171501],[-116.724188,45.162924],[-116.729607,45.142091],[-116.754643,45.113972],[-116.774847,45.105536],[-116.782492,45.09579],[-116.783537,45.093605],[-116.784244,45.088128],[-116.78371,45.076972],[-116.797329,45.060267],[-116.808576,45.050652],[-116.825133,45.03784],[-116.841314,45.030907],[-116.847944,45.022602],[-116.848037,45.021728],[-116.845847,45.01847],[-116.844796,45.015312],[-116.844625,45.001435],[-116.856754,44.984298],[-116.858313,44.978761],[-116.850737,44.958113],[-116.846461,44.951521],[-116.835702,44.940633],[-116.83199,44.933007],[-116.832176,44.931373],[-116.833632,44.928976],[-116.838467,44.923601],[-116.846061,44.905249],[-116.852427,44.887577],[-116.857038,44.880769],[-116.865338,44.870599],[-116.883598,44.858268],[-116.896249,44.84833],[-116.920498,44.81438],[-116.928099,44.808381],[-116.931099,44.804781],[-116.933699,44.798781],[-116.933799,44.796781],[-116.9307,44.789881],[-116.9318,44.787181],[-116.9347,44.783881],[-116.949001,44.777981],[-116.966801,44.775181],[-116.970902,44.773881],[-116.977802,44.767981],[-116.986502,44.762381],[-116.992003,44.759182],[-116.998903,44.756382],[-117.006045,44.756024],[-117.013802,44.756841],[-117.03827,44.748179],[-117.044217,44.74514],[-117.062273,44.727143],[-117.060454,44.721668],[-117.061799,44.706654],[-117.063824,44.703623],[-117.072221,44.700517],[-117.07912,44.692175],[-117.080772,44.684161],[-117.091223,44.668807],[-117.095868,44.664737],[-117.096791,44.657385],[-117.094968,44.652011],[-117.098221,44.640689],[-117.108231,44.62711],[-117.114754,44.624883],[-117.120522,44.614658],[-117.125267,44.593818],[-117.124754,44.583834],[-117.126009,44.581553],[-117.133963,44.57524],[-117.14248,44.57143],[-117.146032,44.568603],[-117.148255,44.564371],[-117.147934,44.562143],[-117.14293,44.557236],[-117.144161,44.545647],[-117.149242,44.536151],[-117.152406,44.531802],[-117.161033,44.525166],[-117.167187,44.523431],[-117.181583,44.52296],[-117.185386,44.519261],[-117.189759,44.513385],[-117.19163,44.509886],[-117.191329,44.506784],[-117.192494,44.503272],[-117.194317,44.499884],[-117.200237,44.492027],[-117.208936,44.485661],[-117.211148,44.485359],[-117.216372,44.48616],[-117.224104,44.483734],[-117.225076,44.482346],[-117.225932,44.479389],[-117.225758,44.477223],[-117.224445,44.473884],[-117.221548,44.470146],[-117.217015,44.459042],[-117.215573,44.453746],[-117.214637,44.44803],[-117.215072,44.427162],[-117.22698,44.405583],[-117.234835,44.399669],[-117.242675,44.396548],[-117.243027,44.390974],[-117.235117,44.373853],[-117.216911,44.360163],[-117.210587,44.357703],[-117.206962,44.355206],[-117.197339,44.347406],[-117.189769,44.336585],[-117.191546,44.329621],[-117.203323,44.313024],[-117.2055,44.311789],[-117.216795,44.308236],[-117.217843,44.30718],[-117.220069,44.301382],[-117.222451,44.298963],[-117.222647,44.297578],[-117.216974,44.288357],[-117.198147,44.273828],[-117.170342,44.25889],[-117.15706,44.25749],[-117.143394,44.258262],[-117.138523,44.25937],[-117.133984,44.262972],[-117.133104,44.264236],[-117.13253,44.267045],[-117.130904,44.269453],[-117.121037,44.277585],[-117.111617,44.280667],[-117.107673,44.280763],[-117.104208,44.27994],[-117.098531,44.275533],[-117.09457,44.270978],[-117.093578,44.269383],[-117.090933,44.260311],[-117.089503,44.258234],[-117.07835,44.249885],[-117.067284,44.24401],[-117.059352,44.237244],[-117.05651,44.230874],[-117.05303,44.229076],[-117.050057,44.22883],[-117.047062,44.229742],[-117.045513,44.232005],[-117.042283,44.242775],[-117.031862,44.248635],[-117.025277,44.248505],[-117.020231,44.246063],[-117.016921,44.245391],[-116.98687,44.245477],[-116.975905,44.242844],[-116.973542,44.23998],[-116.971958,44.235677],[-116.973945,44.225932],[-116.973701,44.208017],[-116.971675,44.197256],[-116.967259,44.194581],[-116.965498,44.194126],[-116.947591,44.191264],[-116.940534,44.19371],[-116.935443,44.193962],[-116.925392,44.191544],[-116.902752,44.179467],[-116.900103,44.176851],[-116.895757,44.171267],[-116.894083,44.160191],[-116.894309,44.158114],[-116.895931,44.154295],[-116.927688,44.109438],[-116.928306,44.107326],[-116.933704,44.100039],[-116.937835,44.096943],[-116.943132,44.09406],[-116.957009,44.091743],[-116.967203,44.090936],[-116.974253,44.088295],[-116.977351,44.085364],[-116.973185,44.049425],[-116.956246,44.042888],[-116.943361,44.035645],[-116.937342,44.029376],[-116.934727,44.023806],[-116.934485,44.021249],[-116.942944,43.987512],[-116.957527,43.972443],[-116.969842,43.967588],[-116.971436,43.964998],[-116.971835,43.962806],[-116.970241,43.958622],[-116.969245,43.957426],[-116.966256,43.955832],[-116.963666,43.952644],[-116.96247,43.928336],[-116.963666,43.921363],[-116.977332,43.905812],[-116.976024,43.895548],[-116.982347,43.86884],[-116.98294,43.86771],[-116.991415,43.863864],[-116.997391,43.864874],[-117.01077,43.862269],[-117.013954,43.859358],[-117.026871,43.832479],[-117.026222,42.000252],[-117.040906,41.99989],[-117.04891,41.998983],[-117.055402,41.99989],[-117.068613,42.000035],[-117.197798,42.00038],[-117.403613,41.99929],[-117.443062,41.999659],[-117.625973,41.998102],[-117.873467,41.998335],[-118.197189,41.996995],[-118.501002,41.995446],[-118.696409,41.991794],[-119.001022,41.993793],[-119.20828,41.993177],[-119.231876,41.994212],[-119.251033,41.993843],[-119.444598,41.995478],[-119.72573,41.996296],[-119.790087,41.997544],[-119.872929,41.997641],[-119.876054,41.997199],[-119.986678,41.995842],[-119.999168,41.99454],[-120.001058,41.995139],[-120.181563,41.994588],[-120.286424,41.993058],[-120.501069,41.993785],[-120.647173,41.993084],[-120.812279,41.994183],[-121.035195,41.993323],[-121.094926,41.994658],[-121.126093,41.99601],[-121.247616,41.997054],[-121.251099,41.99757],[-121.309981,41.997612],[-121.340517,41.99622],[-121.376101,41.997026],[-121.434977,41.997022],[-121.580865,41.998668],[-121.846712,42.00307],[-122.000319,42.003967],[-122.101922,42.005766],[-122.160438,42.007637],[-122.261127,42.007364],[-122.378193,42.009518],[-122.397984,42.008758],[-122.501135,42.00846],[-122.634739,42.004858],[-122.80008,42.004071],[-122.893961,42.002605],[-123.045254,42.003049],[-123.065655,42.004948],[-123.083956,42.005448],[-123.145959,42.009247],[-123.154908,42.008036],[-123.192361,42.005446],[-123.347562,41.999108],[-123.381776,41.999268],[-123.43477,42.001641],[-123.49883,42.000525],[-123.525245,42.001047],[-123.55256,42.000246],[-123.624554,41.999837],[-123.656998,41.995137],[-123.728156,41.997007],[-123.789295,41.996111],[-123.813992,41.995096],[-123.834208,41.996116],[-124.001188,41.996146],[-124.126194,41.996992],[-124.211605,41.99846],[-124.214213,42.005939],[-124.270464,42.045553],[-124.287374,42.046016],[-124.299649,42.051736],[-124.314289,42.067864],[-124.34101,42.092929],[-124.356229,42.114952],[-124.357122,42.118016],[-124.351535,42.129796],[-124.351784,42.134965],[-124.355696,42.141964],[-124.361563,42.143767],[-124.366028,42.152343],[-124.366832,42.15845],[-124.363389,42.158588],[-124.360318,42.162272],[-124.361009,42.180752],[-124.367751,42.188321],[-124.373175,42.190218],[-124.374949,42.193129],[-124.376215,42.196381],[-124.375553,42.20882],[-124.377762,42.218809],[-124.383633,42.22716],[-124.410982,42.250547],[-124.411534,42.254115],[-124.408514,42.260588],[-124.405148,42.278107],[-124.410556,42.307431],[-124.429288,42.331746],[-124.427222,42.33488],[-124.425554,42.351874],[-124.424066,42.377242],[-124.424863,42.395426],[-124.428068,42.420333],[-124.434882,42.434916],[-124.435105,42.440163],[-124.422038,42.461226],[-124.423084,42.478952],[-124.421381,42.491737],[-124.399065,42.539928],[-124.390664,42.566593],[-124.389977,42.574758],[-124.400918,42.597518],[-124.399421,42.618079],[-124.401177,42.627192],[-124.413119,42.657934],[-124.416774,42.661594],[-124.45074,42.675798],[-124.451484,42.677787],[-124.447487,42.68474],[-124.448418,42.689909],[-124.473864,42.732671],[-124.491679,42.741789],[-124.498473,42.741077],[-124.499122,42.738606],[-124.510017,42.734746],[-124.513368,42.735068],[-124.514669,42.736806],[-124.516236,42.753632],[-124.524439,42.789793],[-124.536073,42.814175],[-124.544179,42.822958],[-124.552441,42.840568],[-124.500141,42.917502],[-124.480938,42.951495],[-124.462619,42.99143],[-124.456918,43.000315],[-124.436198,43.071312],[-124.432236,43.097383],[-124.434451,43.115986],[-124.424113,43.126859],[-124.401726,43.184896],[-124.395302,43.211101],[-124.395607,43.223908],[-124.38246,43.270167],[-124.388891,43.290523],[-124.393988,43.29926],[-124.400404,43.302121],[-124.402814,43.305872],[-124.387642,43.325968],[-124.373037,43.338953],[-124.353332,43.342667],[-124.341587,43.351337],[-124.315012,43.388389],[-124.286896,43.436296],[-124.255609,43.502172],[-124.233534,43.55713],[-124.203028,43.667825],[-124.204888,43.673976],[-124.198275,43.689481],[-124.193455,43.706085],[-124.168392,43.808903],[-124.150267,43.91085],[-124.142704,43.958182],[-124.133547,44.035845],[-124.122406,44.104442],[-124.125824,44.12613],[-124.117006,44.171913],[-124.114424,44.198164],[-124.115671,44.206554],[-124.111054,44.235071],[-124.108945,44.265475],[-124.109744,44.270597],[-124.114869,44.272721],[-124.115953,44.274641],[-124.1152,44.286486],[-124.10907,44.303707],[-124.108088,44.309926],[-124.109556,44.314545],[-124.100587,44.331926],[-124.092101,44.370388],[-124.084401,44.415611],[-124.080989,44.419728],[-124.071706,44.423662],[-124.067569,44.428582],[-124.073941,44.434481],[-124.079301,44.430863],[-124.082113,44.441518],[-124.082061,44.478171],[-124.084429,44.486927],[-124.083601,44.501123],[-124.076387,44.531214],[-124.067251,44.60804],[-124.06914,44.612979],[-124.082326,44.608861],[-124.084476,44.611056],[-124.065202,44.622445],[-124.065008,44.632504],[-124.058281,44.658866],[-124.060043,44.669361],[-124.070394,44.683514],[-124.063406,44.703177],[-124.059077,44.737656],[-124.066325,44.762671],[-124.075473,44.771403],[-124.074066,44.798107],[-124.066746,44.831191],[-124.063155,44.835333],[-124.054151,44.838233],[-124.048814,44.850007],[-124.032296,44.900809],[-124.025136,44.928175],[-124.025678,44.936542],[-124.023834,44.949825],[-124.015243,44.982904],[-124.004386,45.046197],[-124.004668,45.048167],[-124.00977,45.047266],[-124.017991,45.049808],[-124.015851,45.064759],[-124.012163,45.076921],[-124.006057,45.084736],[-124.004863,45.084232],[-123.989529,45.094045],[-123.975425,45.145476],[-123.968187,45.201217],[-123.972919,45.216784],[-123.962887,45.280218],[-123.964169,45.317026],[-123.972899,45.33689],[-123.978671,45.338854],[-124.007756,45.336813],[-124.007494,45.33974],[-123.979715,45.347724],[-123.973398,45.354791],[-123.965728,45.386242],[-123.960557,45.430778],[-123.964074,45.449112],[-123.972953,45.467513],[-123.976544,45.489733],[-123.970794,45.493507],[-123.96634,45.493417],[-123.957568,45.510399],[-123.947556,45.564878],[-123.956711,45.571303],[-123.951246,45.585775],[-123.939005,45.661923],[-123.939448,45.708795],[-123.943121,45.727031],[-123.946027,45.733249],[-123.968563,45.757019],[-123.982578,45.761815],[-123.981864,45.768285],[-123.969459,45.782371],[-123.961544,45.837101],[-123.962736,45.869974],[-123.96763,45.907807],[-123.979501,45.930389],[-123.99304,45.938842],[-123.993703,45.946431],[-123.969991,45.969139],[-123.957438,45.974469],[-123.941831,45.97566],[-123.937471,45.977306],[-123.927891,46.009564],[-123.92933,46.041978],[-123.933366,46.071672],[-123.947531,46.116131],[-123.95919,46.141675],[-123.974124,46.168798],[-123.996766,46.20399],[-124.010344,46.223514],[-124.024305,46.229256],[-124.011355,46.236223],[-124.001998,46.237316],[-123.998052,46.235327],[-123.988429,46.224132],[-123.990117,46.21763],[-123.987196,46.211521],[-123.982149,46.209662],[-123.961739,46.207916],[-123.950148,46.204097],[-123.927038,46.191617],[-123.912405,46.17945],[-123.9042,46.169293],[-123.891186,46.164778],[-123.854801,46.157342],[-123.842849,46.160529],[-123.841521,46.169824],[-123.863347,46.18235],[-123.866643,46.187674],[-123.864209,46.189527],[-123.838801,46.192211],[-123.821834,46.190293],[-123.793936,46.196283],[-123.759976,46.2073],[-123.736747,46.200687],[-123.71278,46.198751],[-123.706667,46.199665],[-123.67538,46.212401],[-123.673831,46.215418],[-123.666751,46.218228],[-123.65539,46.217974],[-123.636474,46.214359],[-123.6325,46.216681],[-123.626247,46.226434],[-123.625219,46.233868],[-123.622812,46.23664],[-123.613459,46.239228],[-123.605487,46.2393],[-123.60019,46.234814],[-123.586205,46.228654],[-123.548194,46.248245],[-123.547659,46.259109],[-123.538092,46.26061],[-123.526391,46.263404],[-123.501245,46.271004],[-123.479644,46.269131],[-123.474844,46.267831],[-123.468743,46.264531],[-123.447592,46.249832],[-123.427629,46.229348],[-123.430847,46.181827],[-123.371433,46.146372],[-123.332335,46.146132],[-123.301034,46.144632],[-123.280166,46.144843],[-123.251233,46.156452],[-123.231196,46.16615],[-123.166414,46.188973],[-123.115904,46.185268],[-123.105021,46.177676],[-123.051064,46.153599],[-123.041297,46.146351],[-123.03382,46.144336],[-123.022147,46.13911],[-123.009436,46.136043],[-123.004233,46.133823],[-122.962681,46.104817],[-122.904119,46.083734],[-122.884478,46.06028],[-122.878092,46.031281],[-122.856158,46.014469],[-122.837638,45.98082],[-122.813998,45.960984],[-122.806193,45.932416],[-122.81151,45.912725],[-122.798091,45.884333],[-122.785026,45.867699],[-122.785696,45.844216],[-122.795963,45.825024],[-122.795605,45.81],[-122.769532,45.780583],[-122.761451,45.759163],[-122.760108,45.734413],[-122.772511,45.699637],[-122.774511,45.680437],[-122.76381,45.657138],[-122.738109,45.644138],[-122.713309,45.637438],[-122.691008,45.624739],[-122.675008,45.618039],[-122.643907,45.609739],[-122.602606,45.607639],[-122.581406,45.60394],[-122.548149,45.596768],[-122.523668,45.589632],[-122.492259,45.583281],[-122.479315,45.579761],[-122.474659,45.578305],[-122.453891,45.567313],[-122.438674,45.563585],[-122.410706,45.567633],[-122.391802,45.574541],[-122.380302,45.575941],[-122.352802,45.569441],[-122.331502,45.548241],[-122.294901,45.543541],[-122.266701,45.543841],[-122.262625,45.544321],[-122.248993,45.547745],[-122.2017,45.564141],[-122.183695,45.577696],[-122.14075,45.584508],[-122.112356,45.581409],[-122.101675,45.583516],[-122.044374,45.609516],[-122.022571,45.615151],[-122.00369,45.61593],[-121.983038,45.622812],[-121.963547,45.632784],[-121.955734,45.643559],[-121.951838,45.644951],[-121.935149,45.644169],[-121.922236,45.649083]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Oregon\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dce4b07f02db5e1a8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wellman, R. E.","contributorId":34532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wellman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gordon, J. M.","contributorId":55464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moffatt, R. L.","contributorId":79889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moffatt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28896,"text":"wri934052 - 1993 - Hydrology and water chemistry of shallow aquifers along the upper Clark Fork, western Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:49","indexId":"wri934052","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4052","title":"Hydrology and water chemistry of shallow aquifers along the upper Clark Fork, western Montana","docAbstract":"Shallow ground-water resources in western Montana have been developed primarily in Quaternary alluvium and Tertiary deposits, although bedrock supplies water to wells locally. Well-yield and trans- missivity values were largest (medians of 40 gallons per minute and 970 feet squared per day, respec- tively) in alluvium and smallest (medians of 15 gallons per minute and 130 feet squared per day, respectively) in bedrock. Chemical composition of ground water was dominated by calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate derived from dissolution of carbonate minerals. Other water types may be the result of ion exchange (increased sodium) and mixing of geothermal water or leachate from mine wastes (increased sulfate). Although concen- trations of arsenic were relatively small (maximum of 20 micrograms per liter), they were somewhat larger in alluvium within 300 feet of the Clark Fork. Elevated concentrations of cadmium (maximum of 6 micrograms per liter) were measured in water from one well downgradient from tailings ponds. Although mining and smelting activities have resulted in widespread distribution of contami- nants in the Clark Fork valley, this study indicates that ground water contains elevated concentrations of trace elements only locally. Streamflow data indicate significant ground-water inflow to the Clark Fork in two reaches. Between Racetrack and Garrison, irrigation-return flow probably augments naturally occurring ground-water discharge. Between Jens and Cramer Creek, geo- thermal water from bedrock flows through alluvium to the river. In the Clark Fork, the maximum arsenic concentration was 8.1 micrograms per liter; copper and manganese concentrations were largest at Warm Springs (maximums of 14 and 350 micrograms per liter, respectively) and decreased downstream.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934052","usgsCitation":"Nimick, D., 1993, Hydrology and water chemistry of shallow aquifers along the upper Clark Fork, western Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4052, v, 63 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934052.","productDescription":"v, 63 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124242,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4052/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57771,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4052/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57772,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4052/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e83c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimick, D. A.","contributorId":70399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21194,"text":"ofr93483 - 1993 - Data-collection methods and data summary for verification of a one-dimensional, unsteady-flow model of the Fox River in northeastern Illinois, October-November 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-17T15:37:17","indexId":"ofr93483","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-483","title":"Data-collection methods and data summary for verification of a one-dimensional, unsteady-flow model of the Fox River in northeastern Illinois, October-November 1990","docAbstract":"Synoptic-study measurements of unsteady streamflow and dye concentrations were collected on a 49.4-mile reach of the Fox River in south-eastern Wisconsin and northeastern Illinois in October and November 1990. The study area included the Fox River and its major tributaries from Wilmot, Wis., downstream to South Elgin, Ill. The measurements were obtained to verify a one-dimensional, unsteady-flow model of the river system.\nUnsteady-flow conditions were created through operation of flow-control structures at Stratton Dam near McHenry, Ill. On November 1, 1990, dam gate openings were decreased to 0.1 foot. Openings remained at 0.1 foot until low flow was established throughout the reach. On November 5, the gate openings were increased to 2.5 feet. The change in gate openings created unsteady-flow conditions by allowing flow through the gates to increase from about 60-80 cubic feet per second to about 1,600 cubic feet per second.\n\nDuring the study period, discharge was computed continuously from stage records with stage-discharge relations at 7 stations on the Fox River and its tributaries; discharge was measured at 15 additional stations in the basin. Stage was recorded continuously at 15 stations in the basin (11 stations on the Fox River and 4 stations on the Fox River tributaries); stage was measured periodically at 8 additional stations on the Fox River.\n\nFluorescent dye was injected continuously at Stratton Dam from November 2-8, 1990, during the unsteady flow to measure time- and space-integrated characteristics of the velocity flow field. Water samples were collected for fluorometric analysis at 18 sites downstream from the injection.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;U.S. Geological Survey--ESIC, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93483","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Turner, M., 1993, Data-collection methods and data summary for verification of a one-dimensional, unsteady-flow model of the Fox River in northeastern Illinois, October-November 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-483, iv, 44 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93483.","productDescription":"iv, 44 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0483/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50781,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0483/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":277735,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0483/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db674318","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turner, M.J.","contributorId":91562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21072,"text":"ofr92138 - 1993 - A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21072,"text":"ofr92138 - 1993 - A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction","indexId":"ofr92138","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4722,"text":"twri06A6 - 1996 - A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model (MODBRANCH) for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction","indexId":"twri06A6","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model (MODBRANCH) for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":4722,"text":"twri06A6 - 1996 - A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model (MODBRANCH) for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction","indexId":"twri06A6","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model (MODBRANCH) for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-28T14:56:37.800487","indexId":"ofr92138","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-138","title":"A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction","docAbstract":"Ground-water and surface-water flow models traditionally have been developed separately, with interaction between subsurface flow and streamflow either not simulated at all or accounted for by simple formulations. In areas with dynamic and hydraulically well-connected ground-water and surface-water systems, stream-aquifer interaction should be simulated using deterministic responses of both systems coupled at the stream-aquifer interface. Accordingly, a new, coupled ground-water and surface-water model was developed by combining the U.S. Geological Survey models MODFLOW and BRANCH; the interfacing code is referred to as MODBRANCH. MODFLOW is the widely used modular three-dimensional, finite-difference, ground-water model, and BRANCH is a one-dimensional, numerical model commonly used to simulate unsteady flow in open-channel networks.
MODFLOW was originally written with the River package that calculates leakage between the aquifer and stream, assuming that the stream's stage remains constant during one model stress period. A simple streamflow routing model has been added to MODFLOW, but it is limited to steady flow in rectangular, prismatic channels. To overcome these limitations, the BRANCH model, which simulates unsteady, nonuniform flow by solving the entire St. Venant equations, was restructured and incorporated into MODFLOW. Terms that describe leakage between stream and aquifer as a function of streambed conductance and differences in aquifer and stream stage were added to the continuity equation in BRANCH. Thus, leakage between the aquifer and stream can be calculated separately in each model, or leakages calculated in BRANCH can be used in MODFLOW. Total mass in the coupled models is accounted for and conserved.
The BRANCH model calculates new stream stages for each time interval in a transient simulation based on upstream boundary conditions, stream properties, and initial estimates of aquifer heads. Next, aquifer heads are calculated in MODFLOW based on stream stages calculated by BRANCH, aquifer properties, and stresses. This process is repeated until convergence criteria are met for head and stage. Because time steps used in ground-water modeling can be much longer than time intervals used in surface-water simulations, provision has been made for handling multiple BRANCH time intervals within one MODFLOW time step. An ption was also added to BRANCH to allow the simulation of channel drying and rewetting. Testing of the coupled model was verified by using data from previous studies; by comparing results with output from a simpler, four-point implicit, open-channel flow model linked with MODFLOW; and by comparison to field studies of L-31N Canal in southern Florida.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr92138","usgsCitation":"Swain, E., and Wexler, E.J., 1993, A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-138, vii, 162 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92138.","productDescription":"vii, 162 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":493001,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0138/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153876,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0138/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6af601","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swain, E.D. 0000-0001-7168-708X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-708X","contributorId":29007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"E.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wexler, E. J.","contributorId":104931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wexler","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27499,"text":"wri934006 - 1993 - Hydrology and water quality of Reedy Creek in the Reedy Creek Improvement District, central Florida, 1986-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:44","indexId":"wri934006","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4006","title":"Hydrology and water quality of Reedy Creek in the Reedy Creek Improvement District, central Florida, 1986-89","docAbstract":"The Reedy Creek Improvement District encompasses an area of about 43 sq mi in southwestern Orange and northwestern Osceola Counties in central Florida. The District operates a wastewater-treatment plant that discharges through two forested wetland areas and a percolation-pond system into Reedy Creek. Discharges from these wetland systems provide a relatively steady base flow which maintains streamflow in Reedy Creek during periods of low rainfall. Streamflows during the study were characterized by relatively long periods of below-average discharge interspersed with periods of high discharges. The highest mean discharges were recorded in 1988 and the lowest mean discharges were recorded in 1989. Water-quality data collection included the operation of four continuous water-quality monitors recording hourly water temperature, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen concentration, and the collection of water-quality samples. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were similar for all stations on Reedy Creek and frequently were less than the minimum Florida standard of 5.0 mg/L. These low dissolved oxygen concentrations probably are the result of natural conditions. Nutrient analyses of water-quality samples were used to compute loadings into and out of a wetland conservation area in the southern part of the District and in the reach of Reedy Creek downstream from the wastewater discharges. Overall retention percentages for 1986-89, not including atmospheric and precipitation inputs, were 59.1 percent for total ammonia nitrogen: 3.4 percent for total organic nitrogen, which was the predominant nitrogen species: 33.2 percent for total nitrate nitrogen; 27.0 percent for total phosphorus; and 26.0 percent for total organic carbon. Highest loading inputs to the wetland conservation area were from the reach of Reedy Creek receiving wastewater discharge. Discharges from the wetlands receiving wastewater and entering the wetland conservation area during 1988 carried 16.3 percent of the total nitrogen load, and 25.0 percent of the total phosphorus load: during 1989 the discharges carried 22.0 percent of the total N and 21.0 percent of the total P.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934006","usgsCitation":"Hampson, P.S., 1993, Hydrology and water quality of Reedy Creek in the Reedy Creek Improvement District, central Florida, 1986-89: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4006, vi, 57 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934006.","productDescription":"vi, 57 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123532,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4006/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56349,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4006/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db604da7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hampson, P. S.","contributorId":58677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hampson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17607,"text":"ofr93457 - 1993 - Reconnaissance data for selected herbicides, two atrazine metabolities, and nitrate in surface water of the Midwestern United States, 1989-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T14:27:59","indexId":"ofr93457","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-457","title":"Reconnaissance data for selected herbicides, two atrazine metabolities, and nitrate in surface water of the Midwestern United States, 1989-90","docAbstract":"Water-quality data were collected from 147 rivers and streams during 1989-90 to assess selected preemergent herbicides, two atrazine metabolites, and nitrate in 10 Midwestern States. This report includes a description of the sampling design, data collection techniques, laboratory and analytical methods, and a compilation of constituent concentrations and quality-assurance data. All water samples were collected by depth-integrating techniques at three to five locations across the wetted perimeter of each stream. Sites were sampled three times in l989--before application of herbi- cides, during the first major runoff after appli- cation of herbicides, and in the fall during a low-flow period when ground water contributed to most of the streamflow. About 50 sites were selected by a stratified random procedure and resampled for both pre- and post-application herbicide concen- trations in 1990 to verify the 1989 results. Laboratory analyses consisted of both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with confirmation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The data are useful in studying herbicide transport, in comparison of the spatial distribution of the post-application concentrations of 11 herbicides and 2 atrazine metabolites (deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine) in streams and rivers at a regional scale. It is also useful in examination of annual persistence of herbicides and two metabolites in surface water, and in the assessment of atrazine metabolites as indicators of surface- and ground- water interaction. The reconnaissance data are contained in this report and are also available on computer diskette from the U.S. Geological Survey in Lawrence, Kansas.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr93457","usgsCitation":"Scribner, E., Thurman, E., Goolsby, D.A., Meyer, M.T., Mills, M.S., and Pomes, M., 1993, Reconnaissance data for selected herbicides, two atrazine metabolities, and nitrate in surface water of the Midwestern United States, 1989-90: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-457, vi, 77 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93457.","productDescription":"vi, 77 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":150789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0457/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46800,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0457/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.71093749999999,\n 37.16031654673677\n ],\n [\n -82.265625,\n 37.16031654673677\n ],\n [\n -82.265625,\n 48.922499263758255\n ],\n [\n -103.71093749999999,\n 48.922499263758255\n ],\n [\n -103.71093749999999,\n 37.16031654673677\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db644457","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scribner, E.A.","contributorId":50925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scribner","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mills, M. S.","contributorId":96279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pomes, M.L.","contributorId":84393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pomes","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":18601,"text":"ofr93407 - 1993 - Guidelines for the processing and quality assurance of benthic invertebrate samples collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18601,"text":"ofr93407 - 1993 - Guidelines for the processing and quality assurance of benthic invertebrate samples collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","indexId":"ofr93407","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Guidelines for the processing and quality assurance of benthic invertebrate samples collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":21946,"text":"ofr00212 - 2000 - Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Processing, taxonomy, and quality control of benthic macroinvertebrate samples","indexId":"ofr00212","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Processing, taxonomy, and quality control of benthic macroinvertebrate samples"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":21946,"text":"ofr00212 - 2000 - Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Processing, taxonomy, and quality control of benthic macroinvertebrate samples","indexId":"ofr00212","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Processing, taxonomy, and quality control of benthic macroinvertebrate samples"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-26T10:08:37","indexId":"ofr93407","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-407","title":"Guidelines for the processing and quality assurance of benthic invertebrate samples collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","docAbstract":"Benthic invertebrate samples are collected as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. This is a perennial, multidisciplinary program that integrates biological, physical, and chemical indicators of water quality to evaluate status and trends and to develop an understanding of the factors controlling observed water quality. The Program examines water quality in 60 study units (coupled ground- and surface-water systems) that encompass most of the conterminous United States and parts of Alaska and Hawaii. Study-unit teams collect and process qualitative and semi-quantitative invertebrate samples according to standardized procedures. These samples are processed (elutriated and subsampled) in the field to produce as many as four sample components: large-rare, main-body, elutriate, and split. Each sample component is preserved in 10-percent formalin, and two components, large-rare and main-body, are sent to contract laboratories for further processing. The large-rare component is composed of large invertebrates that are removed from the sample matrix during field processing and placed in one or more containers. The main-body sample component consists of the remaining sample materials (sediment, detritus, and invertebrates) and is subsampled in the field to achieve a volume of 750 milliliters or less. The remaining two sample components, elutriate and split, are used for quality-assurance and quality-control purposes. Contract laboratories are used to identify and quantify invertebrates from the large-rare and main-body sample components according to the procedures and guidelines specified within this document. These guidelines allow the use of subsampling techniques to reduce the volume of sample material processed and to facilitate identifications. These processing procedures and techniques may be modified if the modifications provide equal or greater levels of accuracy and precision. The intent of sample processing is to determine the quantity of each taxon present in the semi-quantitative samples or to list the taxa present in qualitative samples. The processing guidelines provide standardized laboratory forms, sample labels, detailed sample processing flow charts, standardized format for electronic data, quality-assurance procedures and checks, sample tracking standards, and target levels for taxonomic determinations. The contract laboratory (1) is responsible for identifications and quantifications, (2) constructs reference collections, (3) provides data in hard copy and electronic forms, (4) follows specified quality-assurance and quality-control procedures, and (5) returns all processed and unprocessed portions of the samples. The U.S. Geological Survey's Quality Management Group maintains a Biological Quality-Assurance Unit, located at the National Water-Quality Laboratory, Arvada, Colorado, to oversee the use of contract laboratories and ensure the quality of data obtained from these laboratories according to the guidelines established in this document. This unit establishes contract specifications, reviews contractor performance (timeliness, accuracy, and consistency), enters data into the National Water Information System-II data base, maintains in-house reference collections, deposits voucher specimens in outside museums, and interacts with taxonomic experts within and outside the U.S. Geological Survey. This unit also modifies the existing sample processing and quality-assurance guidelines, establishes criteria and testing procedures for qualifying potential contract laboratories, identifies qualified taxonomic experts, and establishes voucher collections.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/ofr93407","usgsCitation":"Cuffney, T., Gurtz, M., and Meador, M.R., 1993, Guidelines for the processing and quality assurance of benthic invertebrate samples collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-407, vi, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93407.","productDescription":"vi, 80 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":363256,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0407/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1087,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr93407","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":150810,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0407/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a301","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cuffney, T. F.","contributorId":108134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuffney","given":"T. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gurtz, M. E.","contributorId":29841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gurtz","given":"M. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meador, M. R.","contributorId":74400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25620,"text":"wri934123 - 1993 - Laboratory procedures and data reduction techniques to determine rheologic properties of mass flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:21","indexId":"wri934123","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4123","title":"Laboratory procedures and data reduction techniques to determine rheologic properties of mass flows","docAbstract":"Determining the rheologic properties of coarse- grained mass flows is an important step to mathematically simulate potential inundation zones. Using the vertically rotating flume designed and built by the U.S. Geological Survey, laboratory procedures and subsequent data reduction have been developed to estimate shear stresses and strain rates of various flow materials. Although direct measurement of shear stress and strain rate currently (1992) are not possible in the vertically rotating flume, methods were derived to estimate these values from measurements of flow geometry, surface velocity, and flume velocity.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934123","usgsCitation":"Holmes, R., Huizinga, R., Brown, S., and Jobson, H., 1993, Laboratory procedures and data reduction techniques to determine rheologic properties of mass flows: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4123, v, 17 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934123.","productDescription":"v, 17 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118968,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4123/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54365,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4123/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4438","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, Robert R. Jr. 0000-0002-5060-3999","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-3999","contributorId":70429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huizinga, R.J.","contributorId":36970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huizinga","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, S.M.","contributorId":88776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jobson, H.E.","contributorId":44952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jobson","given":"H.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":29896,"text":"wri934091 - 1993 - Preliminary evaluation of hydrogeology and ground-water quality in valley sediments in the vicinity of Killarney Lake, Kootenai County, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:54","indexId":"wri934091","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4091","title":"Preliminary evaluation of hydrogeology and ground-water quality in valley sediments in the vicinity of Killarney Lake, Kootenai County, Idaho","docAbstract":"Ground water near Killarney Lake in the Coeur d'Alene River Valley, Idaho, contains arsenic, cadmium, lead, and zinc in concentrations that would make it unsuitable for a potable (drinking water) supply. Dissolved arsenic in one well was more than six times higher than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency' s maximum contaminant level. However, ground water discharging to the Coeur d'Alene River in the area probably has minimal effects on river water quality because of poor transmissive characteristics of the fine-grained valley sediments. Hydraulic conduc- tivity values are between 1.0 x 100 and 6.3 x 100 feet per day, calculated from slug-test data from three of the six monitoring wells installed for this study; the ground-water-flow gradient is 0.0015 or less, determined from the water-level contour map; and the valley sediments are about 400 feet thick. Although the sediments near Killarney Lake do not transmit large quantifies of water, coarser grained sediments upstream from Killarney Lake. Because sediments along the Coeur d'Alene River are contaminated downstream from the South Fork Coeur d'Alene River near Enaville, where mining wastes were discharged for more than 100 years, it is possible that ground water near Cataldo could contribute significant quantities of contaminants to the Coeur d'Alene River.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934091","usgsCitation":"Spruill, T., 1993, Preliminary evaluation of hydrogeology and ground-water quality in valley sediments in the vicinity of Killarney Lake, Kootenai County, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4091, v, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934091.","productDescription":"v, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159479,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4091/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58711,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4091/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c414","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spruill, T.B.","contributorId":76747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spruill","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29749,"text":"wri934076 - 1993 - Hydro-Climatic Data Network (HCDN) Streamflow Data Set, 1874-1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-17T12:44:07","indexId":"wri934076","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4076","title":"Hydro-Climatic Data Network (HCDN) Streamflow Data Set, 1874-1988","docAbstract":"The potential consequences of climate change to continental water resources are of great concern in the management of those resources. Critically important to society is what effect fluctuations in the prevailing climate may have on hydrologic conditions, such as the occurrence and magnitude of floods or droughts and the seasonal distribution of water supplies within a region. Records of streamflow that are unaffected by artificial diversions, storage, or other works of man in or on the natural stream channels or in the watershed can provide an account of hydrologic responses to fluctuations in climate. By examining such records given known past meteorologic conditions, we can better understand hydrologic responses to those conditions and anticipate the effects of postulated changes in current climate regimes. Furthermore, patterns in streamflow records can indicate when a change in the prevailing climate regime may have occurred in the past, even in the absence of concurrent meteorologic records. A streamflow data set, which is specifically suitable for the study of surface-water conditions throughout the United States under fluctuations in the prevailing climatic conditions, has been developed. This data set, called the Hydro-Climatic Data Network, or HCDN, consists of streamflow records for 1,659 sites throughout United States and its Territories. Records cumulatively span the period 1874 through 1988, inclusive, and represent a total of 73,231 water years of information. Development of the HCDN Data Set: Records for the HCDN were obtained through a comprehensive search of the extensive surface- water data holdings of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), which are contained in the USGS National Water Storage and Retrieval System (WATSTORE). All streamflow discharge records in WATSTORE through September 30, 1988, were examined for inclusion in the HCDN in accordance with strictly defined criteria of measurement accuracy and natural conditions. No reconstructed records of 'natural flow' were permitted, nor was any record extended or had missing values 'filled in' using computational algorithms. If the streamflow at a station was judged to be free of controls for only a part of the entire period of record that is available for the station, then only that part was included in the HCDN, but only if it was of sufficient length (generally 20 years) to warrant inclusion. In addition to the daily mean discharge values, complete station identification information and basin characteristics were retrieved from WATSTORE for inclusion in the HCDN. Statistical characteristics, including the monthly mean discharge, as well as the annual mean, minimum and maximum discharge values, were derived for the records in the HCDN data set. For a full description of the development and content of the Hydro-Climatic Data Network, please take a look at the HCDN Report.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri934076","usgsCitation":"Slack, J.R., Lumb, A.M., and Landwehr, J., 1993, Hydro-Climatic Data Network (HCDN) Streamflow Data Set, 1874-1988 (Revision - August 1993.): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4076, 1 computer laser optical disk 4 3/4 in.; Metadata, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934076.","productDescription":"1 computer laser optical disk 4 3/4 in.; Metadata","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159264,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9733,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri934076/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":273822,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/hcdn.xml"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125.0000,24.0000 ], [ -125.0000,50.0000 ], [ -66.0000,50.0000 ], [ -66.0000,24.0000 ], [ -125.0000,24.0000 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Revision - August 1993.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aeee4b07f02db6912dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, James Richard","contributorId":83905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lumb, Alan M.","contributorId":47792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lumb","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landwehr, Jurate Maciunas","contributorId":106522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landwehr","given":"Jurate Maciunas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25525,"text":"wri934077 - 1993 - Geohydrology of parts of Muhlenberg, Ohio, Butler, McLean, Todd, and Logan counties, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:21","indexId":"wri934077","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4077","title":"Geohydrology of parts of Muhlenberg, Ohio, Butler, McLean, Todd, and Logan counties, Kentucky","docAbstract":"Water-level, water-use, water-quality, and aquifer-yield data were collected during a well inventory in 1991 in part of western Kentucky. The data were overlaid on digital maps, using a Geographic Information System, to interpret the geohydrologic conditions within the study area. The discontinuous lithology of rocks in the area results in aquifers of limited areal extent in which local ground-water flow systems are developed; however, the regional ground-water flow generally is toward the broad alluvial areas along the Green and Rough Rivers. Fewer wells were in use in 1991 than in the 1960's when a similar well inventory was conducted; this decrease is probably due to expansion of service areas of several public water-supply systems. The quality of ground water is generally suitable for domestic use, except for a few wells that produce water with low pH and high concentrations of metals. The specific capacity of wells was found to range from 0.08 to 0.3 gallons per minute, per foot of draw- down. This range is somewhat less than values previously reported.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934077","usgsCitation":"Starn, J., Forbes, R., Taylor, C., and Rose, M., 1993, Geohydrology of parts of Muhlenberg, Ohio, Butler, McLean, Todd, and Logan counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4077, v, 37 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934077.","productDescription":"v, 37 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110263,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47798.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"47798"},{"id":123541,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4077/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54241,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4077/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54240,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4077/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8a49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Starn, J.J.","contributorId":69591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starn","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Forbes, R.W.","contributorId":86360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forbes","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, C.J.","contributorId":22337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rose, M.F.","contributorId":27893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":26024,"text":"wri934112 - 1993 - Hydrogeology, geochemistry, and quality of water of The Basin and Oak Spring areas of the Chisos Mountains, Big Bend National Park, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-16T13:21:41","indexId":"wri934112","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4112","title":"Hydrogeology, geochemistry, and quality of water of The Basin and Oak Spring areas of the Chisos Mountains, Big Bend National Park, Texas","docAbstract":"Test drilling near two sewage lagoons in The Basin area of the Chisos Mountains, Big Bend National Park, Texas, has shown that the alluvium and colluvium on which the lagoons are located is not saturated in the immediate vicinity of the lagoons. A shallow aquifer, therefore, does not exist in this critical area at and near the lagoons. Should seepage outflow from the lagoons occur, the effluent from the lagoons might eventually be incorporated into shallow ground water moving westward in the direction of Oak Spring. Under these conditions such water could reach the spring. Test borings that bottomed in bedrock below the alluvial and colluvial fill material are dry, indicating that no substantial leakage from the lagoons was detected. Therefore, no contaminant plume was identified. Fill material in The Basin does not contain water everywhere in its extensive outcropping area and supplies only a small quantity of ground water to Window Pouroff, which is the only natural surface outlet of The Basin.
\nOak Spring, which is almost 2 miles downgradient from the lagoons, is the sole source of water for The Basin the principal tourist area in Big Bend National Park. Test drilling in the Oak Spring area revealed that the aquifer in the immediate vicinity of Oak Spring is a 5-foot thick sand bed hydraulically confined above and below by relatively thick, compact clay. The sand bed might be bounded locally by faults to the east and west of the spring. The test drilling and seismic surveys in the area also established the existence of a thick, extensive, surficial layer of colluvium consisting of large rhyolite boulders. The colluvial layer, which overlies sedimentary bedrock containing the Oak Spring aquifer, was unsaturated at the borehole sites.
\nInformation from drilling and from hydrogeologic observation indicates that the water from Oak Spring originates as precipitation in the Oak Spring area west of The Basin, with possibly a contribution originating as discharge from The Basin. The rhyolite boulder field in the Oak Spring area, which includes talus from Vernon Bailey Peak, is an effective receptacle for rapid recharge of precipitation. This water could then be efficiently routed into the Oak Spring aquifer in places to the east of Oak Spring where any shallow ground water in the boulder field might enter the subcropping truncated aquifer.
\nWater-chemistry data, hydrochemical facies, and isotopic data also indicate that water from Oak Spring originates principally from precipitation onto the land surface of the Oak Spring area. Tritium data indicate that Oak Spring water is \"modern,\" with an average age of recharge less than 14 years. The flow rates recorded almost continuously at Oak Spring beginning in December 1986 show a close relation between precipitation and discharge. The highest recorded spring flow of 167 gallons per minute in December 1986 is attributed to record high precipitation in the area during 1986. The lowest recorded flow of 22.4 gallons per minute, in December 1989, followed a period of 20 out of 26 months of below-normal precipitation. Flow at Oak Spring typically lags behind precipitation by about 1 month. This fairly rapid response indicates the spring is fed by a shallow aquifer having good permeability and effective recharge areas with the ability to absorb precipitation rapidly.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri934112","usgsCitation":"Baker, E.T., and Buszka, P., 1993, Hydrogeology, geochemistry, and quality of water of The Basin and Oak Spring areas of the Chisos Mountains, Big Bend National Park, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4112, v, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934112.","productDescription":"v, 76 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122709,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4112/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54801,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4112/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Big Bend National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.36212158203125,\n 29.24446853982615\n ],\n [\n -103.36212158203125,\n 29.28220663151896\n ],\n [\n -103.25878143310545,\n 29.28220663151896\n ],\n [\n -103.25878143310545,\n 29.24446853982615\n ],\n [\n -103.36212158203125,\n 29.24446853982615\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db61488e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, E. T. Jr.","contributorId":88366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buszka, P.M.","contributorId":49001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buszka","given":"P.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38338,"text":"pp1542 - 1993 - Allostratigraphy of the U.S. middle Atlantic continental margin; characteristics, distribution, and depositional history of principal unconformity-bounded upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic sedimentary units","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:45","indexId":"pp1542","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1542","title":"Allostratigraphy of the U.S. middle Atlantic continental margin; characteristics, distribution, and depositional history of principal unconformity-bounded upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic sedimentary units","docAbstract":"Publication of Volumes 93 and 95 ('The New Jersey Transect') of the Deep Sea Drilling Project's Initial Reports completed a major phase of geological and geophysical research along the middle segment of the U. S. Atlantic continental margin. Relying heavily on data from these and related published records, we have integrated outcrop, borehole, and seismic-reflection data from this large area (500,000 km^2 ) to define the regional allostratigraphic framework for Upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks. The framework consists of 12 alloformations, which record the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic depositional history of the contiguous Baltimore Canyon trough (including its onshore margin) and Hatteras basin (northern part). We propose stratotype sections for each alloformation and present a regional allostratigraphic reference section, which crosses these basins from the inner edge of the coastal plain to the inner edge of the abyssal plain. Selected supplementary reference sections on the coastal plain allow observation of the alloformations and their bounding unconformities in outcrop. \r\n\r\nOur analyses show that sediment supply and its initial dispersal on the middle segment of the U. S. Atlantic margin have been governed, in large part, by hinterland tectonism and subsequently have been modified by paleoclimate, sea-level changes, and oceanic current systems. Notable events in the Late Cretaceous to Holocene sedimentary evolution of this margin include (1) development of continental-rise depocenters in the northern part of the Hatteras basin during the Late Cretaceous; (2) the appear ance of a dual shelf-edge system, a marked decline in siliciclastic sediment accumulation rates, and widespread acceleration of carbonate production during high sea levels of the Paleogene; (3) rapid deposition and progradation of thick terrigenous delta complexes and development of abyssal depocenters during the middle Miocene to Quaternary interval; and (4) deep incision of the shelf edge by submarine canyons, especially during the Pleistocene. \r\n\r\nMassive downslope gravity flows have dominated both the depositional and erosional history of the middle segment of the U. S. Atlantic Continental Slope and Rise during most of the last 84 million years. The importance of periodic widespread erosion is recorded by well-documented unconformities, many of which can be traced from coastal-plain outcrops to coreholes on the continental slope and lower continental rise. These unconformities form the boundaries of the 12 allostratigraphic units we formally propose herein. Seven of the unconformities correlate with supercycle boundaries (sequence boundaries) that characterize the Exxon sequence-stratigraphy model.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1542","usgsCitation":"Poag, C.W., and Ward, L.W., 1993, Allostratigraphy of the U.S. middle Atlantic continental margin; characteristics, distribution, and depositional history of principal unconformity-bounded upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic sedimentary units: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1542, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1542.","productDescription":"81 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124830,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1542/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64687,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1542/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687898","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poag, C. Wylie 0000-0002-6240-4065 wpoag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6240-4065","contributorId":2565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"C.","email":"wpoag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wylie","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ward, Lauck W.","contributorId":44145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"Lauck","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}