A robust method for characterizing the biophysical environment of terrestrial vegetation uses the relationship between Actual Evapotranspiration (AET) and Climatic Water Deficit (CWD). These variables are usually estimated from a water balance model rather than measured directly and are often more representative of ecologically-significant changes than temperature or precipitation. We evaluate trends and spatial patterns in AET and CWD in the Continental United States (CONUS) during 1980–2019 using a gridded water balance model. The western US had linear regression slopes indicating increasing CWD and decreasing AET (drying), while the eastern US had generally opposite trends. When limits to plant performance characterized by AET and CWD are exceeded, vegetation assemblages change. Widespread increases in aridity throughout the west portends shifts in the distribution of plants limited by available moisture. A detailed look at Sequoia National Park illustrates the high degree of fine-scale spatial variability that exists across elevation and topographical gradients. Where such topographical and climatic diversity exists, appropriate use of our gridded data will require sub-setting to an appropriate area and analyzing according to categories of interest such as vegetation communities or across obvious physical gradients. Recent studies have successfully applied similar water balance models to fire risk and forest structure in both western and eastern U.S. forests, arid-land spring discharge, amphibian colonization and persistence in wetlands, whitebark pine mortality and establishment, and the distribution of arid-land grass species and landscape scale vegetation condition. Our gridded dataset is available free for public use. Our findings illustrate how a simple water balance model can identify important trends and patterns at site to regional scales. However, at finer scales, environmental heterogeneity is driving a range of responses that may not be simply characterized by a single trend.
Chemical contamination of freshwaters is a global problem. In the United States alone, millions of kilometers of rivers and hectares of lakes and wetlands are impaired from contamination by chemicals including mercury, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and trace metals (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2017). Efforts to mitigate the risks of contamination have largely focused on aquatic endpoints. However, these contaminants pose a risk not only to life in freshwater ecosystems but also to the terrestrial organisms that depend on freshwater ecosystems for food.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5203","usgsCitation":"Kraus, J.M., Wesner, J., and Walters, D., 2021, Insect-mediated contaminant flux at the land–water interface: Are ecological subsidies driving exposure or is exposure driving subsidies?: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 40, no. 11, p. 2953-2958, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5203.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"2953","endPage":"2958","ipdsId":"IP-127477","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":450962,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5203","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":391424,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kraus, Johanna M. 0000-0002-9513-4129 jkraus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9513-4129","contributorId":4834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraus","given":"Johanna","email":"jkraus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":826402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wesner, Jeff S.","contributorId":268319,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wesner","given":"Jeff S.","affiliations":[{"id":55622,"text":"University of South Dakota, Department of Biology, 414 E. Clark St., Vermillion, SD","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":826403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walters, David 0000-0002-4237-2158","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4237-2158","contributorId":205915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":826404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70223694,"text":"sir20205150 - 2021 - Precipitation-runoff processes in the Merced River Basin, Central California, with prospects for streamflow predictability, water years 1952–2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-02T11:51:45.887677","indexId":"sir20205150","displayToPublicDate":"2021-09-01T16:37:37","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-5150","displayTitle":"Precipitation-Runoff Processes in the Merced River Basin, Central California, with Prospects for Streamflow Predictability, Water Years 1952–2013","title":"Precipitation-runoff processes in the Merced River Basin, Central California, with prospects for streamflow predictability, water years 1952–2013","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources (DWR), has constructed a new spatially detailed Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) model for the Merced River Basin, California, which is a tributary of the San Joaquin River in California. Operated through an Object User Interface (OUI) with Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP) and daily climate distribution preprocessing functionality, the model is calibrated primarily to simulate (and eventually, forecast) year-to-year variations of inflows to Lake McClure during the critical April–July snowmelt season. The model is intended to become part of a suite of methods used by DWR for estimating daily streamflow from the Merced River Basin, especially during the snowmelt season. This study describes the results of the application of an analysis tool that simulates responses to climate and land-use variations at a higher spatial resolution than previously available to DWR.
A geographic information system was used to delineate the model domain, that is, areas draining to a single outlet at U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 11270900, Merced River below Merced Falls Dam, near Snell, CA (also known as California Data Exchange Center station MRC), and subdrainage areas, including four draining to internal gages used as calibration targets. Using this delineation, three contiguous subbasins were recognized and, along with the model domain and nested calibration targets, are the simulation units evaluated in this report.
An auto-calibration tool, LUCA (Let Us CAlibrate), was used for each calibration node, from headwaters to basin outlet, and then parameters were manually adjusted to complete the calibration. The main objective was to match April–July snowmelt seasonal discharge values of simulated streamflow to observed (measured or reconstructed) discharge values. Calibration or validation periods used site-specific streamflows—mostly from October 1, 1988, through September 30, 2013—but differed according to the period-of-record available for the measurements collected at internal gages or reconstructed flows for the single outlet.
The accuracy of the Merced PRMS streamflow simulations varied seasonally, as compared to observed values. Based on statistical results, the Merced PRMS model satisfactorily simulated snowmelt seasonal streamflows. April–July calibrations for all areas had small negative bias (not greater than 7 percent) and low relative error (less than 8 percent). Less satisfactory performance for other seasons was attributed to several factors: (1) high uncertainty in low or zero flows in summer and fall, (2) lack of accounting for basin withdrawals and anthropogenic water use, (3) unavailability and (or) inaccuracy of observed (measured) meteorological input data, and (4) uncertainty in reconstructed streamflow data.
With some additional refinement, the Merced PRMS model may be used for forecasting seasonal and longer-term streamflow variations; evaluating forecasted and past climate and land cover changes; providing water-resource managers with a consistent and documented method for estimating streamflow at ungaged sites within the basin; and aiding environmental studies, hydraulic design, water management, and water-quality projects in the Merced River Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205150","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with California Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Koczot, K.M., Risley, J.C., Gronberg, J.M., Donovan, J.M., and McPherson, K.R., 2021, Precipitation-runoff processes in the Merced River Basin, Central California, with prospects for streamflow predictability, water years 1952–2013: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5150, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205150.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 61 p.; 1 Figure: 16.0 x 10.0 inches; Data Release","numberOfPages":"61","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-028665","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388739,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7JH3KFR","linkHelpText":"Archive of Merced River Basin Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System, with forecasting, climate-file preparation, and data-visualization tools"},{"id":388738,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5150/sir20205150_fig11_sheet.pdf","text":"Figure 11 (16\" x 10\" sheet)","size":"7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Physical architecture of the Merced River Basin Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System."},{"id":388737,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5150/sir20205150.pdf","text":"Report","size":"15 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":388736,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5150/covrthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Merced River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.3055419921875,\n 36.88401445049676\n ],\n [\n -119.27307128906249,\n 36.88401445049676\n ],\n [\n -119.27307128906249,\n 37.69251435532741\n ],\n [\n -121.3055419921875,\n 37.69251435532741\n ],\n [\n -121.3055419921875,\n 36.88401445049676\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
California Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, California 95819
The spread of the invasive and fire-adapted buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) threatens desert ecosystems by competing for resources, increasing fuel loads, and creating wildfire connectivity. The Rincon Mountain District of Saguaro National Park addressed this natural resource threat with the use of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs). In 2010, the Rincon Mountain District initiated an aerial restoration plan to control dense buffelgrass patches in remote areas and implemented a trial project to evaluate the effects of aerial restoration techniques that included the helicopter application of GBHs. In 2014, more than 250 acres of buffelgrass in the Rincon Mountain District were treated with the aerial application of GBHs. This widespread aerial application of GBHs continued through 2018, but the potential transport and effects to aquatic ecosystems were unknown.
In 2015–18, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Park Service, studied the occurrence, distribution, fate, and transport of glyphosate in surface water and sediments derived from areas that were treated during past and current aerial herbicide applications. Three watersheds, treated with different regimens of GBHs, were sampled for glyphosate and the primary metabolite of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), during various hydrologic flow conditions. Water and aquatic sediment were collected from three watersheds, each in a different stage of application during the U.S. Geological Survey study. The unnamed watershed above the Loma Verde Trailhead referred to by the National Park Service as “Loma Verde canyon” had received no aerial treatment since 2014, whereas the Box Canyon watershed was aerially treated every year beginning in 2014. The Madrona Canyon watershed was first sprayed in 2016 and aerial application continued once a year though the entirety of the study. In addition, terrestrial soil samples were sampled from areas sprayed to understand dissipation rates and herbicide transport via sediments washing away during rainfall runoff. The concentrations present in water and sediment samples were compared to ecological benchmarks and characterized within the context of the environmental conditions of the park setting.
Of the 48 water samples collected and analyzed for glyphosate and AMPA, 10.4 percent and 14.6 percent were detected above the laboratory minimum detection limit, respectively. Mean water concentrations, calculated using specific statistical methods for non-detects, were equal to the laboratory minimum detection limit of 0.02 microgram per liter for samples collected in all the watersheds. In aquatic sediments, glyphosate and AMPA were detected in 10.7 and 25.0 percent of the samples, whereas 89.5 and 100 percent of the terrestrial soil samples had detections for glyphosate and AMPA, respectively. Mean aquatic sediment concentrations were 1.13 and 4.42 micrograms per kilogram (μg/kg) for glyphosate and AMPA, respectively. Mean terrestrial soil concentrations were orders of magnitude greater than water and aquatic sediment with concentrations of 678 μg/kg for AMPA and 1,240 μg/kg for glyphosate. Hours after glyphosate-based herbicide was applied, the concentrations of glyphosate and AMPA were present in terrestrial soil samples near or above the laboratory maximum detection limit of 5,000 μg/kg. The Box Canyon watershed was the most intensively treated watershed in terms of total land area treated, total amount of GBH applied, and number of years treated. The frequent and large volume of treatment resulted in the highest number of detections of glyphosate and AMPA in water (3 and 7 detections, respectively) and in aquatic sediment (2 and 6 detections, respectively) samples. In comparison, the other two watersheds had two or fewer detections for glyphosate and AMPA in water and aquatic sediment.
Glyphosate detected in pools was associated with increased rainfall closer in time to the last herbicide treatment. Glyphosate and AMPA concentration ratios above one, along with stable-isotope and tritium results, indicated that runoff processes were the primary transport mechanism for the two compounds when found in streams and pools rather than subsurface recharge or deeper flow paths. One pool in a small tributary of Box Canyon consistently had detections of glyphosate and AMPA in aquatic sediments, but these frequent concentrations were likely related to the intensive application upstream, near the steep terrain above the head of the channel that supplies the downstream pool. Intense flows during summer rainfall events move treated sediments into this channel where vegetation and the incised bedrock banks of the pool retained those sediments and ultimately led to frequent detections of both compounds. Isotope results in most of the pools and tinajas indicated that the water source had residence time representative of recently recharged waters, on the order of years.
No water concentrations exceeded published criteria for human health or aquatic life. Median and maximum glyphosate and AMPA water concentrations were lower than those reported in other national assessments, but maximum concentrations observed in individual runoff samples were higher than median concentrations measured in the national assessments. A similar finding was observed with aquatic sediment concentrations measured in the Rincon Mountain District. Results from the study were compared and assessed in the context of other studies examining GBHs and their effects on amphibians, fish, and macroinvertebrates. This comparison was used to generalize the potential risk to aquatic species similar to those species in the Rincon Mountain District. Concentrations of published effect levels were several orders of magnitude greater than the highest concentration detected in water at the Rincon Mountain District. Most published studies evaluate acute and chronic toxicity for glyphosate and GBHs, and these criteria may not be representative of environmental conditions in the Rincon Mountain District. The classic lethal dose studies conducted in a controlled laboratory setting may not be suitable for comparison to the longer, variable, low-dose exposure conditions in the pools and tinajas in the Rincon Mountain District. However, this study determined that the fate of GBHs transported from treated areas to potential aquatic habitat was highly variable in occurrence, timing, and concentrations. This variability in glyphosate concentrations was too high, and the potential exposure was determined to be far too complex to directly compare with the results from controlled studies.
This study provides the first information collected on GBHs used to control invasive buffelgrass in a remote, mountainous, and semiarid setting. The information about the transport and fate of herbicide application near aquatic habitat will help to inform managers about the broader ecosystem implications and provide useful information to other agencies implementing buffelgrass remediation strategies near aquatic habitat.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215039","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service and Saguaro National Park","usgsCitation":"Paretti, N.V., Beisner, K.R., Gungle, B., Meyer, M.T., Kunz, B.K., Hermosillo, E., Cederberg, J.R., and Mayo, J.P., 2021, Occurrence, fate, and transport of aerially applied herbicides to control invasive buffelgrass within Saguaro National Park Rincon Mountain District, Arizona, 2015–18: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5039, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215039.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 65 p.; Dataset","numberOfPages":"65","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-099223","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":404268,"rank":7,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20215039/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5039"},{"id":388749,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5039/images"},{"id":388746,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5039/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":388747,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5039/sir20215039.pdf","text":"Report","size":"34 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":388748,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5039/sir20215039.xml"},{"id":388760,"rank":5,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System database","linkHelpText":"- USGS water data for the Nation"},{"id":404267,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20223029","text":"Fact Sheet 2022-3029","description":"Paretti, N.V., and Gungle, B., 2022, Occurrence and transport of aerially applied herbicides to control invasive buffelgrass in Rincon Mountain District, Saguaro National Park, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2022-3029, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20223029.","linkHelpText":"- Occurrence and Transport of Aerially Applied Herbicides to Control Invasive Buffelgrass in Rincon Mountain District, Saguaro National Park, Arizona"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Saguaro National Park Rincon Mountain District","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.75248718261719,\n 32.027870563435584\n ],\n [\n -110.37483215332031,\n 32.027870563435584\n ],\n [\n -110.37483215332031,\n 32.27320009948135\n ],\n [\n -110.75248718261719,\n 32.27320009948135\n ],\n [\n -110.75248718261719,\n 32.027870563435584\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
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Airborne electromagnetic surveys provide spatially extensive resistivity information that can be useful for groundwater salinity mapping; however, the transformation from geophysical data to salinity interpretations carries uncertainty. We compare two quantitative approaches to salinity mapping recently applied to address water resource management objectives: the location of the depth to the freshwater-brine interface at Paradox Valley, Colorado, and 3D categorical mapping of fresh, brackish, and saline groundwater near oil and gas fields of the San Joaquin Valley, California. These different approaches were driven by a combination of the availability of water quality observations, the hydrogeologic setting, and study objectives.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"First international meeting for applied geoscience & energy expanded abstracts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"First International Meeting for Applied Geoscience & Energy (IMAGE ’21)","conferenceDate":"Sep 26-Oct1, 2021","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/segam2021-3584073.1","usgsCitation":"Ball, L.B., and Minsley, B.J., 2021, Incorporating uncertainty into groundwater salinity mapping using AEM data, in First international meeting for applied geoscience & energy expanded abstracts, Sep 26-Oct1, 2021, p. 3105-3109, https://doi.org/10.1190/segam2021-3584073.1.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"3105","endPage":"3109","ipdsId":"IP-128031","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399677,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ball, Lyndsay B. 0000-0002-6356-4693 lbball@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6356-4693","contributorId":1138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"Lyndsay","email":"lbball@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":841357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Minsley, Burke J. 0000-0003-1689-1306","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1689-1306","contributorId":248573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minsley","given":"Burke","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":841358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70224964,"text":"70224964 - 2021 - Aquatic-terrestrial linkages control metabolism and carbon dynamics in a mid-sized, urban stream influenced by snowmelt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-11T15:41:58.169094","indexId":"70224964","displayToPublicDate":"2021-09-01T10:37:56","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7359,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aquatic-terrestrial linkages control metabolism and carbon dynamics in a mid-sized, urban stream influenced by snowmelt","docAbstract":"Freshwater streams can exchange nutrients and carbon with the surrounding terrestrial environment through various mechanisms including physical erosion, flooding, leaf drop, and snowmelt. These aquatic-terrestrial interactions are crucial in carbon mobilization, transformation, ecosystem productivity, and have important implications for the role of freshwater ecosystems in the global carbon budget. We utilized high-frequency oxygen, temperature, and carbon dioxide (CO2) data to infer watershed connectivity in Boulder Creek, a mid-sized (1160 km2) watershed located in Colorado, USA. Daily modeled gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER), net ecosystem production (NEP), and reaeration coefficients (K600) were paired with high-frequency, in-situ dissolved CO2 data to characterize changes in metabolic regime and carbon flux on a stream influenced by seasonal snowmelt. GPP and ER were correlated (ρ = −0.72, p ≪ 0.001) during the non-snowmelt period and NEP was frequently negative. Mean FCO2 during the non-snowmelt period was approximately 302 (±171) mmol C m−2 d−1 and was primarily supported by watershed CO2 inputs. During snowmelt, GPP and ER were not significantly correlated (ρ = −0.22, p = 0.05), and mean NEP was significantly more negative than during non-snowmelt. Watershed connectivity was higher during snowmelt, as evidenced by significantly higher FCO2 (843 ± 338 mmol C m−2 d−1) and greater allochthonous CO2 inputs than during non-snowmelt periods, emphasizing the effects of seasonal differences in aquatic-terrestrial linkages in this stream. We suggest that our understanding of watershed carbon budgets is subject to temporal dynamics which control the degree of connectivity between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2021JG006296","usgsCitation":"Reed, A.P., Stets, E.G., Murphy, S.F., and Mullins, E., 2021, Aquatic-terrestrial linkages control metabolism and carbon dynamics in a mid-sized, urban stream influenced by snowmelt: Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences, v. 126, no. 9, e2021JG006296, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JG006296.","productDescription":"e2021JG006296, 16 p.","ipdsId":"IP-113327","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":450975,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jg006296","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436214,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P991TMNQ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Modeled Stream Metabolism in Boulder Creek near Boulder, CO (2016 - 2018)"},{"id":390389,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Boulder","otherGeospatial":"Boulder Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.43922424316406,\n 39.95343802330847\n ],\n [\n -105.15975952148438,\n 39.95343802330847\n ],\n [\n -105.15975952148438,\n 40.054949943999496\n ],\n [\n -105.43922424316406,\n 40.054949943999496\n ],\n [\n -105.43922424316406,\n 39.95343802330847\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"126","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, Ariel P. 0000-0002-0792-5204","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0792-5204","contributorId":219992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Ariel","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":824893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stets, Edward G. 0000-0001-5375-0196 estets@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5375-0196","contributorId":194490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stets","given":"Edward","email":"estets@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":824894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":824895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mullins, Emily 0000-0002-6710-0327","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6710-0327","contributorId":219993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullins","given":"Emily","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":824896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70224578,"text":"70224578 - 2021 - Wetland availability and salinity concentrations for breeding waterfowl in Suisun Marsh, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-29T13:53:43.850715","indexId":"70224578","displayToPublicDate":"2021-09-01T08:48:21","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3331,"text":"San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wetland availability and salinity concentrations for breeding waterfowl in Suisun Marsh, California","docAbstract":"Availability of wetlands with low salinities during the breeding season can influence waterfowl reproductive success and population recruitment. Salinities as low as 2 ppt (3.6 mScm–1) can impair duckling growth and influence behavior, with mortality occurring above 9 ppt (14.8 mScm–1). We used satellite imagery to quantify the amount of available water, and sampled surface water salinity at Grizzly Island, in the brackish Suisun Marsh, at three time-periods during waterfowl breeding (April, May, July) over 4 years (2016–2019). More water was available and salinity was lower during wetter years (2017, 2019) than during drier years (2016, 2018), and the amount of water in wetlands decreased 73%–86% from April to July. Across all time-periods and years, the majority (64%–100%) of wetland habitat area had salinities above what has been shown to negatively affect ducklings (> 2 ppt), and up to 42% of wetland area had salinities associated with duckling mortality (> 9 ppt). During peak duckling production in May, 81%–95% of available water had salinity above 2 ppt, and 5%–21% was above 9 ppt. In May of the driest year (2016), only 0.5 km2 of low-salinity water (< 2 ppt) was available to ducklings in the study area, compared to 2.6 km2 in May of the wettest year (2017). Private duck clubs own the majority of wetland habitat at Grizzly Island and consistently had a greater percentage of land flooded during summer than did publicly owned wetlands, but private wetlands generally had higher salinities than public wetlands, likely because they draw from higher-salinity water sources. By July, few wetlands remained flooded, and most had salinities high enough to impair duckling growth and survival. Local waterfowl populations would benefit from management practices that provide fresher water during peak duckling production in May and retain more water through July.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of California","doi":"10.15447/sfews.2021v19iss3art5","usgsCitation":"Schacter, C.R., Peterson, S.H., Herzog, M.P., Hartman, C.A., Casazza, M.L., and Ackerman, J.T., 2021, Wetland availability and salinity concentrations for breeding waterfowl in Suisun Marsh, California: San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science, v. 19, no. 3, 5, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.15447/sfews.2021v19iss3art5.","productDescription":"5, 25 p.","ipdsId":"IP-126056","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":450990,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.15447/sfews.2021v19iss3art5","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":389952,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Suisan Marsh","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.1137237548828,\n 38.03889809689809\n ],\n [\n -121.83425903320314,\n 38.03889809689809\n ],\n [\n -121.83425903320314,\n 38.23494411562881\n ],\n [\n -122.1137237548828,\n 38.23494411562881\n ],\n [\n -122.1137237548828,\n 38.03889809689809\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-09-24","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schacter, Carley Rose 0000-0001-5493-2768","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5493-2768","contributorId":266023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schacter","given":"Carley","email":"","middleInitial":"Rose","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":824143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, Sarah H. 0000-0003-2773-3901 sepeterson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2773-3901","contributorId":167181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Sarah","email":"sepeterson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":824144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Herzog, Mark P. 0000-0002-5203-2835 mherzog@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5203-2835","contributorId":131158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzog","given":"Mark","email":"mherzog@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":824145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hartman, C. Alex 0000-0002-7222-1633 chartman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7222-1633","contributorId":131157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartman","given":"C.","email":"chartman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Alex","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":824146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Casazza, Michael L. 0000-0002-5636-735X mike_casazza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-735X","contributorId":2091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casazza","given":"Michael","email":"mike_casazza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":824147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ackerman, Joshua T. 0000-0002-3074-8322","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3074-8322","contributorId":202848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"Joshua","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":824148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70224576,"text":"70224576 - 2021 - Breeding waterbird populations have declined in south San Francisco Bay: An assessment over two decades","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-29T13:25:22.066754","indexId":"70224576","displayToPublicDate":"2021-09-01T08:17:00","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3331,"text":"San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Breeding waterbird populations have declined in south San Francisco Bay: An assessment over two decades","docAbstract":"In south San Francisco Bay, former salt ponds now managed as wildlife habitat support large populations of breeding waterbirds. In 2006, the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project began the process of converting 50% to 90% of these managed pond habitats into tidal marsh. We compared American Avocet (Recurvirostra americana) and Black-necked Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus) abundance in south San Francisco Bay before (2001) and after approximately 1,300 ha of managed ponds were breached to tidal action to begin tidal marsh restoration (2019). Over the 18-year period, American Avocet abundance declined 13.5% (2,765 in 2001 vs. 2,391 in 2019), and Black-necked Stilt abundance declined 30.0% (1,184 in 2001 vs. 828 in 2019). Forster’s Tern (Sterna forsteri) abundance was 2,675 birds in 2019. In 2019, managed ponds accounted for only 25.8% of suitable habitats, yet contained 53.9%, 38.6%, and 65.6% American Avocet, Black-necked Stilt, and Forster’s Tern observations, respectively. Conversely, tidal marsh and tidal mudflats accounted for 42.9% of suitable habitats, yet contained only 18.4%, 10.3%, and 19.8% of American Avocet, Black-necked Stilt, and Forster’s Tern observations, respectively. Using a separate nest-monitoring data set, we found that nest abundance in south San Francisco Bay declined for all three species from 2005–2019. Average annual nest abundance during 2017–2019 declined 53%, 71%, and 36%, for American Avocets, Back-necked Stilts, and Forster’s Terns, respectively, compared to 2005–2007. Loss of island nesting habitat as a result of tidal marsh conversion and an increasing population of predatory California Gulls (Larus californicus) are two potential causes of these declines. All three species established nesting colonies on newly constructed islands within remaining managed ponds; however, these new colonies did not make up for the steep declines observed at other historical nesting sites. For future wetland restoration, retaining more managed ponds that contain islands suitable for nesting may help to limit further declines in breeding waterbird populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of California","doi":"10.15447/sfews.2021v19iss3art4","usgsCitation":"Hartman, C.A., Ackerman, J.T., Schacter, C.R., Herzog, M.P., Tarjan, M., Wang, Y., Strong, C., Tertes, R., and Warnock, N., 2021, Breeding waterbird populations have declined in south San Francisco Bay: An assessment over two decades: San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science, v. 19, no. 3, 4, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.15447/sfews.2021v19iss3art4.","productDescription":"4, 28 p.","ipdsId":"IP-120016","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":450993,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.15447/sfews.2021v19iss3art4","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436216,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P94RYHZL","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Breeding Waterbird Populations in South San Francisco Bay 2005-2019"},{"id":389947,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"south San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.12745666503905,\n 37.63380988687157\n ],\n [\n -122.23045349121094,\n 37.59954417809496\n ],\n [\n -122.28263854980467,\n 37.567984011320256\n ],\n [\n -122.33207702636717,\n 37.53042087175374\n ],\n [\n -122.13569641113281,\n 37.38707192644979\n ],\n [\n -121.981201171875,\n 37.35924242260126\n ],\n [\n -121.87202453613281,\n 37.388708634542056\n ],\n [\n -121.88713073730469,\n 37.46777358281261\n ],\n [\n -121.99905395507812,\n 37.61042389163107\n ],\n [\n -122.08419799804689,\n 37.65120864327176\n ],\n [\n -122.12745666503905,\n 37.63380988687157\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-09-24","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hartman, C. Alex 0000-0002-7222-1633 chartman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7222-1633","contributorId":131157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartman","given":"C.","email":"chartman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Alex","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":824132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ackerman, Joshua T. 0000-0002-3074-8322","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3074-8322","contributorId":202848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"Joshua","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":824133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schacter, Carley Rose 0000-0001-5493-2768","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5493-2768","contributorId":266023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schacter","given":"Carley","email":"","middleInitial":"Rose","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":824134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Herzog, Mark P. 0000-0002-5203-2835 mherzog@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5203-2835","contributorId":131158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzog","given":"Mark","email":"mherzog@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":824135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tarjan, Max","contributorId":266024,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tarjan","given":"Max","affiliations":[{"id":54860,"text":"San Francisco Bay Bird Observatory Milpitas, CA 95035 USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":824136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wang, Yiwei","contributorId":203687,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Yiwei","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17738,"text":"San Francisco Bay Bird Observatory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":824137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Strong, Cheryl","contributorId":149428,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Strong","given":"Cheryl","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6927,"text":"USFWS, National Wildlife Refuge System","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":824138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tertes, Rachel","contributorId":266025,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tertes","given":"Rachel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":54861,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge Fremont, CA 94536 USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":824139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Warnock, Nils","contributorId":64534,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Warnock","given":"Nils","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":824140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70223700,"text":"70223700 - 2021 - Critical aquifer overdraft accelerates degradation of groundwater quality in California’s Central Valley during drought","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-14T17:00:43.326833","indexId":"70223700","displayToPublicDate":"2021-09-01T08:01:10","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Critical aquifer overdraft accelerates degradation of groundwater quality in California’s Central Valley during drought","docAbstract":"Drought-induced pumpage has precipitated dramatic groundwater-level declines in California’s Central Valley over the past 30 years, but the impacts of aquifer overdraft on water quality are poorly understood. This study coupled over 160,000 measurements of nitrate from ∼6,000 public-supply wells with a 30-year reconstruction of groundwater levels throughout the Central Valley to evaluate dynamic relations between aquifer exploitation and resource quality. We find that long-term rates of groundwater-level decline and water-quality degradation in critically overdrafted basins accelerate by respective factors of 2–3 and 3–5 during drought, followed by brief reversals during wetter periods. Episodic water-quality degradation can occur during drought where increased pumpage draws shallow, contaminated groundwater down to depth zones tapped by long-screened production wells. These data show, for the first time, a direct linkage between climate-mediated aquifer pumpage and groundwater quality on a regional scale.
Methane released from seafloor seeps contributes to a number of benthic, water column, and atmospheric processes. At seafloor seeps within the methane hydrate stability zone, crystalline gas hydrate shells can form on methane bubbles while the bubbles are still in contact with the seafloor or as the bubbles begin ascending through the water column. These shells reduce methane dissolution rates, allowing hydrate-coated bubbles to deliver methane to shallower depths in the water column than hydrate-free bubbles. Here, we analyze seafloor videos from six deepwater seep sites associated with a diverse range of bubble-release processes involving hydrate formation. Bubbles that grow rapidly are often hydrate-free when released from the seafloor. As bubble growth slows and seafloor residence time increases, a hydrate coating can form on the bubble's gas-water interface, fully coating most bubbles within ∼10 s of the onset of hydrate formation at the seafloor. This finding agrees with water-column observations that most bubbles become hydrate-coated after their initial ∼150 cm of rise, which takes about 10 s. Whether a bubble is coated or not at the seafloor affects how much methane a bubble contains and how quickly that methane dissolves during the bubble's rise through the water column. A simplified model shows that, after rising 150 cm above the seafloor, a bubble that grew a hydrate shell before releasing from the seafloor will have ∼5% more methane than a bubble of initial equal volume that did not grow a hydrate shell after it traveled to the same height.
Landslides are common geohazards associated with natural drivers such as precipitation, land degradation, toe erosion by rivers and wave attack, and ground shaking. On the other hand, human alterations such as inundation by water impoundment or rapid drawdown may also destabilize the surrounding slopes. The Guobu slope is an ancient rockslide on the banks of the Laxiwa hydropower station reservoir (China), which reactivated during the reservoir impoundment in 2009. We extracted three-dimensional surface displacements with azimuth and range radar interferometry using European Space Agency's Copernicus Sentinel-1 and German Aerospace Center's TerraSAR-X data during 20152019. The upper part of the Guobu rockslide is characterized by toppling and is mostly subsiding with maximum rates over 0.4 m/yr and 0.7 m/yr in the vertical and horizontal directions, respectively. During filling of the reservoir prior to 2014, there was a long-wavelength in-phase response between rising reservoir level and GPS-observed increased slope movements. After the reservoir water level stabilized from 2015 to 2019, the slide movement became seasonal and we see a correlation between rainfall and landslide movement. These observations suggest that the slide motion is now primarily controlled by rainfall. The spatiotemporal landslide displacements allow us to estimate the hydraulic diffusivity of the rock mass, to be on the order (~1.05 × 10‐7 m2/s) and the thickness of the moving rock mass (~200 m). Our results demonstrate that InSAR is a useful tool for monitoring the rockslide movement as a function of seasonal precipitation.
Phytoplankton provide large quantities of organic carbon and biomolecules that support large river ecosystems. However, when certain groups become overabundant (e.g., cyanobacteria), they can pose a risk to human health and river biota. The purpose of this study was to examine the spatial and temporal dynamics of phytoplankton community composition within the upper Mississippi River. More specifically, we analyzed samples from main channel, impounded, and backwater areas of Navigation Pools 8 and 13 to examine lateral variability within each of these pools. We analyzed samples from the main channel of Pool 26 to examine longitudinal variation among Pools 8, 13, and 26. Phytoplankton and water quality samples were collected during the summer months of 2006–2009. The main channels of Pool 8 and Pool 13 were generally dominated by diatoms, although cyanobacteria were (at times) more abundant. The backwaters were generally dominated by cyanobacteria and typified by flagellated species (e.g., cryptomonads and euglenoids). The main channel of Pool 26 was always dominated by diatoms. Discharge influenced phytoplankton community composition. In Pool 26, taxonomic richness tended to increase with increasing discharge. There were no linear correlations between cyanobacteria total or proportional biovolume and nutrient concentrations, indicating that nutrient limitation was not common. Differences in phytoplankton communities were generally associated with physical factors such as discharge, turbidity, and residence time.
Two datasets containing the first complete estimates of reach-scale nutrient, water use, dissolved oxygen, and pH conditions for the Pacific drainages of the United States were created to help inform water-quality management decisions in that region. The datasets were developed using easily obtainable watershed data, most of which have not been available until recently, and the techniques that were used provide a framework for integrating watershed data to assess water-quality impairment across other large hydrologic regions in the United States. These datasets were used to summarize regional nutrient and water-use conditions within impaired water bodies and to summarize regional dissolved oxygen concentrations and pH conditions for free-flowing stream reaches. Two examples are also presented that show how the datasets can be applied to specific water-quality management issues: (1) nutrient conditions in water bodies that have recently experienced problems with harmful algal blooms; and (2) dissolved oxygen and pH conditions in stream reaches likely to be populated by steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus) during their summer run. The nutrient and water-use estimates could help inform actions aimed at managing water-quality conditions in impaired water bodies while the dissolved oxygen and pH predictions could be useful as screening tools to identify water bodies experiencing potential impairment.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215087","programNote":"National Water Quality Program","usgsCitation":"Wise, D.R., 2021, Using regional watershed data to assess water-quality impairment in the Pacific Drainages of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5087, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215087.","productDescription":"vii, 29 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-123766","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436221,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9B3BQOW","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Reach-scale estimates of nutrient, water use, dissolved oxygen, and pH conditions in the Pacific drainages of the United States"},{"id":388699,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5087/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":388700,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5087/sir20215087.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2021-5087"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.958984375,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -123.04687499999999,\n 48.545705491847464\n ],\n [\n -124.541015625,\n 48.48748647988415\n ],\n [\n -124.93652343749999,\n 48.28319289548349\n ],\n [\n -124.23339843749999,\n 46.76996843356982\n ],\n [\n -124.18945312500001,\n 45.42929873257377\n ],\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 43.83452678223682\n ],\n [\n -124.76074218749999,\n 42.5530802889558\n ],\n [\n -124.49707031249999,\n 41.47566020027821\n ],\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 40.34654412118006\n ],\n [\n -124.18945312500001,\n 39.639537564366684\n ],\n [\n -123.96972656249999,\n 38.993572058209466\n ],\n [\n -123.00292968749999,\n 38.03078569382294\n ],\n [\n -122.03613281249999,\n 36.27970720524017\n ],\n [\n -121.025390625,\n 35.02999636902566\n ],\n [\n -120.4541015625,\n 34.34343606848294\n ],\n [\n -118.91601562499999,\n 34.05265942137599\n ],\n [\n -117.68554687499999,\n 33.46810795527896\n ],\n [\n -117.20214843749999,\n 32.54681317351514\n ],\n [\n -116.4111328125,\n 32.62087018318113\n ],\n [\n -116.54296874999999,\n 33.211116472416855\n ],\n [\n -117.6416015625,\n 34.08906131584994\n ],\n [\n -118.0810546875,\n 34.23451236236987\n ],\n [\n -118.21289062499999,\n 35.96022296929667\n ],\n [\n -118.91601562499999,\n 36.70365959719456\n ],\n [\n -119.970703125,\n 37.92686760148135\n ],\n [\n -120.41015624999999,\n 38.61687046392973\n ],\n [\n -120.58593749999999,\n 39.470125122358176\n ],\n [\n -120.58593749999999,\n 40.27952566881291\n ],\n [\n -121.11328124999999,\n 41.07935114946899\n ],\n [\n -121.6845703125,\n 42.35854391749705\n ],\n [\n -121.59667968749999,\n 42.94033923363181\n ],\n [\n -121.46484375,\n 43.96119063892024\n ],\n [\n -121.11328124999999,\n 44.77793589631623\n ],\n [\n -120.2783203125,\n 44.33956524809713\n ],\n [\n -119.4873046875,\n 43.8028187190472\n ],\n [\n -118.69628906249999,\n 42.5530802889558\n ],\n [\n -118.0810546875,\n 41.83682786072714\n ],\n [\n -117.158203125,\n 41.07935114946899\n ],\n [\n -116.1474609375,\n 40.78054143186033\n ],\n [\n -114.2138671875,\n 41.343824581185686\n ],\n [\n -113.466796875,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -111.884765625,\n 42.35854391749705\n ],\n [\n -111.005859375,\n 42.4234565179383\n ],\n [\n -109.6875,\n 42.5530802889558\n ],\n [\n -109.4677734375,\n 43.26120612479979\n ],\n [\n -109.951171875,\n 44.05601169578525\n ],\n [\n -110.7861328125,\n 44.55916341529182\n ],\n [\n -112.06054687499999,\n 44.59046718130883\n ],\n [\n -112.8515625,\n 44.43377984606822\n ],\n [\n -113.73046875,\n 45.24395342262324\n ],\n [\n -114.0380859375,\n 45.460130637921004\n ],\n [\n -113.203125,\n 45.73685954736049\n ],\n [\n -112.236328125,\n 46.40756396630067\n ],\n [\n -112.19238281249999,\n 47.39834920035926\n ],\n [\n -113.64257812499999,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -122.958984375,\n 49.03786794532644\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2130 SW 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97201
A plume of ethylene dibromide (EDB) dissolved in groundwater extends northeast from the Bulk Fuels Facility on Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico. The leading edge of the EDB plume is upgradient from several water-supply wells. In 2013, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority and the U.S. Air Force, installed four sentinel well nests and two aquifer-test pumping wells between the EDB plume and the water-supply wells to serve as an early warning if the plume travels toward the water-supply wells. Since 2015, the USGS has used submersible pumps to sample the sentinel wells quarterly. In February 2017, the USGS began using dual-membrane passive diffusion bag samplers for quarterly sampling in the wells. To ensure that the passive samplers are obtaining representative samples of the groundwater contaminants, the USGS, in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force, initiated a study in 2019 to compare results from pump sampling and passive samplers and to use vertical profiling to determine the optimal depth for passive sampler placement in the screened interval to better inform long-term monitoring of the site.
Vertical profiling included deploying passive samplers throughout the submerged screened interval of four shallow sentinel wells. After retrieval of the passive samplers, pump samples were collected. The results of analyses of both types of samples were compared. Volatile organic compound results for this study were all below the raised reporting levels, which is a level five times the maximum concentration detected in a blank and determined by an in-depth quality assessment; therefore, this study focused on inorganic constituent results, including major ions, trace elements, and stable isotopes of water, to calculate the relative percent difference (RPD) between the pump and passive sampling method results as a way to determine where passive samplers would be best placed in each of the wells. Several analytes had an RPD of more than plus or minus 50 percent, and several analytes were not within the estimated variability for each sampling method. Additionally, the variability within each sampling method was quantified and compared. Factors that likely contributed to the lack of comparison between each sampling method included temporal variability, flow regime, volume of sample integrated through different aquifer intervals, and reduction/oxidation processes. RPD and method variability were used to determine the intervals within each well with the greatest agreement between sampling methods. Optimal sampling depths for each well were then correlated to the intervals where quarterly sampling has been occurring.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215074","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force","usgsCitation":"Travis, R.E., and Wilkins, K., 2021, Comparison of passive and pumped sampling methods for analysis of groundwater quality, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 2019: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5074, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215074.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 51 p.; Dataset","numberOfPages":"64","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-120403","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388663,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5074/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":388664,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5074/sir20215074.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.12 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2021–5074"},{"id":388665,"rank":3,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System database","description":"USGS Dataset","linkHelpText":"— USGS water data for the Nation"},{"id":388666,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5074/images"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Albuquerque","otherGeospatial":"Kirtland Air Force Base","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.65802001953124,\n 34.928726792983845\n ],\n [\n -106.34765624999999,\n 34.91521472314689\n ],\n [\n -106.336669921875,\n 35.07046911981966\n ],\n [\n -106.6552734375,\n 35.07046911981966\n ],\n [\n -106.65802001953124,\n 34.928726792983845\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Mexico Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6700 Edith Blvd. NE
Albuquerque, NM 87113
A common impact on riparian ecosystem function following river regulation is the expansion and encroachment of riparian plant species in the active river channels and floodplain, which reduces flow of water and suspended sediment between the river, riparian area, and upland ecosystems. We characterized riparian plant species occurrence and quantified encroachment within the dam-regulated Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA. We mapped 10 riparian species with high-resolution multispectral imagery and examined effects of river hydrology and geomorphology on the spatial distribution of plant species and open sand. Analysis spanned an image time-series from 2002-2009-2013; a period when plant species and sand were spatially dynamic, and operations of Glen Canyon Dam included daily hydro-peaking and small episodic controlled flood releases. Plant species occurrence and encroachment rates varied with hydrology, geomorphology, and local species pool. Encroachment was greatest on surfaces frequently inundated by hydro-peaking. Seep willow (Baccharis spp.), tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) and arrowweed (Pluchea sericea) were the primary encroaching woody species. Common reed (Phragmites australis) and horsetail (Equisetum xferrissii) were the primary encroaching herbaceous species. Encroachment composition from 2002 to 2009 was similar to the entire riparian landscape, whereas encroachment from 2009 to 2013 primarily consisted of seep willow and early-colonizing herbaceous species. Emergence of seep willow and arrowweed after burial by sand deposited by controlled floods indicated that those species were resilient to this form of disturbance. Describing patterns of species encroachment is an important step towards designing flow regimes that favor riparian species and ecosystem functions valued by stakeholders.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/eco.2344","usgsCitation":"Durning, L., Sankey, J., Yackulic, C., Grams, P.E., Butterfield, B.J., and Sankey, T.T., 2021, Hydrologic and geomorphic effects on riparian plant species occurrence and encroachment: Remote sensing of 360 km of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon: Ecohydrology, v. 14, no. 8, e2344, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2344.","productDescription":"e2344, 21 p.","ipdsId":"IP-126711","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":389814,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.93920898437499,\n 35.639441068973944\n ],\n [\n -111.33544921874999,\n 35.639441068973944\n ],\n [\n -111.33544921874999,\n 36.94111143010769\n ],\n [\n -113.93920898437499,\n 36.94111143010769\n ],\n [\n -113.93920898437499,\n 35.639441068973944\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Durning, Laura E. 0000-0003-3282-2458","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3282-2458","contributorId":177023,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Durning","given":"Laura E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sankey, Joel B. 0000-0003-3150-4992","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3150-4992","contributorId":261248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sankey","given":"Joel B.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":823992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yackulic, Charles B. 0000-0001-9661-0724","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9661-0724","contributorId":218825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yackulic","given":"Charles","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":823993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grams, Paul E. 0000-0002-0873-0708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0873-0708","contributorId":216115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grams","given":"Paul","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":823994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Butterfield, Bradley J. 0000-0003-0974-9811","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0974-9811","contributorId":167009,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Butterfield","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":24591,"text":"Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":823995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sankey, Temuulen T.","contributorId":173297,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sankey","given":"Temuulen","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":7202,"text":"NAU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":823996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70223672,"text":"70223672 - 2021 - Monitoring native, resident nonsalmonids for the incidence of gas bubble trauma downstream of Snake and Columbia River Dams, 2021","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-01T13:49:48.74866","indexId":"70223672","displayToPublicDate":"2021-08-31T08:44:49","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Monitoring native, resident nonsalmonids for the incidence of gas bubble trauma downstream of Snake and Columbia River Dams, 2021","docAbstract":"In 2020, a new spill program was implemented to aid the downstream passage of juvenile \nsalmonids at mainstem dams on the Snake and Columbia rivers. Under this program, the total \ndissolved gas (TDG) cap was increased to 125% and monitoring of native, resident nonsalmonid \n(NRN) fishes for gas bubble trauma (GBT) became a requirement. The primary objective of this \nwork was to measure the incidence and severity of GBT in NRN fishes resulting from increased \njuvenile fish passage spill and associated levels of TDG during the spring spill period. A \nsecondary objective was to measure the incidence of GBT in incidentally collected juvenile \nsalmonids when NRN sample size targets were met. NRN fishes were collected downstream \nfrom Bonneville, McNary, and Ice Harbor dams and examined for the incidence and severity of \nGBT in 2021. Fish were collected at each location weekly (6 April to 17 June) during the spring \nspill period by backpack electrofishing and beach seining. Washington and Oregon state water \nquality agencies established minimum and target sample sizes for monitoring, and in all weeks \nthe minimum sample size of 50 fish was met and in most weeks the target sample size of 100 \nfish was met. Collected fish were examined for GBT according to the criteria and protocol \nestablished for the regional smolt monitoring program (SMP). Overall, GBT incidence and \nseverity rankings were low and did not exceed the thresholds that would have triggered changes \nto the spill program. Using SMP criteria, weekly GBT incidences ranged from 0 to 1.0% \ndownstream from Bonneville Dam, 0 to 6.2% downstream from McNary Dam, and 0 to 1.9% \ndownstream from Ice Harbor Dam. Except for one three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus \naculeatus) collected downstream of Bonneville Dam, the only NRN species that showed signs of \nGBT was sculpin spp. GBT was observed in sculpin in body locations other than the unpaired \nfins and eyes (i.e., SMP criteria). If GBT incidence in all areas on the fish (i.e., paired fins, \nunpaired fins, eyes, body) are combined, then weekly GBT incidence rates increase and range \nfrom 0 to 4.3% downstream from Bonneville Dam, 0 to 15.4% downstream from McNary Dam, \nand 0 to 4.7% downstream from Ice Harbor Dam. This illustrates the effect of using different \ncriteria to determine the incidence of GBT in NRN fishes. It also shows how the proportion of a \nspecies in a sample that is more prone to show GBT can influence GBT incidence rate. On a \nnumber of occasions, incidental catch of subyearling fall Chinook salmon were examined for \nGBT downstream of Bonneville Dam but none showed any signs. The DG was generally below \n120% and never reached the 125% gas cap during the spring spill season, which may be why \nGBT incidence rates were so low as past research has shown that GBT signs in NRN fishes are \nrelatively low below this TDG level.","language":"English","publisher":"Bonneville Power Administration","usgsCitation":"Tiffan, K.F., Smith, C.D., Eller, N.J., and Warren, J.J., 2021, Monitoring native, resident nonsalmonids for the incidence of gas bubble trauma downstream of Snake and Columbia River Dams, 2021, vii, 37 p.","productDescription":"vii, 37 p.","ipdsId":"IP-132589","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388727,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":388710,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.cbfish.org/Document.mvc/Viewer/P186658"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River, Snake River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.28906250000001,\n 45.43700828867391\n ],\n [\n -118.16894531249999,\n 45.43700828867391\n ],\n [\n -118.16894531249999,\n 46.76996843356982\n ],\n [\n -121.28906250000001,\n 46.76996843356982\n ],\n [\n -121.28906250000001,\n 45.43700828867391\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tiffan, Kenneth F. 0000-0002-5831-2846","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5831-2846","contributorId":220176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiffan","given":"Kenneth","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":822279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Collin D. 0000-0003-4184-5686 cdsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4184-5686","contributorId":3111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Collin","email":"cdsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":822280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eller, Nicole Joy 0000-0001-8760-8884","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8760-8884","contributorId":265130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eller","given":"Nicole","email":"","middleInitial":"Joy","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":822281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Warren, Joe J. 0000-0001-5632-730X jwarren@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5632-730X","contributorId":265131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"Joe","email":"jwarren@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":822282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70224304,"text":"70224304 - 2021 - Phytoplankton and cyanobacteria abundances in mid-21st century lakes depend strongly on future land use and climate projections","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-16T15:44:27.13098","indexId":"70224304","displayToPublicDate":"2021-08-31T07:54:57","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phytoplankton and cyanobacteria abundances in mid-21st century lakes depend strongly on future land use and climate projections","docAbstract":"Land use and climate change are anticipated to affect phytoplankton of lakes worldwide. The effects will depend on the magnitude of projected land use and climate changes and lake sensitivity to these factors. We used random forests fit with long-term (1971–2016) phytoplankton and cyanobacteria abundance time series, climate observations (1971–2016), and upstream catchment land use (global Clumondo models for the year 2000) data from 14 European and 15 North American lakes basins. We projected future phytoplankton and cyanobacteria abundance in the 29 focal lake basins and 1567 lakes across focal regions based on three land use (sustainability, middle of the road, and regional rivalry) and two climate (RCP 2.6 and 8.5) scenarios to mid-21st century. On average, lakes are expected to have higher phytoplankton and cyanobacteria due to increases in both urban land use and temperature, and decreases in forest habitat. However, the relative importance of land use and climate effects varied substantially among regions and lakes. Accounting for land use and climate changes in a combined way based on extensive data allowed us to identify urbanization as the major driver of phytoplankton development in lakes located in urban areas, and climate as major driver in lakes located in remote areas where past and future land use changes were minimal. For approximately one-third of the studied lakes, both drivers were relatively important. The results of this large scale study suggest the best approaches for mitigating the effects of human activity on lake phytoplankton and cyanobacteria will depend strongly on lake sensitivity to long-term change and the magnitude of projected land use and climate changes at a given location. Our quantitative analyses suggest local management measures should focus on retaining nutrients in urban landscapes to prevent nutrient pollution from exacerbating ongoing changes to lake ecosystems from climate change.
The Black River flows through southeast Missouri and northeast Arkansas to its confluence with the White River in Arkansas. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers operates Clearwater Dam on the Black River and a series of dams in the White River Basin primarily for flood control. In this study, the hydrology and geomorphology of the Black River are examined through an analysis of annual mean and peak discharges at streamgages, a specific stage analysis of stage and discharge at streamgages, and an examination of bathymetric data and aerial imagery. Five streamgages on the Black River were analyzed, in addition to four streamgages on Black River tributaries and one streamgage on the White River, located just downstream from the Black River confluence. The analyses indicated that regulation of discharges at the flood-control dams caused a decrease in the magnitude and variability of the peak discharges at several of the analyzed gages on the Black and White Rivers. Conversely, peak discharges on the Black River have been increasing since water year 2000, though this is not matched by an increase in peak discharges on the White River for the same time period. The specific stage analyses and the available morphologic data generally did not indicate pronounced changes in stage-discharge relations at streamgages on the Black River, with the exception of the gages nearest to Clearwater Dam.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215067","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"LeRoy, J.Z., Huizinga, R.J., Heimann, D.C., Lindroth, E.M., and Doyle, H.F., 2021, Historical hydrologic and geomorphic conditions on the Black River and selected tributaries, Arkansas and Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5067, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215067.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 72 p.; Appendix; Dataset","numberOfPages":"86","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-114034","costCenters":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388646,"rank":6,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5067/images","description":"SIR 2021–5067 Images"},{"id":388645,"rank":5,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5067/sir20215067.xml","text":"Report","size":"298 kB","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2021–5067"},{"id":388644,"rank":4,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System database","description":"USGS Dataset","linkHelpText":"— USGS water data for the Nation"},{"id":388641,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5067/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":388642,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5067/sir20215067.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.42 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2021–5067"},{"id":388643,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5067/downloads","text":"Appendix Tables 1.0 through 1.10 (.csv and .xlsx formats)"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Black River and selected tributaries","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.51611328125,\n 35.585851593232384\n ],\n [\n -89.95605468749999,\n 35.585851593232384\n ],\n [\n -89.95605468749999,\n 37.317751851636906\n ],\n [\n -91.51611328125,\n 37.317751851636906\n ],\n [\n -91.51611328125,\n 35.585851593232384\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1400 Independence Road
Rolla, MO 65401
Hydrologic processes are often important determinants of successful recruitment of native fishes. However, water management practices can result in abnormal changes in daily and seasonal hydrology patterns. Rarely has fish recruitment across river–reservoir landscapes been considered in relation to flow management, despite the direct relationship between reservoir water management and the resulting upstream and downstream hydrology. We evaluated the relationships between lotic and lentic hydrology and recruitment of two native broadcast-spawning fishes, Freshwater Drum Aplodinotus grunniens and Gizzard Shad Dorosoma cepedianum. Four seasonal periods for each species were identified that related to the species’ spawning biology, from which we derived our remaining hydrology variables. Annual hydrology variables were also considered in our analysis. We developed regression models in conjunction with a model-selection procedure for each species and habitat type based on the catch-curve residuals from fish populations in hydrologically connected river–reservoir systems in the Ozark Highland and Ouachita Mountain ecoregions, USA. Our results indicated that recruitment of reservoir Freshwater Drum was negatively correlated to annual reservoir retention time. In lotic habitats, Freshwater Drum recruitment was positively correlated with prespawn discharge conditions and negatively correlated with annual flow variability. Similarly, riverine Gizzard Shad recruitment was positively correlated to the frequency of high-flow pulses during the spawning period. Our results indicate that releasing reservoir water to best mimic relatively natural flow patterns may benefit some broadcast-spawning species that occupy both lentic and downstream lotic environments, especially during the spring. This information, combined with future efforts on additional spawning guilds, will provide a foundation for developing holistic river–reservoir water-allocation plans.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1002/nafm.10692","usgsCitation":"Dattilo, J., Brewer, S.K., and Shoup, D., 2021, Flow dynamics influence fish recruitment in hydrologically connected river-reservoir landscapes: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 41, no. 6, p. 1752-1763, https://doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10692.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1752","endPage":"1763","ipdsId":"IP-096322","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":395372,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri, Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Elk River, Grand Lake O’ the Cherokee, Kiamichi River, Sardis Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.372314453125,\n 36.43012234551576\n ],\n [\n -93.80126953124999,\n 36.43012234551576\n ],\n [\n -93.80126953124999,\n 37.142803443716836\n ],\n [\n -95.372314453125,\n 37.142803443716836\n ],\n [\n -95.372314453125,\n 36.43012234551576\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.95458984375,\n 33.779147331286474\n ],\n [\n -94.493408203125,\n 33.779147331286474\n ],\n [\n -94.493408203125,\n 34.488447837809304\n ],\n [\n -95.95458984375,\n 34.488447837809304\n ],\n [\n -95.95458984375,\n 33.779147331286474\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-08-30","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dattilo, J.","contributorId":274267,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dattilo","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7249,"text":"Oklahoma State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":832863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brewer, Shannon K. 0000-0002-1537-3921 skbrewer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1537-3921","contributorId":2252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brewer","given":"Shannon","email":"skbrewer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":832865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shoup, D. E.","contributorId":242905,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shoup","given":"D. E.","affiliations":[{"id":7249,"text":"Oklahoma State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":832864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70223282,"text":"sir20215064 - 2021 - Geohydrology and water quality of the stratified-drift aquifers in West Branch Cayuga Inlet and Fish Kill Valleys, Newfield, Tompkins County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-30T15:07:53.555341","indexId":"sir20215064","displayToPublicDate":"2021-08-30T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2021-5064","displayTitle":"Geohydrology and Water Quality of the Stratified-Drift Aquifers in West Branch Cayuga Inlet and Fish Kill Valleys, Newfield, Tompkins County, New York","title":"Geohydrology and water quality of the stratified-drift aquifers in West Branch Cayuga Inlet and Fish Kill Valleys, Newfield, Tompkins County, New York","docAbstract":"From 2011 to 2016, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Town of Newfield and the Tompkins County Planning Department, performed a study of the stratified-drift aquifers in the West Branch Cayuga Inlet and Fish Kill Valleys in Newfield, Tompkins County, New York. Both confined and unconfined aquifers were identified, mostly in the valleys. The confined aquifer consists of a discontinuous sand and gravel layer that overlies bedrock and is commonly confined by overlying fine-grained sediments. The unconfined aquifer consists of surficial ice contact sand and gravel, alluvial silt, sand and gravel, and areas where several large tributary streams deposited alluvial fans in the valley, all of which were deposited during and after the last glacial recession.
The unconfined aquifers are primarily recharged by direct infiltration of precipitation at the land surface, by surface runoff and shallow subsurface flow from adjacent hillsides, and by seepage loss from streams crossing the aquifer, especially on alluvial fans. The confined aquifers are primarily recharged by groundwater stored in the overlying sand and gravel aquifer that slowly seeps downward through the underlying confining layer. Other sources of recharge are precipitation that falls directly on the surficial confining unit and adjacent valley walls, which then slowly seeps downward and enters the confined aquifer, and groundwater flow from bordering till and bedrock and from bedrock below the valley. There may also be some recharge where confining units are absent or where parts of the confining units contain sediments with moderate permeability.
The groundwater naturally discharges to the Fish Kill and West Branch Cayuga Inlet streams and to wetlands overlying the aquifer boundaries, with additional losses due to evapotranspiration. Groundwater is pumped from the aquifers by domestic, municipal, and agricultural wells. Approximately 57.9 million gallons per year was withdrawn from the stratified-drift (sand and gravel) aquifers.
Groundwater samples were collected from 11 wells, and surface water samples were collected at 2 sites, one each from Fish Kill and West Branch Cayuga Inlet. None of the common ions (for example, sodium, chloride, and magnesium) exceeded existing drinking water standards at either surface water site. The concentration of nitrate plus nitrite detected was 0.4 milligram per liter as nitrogen in the West Branch Cayuga Inlet site. Total phosphorus was detected at 0.01 milligram per liter as phosphate for both sites. Of the 11 wells sampled, 8 were finished in confined sand and gravel aquifers, 1 was finished in unconfined sand and gravel, and 2 were finished in shale bedrock. Groundwater quality in the study area generally met Federal and State drinking-water standards. However, of the 11 samples taken, 2 exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking water advisory taste threshold of 20 milligrams per liter for sodium, 8 exceeded the secondary maximum contaminant level of 300 micrograms per liter for iron, and 9 exceeded the secondary maximum contaminant level of 50 micrograms per liter for manganese.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215064","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Town of Newfield and the Tompkins County Planning Department","usgsCitation":"Fisher, B.N., Heisig, P.M., and Kappel, W.M., 2021, Geohydrology and water quality of the stratified-drift aquifers in West Branch Cayuga Inlet and Fish Kill Valleys, Newfield, Tompkins County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5064, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215064.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 42 p.; 2 Tables; 2 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-103464","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388165,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5064/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":388166,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5064/sir20215064.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.46 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2021-5064"},{"id":388167,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P94Y3E81","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geospatial datasets for the geohydrology and water quality of the stratified-drift aquifers in West Branch Cayuga Inlet/Fish Kill aquifers in Newfield, Tompkins County, New York"},{"id":388169,"rank":5,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5064/sir20215064_table03.01.csv","text":"Table 3.1","size":"4.74 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"},"linkHelpText":"- Physical properties and concentrations of common ions, nutrients, radiochemical properties, and dissolved gases in groundwater samples from confined aquifers in the West Branch Cayuga Inlet and Fish Kill Creek Valleys, Newfield, Tompkins County, New York"},{"id":388217,"rank":7,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5064/images/"},{"id":388218,"rank":8,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5064/sir20215064.XML"},{"id":388170,"rank":6,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5064/sir20215064_table03.02.csv","text":"Table 3.2","size":"2.98 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"},"linkHelpText":"- Concentrations of trace elements in groundwater samples from confined aquifers in the West Branch Cayuga Inlet and Fish Kill Creek Valleys, Newfield, Tompkins County, New York"},{"id":388168,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9N6AZ4E","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio and depth-to-bedrock for geohydrology and water quality of the stratified-drift aquifer in West Branch Cayuga Inlet and Fish Kill Valleys, Newfield, Tompkins County, New York, July 2011–November 2016"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"West Branch Cayuga Inlet and Fish Kill Valleys","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.83333333,\n 42.1666\n ],\n [\n -76.83333333,\n 42.8333\n ],\n [\n -76.00,\n 42.83333333\n ],\n [\n -76.00,\n 42.1666\n ],\n [\n -76.83333333,\n 42.1666\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Road
Troy, NY 12180–8349
Adaptive traits can be dramatically altered by genome duplication. The study of interactions among traits, ploidy, and the environment are necessary to develop an understanding of how polyploidy affects niche differentiation and to develop restoration strategies for resilient native ecosystems.
Growth and fecundity were measured in common gardens for 39 populations of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) containing two subspecies and two ploidy levels. General linear mixed-effect models assessed how much of the trait variation could be attributed to genetics (i.e., ploidy and climatic adaptation), environment, and gene–environment interactions.
Growth and fecundity variation were explained well by the mixed models (80% and 91%, respectively). Much of the trait variation was attributed to environment, and 15% of variation in growth and 34% of variation in seed yield were attributed to genetics. Genetic trait variation was mostly attributable to ploidy, with much higher growth and seed production in diploids, even in a warm-dry environment typically dominated by tetraploids. Population-level genetic variation was also evident and was related to the climate of each population's origin.
Ploidy is a strong predictor growth and seed yield, regardless of common-garden environment. The superior growth and fecundity of diploids across environments raises the question as to how tetraploids can be more prevalent than diploids, especially in warm-dry environments. Two hypotheses that may explain the abundance of tetraploids on the landscape include selection for drought resistance at the seedling stage, and greater competitive ability in water uptake in the upper soil horizon.