Measurements of in-situ magnetic susceptibility were compiled from mainly Precambrian crystalline basement rocks beneath the Colorado Plateau and ranges in Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico. The susceptibility meter used measures about 30 cm3 of rock and measures variations in the modal distribution of magnetic minerals that form a minor component volumetrically in these coarsely crystalline granitic to granodioritic rocks. Recent measurements include 50–150 measurements on each outcrop, and show that the distribution of magnetic susceptibilities is highly variable, multimodal and strongly non-Gaussian. Although the distribution of magnetic susceptibility is well known to be multifractal, the small number of data points at an outcrop precludes calculation of the multifractal spectrum by conventional methods. Instead, a brute force approach was adopted using multiplicative cascade models to fit the outcrop scale variability of magnetic minerals. Model segment proportion and length parameters resulted in 26 676 models to span parameter space. Distributions at each outcrop were normalized to unity magnetic susceptibility and added to compare all data for a rock body accounting for variations in petrology and alteration. Once the best-fitting model was found, the equation relating the segment proportion and length parameters was solved numerically to yield the multifractal spectrum estimate. For the best fits, the relative density (the proportion divided by the segment length) of one segment tends to be dominant and the other two densities are smaller and nearly equal. No other consistent relationships between the best fit parameters were identified. The multifractal spectrum estimates appear to distinguish between metamorphic gneiss sites and sites on plutons, even if the plutons have been metamorphosed. In particular, rocks that have undergone multiple tectonic events tend to have a larger range of scaling exponents.
","language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","doi":"10.5194/npg-19-635-2012","usgsCitation":"Gettings, M.E., 2012, Multifractal model of magnetic susceptibility distributions in some igneous rocks: Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, v. 19, p. 635-642, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-19-635-2012.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"635","endPage":"642","ipdsId":"IP-042313","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-19-635-2012","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":342945,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59536eafe4b062508e3c7abb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gettings, Mark E. 0000-0002-2910-2321 mgetting@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2910-2321","contributorId":602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gettings","given":"Mark","email":"mgetting@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":700740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70193290,"text":"70193290 - 2012 - Listening to the 2011 magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki, Japan, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-31T15:50:47","indexId":"70193290","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Listening to the 2011 magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki, Japan, earthquake","docAbstract":"The magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki, Japan, earthquake on 11 March 2011 is the largest earthquake to date in Japan’s modern history and is ranked as the fourth largest earthquake in the world since 1900. This earthquake occurred within the northeast Japan subduction zone (Figure 1), where the Pacific plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk plate at rate of ∼8–9 cm/yr (DeMets et al. 2010). This type of extremely large earthquake within a subduction zone is generally termed a “megathrust” earthquake. Strong shaking from this magnitude 9 earthquake engulfed the entire Japanese Islands, reaching a maximum acceleration ∼3 times that of gravity (3 g). Two days prior to the main event, a foreshock sequence occurred, including one earthquake of magnitude 7.2. Following the main event, numerous aftershocks occurred around the main slip region; the largest of these was magnitude 7.9. The entire foreshocks-mainshock-aftershocks sequence was well recorded by thousands of sensitive seismometers and geodetic instruments across Japan, resulting in the best-recorded megathrust earthquake in history. This devastating earthquake resulted in significant damage and high death tolls caused primarily by the associated large tsunami. This tsunami reached heights of more than 30 m, and inundation propagated inland more than 5 km from the Pacific coast, which also caused a nuclear crisis that is still affecting people’s lives in certain regions of Japan.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.83.2.287","usgsCitation":"Peng, Z., Aiken, C., Kilb, D., Shelly, D.R., and Enescu, B., 2012, Listening to the 2011 magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki, Japan, earthquake: Seismological Research Letters, v. 83, no. 2, p. 287-293, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.83.2.287.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"293","ipdsId":"IP-035386","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":347927,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 140,\n 35.5\n ],\n [\n 143,\n 35.5\n ],\n [\n 143,\n 40\n ],\n [\n 140,\n 40\n ],\n [\n 140,\n 35.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"83","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-03-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59f98bc0e4b0531197afa063","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peng, Zhigang","contributorId":69432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peng","given":"Zhigang","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aiken, Chastity","contributorId":106770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"Chastity","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kilb, Debi","contributorId":90892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilb","given":"Debi","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shelly, David R. dshelly@usgs.gov","contributorId":2978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelly","given":"David","email":"dshelly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Enescu, Bogdan","contributorId":199289,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Enescu","given":"Bogdan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70193289,"text":"70193289 - 2012 - Bird productivity and nest predation in agricultural grasslands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-15T14:02:42","indexId":"70193289","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3489,"text":"Studies in Avian Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bird productivity and nest predation in agricultural grasslands","docAbstract":"Effective conservation strategies for grassland birds in agricultural landscapes require understanding how nesting success varies among different grassland habitats. A key component to this is identifying nest predators and how these predators vary by habitat. We quantified nesting activity of obligate grassland birds in three habitats [remnant prairie, cool-season grass Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) fields, and pastures) in southwest Wisconsin, 2002-2004. We determined nest predators using video cameras and examined predator activity using track stations. Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) and Henslow's Sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii) nested primarily in CRP fields, and Grasshopper Sparrow (A. savannarum) in remnant prairies. Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna) nested evenly across all three habitats. Daily nest survival rate for Eastern Meadowlark varied by nesting stage alone. Daily nest survival rate for Grasshopper Sparrow varied by nest vegetation and distance to the nearest woody edge; nest survival was higher near woody edges. In CRP fields, most predators were grassland-associated, primarily thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus). In pastures, one-third of the nest predators were grassland-associated (primarily thirteen-lined ground squirrels) and 56% were associated with woody habitats (primarily raccoons, Procyon lotor). Raccoon activity was greatest around pastures and lowest around prairies; regardless of habitat, raccoon activity along woody edges was twice that along non-woody edges. Thirteen-lined ground squirrel activity was greater along prairie edges than pastures and was greater along nonwoody edges compared to woody edges. In CRP fields, raccoon activity was greater along edges compared to the interiors; for ground squirrels these relationships were reversed. Using video camera technology to identify nest predators was indispensable in furthering our understanding of the grassland system. The challenge is to use that knowledge to develop management actions for both birds and predators.
","language":"English","publisher":"Video surveillance of nesting birds, Studies in Avian Biology Vol. 43","usgsCitation":"Ribic, C., Guzy, M.J., Anderson, T.J., Sample, D.W., and Nack, J.L., 2012, Bird productivity and nest predation in agricultural grasslands: Studies in Avian Biology, v. 43, p. 119-134.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"134","ipdsId":"IP-015091","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348901,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6105a0e4b06e28e9c25579","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ribic, Christine 0000-0003-2583-1778 caribic@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2583-1778","contributorId":147952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ribic","given":"Christine","email":"caribic@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5068,"text":"Midwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guzy, Michael J.","contributorId":34689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guzy","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Travis J.","contributorId":200417,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"Travis","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sample, David W.","contributorId":19484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sample","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nack, Jamie L.","contributorId":42418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nack","given":"Jamie","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70193251,"text":"70193251 - 2012 - Using rocks to reveal the inner workings of magma chambers below volcanoes in Alaska’s National Parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-30T10:17:34","indexId":"70193251","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":691,"text":"Alaska Park Science","printIssn":"1545- 496","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using rocks to reveal the inner workings of magma chambers below volcanoes in Alaska’s National Parks","docAbstract":"Alaska is one of the most vigorously volcanic regions on the planet, and Alaska’s national parks are home to many of the state’s most active volcanoes. These pose both local and more distant hazards in the form of lava and pyroclastic flows, lahars (mudflows), ash clouds, and ash fall. Alaska’s volcanoes lie along the arc of the Aleutian-Alaskan subduction zone, caused as the oceanic Pacific plate moves northward and dips below the North American plate. These volcanoes form as water-rich fluid from the down-going Pacific plate is released, lowering the melting temperature of rock in the overlying mantle and enabling it to partially melt. The melted rock (magma) migrates upward, collecting at the base of the approximately 25 mile (40 km) thick crust, occasionally ascending into the shallow crust, and sometimes erupting at the earth’s surface.
During volcanic unrest, scientists use geophysical signals to remotely visualize volcanic processes, such as movement of magma in the upper crust. In addition, erupted volcanic rocks, which are quenched samples of magmas, can tell us about subsurface magma characteris-tics, history, and the processes that drive eruptions. The chemical compositions of and the minerals present in the erupted magmas can reveal conditions under which these magmas were stored in crustal “chambers”. Studies of the products of recent eruptions of Novarupta (1912), Aniakchak (1931), Trident (1953-74), and Redoubt (2009) volcanoes reveal the depths and temperatures of magma storage, and tell of complex interactions between magmas of different compositions. One goal of volcanology is to determine the processes that drive or trigger eruptions. Information recorded in the rocks tells us about these processes. Here, we demonstrate how geologists gain these insights through case studies from four recent eruptions of volcanoes in Alaska national parks.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Coombs, M.L., and Bacon, C.R., 2012, Using rocks to reveal the inner workings of magma chambers below volcanoes in Alaska’s National Parks: Alaska Park Science, v. 11, no. 1, p. 26-33.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"26","endPage":"33","ipdsId":"IP-033839","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":347939,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":347938,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nps.gov/articles/aps-v11-i1-c5.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -158.75244140625,\n 56.45034902929676\n ],\n [\n -151.72119140625,\n 56.45034902929676\n ],\n [\n -151.72119140625,\n 61.64816245852389\n ],\n [\n -158.75244140625,\n 61.64816245852389\n ],\n [\n -158.75244140625,\n 56.45034902929676\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59f98bc1e4b0531197afa06e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bacon, Charles R. 0000-0002-2165-5618 cbacon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":2909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"Charles","email":"cbacon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70193345,"text":"70193345 - 2012 - Nest defense- Grassland bird responses to snakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-15T11:44:31","indexId":"70193345","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3489,"text":"Studies in Avian Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nest defense- Grassland bird responses to snakes","docAbstract":"Predation is the primary source of nest mortality for most passerines; thus, behaviors to reduce the impacts of predation are frequently quantified to study learning, adaptation, and coevolution among predator and prey species. Video surveillance of nests has made it possible to examine real-time parental nest defense. During 1999-2009, we used video camera systems to monitor 518 nests of grassland birds. We reviewed video of 48 visits by snakes to 34 nests; 37 of these visits resulted in predation of active nests. When adult birds encountered snakes at the nest (n = 33 visits), 76% of the encounters resulted in a form of nest defense (nonaggressive or aggressive); in 47% of the encounters, birds physically struck snakes. When defending nests, most birds pecked at the snakes; Eastern Meadowlarks (Sturnella magna) and Bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) pecked most frequently in anyone encounter. Also, two Eastern Meadowlarks ran around snakes, frequently with wings spread, and three Bobolinks struck at snakes from the air. Nest defense rarely appeared to alter snake behavior; the contents of seven nests defended aggressively and two nests defended nonaggressively were partially depredated, whereas the contents of six nests defended each way were consumed completely. One fledgling was produced at each of three nests that had been aggressively defended. During aggressive defense, one snake appeared to be driven away and one was wounded. Our findings should be a useful starting point for further research. For example, future researchers may be able to determine whether the behavioral variation we observed in nest defense reflects species differences, anatomic or phylogenetic constraints, or individual differences related to a bird's prior experience. There appears to be much potential for studying nest defense behavior using video recording of both real and simulated encounters.
","largerWorkTitle":"Video surveillance of nesting birds: Studies in Avian Biology Vol. 43","language":"English","publisher":"University of California Press","usgsCitation":"Ellison, K.S., and Ribic, C., 2012, Nest defense- Grassland bird responses to snakes: Studies in Avian Biology, v. 43, p. 149-159.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"159","ipdsId":"IP-018976","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348879,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6105a0e4b06e28e9c25577","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellison, Kevin S.","contributorId":35655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellison","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ribic, Christine 0000-0003-2583-1778 caribic@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2583-1778","contributorId":147952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ribic","given":"Christine","email":"caribic@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5068,"text":"Midwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70032256,"text":"70032256 - 2012 - A newly discovered impact crater in Titan's Senkyo: Cassini VIMS observations and comparison with other impact features","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-23T12:39:09.266781","indexId":"70032256","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3083,"text":"Planetary and Space Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A newly discovered impact crater in Titan's Senkyo: Cassini VIMS observations and comparison with other impact features","docAbstract":"Senkyo is an equatorial plain on Titan filled with dunes and surrounded by hummocky plateaus. During the Titan targeted flyby T61 on August 25, 2009, the Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) onboard the Cassini spacecraft observed a circular feature, centered at 5.4° N and 341°W, that superimposes the dune fields and a bright plateau. This circular feature, which has been named Paxsi by the International Astronomical Union, is 120±10 km in diameter (measured from the outer edge of the crater rim) and exhibits a central bright area that can be interpreted as the central peak or pit of an impact crater. Although there are only a handful of certain impact craters on Titan, there are two other craters that are of similar size to this newly discovered feature and that have been studied by VIMS: Sinlap (Le Mouélic et al., 2008) and Selk (Soderblom et al., 2010). Sinlap is associated with a large downwind, fan-like feature that may have been formed from an impact plume that rapidly expanded and deposited icy particles onto the surface. Although much of the surrounding region is covered with dunes, the plume region is devoid of dunes. The formation process of Selk also appears to have removed (or covered up) dunes from parts of the adjacent dune-filled terrain. The circular feature on Senkyo is quite different: there is no evidence of an ejecta blanket and the crater itself appears to be infilled with dune material. The rim of the crater appears to be eroded by fluvial processes; at one point the rim is breached. The rim is unusually narrow, which may be due to mass wasting on its inside and subsequent infill by dunes. Based on these observations, we interpret this newly discovered feature to be a more eroded crater than both Sinlap and Selk. Paxsi may have formed during a period when Titan was warmer and more ductile than it is currently.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.pss.2011.05.004","issn":"00320633","usgsCitation":"Buratti, B.J., Sotin, C., Lawrence, K., Brown, R.H., Le Mouelic, S., Soderblom, J., Barnes, J., Clark, R.N., Baines, K.H., and Nicholson, P.D., 2012, A newly discovered impact crater in Titan's Senkyo: Cassini VIMS observations and comparison with other impact features: Planetary and Space Science, v. 60, no. 1, p. 18-25, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2011.05.004.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"18","endPage":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242511,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4bbe4b0c8380cd468ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buratti, B. J.","contributorId":69280,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buratti","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sotin, Christophe","contributorId":53924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sotin","given":"Christophe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lawrence, K.","contributorId":24185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, R. H.","contributorId":19931,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Le Mouélic, Stéphane","contributorId":92786,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Le Mouélic","given":"Stéphane","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Soderblom, J.M.","contributorId":31097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Barnes, J.","contributorId":36237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Clark, Roger N. 0000-0002-7021-1220 rclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-1220","contributorId":515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Roger","email":"rclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":435269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Baines, K. H.","contributorId":37868,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baines","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Nicholson, P. D.","contributorId":54330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nicholson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70032280,"text":"70032280 - 2012 - Selection indicates preference in diverse habitats: A Ground-Nesting bird (charadrius melodus) using reservoir shoreline","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:25","indexId":"70032280","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selection indicates preference in diverse habitats: A Ground-Nesting bird (charadrius melodus) using reservoir shoreline","docAbstract":"Animals use proximate cues to select resources that maximize individual fitness. When animals have a diverse array of available habitats, those selected could give insights into true habitat preferences. Since the construction of the Garrison Dam on the Missouri River in North Dakota, Lake Sakakawea (SAK) has become an important breeding area for federally threatened piping plovers (Charadrius melodus; hereafter plovers). We used conditional logistic regression to examine nest-site selection at fine scales (1, 3, and 10 m) during summers 2006-2009 by comparing characteristics at 351 nests to those of 668 random sites within nesting territories. Plovers selected sites (1 m 2) that were lower than unused random sites, increasing the risk of nest inundation. Plovers selected nest sites that were flat, had little silt, and at least 1 cobble; they also selected for 3-m radius nest areas that were relatively flat and devoid of vegetation and litter. Ninety percent of nests had <38% coverage of silt and <10% slope at the site, and <15% coverage of vegetation or litter and <31% slope within the 3-m radius. Gravel was selected for at nest sites (11% median), but against in the area 10-m from the nest, suggesting plovers select for patches or strips of gravel. Although elevation is rarely evaluated in studies of ground-nesting birds, our results underscore its importance in habitat-selection studies. Relative to where plovers historically nested, habitat at SAK has more diverse topography, substrate composition, vegetation communities, and greater water-level fluctuations. Accordingly, our results provide an example of how habitat-selection results can be interpreted as habitat preferences because they are not influenced by desired habitats being scarce or absent. Further, our results will be useful for directing habitat conservation for plovers and interpreting other habitat-selection studies.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"PLoS ONE","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0030347","issn":"19326203","usgsCitation":"Anteau, M., Sherfy, M., and Wiltermuth, M., 2012, Selection indicates preference in diverse habitats: A Ground-Nesting bird (charadrius melodus) using reservoir shoreline: PLoS ONE, v. 7, no. 1, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030347.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":474675,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030347","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":214665,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030347"},{"id":242410,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-01-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8ccbe4b08c986b318129","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anteau, M.J.","contributorId":12807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anteau","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sherfy, M. H. 0000-0003-3016-4105","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3016-4105","contributorId":42561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherfy","given":"M. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wiltermuth, M.T.","contributorId":38791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiltermuth","given":"M.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032403,"text":"70032403 - 2012 - Mesoproterozoic syntectonic garnet within Belt Supergroup metamorphic tectonites: Evidence of Grenville-age metamorphism and deformation along northwest Laurentia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-02T12:58:11.966669","indexId":"70032403","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2588,"text":"LITHOS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mesoproterozoic syntectonic garnet within Belt Supergroup metamorphic tectonites: Evidence of Grenville-age metamorphism and deformation along northwest Laurentia","docAbstract":"Northern Idaho contains Belt-Purcell Supergroup equivalent metamorphic tectonites that underwent two regional deformational and metamorphic events during the Mesoproterozoic. Garnet-bearing pelitic schists from the Snow Peak area of northern Idaho yield Lu–Hf garnet-whole rock ages of 1085 ± 2 Ma, 1198 ± 79 Ma, 1207 ± 8 Ma, 1255 ± 28 Ma, and 1314 ± 2 Ma. Garnet from one sample, collected from the Clarkia area, was micro-drilled to obtain separate core and rim material that produced ages of 1347 ± 10 Ma and 1102 ± 47 Ma. The core versus rim ages from the micro-drilled sample along with the textural and spatial evidence of the other Lu–Hf garnet ages indicate two metamorphic garnet growth events at ~ 1330 Ma (M1) and ~ 1080 Ma (M2) with the intermediate ages representing mixed ages. Some garnet likely nucleated and grew M1 garnet cores that were later overgrown by younger M2 garnet rims. Most garnet throughout the Clarkia and Snow Peak areas are syntectonic with a regional penetrative deformational fabric, preserved as a strong preferred orientation of metamorphic matrix minerals (e.g., muscovite and biotite). The syntectonic garnets are interpreted to represent one regional, coeval metamorphic and deformation event at ~ 1080 Ma, which overlaps in time with the Grenville Orogeny. The older ~ 1330 Ma ages may represent an extension of the East Kootenay Orogeny described in western Canada. These deformational and metamorphic events indicate that western Laurentia (North America) was tectonically active in the Mesoproterozoic and during the assembly of the supercontinent Rodinia.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.lithos.2011.12.008","issn":"00244937","usgsCitation":"Nesheim, T., Vervoort, J., McClelland, W., Gilotti, J.A., and Lang, H., 2012, Mesoproterozoic syntectonic garnet within Belt Supergroup metamorphic tectonites: Evidence of Grenville-age metamorphism and deformation along northwest Laurentia: LITHOS, v. 134-135, p. 91-107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2011.12.008.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"107","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214028,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2011.12.008"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Washington, Montana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.72949218749999,\n 46.07323062540835\n ],\n [\n -113.8623046875,\n 46.07323062540835\n ],\n [\n -113.8623046875,\n 47.81315451752768\n ],\n [\n -117.72949218749999,\n 47.81315451752768\n ],\n [\n -117.72949218749999,\n 46.07323062540835\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"134-135","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5447e4b0c8380cd6cf2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nesheim, T.O.","contributorId":48772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nesheim","given":"T.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vervoort, J.D.","contributorId":98126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vervoort","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McClelland, W.C.","contributorId":66929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McClelland","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gilotti, J. A.","contributorId":15776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilotti","given":"J.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lang, H.M.","contributorId":80911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lang","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70032283,"text":"70032283 - 2012 - The impact of biotic/abiotic interfaces in mineral nutrient cycling: A study of soils of the Santa Cruz chronosequence, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-03T17:49:49.83412","indexId":"70032283","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The impact of biotic/abiotic interfaces in mineral nutrient cycling: A study of soils of the Santa Cruz chronosequence, California","docAbstract":"Biotic/abiotic interactions between soil mineral nutrients and annual grassland vegetation are characterized for five soils in a marine terrace chronosequence near Santa Cruz, California. A Mediterranean climate, with wet winters and dry summers, controls the annual cycle of plant growth and litter decomposition, resulting in net above-ground productivities of 280–600 g m−2 yr−1. The biotic/abiotic (A/B) interface separates seasonally reversible nutrient gradients, reflecting biological cycling in the shallower soils, from downward chemical weathering gradients in the deeper soils. The A/B interface is pedologically defined by argillic clay horizons centered at soil depths of about one meter which intensify with soil age. Below these horizons, elevated solute Na/Ca, Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios reflect plagioclase and smectite weathering along pore water flow paths. Above the A/B interface, lower cation ratios denote temporal variability due to seasonal plant nutrient uptake and litter leaching. Potassium and Ca exhibit no seasonal variability beneath the A/B interface, indicating closed nutrient cycling within the root zone, whereas Mg variability below the A/B interface denotes downward leakage resulting from higher inputs of marine aerosols and lower plant nutrient requirements.
The fraction of a mineral nutrient annually cycled through the plants, compared to that lost from pore water discharge, is defined their respective fluxes Fj,plants = qj,plants/(qj,plants + qj,discharge) with average values for K and Ca (FK,plants = 0.99; FCa,plants = 0.93) much higher than for Mg and Na (FMg,plants 0.64; FNa,plants = 0.28). The discrimination against Rb and Sr by plants is described by fractionation factors (KSr/Ca = 0.86; KRb/K = 0.83) which are used in Rayleigh fractionation-mixing calculations to fit seasonal patterns in solute K and Ca cycling. KRb/K and
This study develops a novel approach for projecting climate trends in the Sahel in relation to shifting livelihood zones and health outcomes. Focusing on Mali, we explore baseline relationships between temperature, precipitation, livelihood, and malnutrition in 407 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) clusters with a total of 14,238 children, resulting in a thorough spatial analysis of coupled climate-health dynamics. Results suggest links between livelihoods and each measure of malnutrition, as well as a link between climate and stunting. A ‘front-line’ of vulnerability, related to the transition between agricultural and pastoral livelihoods, is identified as an area where mitigation efforts might be usefully targeted. Additionally, climate is projected to 2025 for the Sahel, and demographic trends are introduced to explore how the intersection of climate and demographics may shift the vulnerability ‘front-line’, potentially exposing an additional 6 million people in Mali, up to a million of them children, to heightened risk of malnutrition from climate and livelihood changes. Results indicate that, holding constant morbidity levels, approximately one quarter of a million children will suffer stunting, nearly two hundred thousand will be malnourished, and over one hundred thousand will become anemic in this expanding arid zone by 2025. Climate and health research conducted at finer spatial scales and within shorter projected time lines can identify vulnerability hot spots that are of the highest priority for adaptation interventions; such an analysis can also identify areas with similar characteristics that may be at heightened risk. Such meso-scale coupled human-environment research may facilitate appropriate policy interventions strategically located beyond today’s vulnerability front-line.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.08.009","issn":"01436228","usgsCitation":"Jankowska, M.M., Lopez-Carr, D., Funk, C., Husak, G.J., and Chafe, Z., 2012, Climate change and human health: Spatial modeling of water availability, malnutrition, and livelihoods in Mali, Africa: Applied Geography, v. 33, no. 1, p. 4-15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.08.009.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"4","endPage":"15","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":214763,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.08.009"},{"id":242513,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f64ce4b0c8380cd4c68b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jankowska, Marta M.","contributorId":145838,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jankowska","given":"Marta","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16253,"text":"Department of Geography, San Diego State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":435448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lopez-Carr, David","contributorId":193003,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lopez-Carr","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Funk, Chris 0000-0002-9254-6718 cfunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9254-6718","contributorId":167070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Funk","given":"Chris","email":"cfunk@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":435445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Husak, Gregory J.","contributorId":34435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Husak","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chafe, Z.A.","contributorId":23777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chafe","given":"Z.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70032295,"text":"70032295 - 2012 - Quantifying anthropogenically driven morphologic changes on a barrier island: Fire Island National Seashore, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T11:03:20","indexId":"70032295","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying anthropogenically driven morphologic changes on a barrier island: Fire Island National Seashore, New York","docAbstract":"Beach scraping, beach replenishment, and the presence of moderate development have altered the morphology of the dune–beach system at Fire Island National Seashore, located on a barrier island on the south coast of Long Island, New York. Seventeen communities are interspersed with sections of natural, nonmodified land within the park boundary. Beach width, dune elevation change, volume change, and shoreline change were calculated from light detection and ranging (LIDAR), real-time kinematic global positioning system (RTK GPS), and beach profile data sets at two ∼4 km long study sites. Each site contains both modified (developed, replenished, and/or scraped) and nonmodified (natural) areas. The analysis spans 9 years, from 1998 to 2007, which encompasses both scraping and replenishment events at Fire Island. The objectives of this study were to quantify and compare morphological changes in modified and nonmodified zones, and to identify erosional areas within the study sites.
Areas of increased volume and shoreline accretion were observed at both sites and at the western site are consistent with sand replenishment activities. The results indicate that from 1998 to 2007 locations backed by development and that employed beach scraping and/or replenishment as erosion control measures experienced more loss of volume, width, and dune elevation as compared with adjacent nonmodified areas. A detailed analysis of one specific modification, beach scraping, shows distinct morphological differences in scraped areas relative to nonscraped areas of the beach. In general, scraped areas where there is development on the dunes showed decreases in all measured parameters and are more likely to experience overwash during storm events. Furthermore, the rapid mobilization of material from the anthropogenic (scraped) dune results in increased beach accretion downcoast.
National park lands are immediately adjacent to developed areas on Fire Island, and even relatively small human-induced modifications can affect park resources and beach–dune response to storms. This study is the first to conduct a systematic analysis on how anthropogenic modifications affect resources at Fire Island National Seashore and provides essential information for effective management and preservation of coastal resources within the park.
","language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Education and Research Foundation","doi":"10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-10-00012.1","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Kratzmann, M.G., and Hapke, C.J., 2012, Quantifying anthropogenically driven morphologic changes on a barrier island: Fire Island National Seashore, New York: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 28, no. 1, p. 76-88, https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-10-00012.1.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"76","endPage":"88","numberOfPages":"13","ipdsId":"IP-018448","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242710,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214949,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-10-00012.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Fire Island National Seashore","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.32550048828125,\n 40.608739823836984\n ],\n [\n -72.89566040039062,\n 40.608739823836984\n ],\n [\n -72.89566040039062,\n 40.724364221722716\n ],\n [\n -73.32550048828125,\n 40.724364221722716\n ],\n [\n -73.32550048828125,\n 40.608739823836984\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a91c2e4b0c8380cd8043d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kratzmann, Meredith G. 0000-0002-2513-2144 mkratzmann@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2513-2144","contributorId":194453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kratzmann","given":"Meredith","email":"mkratzmann@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hapke, Cheryl J. 0000-0002-2753-4075 chapke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2753-4075","contributorId":2981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hapke","given":"Cheryl","email":"chapke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6676,"text":"USGS (retired)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":435489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70032540,"text":"70032540 - 2012 - A multi-source satellite data approach for modelling Lake Turkana water level: Calibration and validation using satellite altimetry data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-30T21:58:43.196979","indexId":"70032540","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1928,"text":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A multi-source satellite data approach for modelling Lake Turkana water level: Calibration and validation using satellite altimetry data","docAbstract":"Lake Turkana is one of the largest desert lakes in the world and is characterized by high degrees of inter- and intra-annual fluctuations. The hydrology and water balance of this lake have not been well understood due to its remote location and unavailability of reliable ground truth datasets. Managing surface water resources is a great challenge in areas where in-situ data are either limited or unavailable. In this study, multi-source satellite-driven data such as satellite-based rainfall estimates, modelled runoff, evapotranspiration, and a digital elevation dataset were used to model Lake Turkana water levels from 1998 to 2009. Due to the unavailability of reliable lake level data, an approach is presented to calibrate and validate the water balance model of Lake Turkana using a composite lake level product of TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1, and ENVISAT satellite altimetry data. Model validation results showed that the satellite-driven water balance model can satisfactorily capture the patterns and seasonal variations of the Lake Turkana water level fluctuations with a Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.90 and a Nash-Sutcliffe Coefficient of Efficiency (NSCE) of 0.80 during the validation period (2004–2009). Model error estimates were within 10% of the natural variability of the lake. Our analysis indicated that fluctuations in Lake Turkana water levels are mainly driven by lake inflows and over-the-lake evaporation. Over-the-lake rainfall contributes only up to 30% of lake evaporative demand. During the modelling time period, Lake Turkana showed seasonal variations of 1–2 m. The lake level fluctuated in the range up to 4 m between the years 1998–2009. This study demonstrated the usefulness of satellite altimetry data to calibrate and validate the satellite-driven hydrological model for Lake Turkana without using any in-situ data. Furthermore, for Lake Turkana, we identified and outlined opportunities and challenges of using a calibrated satellite-driven water balance model for (i) quantitative assessment of the impact of basin developmental activities on lake levels and for (ii) forecasting lake level changes and their impact on fisheries. From this study, we suggest that globally available satellite altimetry data provide a unique opportunity for calibration and validation of hydrologic models in ungauged basins.
","language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","publisherLocation":"Munich, Germany","doi":"10.5194/hess-16-1-2012","issn":"10275606","usgsCitation":"Velpuri, N., Senay, G., and Asante, K., 2012, A multi-source satellite data approach for modelling Lake Turkana water level: Calibration and validation using satellite altimetry data: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, v. 16, no. 1, p. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1-2012.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"18","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474744,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1-2012","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":241758,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214070,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1-2012"}],"country":"Kenya","otherGeospatial":"Lake Turkana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 35.79345703125,\n 2.4162756547063857\n ],\n [\n 36.8701171875,\n 2.4162756547063857\n ],\n [\n 36.8701171875,\n 4.718777551249855\n ],\n [\n 35.79345703125,\n 4.718777551249855\n ],\n [\n 35.79345703125,\n 2.4162756547063857\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-01-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e48be4b0c8380cd466ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Velpuri, N.M. 0000-0002-6370-1926","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6370-1926","contributorId":66495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Velpuri","given":"N.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Senay, Gabriel B. 0000-0002-8810-8539 senay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":152206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"Gabriel B.","email":"senay@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":436729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Asante, K.O. 0000-0001-5408-1852","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5408-1852","contributorId":17051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asante","given":"K.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032317,"text":"70032317 - 2012 - A new method of calculating electrical conductivity with applications to natural waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-17T13:17:58.66328","indexId":"70032317","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new method of calculating electrical conductivity with applications to natural waters","docAbstract":"A new method is presented for calculating the electrical conductivity of natural waters that is accurate over a large range of effective ionic strength (0.0004–0.7 mol kg−1), temperature (0–95 °C), pH (1–10), and conductivity (30–70,000 μS cm−1). The method incorporates a reliable set of equations to calculate the ionic molal conductivities of cations and anions (H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+, NH4+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, F−, Cl−, Br−, SO42-, HCO3-, CO32-, NO3-, and OH−), environmentally important trace metals (Al3+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, and Zn2+), and ion pairs (HSO4-, NaSO4-, NaCO3-, and ). These equations are based on new electrical conductivity measurements for electrolytes found in a wide range of natural waters. In addition, the method is coupled to a geochemical speciation model that is used to calculate the speciated concentrations required for accurate conductivity calculations. The method was thoroughly tested by calculating the conductivities of 1593 natural water samples and the mean difference between the calculated and measured conductivities was −0.7 ± 5%. Many of the samples tested were selected to determine the limits of the method and include acid mine waters, geothermal waters, seawater, dilute mountain waters, and river water impacted by municipal waste water. Transport numbers were calculated and H+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4+, K+, Cl−, SO42-, HCO3-, CP32-, F−, Al3+, Fe2+, NO3-, and substantially contributed (>10%) to the conductivity of at least one of the samples. Conductivity imbalance in conjunction with charge imbalance can be used to identify whether a cation or an anion measurement is likely in error, thereby providing an additional quality assurance/quality control constraint on water analyses.
Two physical experiments were developed to better define the thermal interaction of wetland water and the underlying soil layer. This information is important to numerical models of flow and heat transport that have been developed to support biological studies in the South Florida coastal wetland areas. The experimental apparatus consists of two 1.32 m diameter by 0.99 m tall, trailer-mounted, well-insulated tanks filled with soil and water. A peat–sand–soil mixture was used to represent the wetland soil, and artificial plants were used as a surrogate for emergent wetland vegetation based on size and density observed in the field. The tanks are instrumented with thermocouples to measure vertical and horizontal temperature variations and were placed in an outdoor environment subject to solar radiation, wind, and other factors affecting the heat transfer. Instruments also measure solar radiation, relative humidity, and wind speed.
Tests indicate that heat transfer through the sides and bottoms of the tanks is negligible, so the experiments represent vertical heat transfer effects only. The temperature fluctuations measured in the vertical profile through the soil and water are used to calibrate a one-dimensional heat-transport model. The model was used to calculate the thermal conductivity of the soil. Additionally, the model was used to calculate the total heat stored in the soil. This information was then used in a lumped parameter model to calculate an effective depth of soil which provides the appropriate heat storage to be combined with the heat storage in the water column. An effective depth, in the model, of 5.1 cm of wetland soil represents the heat storage needed to match the data taken in the tank containing 55.9 cm of peat/sand/soil mix. The artificial low-density laboratory sawgrass reduced the solar energy absorbed by the 35.6 cm of water and 55.9 cm of soil at midday by less than 5%. The maximum heat transfer into the underlying peat–sand–soil mix lags behind maximum solar radiation by approximately 2 h. A slightly longer temperature lag was observed between the maximum solar radiation and maximum water temperature both with and without soil.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.12.036","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Swain, M., Swain, M., Lohmann, M., and Swain, E., 2012, Experimental determination of soil heat storage for the simulation of heat transport in a coastal wetland: Journal of Hydrology, v. 422-423, p. 53-62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.12.036.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"62","costCenters":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242515,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"422-423","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0dc5e4b0c8380cd531b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swain, Michael","contributorId":79716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swain, Matthew","contributorId":68126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Matthew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lohmann, Melinda 0000-0003-1472-159X mlohmann@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1472-159X","contributorId":2971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lohmann","given":"Melinda","email":"mlohmann@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":435583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swain, Eric 0000-0001-7168-708X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-708X","contributorId":23347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Eric","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70032346,"text":"70032346 - 2012 - Selection of nest-site habitat by interior least terns in relation to sandbar construction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-02T19:18:19.136688","indexId":"70032346","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selection of nest-site habitat by interior least terns in relation to sandbar construction","docAbstract":"Federally endangered interior least terns (Sternula antillarum) nest on bare or sparsely vegetated sandbars on midcontinent river systems. Loss of nesting habitat has been implicated as a cause of population declines, and managing these habitats is a major initiative in population recovery. One such initiative involves construction of mid-channel sandbars on the Missouri River, where natural sandbar habitat has declined in quantity and quality since the late 1990s. We evaluated nest-site habitat selection by least terns on constructed and natural sandbars by comparing vegetation, substrate, and debris variables at nest sites (n = 798) and random points (n = 1,113) in bare or sparsely vegetated habitats. Our logistic regression models revealed that a broader suite of habitat features was important in nest-site selection on constructed than on natural sandbars. Odds ratios for habitat variables indicated that avoidance of habitat features was the dominant nest-site selection process on both sandbar types, with nesting terns being attracted to nest-site habitat features (gravel and debris) and avoiding vegetation only on constructed sandbars, and avoiding silt and leaf litter on both sandbar types. Despite the seemingly uniform nature of these habitats, our results suggest that a complex suite of habitat features influences nest-site choice by least terns. However, nest-site selection in this social, colonially nesting species may be influenced by other factors, including spatial arrangement of bare sand habitat, proximity to other least terns, and prior habitat occupancy by piping plovers (Charadrius melodus). We found that nest-site selection was sensitive to subtle variation in habitat features, suggesting that rigor in maintaining habitat condition will be necessary in managing sandbars for the benefit of least terns. Further, management strategies that reduce habitat features that are avoided by least terns may be the most beneficial to nesting least terns.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.301","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Sherfy, M., Stucker, J.H., and Buhl, D., 2012, Selection of nest-site habitat by interior least terns in relation to sandbar construction: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 76, no. 2, p. 363-371, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.301.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"363","endPage":"371","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474687,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.301","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":242416,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214670,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.301"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska, South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.67919921875,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -95.80078125,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -95.80078125,\n 43.77109381775651\n ],\n [\n -98.67919921875,\n 43.77109381775651\n ],\n [\n -98.67919921875,\n 42.09822241118974\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"76","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8cd2e4b08c986b318156","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherfy, M. H. 0000-0003-3016-4105","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3016-4105","contributorId":42561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherfy","given":"M. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stucker, J. H.","contributorId":22595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stucker","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buhl, D. A. 0000-0002-8563-5990","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8563-5990","contributorId":13571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buhl","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032602,"text":"70032602 - 2012 - Hierarchy in factors affecting fish biodiversity in floodplain lakes of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-30T18:35:45.60633","indexId":"70032602","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hierarchy in factors affecting fish biodiversity in floodplain lakes of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley","docAbstract":"River-floodplain ecosystems offer some of the most diverse and dynamic environments in the world. Accordingly, floodplain habitats harbor diverse fish assemblages. Fish biodiversity in floodplain lakes may be influenced by multiple variables operating on disparate scales, and these variables may exhibit a hierarchical organization depending on whether one variable governs another. In this study, we examined the interaction between primary variables descriptive of floodplain lake large-scale features, suites of secondary variables descriptive of water quality and primary productivity, and a set of tertiary variables descriptive of fish biodiversity across a range of floodplain lakes in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley of Mississippi and Arkansas (USA). Lakes varied considerably in their representation of primary, secondary, and tertiary variables. Multivariate direct gradient analyses indicated that lake maximum depth and the percentage of agricultural land surrounding a lake were the most important factors controlling variation in suites of secondary and tertiary variables, followed to a lesser extent by lake surface area. Fish biodiversity was generally greatest in large, deep lakes with lower proportions of watershed agricultural land. Our results may help foster a holistic approach to floodplain lake management and suggest the framework for a feedback model wherein primary variables can be manipulated for conservation and restoration purposes and secondary and tertiary variables can be used to monitor the success of such efforts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/s10641-011-9923-y","issn":"03781909","usgsCitation":"Dembkowski, D., and Miranda, L., 2012, Hierarchy in factors affecting fish biodiversity in floodplain lakes of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 93, no. 3, p. 357-368, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-011-9923-y.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"357","endPage":"368","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241656,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213978,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641-011-9923-y"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley region of Mississippi and Arkansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.285400390625,\n 32.690243035492266\n ],\n [\n -90.845947265625,\n 32.759562025650126\n ],\n [\n -90.7855224609375,\n 33.902336404480685\n ],\n [\n -90.2801513671875,\n 34.67839374011646\n ],\n [\n -89.84069824218749,\n 35.44724605551148\n ],\n [\n -90.5877685546875,\n 35.51881428123057\n ],\n [\n -91.3568115234375,\n 33.911454454267606\n ],\n [\n -91.285400390625,\n 32.690243035492266\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-09-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a30a7e4b0c8380cd5d822","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dembkowski, D.J.","contributorId":31995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dembkowski","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miranda, L.E.","contributorId":58406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miranda","given":"L.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70032222,"text":"70032222 - 2012 - One hundred years of volcano monitoring in Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:25","indexId":"70032222","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"One hundred years of volcano monitoring in Hawaii","docAbstract":"In 2012 the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO), the oldest of five volcano observatories in the United States, is commemorating the 100th anniversary of its founding. HVO's location, on the rim of Klauea volcano (Figure 1)one of the most active volcanoes on Earthhas provided an unprecedented opportunity over the past century to study processes associated with active volcanism and develop methods for hazards assessment and mitigation. The scientifically and societally important results that have come from 100 years of HVO's existence are the realization of one man's vision of the best way to protect humanity from natural disasters. That vision was a response to an unusually destructive decade that began the twentieth century, a decade that saw almost 200,000 people killed by the effects of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2012EO030001","issn":"00963941","usgsCitation":"Kauahikaua, J., and Poland, M., 2012, One hundred years of volcano monitoring in Hawaii: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 93, no. 3, p. 29-30, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012EO030001.","startPage":"29","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214759,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012EO030001"},{"id":242509,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-01-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6e26e4b0c8380cd754e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kauahikaua, J. 0000-0003-3777-503X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":26087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poland, Michael 0000-0001-5240-6123","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":49920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":435111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70032373,"text":"70032373 - 2012 - A plant distribution shift: temperature, drought or past disturbance?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-11T11:29:40","indexId":"70032373","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A plant distribution shift: temperature, drought or past disturbance?","docAbstract":"Simple models of plant response to warming climates predict vegetation moving to cooler and/or wetter locations: in mountainous regions shifting upslope. However, species-specific responses to climate change are likely to be much more complex. We re-examined a recently reported vegetation shift in the Santa Rosa Mountains, California, to better understand the mechanisms behind the reported shift of a plant distribution upslope. We focused on five elevational zones near the center of the gradient that captured many of the reported shifts and which are dominated by fire-prone chaparral. Using growth rings, we determined that a major assumption of the previous work was wrong: past fire histories differed among elevations. To examine the potential effect that this difference might have on the reported upward shift, we focused on one species, Ceanothus greggii: a shrub that only recruits post-fire from a soil stored seedbank. For five elevations used in the prior study, we calculated time series of past per-capita mortality rates by counting growth rings on live and dead individuals. We tested three alternative hypotheses explaining the past patterns of mortality: 1) mortality increased over time consistent with climate warming, 2) mortality was correlated with drought indices, and 3) mortality peaked 40–50 years post fire at each site, consistent with self-thinning. We found that the sites were different ages since the last fire, and that the reported increase in the mean elevation of C. greggii was due to higher recent mortality at the lower elevations, which were younger sites. The time-series pattern of mortality was best explained by the self-thinning hypothesis and poorly explained by gradual warming or drought. At least for this species, the reported distribution shift appears to be an artifact of disturbance history and is not evidence of a climate warming effect.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"PLoS ONE","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0031173","issn":"19326203","usgsCitation":"Schwilk, D.W., and Keeley, J.E., 2012, A plant distribution shift: temperature, drought or past disturbance?: PLoS ONE, v. 7, no. 2, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031173.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474788,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031173","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":214061,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031173"},{"id":241748,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Rosa Mountains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.355844,33.356894 ], [ -116.355844,33.505883 ], [ -116.099726,33.505883 ], [ -116.099726,33.356894 ], [ -116.355844,33.356894 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"7","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-02-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4dce4b0c8380cd469a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwilk, Dylan W.","contributorId":103883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwilk","given":"Dylan","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":435836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70032360,"text":"70032360 - 2012 - Evaluation of MODFLOW-LGR in connection with a synthetic regional-scale model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-02T18:21:27.250191","indexId":"70032360","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of MODFLOW-LGR in connection with a synthetic regional-scale model","docAbstract":"This work studies costs and benefits of utilizing local‐grid refinement (LGR) as implemented in MODFLOW‐LGR to simulate groundwater flow in a buried tunnel valley interacting with a regional aquifer. Two alternative LGR methods were used: the shared‐node (SN) method and the ghost‐node (GN) method. To conserve flows the SN method requires correction of sources and sinks in cells at the refined/coarse‐grid interface. We found that the optimal correction method is case dependent and difficult to identify in practice. However, the results showed little difference and suggest that identifying the optimal method was of minor importance in our case. The GN method does not require corrections at the models' interface, and it uses a simpler head interpolation scheme than the SN method. The simpler scheme is faster but less accurate so that more iterations may be necessary. However, the GN method solved our flow problem more efficiently than the SN method. The MODFLOW‐LGR results were compared with the results obtained using a globally coarse (GC) grid. The LGR simulations required one to two orders of magnitude longer run times than the GC model. However, the improvements of the numerical resolution around the buried valley substantially increased the accuracy of simulated heads and flows compared with the GC simulation. Accuracy further increased locally around the valley flanks when improving the geological resolution using the refined grid. Finally, comparing MODFLOW‐LGR simulation with a globally refined (GR) grid showed that the refinement proportion of the model should not exceed 10% to 15% in order to secure method efficiency.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Ground Water Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00826.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Vilhelmsen, T., Christensen, S., and Mehl, S.W., 2012, Evaluation of MODFLOW-LGR in connection with a synthetic regional-scale model: Ground Water, v. 50, no. 1, p. 118-132, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00826.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"118","endPage":"132","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241575,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213905,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00826.x"}],"volume":"50","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-05-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c18e4b0c8380cd52a27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vilhelmsen, T.N.","contributorId":54024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vilhelmsen","given":"T.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christensen, S.","contributorId":30387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mehl, Steffen W. swmehl@usgs.gov","contributorId":975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehl","given":"Steffen","email":"swmehl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":435775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032693,"text":"70032693 - 2012 - Field experiment provides ground truth for surface nuclear magnetic resonance measurement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-29T14:31:18","indexId":"70032693","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field experiment provides ground truth for surface nuclear magnetic resonance measurement","docAbstract":"The need for sustainable management of fresh water resources is one of the great challenges of the 21st century. Since most of the planet's liquid fresh water exists as groundwater, it is essential to develop non-invasive geophysical techniques to characterize groundwater aquifers. A field experiment was conducted in the High Plains Aquifer, central United States, to explore the mechanisms governing the non-invasive Surface NMR (SNMR) technology. We acquired both SNMR data and logging NMR data at a field site, along with lithology information from drill cuttings. This allowed us to directly compare the NMR relaxation parameter measured during logging,T2, to the relaxation parameter T2* measured using the SNMR method. The latter can be affected by inhomogeneity in the magnetic field, thus obscuring the link between the NMR relaxation parameter and the hydraulic conductivity of the geologic material. When the logging T2data were transformed to pseudo-T2* data, by accounting for inhomogeneity in the magnetic field and instrument dead time, we found good agreement with T2* obtained from the SNMR measurement. These results, combined with the additional information about lithology at the site, allowed us to delineate the physical mechanisms governing the SNMR measurement. Such understanding is a critical step in developing SNMR as a reliable geophysical method for the assessment of groundwater resources.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2011GL050167","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Knight, R., Grunewald, E., Irons, T., Dlubac, K., Song, Y., Bachman, H., Grau, B., Walsh, D., Abraham, J., and Cannia, J., 2012, Field experiment provides ground truth for surface nuclear magnetic resonance measurement: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 39, no. 3, p. 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050167.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"1","endPage":"7","ipdsId":"IP-030935","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213830,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050167"}],"volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-02-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0fb7e4b0c8380cd539bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knight, R.","contributorId":22717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grunewald, E.","contributorId":62820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grunewald","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Irons, T.","contributorId":95698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dlubac, K.","contributorId":70607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dlubac","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Song, Y.","contributorId":92443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Song","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bachman, H.N.","contributorId":106324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bachman","given":"H.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Grau, B.","contributorId":70197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grau","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Walsh, D.","contributorId":7920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Abraham, J.D.","contributorId":20686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abraham","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Cannia, J.","contributorId":21358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannia","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70032692,"text":"70032692 - 2012 - Patterns of natural mortality in stream-living brown trout (Salmo trutta)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-24T16:37:00.160037","indexId":"70032692","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of natural mortality in stream-living brown trout (Salmo trutta)","docAbstract":"1. We tested the hypothesis that lifetime mortality patterns and their corresponding rates and causal factors differ among populations of stream‐living salmonids. To this end, we examined the lifetime mortality patterns of several successive cohorts of two stream‐living brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations in Spain and Denmark.
2. In the southern population, we observed a consistent two‐phase pattern, in which mortality was negligible during the first half of the lifetime and severe during the rest of the lifetime. In contrast, the northern population demonstrated a three‐phase pattern with an earlier phase varying from negligible to severe, followed by a second stage of weak mortality, and lastly by a third life stage of severe mortality.
3. Despite substantial differences in the mortality patterns between the two populations, the combined effect of recruitment (as a proxy of the density‐dependent processes occurring during the lifetime) and mean body mass (as a proxy of growth experienced by individuals in a given cohort) explained c. 89% of the total lifetime mortality rates across cohorts and populations.
4. A comparison with other published data on populations of stream‐living brown trout within its native range highlighted lifetime mortality patterns of one, two, three and four phases, but also suggested that common patterns may occur in populations that experience similar individual growth and population density.
","language":"English","publisher":"Blackwater","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2427.2011.02726.x","issn":"00465070","usgsCitation":"Lobon-Cervia, J., Budy, P., and Mortensen, E., 2012, Patterns of natural mortality in stream-living brown trout (Salmo trutta): Freshwater Biology, v. 57, no. 3, p. 575-588, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2011.02726.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"575","endPage":"588","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241490,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213829,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2011.02726.x"}],"volume":"57","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-12-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75e2e4b0c8380cd77dd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lobon-Cervia, J.","contributorId":18185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lobon-Cervia","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Budy, P.","contributorId":68091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budy","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mortensen, E.","contributorId":96906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mortensen","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032573,"text":"70032573 - 2012 - Ecoregional analysis of nearshore sea-surface temperature in the North Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-03T16:03:45","indexId":"70032573","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecoregional analysis of nearshore sea-surface temperature in the North Pacific","docAbstract":"The quantification and description of sea surface temperature (SST) is critically important because it can influence the distribution, migration, and invasion of marine species; furthermore, SSTs are expected to be affected by climate change. To better understand present temperature regimes, we assembled a 29-year nearshore time series of mean monthly SSTs along the North Pacific coastline using remotely-sensed satellite data collected with the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) instrument. We then used the dataset to describe nearshore (<20 km offshore) SST patterns of 16 North Pacific ecoregions delineated by the Marine Ecoregions of the World (MEOW) hierarchical schema. Annual mean temperature varied from 3.8°C along the Kamchatka ecoregion to 24.8°C in the Cortezian ecoregion. There are smaller annual ranges and less variability in SST in the Northeast Pacific relative to the Northwest Pacific. Within the 16 ecoregions, 31–94% of the variance in SST is explained by the annual cycle, with the annual cycle explaining the least variation in the Northern California ecoregion and the most variation in the Yellow Sea ecoregion. Clustering on mean monthly SSTs of each ecoregion showed a clear break between the ecoregions within the Warm and Cold Temperate provinces of the MEOW schema, though several of the ecoregions contained within the provinces did not show a significant difference in mean seasonal temperature patterns. Comparison of these temperature patterns shared some similarities and differences with previous biogeographic classifications and the Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs). Finally, we provide a web link to the processed data for use by other researchers.
\n\n
The influence of study design on the ability to detect the effects of landscape pattern on gene flow is one of the most pressing methodological gaps in landscape genetic research. To investigate the effect of study design on landscape genetics inference, we used a spatially‐explicit, individual‐based program to simulate gene flow in a spatially continuous population inhabiting a landscape with gradual spatial changes in resistance to movement. We simulated a wide range of combinations of number of loci, number of alleles per locus and number of individuals sampled from the population. We assessed how these three aspects of study design influenced the statistical power to successfully identify the generating process among competing hypotheses of isolation‐by‐distance, isolation‐by‐barrier, and isolation‐by‐landscape resistance using a causal modelling approach with partial Mantel tests. We modelled the statistical power to identify the generating process as a response surface for equilibrium and non‐equilibrium conditions after introduction of isolation‐by‐landscape resistance. All three variables (loci, alleles and sampled individuals) affect the power of causal modelling, but to different degrees. Stronger partial Mantel r correlations between landscape distances and genetic distances were found when more loci were used and when loci were more variable, which makes comparisons of effect size between studies difficult. Number of individuals did not affect the accuracy through mean equilibrium partial Mantel r, but larger samples decreased the uncertainty (increasing the precision) of equilibrium partial Mantel r estimates. We conclude that amplifying more (and more variable) loci is likely to increase the power of landscape genetic inferences more than increasing number of individuals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell","doi":"10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.03077.x","issn":"1755098X","usgsCitation":"Landguth, E., Fedy, B., Oyler-McCance, S.J., Garey, A., Emel, S., Mumma, M., Wagner, H., Fortin, M., and Cushman, S., 2012, Effects of sample size, number of markers, and allelic richness on the detection of spatial genetic pattern: Molecular Ecology Resources, v. 12, no. 2, p. 276-284, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.03077.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"276","endPage":"284","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":241423,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213766,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.03077.x"}],"volume":"12","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-10-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07bce4b0c8380cd517e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landguth, E.L.","contributorId":30049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landguth","given":"E.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fedy, B.C.","contributorId":35427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fedy","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oyler-McCance, Sara J. 0000-0003-1599-8769 sara_oyler-mccance@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1599-8769","contributorId":1973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oyler-McCance","given":"Sara","email":"sara_oyler-mccance@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":437462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Garey, A.L.","contributorId":37546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garey","given":"A.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Emel, S.L.","contributorId":101890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emel","given":"S.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mumma, M.","contributorId":108323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mumma","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wagner, H.H.","contributorId":26526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"H.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Fortin, M.-J.","contributorId":96489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fortin","given":"M.-J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Cushman, S.A.","contributorId":92876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cushman","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70032665,"text":"70032665 - 2012 - Occurrence and geochemistry of radium in water from principal drinking-water aquifer systems of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-25T10:51:13","indexId":"70032665","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence and geochemistry of radium in water from principal drinking-water aquifer systems of the United States","docAbstract":"A total of 1270 raw-water samples (before treatment) were collected from 15 principal and other major aquifer systems (PAs) used for drinking water in 45 states in all major physiographic provinces of the USA and analyzed for concentrations of the Ra isotopes 224Ra, 226Ra and 228Ra establishing the framework for evaluating Ra occurrence. The US Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 0.185Bq/L (5pCi/L) for combined Ra ( 226Ra plus 228Ra) for drinking water was exceeded in 4.02% (39 of 971) of samples for which both 226Ra and 228Ra were determined, or in 3.15% (40 of 1266) of the samples in which at least one isotope concentration ( 226Ra or 228Ra) was determined. The maximum concentration of combined Ra was 0.755Bq/L (20.4pCi/L) in water from the North Atlantic Coastal Plain quartzose sand aquifer system. All the exceedences of the MCL for combined Ra occurred in water samples from the following 7PAs (in order of decreasing relative frequency of occurrence): the Midcontinent and Ozark Plateau Cambro-Ordovician dolomites and sandstones, the North Atlantic Coastal Plain, the Floridan, the crystalline rocks (granitic, metamorphic) of New England, the Mesozoic basins of the Appalachian Piedmont, the Gulf Coastal Plain, and the glacial sands and gravels (highest concentrations in New England).The concentration of Ra was consistently controlled by geochemical properties of the aquifer systems, with the highest concentrations most likely to be present where, as a consequence of the geochemical environment, adsorption of the Ra was slightly decreased. The result is a slight relative increase in Ra mobility, especially notable in aquifers with poor sorptive capacity (Fe-oxide-poor quartzose sands and carbonates), even if Ra is not abundant in the aquifer solids. The most common occurrence of elevated Ra throughout the USA occurred in anoxic water (low dissolved-O 2) with high concentrations of Fe or Mn, and in places, high concentrations of the competing ions Ca, Mg, Ba and Sr, and occasionally of dissolved solids, K, SO 4 and HCO 3. The other water type to frequently contain elevated concentrations of the Ra radioisotopes was acidic (low pH), and had in places, high concentrations of NO 3 and other acid anions, and on occasion, of the competing divalent cations, Mn and Al. One or the other of these broad water types was commonly present in each of the PAs in which elevated concentrations of combined Ra occurred. Concentrations of 226Ra or 228Ra or combined Ra correlated significantly with those of the above listed water-quality constituents (on the basis of the non-parametric Spearman correlation technique) and loaded on principal components describing the above water types from the entire data set and for samples from the PAs with the highest combined Ra concentrations.Concentrations of 224Ra and 226Ra were significantly correlated to those of 228Ra (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, +0.236 and +0.326, respectively). Activity ratios of 224Ra/ 228Ra in the water samples were mostly near 1 when concentrations of both isotopes were greater than or equal to 0.037Bq/L (1pCi/L), the level above which analytical results were most reliable. Co-occurrence among these highest concentrations of the Ra radionuclides was most likely in those PAs where chemical conditions are most conducive to Ra mobility (e.g. acidic North Atlantic Coastal Plain). The concentrations of 224Ra were occasionally greater than 0.037Bq/L and the ratios of 224Ra/ 228Ra were generally highest in the PAs composed of alluvial sands and Cretaceous/Tertiary sandstones from the western USA, likely because concentrations of 224Ra are enhanced in solution relative to those of 228Ra by alpha recoil from the aquifer matrix. Rapid adsorption of the two Ra isotopes (controlled by the alkaline and oxic aquifer geochemistry) combined with preferential faster recoil of 224Ra generates a 224Ra/ 228Ra ratio much greater than ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.11.002","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Szabo, Z., DePaul, V.T., Fischer, J., Kraemer, T.F., and Jacobsen, E., 2012, Occurrence and geochemistry of radium in water from principal drinking-water aquifer systems of the United States: Applied Geochemistry, v. 27, no. 3, p. 729-752, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.11.002.","startPage":"729","endPage":"752","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474677,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.11.002","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":241597,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213923,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.11.002"}],"volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6b6ce4b0c8380cd746a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szabo, Z. 0000-0002-0760-9607","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-9607","contributorId":44302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DePaul, Vincent T. 0000-0002-7977-5217 vdepaul@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7977-5217","contributorId":2778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DePaul","given":"Vincent","email":"vdepaul@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":437351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fischer, J.M. 0000-0003-2996-9272","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2996-9272","contributorId":74419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kraemer, T. F.","contributorId":63400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraemer","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jacobsen, E.","contributorId":101462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobsen","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}